Strength of materials حلول مهم chapter 4

CHAPTER 4
20 40 20 PROBLEM 4.1
20
M 5 15 kN · m Knowing that the couple shown acts in a vertical plane, determine
A the stress at (a) point A, (b) point B.
80
20
B
Dimensions in mm
SOLUTION
1 3
For rectangle: I  bh
12
1
Outside rectangle: I1  (80)(120)3
12
I1  11.52  106 mm 4  11.52  106 m 4
1
Cutout: I2  (40)(80)3
12
I 2  1.70667  106 mm 4  1.70667  106 m 4
Section: I  I1  I 2  9.81333  106 m 4
My A (15  103 )(0.040)

(a) y A  40 mm  0.040 m A    6
 61.6  106 Pa
I 9.81333  10
 A  61.6 MPa 
MyB (15  103 )(0.060)

(b) yB  60 mm  0.060 m B     91.7  106 Pa
I 9.81333  106
 B  91.7 MPa 
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447
2 in. 2 in. 2 in. PROBLEM 4.2
A M ⫽ 25 kip · in.
B 2 in. Knowing that the couple shown acts in a vertical plane, determine
1.5 in. the stress at (a) point A, (b) point B.
2 in.
SOLUTION
1 3
For rectangle: I bh
12
For cross sectional area:
1 1 1
I  I1  I 2  I 3  (2)(1.5)3  (2)(5.5)3  (2)(1.5)3  28.854 in 4
12 12 12
My A (25)(2.75)
(a) y A  2.75 in. A     A  2.38 ksi 
I 28.854
MyB (25)(0.75)
(b) yB  0.75 in. B     B  0.650 ksi 
I 28.854
448
200 mm PROBLEM 4.3
y 12 mm
Using an allowable stress of 155 MPa, determine the largest bending

moment M that can be applied to the wide-flange beam shown. Neglect the
C x 220 mm effect of fillets.
M
8 mm
12 mm
SOLUTION
Moment of inertia about x-axis:

1
I1  (200)(12)3  (200)(12)(104)2
12
 25.9872  106 mm 4
1
I2  (8)(196)3  5.0197  106 mm 4
12
I 3  I1  25.9872  106 mm 4
I  I1  I 2  I 3  56.944  106 mm 4  56.944  106 m 4

Mc 1
  with c  (220)  110 mm  0.110 m
I 2
I
M  with   155  106 Pa
c
(56.944  106 )(155  106 )
Mx   80.2  103 N  m
0.110
M x  80.2 kN  m 
449
200 mm PROBLEM 4.4
y 12 mm
Solve Prob. 4.3, assuming that the wide-flange beam is bent about the y axis
by a couple of moment My.
C x 220 mm
M PROBLEM 4.3. Using an allowable stress of 155 MPa, determine the
8 mm largest bending moment M that can be applied to the wide-flange beam
shown. Neglect the effect of fillets.
12 mm
SOLUTION
Moment of inertia about y axis:

1
I1  (12)(200)3  8  106 mm 4
12
1
I2  (196)(8)3  8.3627  103 mm 4
12
I 3  I1  8  106 mm 4
I  I1  I 2  I 3  16.0084  106 mm 4  16.0084  106 m 4

Mc 1
  with c  (200)  100 mm  0.100 m
I 2
I
My  with   155  106 Pa
c
(16.0084  106 )(155  106 )
My   24.8  103 N  m
0.100
M y  24.8 kN  m 
450
0.1 in. PROBLEM 4.5
0.5 in.
Using an allowable stress of 16 ksi, determine the largest couple that can be
M1 applied to each pipe.
(a)
0.2 in.
0.5 in.
M2
(b)
SOLUTION
 
(a) I 
4
r o
4

 ri4 
4
(0.64  0.54 )  52.7  103 in 4
c  0.6 in.
Mc I (16)(52.7  103 )
  : M  
I c 0.6
M  1.405 kip  in. 

(b) I  (0.74  0.54 )  139.49  103 in 4
4
c  0.7 in.
Mc I (16)(139.49  103 )
  : M  
I c 0.7
M  3.19 kip  in. 
451
r 5 20 mm PROBLEM 4.6
A
M = 2.8 kN · m
30 mm
Knowing that the couple shown acts in a vertical plane,
B 30 mm determine the stress at (a) point A, (b) point B.
120 mm
SOLUTION
1 1  
I  (0.120 m)(0.06 m)3  2   (0.02 m) 4 
12  12 4 
 2.1391  106 mm 4
M yA (2.8  103 N  m)(0.03 m)

(a) A   
I 2.1391  106 mm 4
 A  39.3 MPa 
M yB (2.8  103 N  m)(0.02 m)

(b) B  
I 2.1391  106 m 4
 B  26.2 MPa 

452
y PROBLEM 4.7
Two W4  13 rolled sections are welded together as shown. Knowing that for the steel
alloy used  Y  36 ksi and  U  58 ksi and using a factor of safety of 3.0, determine the
largest couple that can be applied when the assembly is bent about the z axis.
z C
SOLUTION
Properties of W4  13 rolled section.

(See Appendix C.)
Area  3.83 in 2
Width  4.060 in.
I y  3.86 in 4
For one rolled section, moment of inertia about axis b-b is
I b  I y  Ad 2  3.86  (3.83)(2.030)2  19.643 in 4
For both sections, I z  2 I b  39.286 in 4

c  width  4.060 in.
U 58 Mc
 all    19.333 ksi 
F .S . 3.0 I
 I (19.333)(39.286)
M all  all  M all  187.1 kip  in. 
c 4.060
453
y PROBLEM 4.8
Two W4  13 rolled sections are welded together as shown. Knowing that for the steel
alloy used  U  58 ksi and using a factor of safety of 3.0, determine the largest couple
C that can be applied when the assembly is bent about the z axis.
z
SOLUTION
Properties of W4  13 rolled section.

(See Appendix C.)
Area  3.83 in 2
Depth  4.16 in.
I x  11.3 in 4
For one rolled section, moment of inertia about axis a-a is
I a  I x  Ad 2  11.3  (3.83)(2.08)2  27.87 in 4
For both sections, I z  2 I a  55.74 in 4

c  depth  4.16 in.
U 58 Mc
 all    19.333 ksi 
F .S . 3.0 I
 I (19.333)(55.74)
M all  all  M all  259 kip  in. 
c 4.16
454
3 in. 3 in. 3 in. PROBLEM 4.9
Two vertical forces are applied to a beam of the cross section shown. Determine
6 in. the maximum tensile and compressive stresses in portion BC of the beam.
2 in.
15 kips 15 kips
A B C D
60 in.
40 in. 40 in.
SOLUTION
A y0 A y0
 18 5 90
 18 1 18
 36 108
108
Y0   3 in.
36
Neutral axis lies 3 in. above the base.
1 1
I1  b1h13  A1d12  (3)(6)3  (18)(2) 2  126 in 4
12 12
1 1
I 2  b2 h2  A2 d 2  (9)(2)3  (18)(2) 2  78 in 4
3 2
12 12
I  I1  I 2  126  78  204 in 4
ytop  5 in. ybot  3 in.
M  Pa  0
M  Pa  (15)(40)  600 kip  in.
M ytop (600)(5)
 top     top  14.71 ksi (compression) 
I 204
M ybot (600)(3)
 bot     bot  8.82 ksi (tension) 
I 204
455
8 in. PROBLEM 4.10
1 in.
Two vertical forces are applied to a beam of the cross section shown.
1 in. 6 in.
Determine the maximum tensile and compressive stresses in portion
1 in. BC of the beam.
4 in.
25 kips 25 kips
A B C D
60 in.
20 in. 20 in.
SOLUTION
A y0 A y0
 8 7.5 60
 6 4 24
 4 0.5 2
 18 86
86
Yo   4.778 in.
18
Neutral axis lies 4.778 in. above the base.
1 1
I1  b1h13  A1d12  (8)(1)3  (8)(2.772) 2  59.94 in 4
12 12
1 1
I 2  b2 h23  A2 d 22  (1)(6)3  (6)(0.778)2  21.63 in 4
12 12
1 1
I 3  b3 h3  A3 d3  (4)(1)3  (4)(4.278)2  73.54 in 4
3 2
12 12
I  I1  I 2  I 3  59.94  21.63  73.57  155.16 in 4
ytop  3.222 in. ybot  4.778 in.
M  Pa  0
M  Pa  (25)(20)  500 kip  in.
Mytop (500)(3.222)
 top     top  10.38 ksi (compression) 
I 155.16
Mybot (500)(4.778)
 bot     bot  15.40 ksi (tension) 
I 155.16
456
10 mm 10 mm PROBLEM 4.11
10 kN 10 kN Two vertical forces are applied to a beam of
B C
the cross section shown. Determine the
50 mm
A
maximum tensile and compressive stresses
D
in portion BC of the beam.
10 mm
250 mm
50 mm 150 mm 150 mm
SOLUTION
A, mm 2 y0 , mm A y0 , mm3
 600 30 18  103
 600 30 18  103
 300 5 1.5  103
 1500 37.5  103
37.5  103
Y0   25mm
1500
Neutral axis lies 25 mm above the base.
1
I1  (10)(60)3  (600)(5)2  195  103 mm 4 I 2  I1  195 mm 4
12
1
I 3  (30)(10)3  (300)(20) 2  122.5  103 mm 4
12
I  I1  I 2  I 3  512.5  103 mm 4  512.5  109 m 4
ytop  35 mm  0.035 m ybot  25 mm  0.025 m

a  150 mm  0.150 m P  10  103 N
M  Pa  (10  103 )(0.150)  1.5 103 N  m
Mytop (1.5  103 )(0.035)

 top     102.4  106 Pa  top  102.4 MPa (compression) 
I 512.5  109
M ybot (1.5  103 )(0.025)

 bot     73.2  106 Pa  bot  73.2 MPa (tension) 
I 512.5  109
457
216 mm PROBLEM 4.12
y
Knowing that a beam of the cross section shown is bent about a horizontal
36 mm
54 mm axis and that the bending moment is 6 kN  m, determine the total force
z C acting on the shaded portion of the web.
108 mm
72 mm
SOLUTION
The stress distribution over the entire cross section is given by the bending stress formula:
My
x  
I
where y is a coordinate with its origin on the neutral axis and I is the moment of inertia of the entire cross
sectional area. The force on the shaded portion is calculated from this stress distribution. Over an area
element dA, the force is
My
dF   x dA   dA
I
The total force on the shaded area is then

My M M * *

F  dF    I
dA  
I  y dA   I
y A
where y * is the centroidal coordinate of the shaded portion and A* is its area.
d1  54  18  36 mm
d 2  54  36  54  36 mm
458
PROBLEM 4.12 (Continued)
Moment of inertia of entire cross section:

1 1
I1  b1h13  A1d12  (216)(36)3  (216)(36)(36)2  10.9175  106 mm 4
12 12
1 1
I 2  b2 h23  A2 d 22  (72)(108)3  (72)(108)(36)2  17.6360  106 mm 4
12 12
I  I1  I 2  28.5535  106 mm 4  28.5535  106 m 4
For the shaded area,

A*  (72)(90)  6480 mm 2
y *  45 mm
A* y *  291.6  103 mm3  291.6  106 m
MA* y * (6  103 )(291.6  106 )
F 
I 28.5535  106
 61.3  103 N F  61.3 kN 
459
20 mm 20 mm PROBLEM 4.13
12 mm y 12 mm
Knowing that a beam of the cross section shown is bent about a horizontal axis
and that the bending moment is 4 kN  m, determine the total force acting on
24 mm the shaded portion of the beam.
20 mm
z
C 20 mm
24 mm
SOLUTION
Dimensions in mm:
1 1
Iz  (12  12)(88)3  (40)(40)3
12 12
 1.3629  106  0.213  106
 1.5763  106 mm 4  1.5763  106 m 4
For use in Prob. 4.14,
1 1
Iy  (88)(64)3  (24  24)(40)3
12 12
 1.9224  10  0.256  106
6
 1.6664  106 mm 4  1.6664  106 m 4

Bending about horizontal axis. M z  4 kN  m
M z c (4 kN  m)(0.044 m)
A    111.654 MPa
Iz 1.5763  10 6 m 4
M c (4 kN  m)(0.020 m)
B  z   50.752 MPa
Iz 1.5763  10 6 m 4
460
80 mm PROBLEM 4.103
80 mm
P As many as three axial loads, each of magnitude P  50 kN, can be applied to
P the end of a W200 × 31.1 rolled-steel shape. Determine the stress at point A
P
C (a) for the loading shown, (b) if loads are applied at points 1 and 2 only.
3
2
1
SOLUTION
For W200  31.3 rolled-steel shape.

A  3970 mm 2  4.000  103 m 2
1 1
c d  (210)  105 mm  0.105 m
2 2
I  31.3  106 mm 4  31.3  106 m 4
(a) Centric load: 3P  50  50  50  150 kN  150  103 N

3P 150  103
   3
 37.783  106 Pa  37.8 MPa 
A 3.970  10
(b) Ececentric loading: e  80 mm  0.080 m
2 P  50  50  100 kN  100  103 N

M  Pe  (50  103 )(0.080)  4.0  103 N  m
2P Mc 100  103 (4.0  103 )(0.105)
A       38.607  106 Pa  38.6 MPa 
A I 3.970  103 31.3  106
553
y PROBLEM 4.104
10 mm
10 mm Two 10-kN forces are applied to a 20 × 60-mm rectangular bar as
A shown. Determine the stress at point A when (a) b  0, (b) b  15 mm,
(c) b  25 mm.
30 mm
z 10 kN
30 mm
C
b
10 kN x
25 mm
SOLUTION
A  (0.060 m)(0.020 m)  1.2  103 m 2

1
S  (0.020 m)(0.060 m)2  12  106 m3
6
(a) b  0, M  (10 kN)(0.025 m)  250 N  m
 A  (20 kN)/(1.2  103 m 2 )  (250 N  m)/(12  106 m3 )
 16.667 MPa  20.833 MPa
 A  4.17 MPa 
(b) b  15 mm, M  (10 kN)(0.025 m  0.015 m)  100 N  m

 A  (20 kN)/(1.2  103 m 2 )  (100 N  m)/(12  106 m3 )
 16.667 MPa  8.333 MPa
 A  8.33 MPa 
(c) b  25 mm, M  0:  A  (20 kN)/(1.2  103 m 2 )

 A  16.67 MPa 
554
P P' P P' PROBLEM 4.105
1 in. Portions of a 12  12 -in. square bar have been bent
to form the two machine components shown.
Knowing that the allowable stress is 15 ksi,
determine the maximum load that can be applied
(a) (b) to each component.
SOLUTION
The maximum stress occurs at point B.

 B  15 ksi  15  103 psi
P Mc P Pec
B        KP
A I A I
1 ec
where K   e  1.0 in.
A I
A  (0.5)(0.5)  0.25 in 2
1
I  (0.5)(0.5)3  5.2083  103 in 4 for all centroidal axes.
12
(a) (b)
(a) c  0.25 in.
1 (1.0)(0.25)
K    52 in 2
0.25 5.2083  103
B (15  103 )
P  P  288 lb 
K 52
0.5
(b) c  0.35355 in.
2
1 (1.0)(0.35355)
K    71.882 in 2
0.25 5.2083  103
B (15  103 )
P  P  209 lb 
K 71.882
555
P PROBLEM 4.106
Knowing that the allowable stress in section ABD is 80 MPa,

determine the largest force P that can be applied to the bracket shown.
A D
B
18 mm
40 mm 12 mm
12 mm
SOLUTION
A  (24)(18)  432 mm 2  432  106 m 2

1
(24)(18)3  11.664  103 mm 4  11.664  109 m 4
I 
12
1
c  (18)  9 mm  0.009 m
2
1
e  (18)  40  49 mm  0.049 m
2
On line BD, both axial and bending stresses are compressive.
P Mc
Therefore  max  
A I
P Pec
 
A I
 max
Solving for P gives P
 1 ec 
  
A I 
80  106 Pa
P
 1 (0.049 m)(0.009 m) 
 6 2
 
 432  10 m 11.664  109 m 4 
P  1.994 kN 
556
P' PROBLEM 4.107
A milling operation was used to remove a portion of a solid bar

of square cross section. Knowing that a  30 mm, d  20 mm,
and  all  60 MPa, determine the magnitude P of the largest
a forces that can be safely applied at the centers of the ends of the
d
P
bar.
a
SOLUTION
1 1
A  ad , I  ad 3 , c d
12 2
a d
e 
2 2
P Mc P 6 Ped
    
A I ad ad 3
P 3P (a  d ) 1 3(a  d )
    KP where K  
ad ad 2 ad ad 2
Data: a  30 mm  0.030 m d  20 mm  0.020 m
1 (3)(0.010)
K    4.1667  103 m 2
(0.030)(0.020) (0.030)(0.020)2
 60  106
P   14.40  103 N P  14.40 kN 
K 4.1667  103
557
P' PROBLEM 4.108
A milling operation was used to remove a portion of a solid bar of

square cross section. Forces of magnitude P  18 kN are applied at
the centers of the ends of the bar. Knowing that a  30 mm and
a  all  135 MPa, determine the smallest allowable depth d of the
d
P
milled portion of the bar.
a
SOLUTION
1 1
A  ad , I  ad 3 , c d
12 2
a d
e 
2 2
P 1 (a  d ) 1 d
 
P Mc
 
P

Pec

P
 2 2  P  3P(a  d )
A I ad I ad 1 ad ad 2
ad 3
12
3P 2P 2 P
  2  or  d 2  d  3P  0
d ad a
 2 
1   2P  2P 
Solving for d, d      12 P  
2   a  a 
 
Data: a  0.030 m, P  18  103 N,   135  106 Pa
 2 
1   (2)(18  103 )  3 6 (2)(18  103 ) 
d      12(18  10 )(135  10 )  
(2)(135  106 )   0.030  0.030 
 
 16.04  103 m d  16.04 mm 
558
12 kips 5 in. P PROBLEM 4.109
The two forces shown are applied to a rigid plate supported by a steel pipe of 8-in.
outer diameter and 7-in. inner diameter. Determine the value of P for which the
maximum compressive stress in the pipe is 15 ksi.
SOLUTION
 
 all  15 ksi I NA  (4 in.)4  (3.5 in.)4  83.2 in 4
4 4
A   (4 in.) 2   (3.5 in.)2  11.78 in 2

Max. compressive stress is at point B.
Q Mc 12  P (5P)(4.0 in.)
B     2

A I 11.78 in 83.2 in 4
15 ksi  1.019  0.085P  0.240 P
13.981  0.325P
P  43.0 kips 
559
d PROBLEM 4.110
P' P
An offset h must be introduced into a solid circular rod of
diameter d. Knowing that the maximum stress after the offset
h is introduced must not exceed 5 times the stress in the rod
P' P when it is straight, determine the largest offset that can be
used.
d
SOLUTION
P
For centric loading, c 
A
P Phc
For eccentric loading, e  
A I
Given  e  5 c
P Phc P
 5
A I A
 
(4)  d 4 
Phc P 4I  64  1
4  h   d h  0.500 d 
I A cA  d  2 2
  d 
 2  4 
560
d PROBLEM 4.111
P' P
An offset h must be introduced into a metal tube of 0.75-in. outer
diameter and 0.08-in. wall thickness. Knowing that the maximum
h stress after the offset is introduced must not exceed 4 times the
P' P stress in the tube when it is straight, determine the largest offset
that can be used.
d
SOLUTION
1
c d  0.375 in.
2
c1  c  t  0.375  0.08  0.295 in.
 
A   c 2  c12   (0.3752  0.2952 )
 0.168389 in 2
 
I 
4
c 4

 c14 
4
(0.3754  0.2954 )
 9.5835  103 in 4
P
For centric loading,  cen 
A
P Phc
For eccentric loading,  ecc  
A I
P Phc P
 ecc  4  cen or  4
A I A
hc 3 3I (3)(9.5835  103 )
 h  h  0.455 in. 
I A Ac (0.168389)(0.375)
561
16 kips PROBLEM 4.112
4 2
A short column is made by nailing four 1 × 4-in. planks to a 4 × 4-in. timber. Using
an allowable stress of 600 psi, determine the largest compressive load P that can be
applied at the center of the top section of the timber column as shown if (a) the
3 column is as described, (b) plank 1 is removed, (c) planks 1 and 2 are removed,
1
(d) planks 1, 2, and 3 are removed, (e) all planks are removed.
SOLUTION
P
(a) Centric loading: M 0  
A
A  (4  4)  4(1)(4)  32 in 2
P
   P  (0.600 ksi)(32 in 2 )
A
 19.20 kips 
(b) Eccentric loading:
P Pec
M  Pe   
A I
A  (4)(4)  (3)(1)(3)  28 in 2 e y
 Ay (1)(4)(2.5)
y    0.35714 in.
A 28
I  ( I  Ad 2 )
1 1
 (6)(4)3  (6)(4)(0.35714)2  (4)(1)3  (4)(1)(2.14286)2  53.762 in 4
12 12
 1 ec  (0.600 ksi)
  P    P  11.68 kips 
A I   1 (0.35714)(2.35714) 
 28  
53.762
P
(c) Centric loading: M 0  
A
A  (6)(4)  24 in 2
P  (0.600 ksi)(24)  14.40 kips 
562
P Pec
(d) Eccentric loading: M  Pe   
A I
A  (4)(4)  (1)(4)(1)  20 in 2 e x
x  2.5  2  0.5 in.
1
I  (4)(5)3  41.667 in 4
12
(0.600 ksi)
P  7.50 kips 
1 (0.5)(2.5) 
 20  41.667 
P
(e) Centric loading: M 0  
A
A  (4)(4)  16 in 2
P  (0.600 ksi)(16.0 in 2 )  9.60 kips 

563
1 in.
3 in.
PROBLEM 4.113
a a 0.75 in. A vertical rod is attached at point A to the cast
1.5 in. 1.5 in. iron hanger shown. Knowing that the allowable
3 in.
stresses in the hanger are  all  5 ksi and
0.75 in.  all  12 ksi , determine the largest downward
A B force and the largest upward force that can be
Section a–a exerted by the rod.
SOLUTION
X  
Ay (1  3)(0.5)  2(3  0.25)(2.5)

A (1  3)  2(3  0.75)
12.75 in 3
X   1.700 in.
7.5 in 2
A  7.5 in 2
 all  5 ksi  all  12 ksi
 1 
I c    bh3  Ad 2 
 12 
1 1
 (3)(1)3  (3  1)(1.70  0.5)2  (1.5)(3)3  (1.5  3)(2.5  1.70)2
12 12
I c  10.825 in 4
Downward force.
M  P(1.5 in.+1.70 in.)  (3.20 in.) P
P Mc
At D:  D   
A I
P (3.20) P(1.70)
 5 ksi  
7.5 10.825
 5  P(0.6359) P  7.86 kips 
P Mc
At E:  E   
A I
P (3.20) P(2.30)
 12 ksi  
7.5 10.825
 12  P(0.5466) P  21.95 kips 
We choose the smaller value. P  7.86 kips  
564
Upward force.
M  P(1.5 in.  1.70 in.)  (3.20 in.) P
P Mc
At D:  D   
A I
P (3.20) P(1.70)
12 ksi   
7.5 10.825
12  P(0.6359) P  18.87 kips 
P Mc
At E:  E   
A I
P (3.20) P(2.30)
5 ksi  
7.5 10.825
5  P(0.5466) P  9.15 kips 
We choose the smaller value. P  9.15 kips  
565
PROBLEM 4.114
1 in.
3 in.
Solve Prob. 4.113, assuming that the vertical
a a 0.75 in. rod is attached at point B instead of point A.
1.5 in. 1.5 in. 3 in. PROBLEM 4.113 A vertical rod is attached at
0.75 in.
point A to the cast iron hanger shown. Knowing
A B that the allowable stresses in the hanger are
Section a–a
 all  5 ksi and  all  12 ksi, determine the
largest downward force and the largest upward
force that can be exerted by the rod.
SOLUTION
X  
Ay (1  3)(0.5)  2(3  0.25)(2.5)

 A (1  3)  2(3  0.75)
12.75 in 3
X   1.700 in.
7.5 in 2
A  7.5 in 2
 1 
I c    bh3  Ad 2 
 12 
1 1
 (3)(1)3  (3  1)(1.70  0.5)2  (1.5)(3)3  (1.5  3)(2.5  1.70)2
12 12
I c  10.825 in 4
Downward force.

M  (2.30 in.  1.5 in.)  (3.80 in.) P
P Mc
At D:  D   
A I
P (3.80) P(1.70)
12 ksi   
7.5 10.825
 12  P(0.4634) P  25.9 kips 
P Mc
At E:  E   
A I
P (3.80) P(2.30)
5 ksi   
7.5 10.825
5  P(0.9407) P  5.32 kips  
We choose the smaller value. P  5.32 kips  
566
Upward force.

  all  5 ksi  all  12 ksi 
 M  (2.30 in.  1.5 in.)P  (3.80 in.)P 
P Mc
 At D:  D    
A I
P (3.80) P(1.70)
5 ksi   
7.5 10.825
 5  P(0.4634)  P  10.79 kips 
P Mc
At E:  E   
A I
P (3.80) P(2.30)
12 ksi   
7.5 10.825
12  P(0.9407) P  12.76 kips 
We choose the smaller value. P  10.79 kips  
567
1 1
(a) Final stresses:  A   1  ( 1)  A   1 
2 2
 B  1 
 C  1 
1 1
 D  1  1 D  1 
2 2
1 M 2M 3M 1 1 1
  2 13  
  EI  E 3 bt Et 3
4 
1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1
(b) Final radius:     
 1   1 4 1 4 1
4
   1 
3
663
PROBLEM 4.C1
Aluminum Two aluminum strips and a steel strip are to be bonded together to form
a a composite member of width b  60 mm and depth h  40 mm. The
Steel
h ⫽ 40 mm
modulus of elasticity is 200 GPa for the steel and 75 GPa for the
a
aluminum. Knowing that M  1500 N  m, write a computer program
to calculate the maximum stress in the aluminum and in the steel for
b ⫽ 60 mm values of a from 0 to 20 mm using 2-mm increments. Using appropriate
smaller increments, determine (a) the largest stress that can occur in the
steel, (b) the corresponding value of a.
SOLUTION
Esteel
Transformed section: (all steel) n
Ealum
1 3 1  1 
I  bh   2   (nb  b)  (h  2a )3
12 12   2  
M  h2 
At Point 1:  alum 
I
M  h2  a 
At Point 2:  steel  n
I
664
PROBLEM 4.C1 (Continued)
For a  0 to 20 mm using 2-mm intervals: compute: n, I ,  alum ,  steel .

b  60 mm h  40 mm M  1500 N  m
Moduli of elasticity: Steel  200 GPa Aluminum  75 GPa
Program Output
Sigma Sigma
a I Aluminum Steel
mm m 4 /106 MPa MPa
0.000 0.8533 35.156 93.750
2.000 0.7088 42.325 101.580
4.000 0.5931 50.585 107.914
6.000 0.5029 59.650 111.347
8.000 0.4352 68.934 110.294
10.000 0.3867 77.586 103.448
12.000 0.3541 84.714 90.361
14.000 0.3344 89.713 71.770
16.000 0.3243 92.516 49.342
18.000 0.3205 93.594 24.958
20.000 0.3200 93.750 0.000
Find ‘a’ for max. steel stress and the corresponding aluminum stress.
6.600 0.4804 62.447 111.572083

6.610 0.4800 62.494 111.572159
6.620 0.4797 62.540 111.572113
Max. steel stress  111.6 MPa occurs when a  6.61 mm.

Corresponding aluminum stress  62.5 MPa 
665
PROBLEM 4.C2
tf y
A beam of the cross section shown, made of a steel that is assumed to be
elastoplastic with a yield strength  Y and a modulus of elasticity E, is bent
d x
tw about the x axis. (a) Denoting by yY the half thickness of the elastic core, write
a computer program to calculate the bending moment M and the radius of
bf curvature  for values of yY from 12 d to 16 d using decrements equal
to 12 t f . Neglect the effect of fillets. (b) Use this program to solve Prob. 4.201.
SOLUTION
Compute moment of inertia I x .

1 1
Ix  b f d 3  (b f  tw )(d  2t f )3
12 12
Ix
Maximum elastic moment: MY  Y
(d/2)
For yielding in the flanges,
d
(Consider upper half of cross section.) c
2
Stress at junction of web and flange:
(d/2)  t f
A  Y
yY
Detail of stress diagram: Resultant forces:
1
a1  (c  yY )
2
1
a2  yY   yY  (c  t f ) 
3
2
a3  yY  [ yY  (c  t f ) ]
3
2
a4  (c  t f )
3
666
Bending moment.
4
M 2 R a
n 1
n n
Radius of curvature.
Y yY E
yY   Y   ;  
E Y
For yielding in the web, (Consider upper half of cross section.)
1
a5  c  t f
2
1
a6  [ yY  (c  t f )]
2
2
a7  yY
3
7
Bending moment. M 2 R a
n 5
n n
Y yY E
Radius of curvature. yY   Y    
E Y
Program: Key in expressions for an and Rn for n  1 to 7.
yY E
For yY  c to (c  tf ) at  tf /2 decrements, compute M  2  Rn an for n  1 to 4 and   , then print.
Y
yY E
For yY  (c  tw ) to c /3 at  tf /2 decrements, compute M  2Rn an for n  5 to 7 and   , then print.
Y
Input numerical values and run program.
667
Program Output
For a beam of Problem 4.201,
Depth d  140.00 mm Width of flange b f  120.00 mm
Thickness of flange t f  10.00 mm Thickness of web tw  10.00 mm
I  0.000011600 m to the 4th

Yield strength of steel sigmaY  300 MPa
Yield moment M Y  49.71 kip  in.
yY (mm) M (kN  m)  (m)

For yielding still in the flange,
70.000 49.71 46.67
65.000 52.59 43.33
60.000 54.00 40.00
For yielding in the web,
60.000 54.00 40.00
55.000 54.58 36.67
50.000 55.10 33.33
45.000 55.58 30.00
40.000 56.00 26.67
35.000 56.38 23.33
30.000 56.70 20.00
25.000 56.97 16.67

668
␤ y PROBLEM 4.C3
0.4 0.4
A
An 8 kip  in. couple M is applied to a beam of the cross section shown
B in a plane forming an angle  with the vertical. Noting that the
1.2
centroid of the cross section is located at C and that the y and z axes
z are principal axes, write a computer program to calculate the stress at
C 0.4
␤ A, B, C, and D for values of  from 0 to 180° using 10° increments.
1.2 (Given: I y  6.23 in 4 and I z  1.481 in 4 . )
M D
E
0.8 0.4 1.6 0.4 0.8

Dimensions in inches
SOLUTION
Input coordinates of A, B, C, D.
z A  z (1)  2 y A  y (1)  1.4
z B  z (2)  2 yB  y (2)  1.4
zC  z (3)  1 yC  y (3)  1.4
z D  z (4)  1 yD  y (4)  1.4
Components of M.
M y   M sin 
M z  M cos 
M z y ( n) M y z ( n)
Equation 4.55, Page 305:  ( n)   
Iz Iy
Program: For   0 to 180 using 10° increments.
For n  1 to 4 using unit increments.

Evaluate Equation 4.55 and print stresses.
Return
Return
669
Program Output
Moment of couple: M  8.00 kip  in.
Moments of inertia: I y  6.23 in 4 I z  1.481 in 4
Coordinates of Points A, B, D, and E:

Point A: z (1)  2: y (1)  1.4
Point B: z (2)  2: y (2)  1.4
Point D: z (3)  1: y (3)  1.4
Po int E: z (4)  1: y (4)  1.4
---Stress at Points---
Beta A B D E
 ksi ksi ksi ksi
0 –7.565 –7.565 7.565 7.565
10 –7.896 –7.004 7.673 7.227
20 –7.987 –6.230 7.548 6.669
30 –7.836 –5.267 7.193 5.909
40 –7.446 –4.144 6.621 4.970
50 –6.830 –2.895 5.846 3.879
60 –6.007 –1.558 4.895 2.670
70 –5.001 –0.174 3.794 1.381
80 –3.843 1.216 2.578 0.049
90 –2.569 2.569 1.284 –1.284
100 –1.216 3.843 –0.049 –2.578
110 0.174 5.001 –1.381 –3.794
120 1.558 6.007 –2.670 –4.895
130 2.895 6.830 –3.879 –5.846
140 4.144 7.446 –4.970 –6.621
150 5.267 7.836 –5.909 –7.193
160 6.230 7.987 –6.669 –7.548
170 7.004 7.896 –7.227 –7.673
180 7.565 7.565 –7.565 –7.565

670
PROBLEM 4.C4
b
B B Couples of moment M  2 kN  m are applied as shown to a curved bar
h
having a rectangular cross section with h  100 mm and b  25 mm. Write
A A
a computer program and use it to calculate the stresses at points A and B for
M M' r1 values of the ratio r1/h from 10 to 1 using decrements of 1, and from 1
to 0.1 using decrements of 0.1. Using appropriate smaller increments,
determine the ratio r1/h for which the maximum stress in the curved bar is
C
50% larger than the maximum stress in a straight bar of the same cross
section.
SOLUTION
Input: h  100 mm,

b  25 mm,
M  2 kN  m
M
For straight bar,  straight 
S
6M
 2
hb
 48 MPa
Following notation of Section 4.15, key in the following:
r2  h  r1 ; R  h /ln (r2  r1 ); r  r1  r2 : e  r  R; A  bh  2500 (I)
Stresses:  A  1  M (r1  R)( Aer1 )  B   2  M (r2  R)/(Aer2 ) (II)
Since h  100 mm, for r1/h  10, r1  1000 mm. Also, r1/h  10, r1  100
Program: For r1  1000 to 100 at 100 decrements,
using equations of Lines I and II, evaluate r2 , R, r , e,  1 , and  2

Also evaluate ratio   1/ straight
Return and repeat for r1  100 to 10 at 10 decrements.
671
Program Output
M  Bending moment  2 kN  m h  100.000 in. A  2500.00 mm 2
Stress in straight beam  48.00 MPa
r1 rbar R e 1 2 r1 /h ratio
mm mm mm mm MPa MPa – –
1000 1050 1049 0.794 –49.57 46.51 10.000 –1.033
900 950 949 0.878 –49.74 46.36 9.000 –1.036
800 850 849 0.981 –49.95 46.18 8.000 –1.041
700 750 749 1.112 –50.22 45.95 7.000 –1.046
600 650 649 1.284 –50.59 45.64 6.000 –1.054
500 550 548 1.518 –51.08 45.24 5.000 –1.064
400 450 448 1.858 –51.82 44.66 4.000 –1.080
300 350 348 2.394 –53.03 43.77 3.000 –1.105
200 250 247 3.370 –55.35 42.24 2.000 –1.153
100 150 144 5.730 –61.80 38.90 1.000 –1.288
=====================================================
100 150 144 5.730 –61.80 38.90 1.000 –1.288
90 140 134 6.170 –63.15 38.33 0.900 –1.316
80 130 123 6.685 –64.80 37.69 0.800 –1.350
70 120 113 7.299 –66.86 36.94 0.700 –1.393
60 110 102 8.045 –69.53 36.07 0.600 –1.449
50 100 91 8.976 –73.13 35.04 0.500 –1.523
40 90 80 10.176 –78.27 33.79 0.400 –1.631
30 80 68 11.803 –86.30 32.22 0.300 –1.798
20 70 56 14.189 –100.95 30.16 0.200 –2.103
10 60 42 18.297 –138.62 27.15 0.100 –2.888
===================================================================
Find r1/h for ( max ) /( straight )  1.5
52.70 103 94 8.703 –72.036 35.34 0.527 –1.501
52.80 103 94 8.693 –71.998 35.35 0.528 –1.500
52.90 103 94 8.683 –71.959 35.36 0.529 –1.499
Ratio of stresses is 1.5 for r1  52.8 mm or r1/h  0.529.
[Note: The desired ratio r1/h is valid for any beam having a rectangular cross section.]
672
bn
hn
PROBLEM 4.C5
M
The couple M is applied to a beam of the cross
h2
b2 section shown. (a) Write a computer program that,
for loads expressed in either SI or U.S. customary
h1 units, can be used to calculate the maximum tensile
and compressive stresses in the beam. (b) Use this
b1
program to solve Probs. 4.9, 4.10, and 4.11.
SOLUTION
Input: Bending moment M.

For n  1 to n, Enter bn and hn
Area  bn hn (Print)
an  an 1  (hn 1 )/2  hn /2
[Moment of rectangle about base]
m  (Area)an
[For whole cross section]
m  m  m; Area  Area  Area
Location of centroid above base.
y  m/Area (Print)
Moment of inertia about horizontal centroidal axis.
For n  1 to n, an  an 1  (hn 1 )/2  hn /2
 I  bn hn3 /12  (bn hn )( y  an )2

I  I  I (Print)
Computation of stresses.
Total height: For n  1 to n,
H  H  hn
Stress at top:
Hy
M top   M (Print)
I
Stress at bottom:
y
M bottom  M (Print)
I
673
Problem 4.9
Summary of cross section dimensions:
Width (in.) Height (in.)

9.00 2.00
3.00 6.00
Bending moment  600.000 kip  in.
Centroid is 3.000 mm above lower edge.
Centroidal moment of inertia is 204.000 in4.
Stress at top of beam  14.706 ksi
Stress at bottom of beam  8.824 ksi
Problem 4.10
Width (in.) Height (in.)

4.00 1.00
1.00 6.00
8.00 1.00
Bending moment  500.000 kip  in.

Centroid is 4.778 in. above lower edge.
Centroidal moment of inertia is 155.111 in4.
Stress at top of beam  10.387 ksi
Stress at bottom of beam  15.401 ksi
Problem 4.11
Width (mm) Height (mm)

50 10
20 50
Bending moment  1500.0000 N  m

Centroid is 25.000 mm above lower edge.
Centroidal moment of inertia is 512,500 mm4.
Stress at top of beam  102.439 MPa
Stress at bottom of beam  72.171 MPa
674
PROBLEM 4.C6
y Dy
A solid rod of radius c  1.2 in. is made of a steel that is assumed to be
y elastoplastic with E  29,000 ksi and  Y  42 ksi. The rod is subjected to a
couple of moment M that increases from zero to the maximum elastic
c
moment M Y and then to the plastic moment M p . Denoting by yY the half
thickness of the elastic core, write a computer program and use it to calculate
the bending moment M and the radius of curvature  for values of yY from
M 1.2 in. to 0 using 0.2-in. decrements. (Hint: Divide the cross section into 80
z horizontal elements of 0.03-in. height.)
SOLUTION
 
MY  Y c3  (42 ksi)
(1.2 in.)3  57 kip  in.
4 4
4 4
M p   Y c3  (42 ksi) (1.2 in.)3  96.8 kip  in.
3 3
Consider top half of rod.
Let i  Number of elements in top half.
c
h  Height of each element: h 
L
For n  0 to i  1, Step 1: 
y  n(h) 

z  c 2  {(n  0.5)h}2   z at midheight of element 

If y  yY go to 100 

(n  0.5)h 
 E  Y  Stress in elastic core 
y

go to 200  Repeat for yY  1.2 in.

100  E  Y  Stress in plastic zone  to yY  0
 At 0.2-in. decrements
200 Area  2 z (h) 
Force   E (Area) 

Moment  Force (n  0.5)h 

M  M  Moment 
P  yY E / Y 

Print yY , M , and  . 
Next 

675
Program Output
Radius of rod  1.2 in.
Yield point of steel  42 ksi
Yield moment  57.0 kip  in.
Plastic moment  96.8 kip  in.
Number of elements in half of the rod  40

For yY  1.20 in., M  57.1 kip  in. Radius of curvature  828.57 in.
For yY  0.00 in., M  infinite Radius of curvature  zero

676
PROBLEM 4.C7
2 in. 3 in. The machine element of Prob 4.178 is to be redesigned by removing part
B
of the triangular cross section. It is believed that the removal of a small
triangular area of width a will lower the maximum stress in the element.
C
A
2.5 in. In order to verify this design concept, write a computer program to
calculate the maximum stress in the element for values of a from 0 to
a 1 in. using 0.1-in. increments. Using appropriate smaller increments,
determine the distance a for which the maximum stress is as small as
possible and the corresponding value of the maximum stress.
SOLUTION
See Figure 4.79, Page 289.

M  5 kip  in. r2  5 in. b2  2.5 in.
For a  0 to 1.0 at 0.1 intervals,
h  3 a
r1  2  a
b1  b2 (a /(h  a ))
Area  (b1  b2 )(h/2)
1 1 
x  a +  b1h(h/3)  b2 h  2h/3  Area
2 2 
r  r2  (h  x )
1
h 2 (b1  b2 )
R 2
r2
(b1r2  b2 r1 ) ln r1
 h(b1  b2 )
er R
 D  M (r1  R)/[Area (e)(r1 )]
 B  M (r2  R) /[Area (e)(r2 )]
Print and Return
677
Program Output
a R D B
in. in. ksi ksi b1 r e
0.00 3.855 8.5071 2.1014 0.00 4.00 0.145

0.10 3.858 7.7736 2.1197 0.08 4.00 0.144
0.20 3.869 7.2700 2.1689 0.17 4.01 0.140
0.30 3.884 6.9260 2.2438 0.25 4.02 0.134
0.40 3.904 6.7004 2.3423 0.33 4.03 0.127
0.50 3.928 6.5683 2.4641 0.42 4.05 0.119
0.60 3.956 6.5143 2.6102 0.50 4.07 0.111
0.70 3.985 6.5296 2.7828 0.58 4.09 0.103
0.80 4.018 6.6098 2.9852 0.67 4.11 0.094
0.90 4.052 6.7541 3.2220 0.75 4.14 0.086
1.00 4.089 6.9647 3.4992 0.83 4.17 0.078
Determination of the maximum compressive stress that is as small as possible.

a R D B
in. in. ksi ksi b1 r e
0.620 3.961 6.51198 2.6425 0.52 4.07 0.109

0.625 3.963 6.51185 2.6507 0.52 4.07 0.109
0.630 3.964 6.51188 2.6591 0.52 4.07 0.109
Answer: When a  625 in., the compressive stress is 6.51 ksi.
678

Strength of materials حلول مهم chapter 4

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How does the document calculate stresses in beams?

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What factors affect the moment capacity of a beam?

What factors affect the moment capacity of a beam?

CHAPTER 4

I1  11.52  106 mm 4  11.52  106 m 4

I 2  1.70667  106 mm 4  1.70667  106 m 4

Section: I  I1  I 2  9.81333  106 m 4

My A (15  103 )(0.040)

MyB (15  103 )(0.060)

Using an allowable stress of 155 MPa, determine the largest bending

Moment of inertia about x-axis:

I  I1  I 2  I 3  56.944  106 mm 4  56.944  106 m 4

Moment of inertia about y axis:

I  I1  I 2  I 3  16.0084  106 mm 4  16.0084  106 m 4

M yA (2.8  103 N  m)(0.03 m)

M yB (2.8  103 N  m)(0.02 m)

Properties of W4  13 rolled section.

For one rolled section, moment of inertia about axis b-b is

I b  I y  Ad 2  3.86  (3.83)(2.030)2  19.643 in 4

For both sections, I z  2 I b  39.286 in 4

Properties of W4  13 rolled section.

For one rolled section, moment of inertia about axis a-a is

I a  I x  Ad 2  11.3  (3.83)(2.08)2  27.87 in 4

For both sections, I z  2 I a  55.74 in 4

ytop  5 in. ybot  3 in.

 1500 37.5  103

ytop  35 mm  0.035 m ybot  25 mm  0.025 m

Mytop (1.5  103 )(0.035)

M ybot (1.5  103 )(0.025)

The total force on the shaded area is then

Moment of inertia of entire cross section:

For the shaded area,

 1.6664  106 mm 4  1.6664  106 m 4

For W200  31.3 rolled-steel shape.

(a) Centric load: 3P  50  50  50  150 kN  150  103 N

2 P  50  50  100 kN  100  103 N

A  (0.060 m)(0.020 m)  1.2  103 m 2

(b) b  15 mm, M  (10 kN)(0.025 m  0.015 m)  100 N  m

(c) b  25 mm, M  0:  A  (20 kN)/(1.2  103 m 2 )

The maximum stress occurs at point B.

Knowing that the allowable stress in section ABD is 80 MPa,

A  (24)(18)  432 mm 2  432  106 m 2

A milling operation was used to remove a portion of a solid bar

A milling operation was used to remove a portion of a solid bar of

A   (4 in.) 2   (3.5 in.)2  11.78 in 2

M  P(1.5 in.+1.70 in.)  (3.20 in.) P

M  P(1.5 in.  1.70 in.)  (3.20 in.) P

 all  5 ksi  all  12 ksi

For a  0 to 20 mm using 2-mm intervals: compute: n, I ,  alum ,  steel .

6.600 0.4804 62.447 111.572083

Max. steel stress  111.6 MPa occurs when a  6.61 mm.

Compute moment of inertia I x .

Thickness of flange t f  10.00 mm Thickness of web tw  10.00 mm

I  0.000011600 m to the 4th

yY (mm) M (kN  m)  (m)

0.8 0.4 1.6 0.4 0.8

Program: For   0 to 180 using 10° increments.

For n  1 to 4 using unit increments.