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    8c) Transcription Summary - 9744 - 2018

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    2022 EMMA WEN XUAN HANSON
    This document summarizes the process of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It describes the key steps and components involved, including initiation with RNA polymerase and transcription factors binding to the promoter, elongation as mRNA is synthesized using one DNA strand as a template, and termination when the transcription complex reaches the termination sequence. The main differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes are that eukaryotes have a nucleus and undergo additional post-transcriptional processing of pre-mRNA within the nucleus, such as addition of a 5' cap and poly-A tail.

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    8c) Transcription Summary - 9744 - 2018

    Uploaded by

    2022 EMMA WEN XUAN HANSON
    22 views1 page
    This document summarizes the process of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It describes the key steps and components involved, including initiation with RNA polymerase and transcription factors binding to the promoter, elongation as mRNA is synthesized using one DNA strand as a template, and termination when the transcription complex reaches the termination sequence. The main differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes are that eukaryotes have a nucleus and undergo additional post-transcriptional processing of pre-mRNA within the nucleus, such as addition of a 5' cap and poly-A tail.

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    8c)Transcription summary_9744_2018

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    This document summarizes the process of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It describes the key steps and components involved, including initiation with RNA polymerase and transcription factors binding to the promoter, elongation as mRNA is synthesized using one DNA strand as a template, and termination when the transcription complex reaches the termination sequence. The main differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes are that eukaryotes have a nucleus and undergo additional post-transcriptional processing of pre-mRNA within the nucleus, such as addition of a 5' cap and poly-A tail.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    22 views1 page

    8c) Transcription Summary - 9744 - 2018

    Uploaded by

    2022 EMMA WEN XUAN HANSON
    This document summarizes the process of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It describes the key steps and components involved, including initiation with RNA polymerase and transcription factors binding to the promoter, elongation as mRNA is synthesized using one DNA strand as a template, and termination when the transcription complex reaches the termination sequence. The main differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes are that eukaryotes have a nucleus and undergo additional post-transcriptional processing of pre-mRNA within the nucleus, such as addition of a 5' cap and poly-A tail.

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    Genetics and Inheritance (9744) DNA & Genomics (Transcription) 2018

    TRANSCRIPTION. :the synthesis of RNA using a DNA template Promoter Transcription Unit Termination sequence
    3 main components of a gene
    (occurs in nucleus)
    IN EUKARYOTES IN PROKARYOTES
    INITIATION INITIATION
    general transcription
    1. RNA polymerase is a multimeric complex. factors
    1. RNA polymerase is a multimeric (made up of many subunits) complex.
    2. General transcription factors first assemble along 2. Sigma factor associates with core RNA polymerase forming the RNA
    the promoter. polymerase holoenzyme
    3. General transcription factors recruit RNA polymerase 3. As the holoenzyme scans along the DNA, its sigma factor recognizes
    & position it correctly on the promoter. and binds to the promoter.
    promoter
    4. The complex of RNA polymerase and transcription 4. RNA polymerase
    factors is called the transcription initiation complex. unzips the 2 strands of the
    5. RNA polymerase unzips the 2 strands DNA double helix at
    of the DNA double helix at promoter by breaking promoter by breaking
    hydrogen bonds between base pairs. hydrogen bonds between
    6. Only one strand is used as the template to synthesise the base pairs.
    mRNA. 5. Only one strand is used as
    (N.B. The template strand is also the non-coding strand) a template to synthesise mRNA.

    IN EUKARYOTES AND PROKARYOTES


    ELONGATION
    1. Free ribonucleotides match up with the template DNA strand by complementary base pairing.
    2. Cytosine base pairs with guanine, guanine base pairs with cytosine, thymine base pairs with adenine & adenine base pairs with uracil. mRNA
    3. RNA polymerase catalyses the formation of covalent phosphodiester bonds between adjacent ribonucleotides. transcript
    4. As each ribonucleoside triphosphate is brought in, 2 of its terminal phosphate groups are removed and the 5’ end of the resulting
    ribonucleotide is added to the 3’ end of the growing RNA strand via the formation of a phosphodiester bond.
    5. Thus the mRNA strand is synthesized & elongated in the 5’ to 3’ direction & the template DNA strand is read in the 3’ to 5’direction.
    6. As the transcription complex continues to move down the DNA double helix, unzipping the 2 strands, and synthesizing mRNA, the
    region of DNA that has just been transcribed, reanneals.
    mRNA transcript

    IN EUKARYOTES IN PROKARYOTES
    TERMINATION TERMINATION
    1. RNA polymerase transcribes a sequence on the DNA, which codes for a polyadenylation signal (AAUAAA) in hairpin loop
    1. After transcribing through a
    the pre-mRNA. termination sequence (in DNA), RNA
    mRNA
    2. Proteins (endonucleases) bind at a point (10 to 35 nucleotides) downstream of the polyadenylation signal to cut the transcribed terminator
    and free the pre-mRNA from the polymerase. (an mRNA sequence) folds back
    polyadenylation signal free pre-mRNA to form a hairpin loop. DNA
    CUT 2. The loop acts as a termination signal
    Pre-mRNA 5’________________AAUAAA_____________3’  5’________________AAUAAA__3’ that causes the mRNA and RNA
    polymerase to be released.
    POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL MODIFICATION (Only in EUKARYOTES)
    1. Addition of methylguanosine cap to 5’ end of pre-mRNA
     the 5’ cap protects mRNA from degradation by ribonucleases that degrade RNA form the 5’end, serves as
    a recognition signal for the small ribosomal subunit to assemble & begin translation & facilitates the export of mature
    mRNA form the nucleus) 5’ cap added, introns excised &
    2. RNA splicing (which requires ATP) by spliceosomes which excise introns(non-coding seq.) & join exons(coding seq). exons joined, poly A tail added
    3. Synthesis of poly A tail (polyadenylation) by the enzyme poly A polymerase which adds adenine nucleotides downstream
    of polyadenylation sequence, AAUAAA.
    protects mRNA from degradation by ribonucleases, making it a more stable template for translation and directs the export
    of mRNA through nuclear pores into the cytoplasm.

    Prepared by: Mrs Selvamani Nair Raffles Institution (Yr 5-6) 5

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