MCR3U

– Unit 5: Trigonometric Ratios – Lesson 1 Date:___________

Learning goal: I can find co-terminal and related acute angles. I can calculate trig and reciprocal trig ratios.

Angles and Ratios

ANGLES IN STANDARD POSITION
An angle in standard position has its vertex at the origin and its initial arm on the positive x-axis of a coordinate
grid and rotates counterclockwise (up).
The coordinate grid is broken into 4 quadrants.

Example 1: Sketch each angle in standard position and label the quadrant it is in.

a) 140° b) 240° c) – 60° d) – 210°

CO-TERMINAL ANGLES

Co-terminal angles are angles in standard position that have the same terminal arm. There are many ways to
arrive at the same terminal arm. To find co-terminal angles you add or subtract multiples of 360°.

Example 2: Sketch each angle in standard position and label its quadrant. Then, sketch an angle that is co-
terminal.

a) 60° b) 200° c) – 30° d) – 190°

RELATED ACUTE ANGLES
The related acute angle is the angle between the terminal arm of an angle in standard position and the x-axis
when the terminal arm is in quadrant II, III, or IV. This angle is always between 0 o and 90 o and is always
positive.
Example 3: Sketch each angle in standard position. Then, sketch and identify the related acute angle.
a) 160° b) 30° c) 280° d) 205° d) -10°

PRIMARY TRIG RATIOS

Primary trig ratios can ONLY be used in right angle triangles! Make sure your calculator is in degree mode. A
degree is one 360th of a circle. The three primary trig ratios are like operations and functions, but they are
called ratios because they measure the ratios of sides related to angles. We typically say “sine of angle A” or
“sine of A”.

B !""!#$%&
!"#$ =
!!"#$%&'(%

(hyp) !"#!$%&'
!"#$ =
c !!"#$%&'(%
a (opp) SOH CAH TOA
!""!#$%&
!"#$ =
!"#!$%&'
θ
A C
b
(adj)

In the triangle above….
!"#$ = !"#$ = !"#$ =



Example 4: Solve for the missing side, !.
a) b) x

SOLVING FOR AN ANGLE

To solve for an angle when the ratio is known, we must take the inverse trig operation of both sides.

Operation !"# !"# !"#

Inverse Operation


Example 4: Solve for the indicated angle to the nearest degree.
a) b)
30cm









RECIPROCAL TRIG FUNCTIONS
A couple units back we looked at the inverse and reciprocal for function, ! ! . We noticed there was a different
!
between the two. The reciprocal function for !(!) is function !(!) = . Just like the previous functions we
!(!)
have seen, there is a difference between the inverse of a trig function and a reciprocal trig function.

Function !"#$ !"#$ !"#$

Cosecant (csc) Secant (sec) Cotangent (cot)

Reciprocal Function 1 1 1
!"!# = !"#$ = !"#$ =
!"#$ !"#$ !"#$

We can undo these operations with inverses just like we did with the three primary trig ratios.

Operation !"! !"# !"#

Inverse Operation

NOTE: Calculators don’t have buttons for these ratios. It is best to translate from reciprocal ratios to primary
ratios and then solve.
Example 5: Evaluate to the nearest thousandth.
a) !"#54° b) !"#25° c) !"!85°






Example 6: Determine the value of ! to the nearest degree.
a) !"#$ = 2.4752 b) !"!# = 1.4945 c) !"#$ = 3.8637






















HW: Trig Ratios Worksheet, Pg. 422 # 1-3, 7-9 ans corr (8h 1690)
 Trig Ratios Worksheet
1. Given ∆!"#, state the 3 primary and 3 reciprocal trigonometric ratios for ∠!.
B

13 cm 5 cm

A
12 cm C

2. State the reciprocal trigonometric ratios that correspond to:
! !" !
a) !"#$ = !" b) !"#$ = !" c) !"#$ = !"

3. For each primary trigonometric ratio, determine the corresponding reciprocal ratio.
! ! ! !
a) !"#$ = ! b) !"#$ = ! c) !"#$ = ! c) !"#$ = !

4. Evaluate to the nearest thousandth.
a) !"#34° b) !"#10° c) !"#75° c) !"!45°

5. a) For each triangle, calculate !"!#, !"#$, and !"#$.
b) For each triangle, use one of the reciprocal ratios to determine !.

8.5
3.6
3 15
10
6 8
12 8.5

8 2 17
i) ii) iii) iv)

6. Determine the value of ! to the nearest degree.
a) !"#$ = 3.2404 b) !"!# = 1.2711 c) !"#$ = 1.4526 d) !"#$ = 0.5814

7. Given any right triangle with an acute angle !,
a) explain why !"#$ is always less than or equal to 1.
b) explain why !"!# is always greater than or equal to 1.

Trig Ratios Worksheet Answers

5 12 5
1. sin A =
13
cos A =
13
tan A =
12

13 13 12
csc A =
5
sec A =
12
cot A =
5


17 17 15
2. csc σ =
8
sec σ =
15
cot σ =
8


4 2
3. a) sec σ =
3
b) cot σ =
3
c) csc σ = 2 d) cot σ = 4

4. a) 0.829 b) 1.015 c) 0.268 d) 1.414

10 5 10 5 8 4
5. i) a) csc σ = 6 = 3 sec σ = =
8 4
cot σ = =
6 3
b) σ = 36.9 o
12 24 12 24 8 .5
ii) a) cscσ = 8.5 = 17 secσ = =
8.5 17
cot σ =
8 .5
= 1 b) σ = 45 o
3.6 36 6 3.6 36 9 2
iii) a) cscσ = 3 = 30 = 5 secσ =
2
= = cot σ =
20 5 3
b) σ = 56 o
17 17 15
iv) a) csc σ =
8
sec σ =
15
cot σ =
8
b) σ = 28 o

6. a) σ = 17 o b) σ = 52 o c) σ = 46 o d) σ = 60 o

adj
7. a) cos σ =
hyp , and the hypotenuse is longer than the adjacent, by definition.
hyp
b) csc σ =
opp , and the hypotenuse is longer than the opposite, by definition.

MCR3U – Unit 5: Trigonometric Ratios – Lesson 2 Date:___________
Learning goal: I can define and calculate trig ratios and angles based on a coordinate point on the terminal arm.

CAST Rule

How are we able to evaluate the sine of 225° if 225° cannot be the corner of a triangle? The Standard Position
of angles allows us to define trigonometric ratios for ANY angle.

To find the trig ratios for !, pick a point !(!, !) on ! the terminal arm.
Drop a vertical line to the !-axis ! to construct a right triangle.

!"#$ = !"#$ = !"# ! =

INVESTIGATION

Calculate each primary trig ratio. Leave your answer in exact form.

!"#$ = !"#$ = !"#$ = !"#$ =

!"#$ = !"#$ = !"#$ = !"#$ =

!"#$ = !"#$ = !"#$ = !"#$ =

SUMMARY

Look very carefully at the signs of your trig ratios in each quadrant. In the
following quadrant system indicate whether the trig ratio was positive (+)
or negative (-) for the four different quadrants investigated above.




Example 1: Solve for ! if 0 ≤ ! ≤ 360°.
!
a) !"#$ = ! b) !"#$ = −1

Example 2: The point (−5,12) lies on the terminal arm of angle ! in standard position.
a) Determine the primary trigonometric ratios for angle !.



b) Determine the reciprocal trig ratios for angle !.



c) Calculate the value of ! to the nearest degree.

Example 3: Given the following primary trig ratios find all possible exact values of the other two trig ratios for
! !
a) !"#$ = − ! , ! lies in quadrant III b) !"#$ = !
, 0 ≤ ! ≤ 360°.

HW: CAST Rule Worksheet
 CAST Rule Worksheet
1. For each trigonometric ratio, use a sketch to determine in which quadrant the terminal arm of the
principal angle lies, the value of the related acute angle β , and the sign of the ratio.
a) sin 315 o b) tan 110 o c) cos 285 o d) tan 225 o

2. Each point lies on the terminal arm of angle σ in standard position.
i) Determine the primary trigonometric ratios for angle σ .
ii) Calculate the value of σ to the nearest degree.
a) (5,11) b) (− 8,3) c) (− 5,−8) d) (6,−8)

3. Using a Cartesian plane, explain why…
a) sin 180 o = 0 b) cos180 o = −1 c) tan 180 o = 0
1
d) sin 45 o = e) cos 45 o = sin 45 o f) tan 45 o = 1
2

4. Use each trigonometric ratio to determine all values of σ , to the nearest degree if 0 o ≤ σ ≤ 360 o .
a) sin σ = 0.4815 b) tan σ = −0.1623 c) cos σ = −0.8722
d) cot σ = 8.1516 e) csc σ = −2.3424 f) sec σ = 0
g) cos σ = 0.6951 h) tan σ = −0.7571 i) sin σ = 1.5
j) tan σ = 1 k) cos σ = 1 l) sin σ = 1

5. Given the point P(x, y ) lying on the terminal arm of angle σ ,
i) state the value of σ , using both a counter-clockwise and a clockwise rotation
ii) determine the primary trigonometric ratios
a) P(− 1,−1) b) P(0,−1) c) P(− 1,0 ) d) P(1,0 )

!
6. Given !"#$ = − !, find all possible exact values of the other two primary trig ratios for 0 ≤ ! ≤ 360°.
!
7. Angle ! is in the third quadrant and !"#$ = !. Find all possible exact values of the reciprocal trig ratios.






Answers
1. a) Quadrant 4, ! = 45! , negative b) Quadrant 2, ! = 70! , negative
c) Quadrant 4, ! = 75! , positive d) Quadrant 3, ! = 45! , positive

2.
11 5 11
r = 12.1, sin σ = , cosσ = , tanσ = , σ = 66o
a) 12.1 12.1 5
3 8 3
b) r = 8.5, sin σ = , cosσ = − , tan σ = − , σ = 159 o
8.5 8.5 8
8 5 8
c) r = 9.4, sin σ = − , cosσ = − , tan σ = , σ = 238 o
9.4 9.4 5
8 6 8
d) r = 10, sin σ = − , cosσ = , tan σ = − , σ = 307 o
10 10 6

3. Answers may vary.

4.
a) ! = 29! , 151! b) ! = 171! , 351! c) ! = 151! , 209!
d) ! = 7! , 187! e) ! = 205! , 335! f) No solution
g) ! = 46! , 314! h) ! = 143! , 323! i) No solution
j) ! = 45! , 225! k) ! = 0! , 360! l) ! = 90!

5.
! !
a) ! = 225! , −135! , sin! = − !
, cos! = − !
, tan! = 1

b) ! = 270! , −90! , sin! = −1, cos! = 0, tan! undefined

c) ! = 180! , −180! , sin! = 0, cos! = −1, tan! = 0
d) ! = 0! , sin! = 0, cos! = 1, tan! = 0

! !
6. !"#$ = ± !
, !"#$ = ± !

! ! !
7. !"!# = − !, !"#$ = − !, !"#$ = !

MCR3U – Unit 5: Trigonometric Ratios – Lesson 3 Date:___________
Learning goal: I can determine and use the exact value for trig ratios when solving problems with special angles.

Special Triangles

Two special triangles we know of are isosceles triangles and equilateral triangles. First let’s look at the
primary trig ratios in relation to an isosceles triangle.

ISOCELES TRIANGLE INVESTIGATION
1. To the right is an isosceles triangle with side lengths of 1.
2. Calculate !, leave your answer in exact form.
1


1

3. Find missing angles.

4. Write the 3 primary trig ratios. 5. Write the 3 reciprocal trig ratios.

One of our main goals in MCR 3U is to improve accuracy by using exact values. From now on we will always
use this exact value.
Example 1: Find exact value for the following
a) !"# 45° b) !"#135° c) !"#315°

EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE INVESTIGATION
1. To the right is an equilateral triangle with side lengths of 2.
2. Split the triangle in half at a 90° angle.
2 2
3. Calculate the height of the triangle.


2

4. Find each angle the “split” triangle.


5. Write 3 primary trig ratios for 30°. 7. Write 3 primary trig ratios for 60°.



6. Write the 3 reciprocal trig ratios 30°. 8. Write the 3 reciprocal trig ratios 60°.





Again, we will always use these exact values when evaluating a trig ratio for 30° and 60°.

Example 2: Find exact value for the following

a) sin (−210°) b) sec (−240°) c) cot (−210°)

HW: Pg. 532 # 1-12, 15 (ignore questions with pi)
MCR3U – Unit 5: Trigonometric Ratios – Lesson 4 Date:___________
Learning goal: I can prove trigonometric identities using Pythagorean and quotient identities.

Trig Identities

An equation that is always true is called an identity. We already know many trig identities …

Pythagorean Theorem X-Y-R Identities Reciprocal Identities

!! + !! = !! ! 1
!"#$ = !"!# =
! !"#$

! 1
!"#$ = !"#$ =
! !"#$

!
!"#$ = 1
! !"#$ =
!"#$

To prove that a given trigonometric equation is an identity, both sides of the equation need to be shown to be
equivalent (LS = RS). This can be done by simplifying the more complicated side until it is identical to the other
side or manipulating both sides to get the same expression.

Example 1: Prove the following identities. !"#$

!"#$
!"#$ = !"#$ is called
a) !"#$ = !"#$

the _______________
______________. You
may now accept it as


true and use it to solve
other identities.




b) !"#! ! + !"# ! ! = 1

!"#! ! + !"# ! ! = 1
is called the
_______________
______________. You may
now accept it as true and use

it to solve other identities.


Example 2: Prove the following identities.
sin!!sin! !
a) !"#$ = cos! !!sin!
if !"#$ ≠ 0 b) 1 + !"# ! ! = !"! ! !

cos ! !!sin! !
c) cos! !!sin!cos! = 1 − !"#$ d) tan! ! − sin! ! = sin! !tan! !

HW: Pg. 538 # 1, 7-9, 11, 13,14, 16, Simplifying Expressions Worksheet
 Simplifying Expressions Worksheet

Simplify the following expressions

Algebraic Expressions Trigonometric Expressions

a) x + x a) sin θ + sin θ

€ €
b) x − y + x − y b) sin θ − cos θ + sin θ − cosθ

€ €
c) (x)(x) c) (tanθ )(tanθ )

€ €
d) (x)(y) d) (sin θ )(cosθ )

€ €
e) x(x + 1) e) tan θ (tan θ + 1)

€ €
f) x(2x − y) f) sin θ (2sin θ − cos θ )

€ €
g) (1− x)(1+ x) g) (1− sin θ )(1+ sin θ )

€ €
1 1
h) x − h) cosθ −
x cos θ

€ €

1 1 1 1
i) + i) +
x y sin θ cos θ

€ €
 Factor the following expressions
Algebraic Expressions Trigonometric Expressions
a) x + xy
2
a) sin θ + sin θ cos θ
2

€ €
b) x − x 2
b) tan θ − tan 2 θ

€ €
c) x − 2x + 1
2
c) sin 2 θ − 2sin θ + 1

€ €
d) x + 2xy+ y
2 2
d) cos2 θ + 2cos θ sin θ + sin 2 θ

€ €
e) x −1
2
e) sin 2 θ −1

€ €
f) 1− x 2
f) 1− cos2 θ

€ €
g) x −1
4
g) tan 4 θ −1

€ €
h) x − y
4 4
h) sin 4 θ − cos 4 θ

€ €






MCR3U 4.4.1 Understanding Trigonometric Expressions Worksheet SOLUTIONS

=2 x =2sin θ

=2x−2 y =2sin θ−2 cosθ

=2 ( sin θ−cosθ )
2 =( tan θ )2
=x
= tan 2 θ

=xy =sin θ cosθ

=x 2 +x =tan 2 θ+tan θ

2 2
=2 x −xy =2sin θ−sin θ cos θ

=1−x+x−x 2 =1−sin θ +sin θ−sin 2 θ

=1−x 2 or = 1−sin 2 θ or
=−x 2 +1 or =−( x 2−1 ) or =−( x+1 )( x−1 ) =−sin2 θ +1 or =−( sin2 θ−1 ) or =−( sin θ+1 )( sin θ−1 )

x 2−1 cos 2 θ−1

= =
x cos θ
( x +1 ) ( x−1 ) ( cos θ+1 ) ( cosθ−1 )
= =
x cosθ

y+ x cosθ+sin θ
= or = or
xy sin θ cos θ
x+ y sin θ+cos θ
= =
xy sin θ cos θ
MCR3U 4.4.1 Understanding Trigonometric Expressions Worksheet SOLUTIONS

=x ( x+ y ) =sin θ ( sin θ+cos θ )

=x ( 1−x ) or =−x 2 +x =tan θ ( 1−tan θ )

=−x ( x−1 )
=( x−1 )( x−1 ) =( sin x−1 )( sin x−1 )
2 2
=( x−1 ) =( sin x−1 )

=( x+ y ) ( x+ y ) =( cosθ+sin θ )( cos θ+sin θ )

2 2
=( x+ y ) =( cosθ+sin θ )

=( x+1 ) ( x−1 ) =( sin θ+1 )( sin θ−1 )

=( 1+x )(1−x ) or =( 1+cosθ ) (1−cos θ )

=( x+1 )(−x+1 )
=−( x+1 )( x−1 )

=( x 2 +1 )( x 2−1 ) =( tan 2 θ+1 )( tan 2 θ−1 )

¿ ( x 2 +1 ) ( x +1 )( x−1 ) = ( tan 2 θ+1 ) ( tan θ+1 )( tan θ−1 )

=( sin2 θ +cos 2 θ )( sin 2 θ−cos 2 θ )

=( x + y )( x − y )
2 2 2 2
= ( sin2 θ +cos 2 θ ) ( sin θ+cosθ )( sin θ−cos θ )
= ( x 2 + y 2 ) ( x + y ) ( x− y )
= ( sin θ+cos θ )( sin θ−cosθ ) (enriched )
MCR3U – Unit 5: Trigonometric Ratios – Lesson 5 Date:___________
Learning goal: I can derive the reciprocal identities and use them to prove other trig identities.

Reciprocal Trig Identities

SUMMARY

Reciprocal Identities Quotient Identities Pythagorean Theorem

1 !"#$ !"# ! + !"# ! ! = 1
!
!"!# = !"#$ =
!"#$ !"#$

1 !"#$ !"#! ! = 1 − !"# ! !
!"#$ = !"#$ =
!"#$ !"#$
!"# ! ! = 1 − !"#! !
1
!"#$ =
!"#$





Start with !"#! ! + !"# ! ! = 1 then divide by !"#! !.







Start with !"#! ! + !"# ! ! = 1 then divide by !"# ! !.








Example 1: Prove the following trig identities.
a) !"#$ !"#$ − 1 = 1 − !"#$ b) !"#$!"# ! ! − !"#$ = !"#$






































HW: Trigonometric Identities II & III Worksheet, Trig Simplifications Matching Worksheet
MCR3U 4.5.1 Trigonometric Identities II Worksheet
MCR3U 4.5.3 Trigonometric Identities III Worksheet
1. Prove each of the following identities:
1 1  sin x csc x  1
a)  sin x  sec x b) 
cot x 1  sin x csc x  1

1 tan x 1
c)  sec 2 x  d)  sec x  tan x
1  sin x cos x sec x  tan x

1 1 2 tan x
e) cos 2 x  sin 2 x  2 cos 2 x  1 f)  
1  sin x 1  sin x sin x  cos x
cos 2 x
g ) sin x  2 cos x  cos x  1
4 2 4 h)  1  sin x
1  sin x

1 cos 2 x  sin 2 x
i ) cos x  sin x  tan x  j)  1  tan x
cos x cos 2 x  sin x  cos x

cot x  tan x sec 2 x  csc 2 x

k)  csc 2 x  sec 2 x l) 1
sin x  cos x csc 2 x  sec 2 x

1 1 1
m) sin 2 x  cos 4 x  cos 2 x  sin 4 x n)  
sin x cos x sin x  sin 4 x
2 2 2

o) sin 2 x 1  cot 2 x   1 p ) tan 2 x  sin 2 x  sin 2 x  tan 2 x

 1  1  sin 2 x
q)   1  1  tan 2 x r ) 1  sin x 
2

 cos x  cos x  tan 2 x

1  tan x 1  tan x
s ) sin x  cos x   1  2 sin x  cos x
2
t) 
1  cot x cot x  1
1  sin x cos x csc x csc x
u)   2 sec x v)   2 sec 2 x
cos x 1  sin x 1  csc x 1  csc x

1  2 sin x  cos x
w)  sin x  cos x x) tan 2 x  sin 2 x  sin 2 x  tan 2 x
sin x  cos x

1 sin 2 x  2 cos x  1 cos 2 x  cos x

y ) tan x  cos x 
2 2
 1  cos 2 x z) 
2
cos x sin 2 x  3 cos x  3  sin 2 x
MCR3U 4.5.2 Trig Simplifications – Matching Worksheet

Each of the expressions on the left can be simplified and matched to an answer on
the right. After working very hard to simplify each expression and very neatly show
your rough work, place the appropriate letter the in space provided before the
expression. Letters may be used more than once. Have fun in the sandbox!

sin  cos   sin 2  cos   cos 3 

____ 1) A. 1
cos 

B. sin 
sec 2   csc 2 
____ 2)
csc 2  sec 2 
C. cos  4

cot 2   9
____ 3) D. sin   4
cot 2   2 cot   3

____ 4)
cos   1tan  sec   E. sin   1
sec   1
1
F. 4
cos  sin   16 sin 
2 2 cos 2 
____ 5)
sin 2  cot   4 sin 
G. cos  1
sec 2   6 cos  sec   16 cos 2 
____ 6)
2 sec  cos   4 cos 2  cos  3 sin 
H
cos  sin 
sin  tan  csc   4 tan  csc 
____ 7)
sec  I. sin 2   1

9  3 sin   2 sin 2  3 sin   2 cos

____ 8) 2 J.
sin   3 sin   1

K. 2 sin   1