Mobility & Flexibility

MOBILITY &
FLEXIBILITY
BECOME THE EXPERT

BECOME THE EXPERT
CONTENTS
• Introduction: 3-10. • The Lower Back: 154-155. • The Trapezius: 273-279.
• Release Techniques: 11-15. • The Erectors & QL’s: 156-170. • The Neck Extensors: 280-283.
• Stretching: 16-27. • The Mid-Upper Back: 171-172. • The Levator Scapula: 284-287.
• PNF: 28-3 • The Thoracic Spine: 173-181. • The Scalenes & SCM: 288-289.
• Bands / Joint Distraction: 35-38. • The Latissimus Dorsi: 182-193. • Mobility Programs: 290-305.
• Flexibility Tests: 39-47. • The Rhomboids: 194-197. • Stay Social: 306.
• The Feet: 48-54. • The Abdominals: 198-205.
• The Lower Legs: 55-56. • The Ribcage: 206-207.
• The Calves: 57-67. • The Serratus Anterior: 208-211.
• The Peroneals: 68-71. • The Pectorals: 212-223.
• The Tibialis Anterior: 72-74. • The Shoulders: 224-225.
• The Tibialis Posterior: 75-77. • The Rotator Cuff: 226-235.
• The Upper Legs: 78-79. • The Deltoids: 236-242.
• The Quadriceps & Hip Flexors: 80-99. • The Upper Arms: 243-244.
• The Adductors: 100-115. • The Biceps: 245-253.
• The Hamstrings: 116-135. • The Triceps: 254-259.
• The Tensor Fasciae Latae: 136-139. • The Forearms: 260-270.
• The Gluteals: 140-153. • The Neck: 271-272.
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BECOME THE EXPERT
INTRODUCTION
If you want to maintain and develop your musculoskeletal
system’s health, it is a good idea to incorporate many of
the release techniques and stretches in this eBook.
It’s vital to understand the difference between flexibility

and mobility.
Flexibility is the muscle’s ability to lengthen, so a test for

this would be lying flat on your back while a partner lifts
your leg to test hamstring flexibility (passive stretch).
Mobility refers to a joint’s ability to move through its full

range of motion (ROM). Therefore, not only does it
involve muscle flexibility, but also joint structure, motor
control, and stability.
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BECOME THE EXPERT
INTRODUCTION
There are many misconceptions about both flexibility and mobility and the techniques used to progress them.
People often perceive flexibility to be the main key when it comes to injury prevention. Yes, having good
flexibility is key and can prevent muscle strains. However, we must find the optimal balance between joint
mobility and stability. We want our muscles to lengthen, but we also want a certain amount of muscle tension
(tone) and the ability to contact our muscles forcefully.
The key to injury prevention is better described as “having strength through a full ROM.” And, of course, load
management (good programming).
An example of how excessive ROM can be detrimental is hypermobility, which is often misnomered as being
“double-jointed,” suggesting there is more than one joint. In actuality, it means the ligaments that attach bone
to bone and support the joint are laxer, allowing for a greater ROM. This can make for a great party trick.
However, it can also make the joint more prone to subluxation (partial dislocation) and dislocation.
This being said, having limited ROM can drastically reduce performance, and this is all too apparent when
you watch someone try to perform an overhead squat without sufficient mobility – I have personally seen
lifters who can strict press 100kg, tremble under a 20kg overhead squat.
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BECOME THE EXPERT
INTRODUCTION
We can take a holistic approach to mobility and work the entire body. However, the training principle
individuality is always present. Person A may find their hip flexors and quadriceps feel tight or tense, whereas
person B finds their calves and hamstrings are tight or tense. Therefore, it makes sense for people to take an
individualized approach. However, is stretching always the answer?
We hear terms like shortened, lengthened, tight, tense, lax, inactive, hypotonic (abnormally low muscle tone),
overactive, and hypertonic (abnormally high muscle tone), and these terms are often thrown around
haphazardly. But what does it actually mean when a muscle is tight or tense? Does it mean that the muscle’s
resting length is shorter than it should be or that the muscle is permanently contracted?
For the most part, when your muscle feels tight or tense, there is no measurable, mechanical explanation for
that feeling. The muscle has the same resting length as it did before you felt the excess tension. However, this
does not mean the sensation isn’t there, it is just far more complex than what is perceived, and the it can be
helped with the right techniques.
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BECOME THE EXPERT
INTRODUCTION
There are various theories as to why stretching increases flexibility such as viscoelastic deformation, plastic
deformation, increased sarcomeres in series, and neuromuscular relaxation. However, Stretching does not
primarily develop flexibility by changing the muscle’s mechanical properties and making it longer on a
structural level. Instead, we increase our stretch tolerance, which is sensory (neuromuscular).
This can be illustrated when holding a stretch for a moderate amount of time. Initially, when you apply the
stretch, you feel tension within the muscle. However, as the stretch is held, this tension reduces, and you can
gradually increase the ROM.
We can also illustrate the nervous system’s incredible nature by using muscle energy techniques, which
capitalize on mechanisms such as post-isometric relaxation or reciprocal inhibition to produce a much greater
ROM in a short space of time – these will be covered in far more detail.
On top of this, we don’t even have to target the muscle directly to increase its flexibility. Simply rolling the soles
of your feet or massaging your sub-occipitals (muscles on the back of your head) can release your hamstrings
– note, these are all short-term neurological adaptations.
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TERMINOLOGY
Term Description
Origin The origin is attached to a fixed bone that usually doesn’t move during contraction.
It is often described as the proximal attachment, meaning it is closer to the center or
midline of the body – muscles may have more than one origin, for example, the
triceps have 3, and the biceps have 2.
Insertion The insertion is the attachment to a bone that usually moves during contraction. It is
often described as the distal attachment, meaning further from the center or midline
of the body.
Proximal Closer to the point of reference such as an origin, a point of attachment, or the
midline of the body.
Distal Further from the point of reference such as an origin, a point of attachment, or the
midline of the body.
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TERMINOLOGY
Term Description
Agonist / Prime Mover These are the primary muscles that perform the desired action. For example, the
biceps brachii during a biceps curl.
Antagonist These are the muscles that oppose the agonist, for example, the triceps during a
biceps curl.
Synergist These are the muscles that assist the agonist, for example, the brachioradialis
during a biceps curl.
Fixator These are the muscles that stabilize the body during the movement, for example,
the deltoid during a biceps curl.
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BECOME THE EXPERT
USEFUL EQUIPMENT
Here is a list of useful equipment to use in your mobility
and flexibility regimes:
• Foam roller – long or short / smooth or bumpy.

• Massage Ball.
• Peanut shaped massage ball – great for either side of
the spine.
• Yoga strap (the yoga strap is non-elastic).
• Resistance band – can be used like a yoga strap.
You can improvise with household items, for example, a

rolling pin. However, caution should be practiced when
using equipment that is not specifically designed for soft
tissue work. This is because some items may be a little too
hard or may break – foam rollers are usually designed to
be harder than muscle, but softer than bone.
In this book, we show release techniques with a metal

barbell, so it can be done, but it needs to be done correctly.
PAGE: 9
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WARMING UP
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PAGE: 10
RELEASE
TECHNIQUES
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BECOME THE EXPERT
RELEASE TECHNIQUES
Release techniques are a method of hands-on therapy that you can perform yourself, usually with a foam
roller or massage ball. These techniques use pressure to result in a short-term release of muscle tension,
which in turn can allow you to achieve a more effective stretch or a full ROM squat for example, which of
course, can then result in long-term adaptations over consistent training.
Since this is a neuromuscular response, the mechanisms by which rolling or kneading a muscle with a roller or
ball can be quite complicated and the primary mechanisms at work are often debated.
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BECOME THE EXPERT
RELEASE TECHNIQUES
A common explanation is that applying pressure to a
muscle stimulates a proprioceptor known as the Golgi
tendon organ, which responds to changes in muscle
tension and inhibits the muscle to ensure damage is not
caused.
Note: Muscle spindles are a proprioceptor that responds

to changes in muscle length. When a muscle lengthens,
they send a signal to the spinal cord that then innovates
an involuntary contraction in the muscle.
For example, suppose your roll onto the outer side of your
ankle (an action that can cause an inversion sprain). In
that case, the peroneal muscles will lengthen, the muscle
spindles will detect this and cause them to contract,
pulling the ankle back and hopefully preventing an
inversion sprain (the most common type of ankle sprain).
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BECOME THE EXPERT
RELEASE TECHNIQUES
Another reasoning as to why release techniques can be so effective is Diffuse Noxious Inhibitory Control
(DNIC), which is one of several varieties of “descending modulation,” where the brain adjusts the amount of
nociception (the perception or sensation of pain) – the brain inhibits nociceptive signals from traveling up the
spinal cord to the brain.
DNIC is triggered by a sustained nociceptive input, for example, applying pressure to the muscle. This can
actually suppress nociception not just from the local area but also from distant regions. Therefore, if your right
hip is sore and you roll the quadriceps on your left leg, the DNIC will reduce the discomfort in both the
quadriceps and the hip – this makes a lot of sense why rolling a muscle can feel so good.
On top of all this, rolling a muscle will encourage blood flow and increase deep muscle temperature, and a
warm muscle is a more pliable muscle.
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BECOME THE EXPERT
RELEASE TECHNIQUES
Release techniques are going to feel a little uncomfortable, and some areas are inherently more tender than
others. However, there is a clear line between “a good hurt” and outright pain that can cause trauma.
When it comes to release techniques, the key is to stimulate, not annihilate. Yes, you want to knead the
muscle, but you don’t want to cause unnecessary trauma, i.e., bruising.
You can roll a muscle for 20-30 seconds or even 2-3 minutes. However, for most large muscle masses (the
quadriceps, for example), I tend to recommend 30-60 seconds of faster-paced rolling for warm-ups and 1-2
minutes of slower-paced rolling during cooldowns or recovery sessions.
Yes, you can roll muscles before a workout to increase circulation and muscle pliability. However, you don’t
want to relax the muscles too much before a session. You want some tension in the muscles.
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STRETCHING
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BECOME THE EXPERT
STRETCHING
When we think of stretching, we tend to think of someone
statically holding a position for a short period to apply a
stretch to a specific muscle. However, there are many
forms of stretching.
This e-book will concentrate on static stretches as a

whole. However, we will also introduce more advanced
forms of stretching that are listed in the table on the next
page – I will introduce some of my favourite PNF drills.
Dynamic stretching techniques are included in our

Warming Up book and course:
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ming-up-50-off
PAGE: 17
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STRETCHING
Static Dynamic Proprioceptive Neuromuscular
Facilitation (PNF)
Active: The body part is moved into Controlled Dynamic: Actively moving Contract-Relax: This is also known as
position and is actively held in the static through a joint’s full range of motion post-isometric relaxation (PIR) and
position using the surrounding in a controlled, fluid manner – capitalizes on muscle inhibition.
musculature. oscillations can be used.
Passive: The body part is moved into Ballistic: Using momentum and often Contract-Relax Agonist Contraction:
position and held there using a a jerking action to increase the range Actively engaging the antagonist
supporting structure such as a wall or a of a dynamic stretch. (opposing muscle) during the stretch to
partner. capitalize on reciprocal inhibition.
Maintenance: Short stretches held for
10-30 seconds.
Developmental: Longer stretches held for
1-2 minutes (usually for multiple sets).
*Reciprocal inhibition describes the process of muscles on one side of a joint relaxing to accommodate contraction
on the other side of that joint
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STRETCHING
Stretching can feel uncomfortable, but just as with the
release techniques, it should only be a reasonable level
of discomfort, not a painful experience. If the muscle
starts to tremble, your breathing starts to speed up, or
you feel forced to hold your breath, ease off a little.
The “barrier” position is a term used to describe the point

at which the muscle first experiences the sensation of
tightness during a stretch. This point is important as we
use it during PNF stretches. It is also a great illustration of
how a prolonged stretch teaches the muscle to tolerate
greater extension (not make the muscle fibres longer) –
numerous barrier positions may be experienced.
For the most part, when people hold stretches for short
periods on an irregular basis, the adaptations made are
short-term, acting like a “muscle release.” However, with
regular stretching, long-term adaptations will be made.
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OSCILLATORY & BALLISTIC

Oscillatory stretching is a great way to turn many of the
static stretches within this book into dynamic stretches.
Therefore, it acts as a great way to warm the muscles
and build stretch tolerance before training.
To perform an oscillatory stretch, you move through the

full or a partial range of the stretch in a smooth and fluid
motion (oscillations).
For example, during the frog stretch (pictured), you can

move your hips forward and back.
Ballistic stretches are similar to oscillatory stretches in the

sense that you repeatedly move in and out of the end
range position. However, as the name suggests, during
ballistic stretches, this is done with much more
momentum.
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There are three phases to a ballistic stretch:
• Initial Phase: The antagonist muscle performs

concentric action to initiate the action.
• Coasting Phase: The momentum gained from the

initial phase allows the stretch to be taken beyond the
normal range.
• Deceleration Phase: This is initiated by eccentric

actions of the agonist (stretched muscle) as the muscle
passes its normal ROM
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BECOME THE EXPERT

Ballistic stretches are sometimes used by athletes. For example, it isn’t uncommon to see a gymnast bend
forward to stretch their hamstrings and back and use a bouncing/jerky action to increase the range of motion.
There is no doubt that using bounces at the end range can help to increase the stretch tolerance of a muscle.
However, it is clear to see how ballistic stretching is often seen to carry risks.
Ballistic stretches do have a higher risk of muscle and tendon strains and even ligament sprains. Therefore,
they should only be used by well-trained individuals that know what they are doing.
On top of this, the explosive eccentric stretch will invoke the stretch reflex (involuntary contraction of the
muscle), which in essence is exciting the muscle rather than relaxing it. This is arguably good during a warm-
up, specifically the potentiation phase, where we aim to prime the muscles for maximal intensity. However, if
the aim to relax the muscle and ease tension, then ballistic stretching is not the way to go.
An example of where ballistic stretching is used to great effect in strength training is when using pulses during
a squat for example. During a pulse, the lifter reaches the bottom of the squat and proceeds to perform a
secondary bounce (pulse) of 3-6 inches. When working with weight, a lifter may perform 1-3 pulses per rep.
However, prior to a squat session, a lifter may perform 5-10 pulses in a deep bodyweight squat to help prepare
for the session.
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LOADED STRETCHES
Loaded stretches are by far the most unheard-of and
underrated way of developing flexibility and are especially
good pre training session – in my experience, they are the
most effective for many muscle groups.
Loaded stretches involve holding a weight at a muscle's

end range of motion. Essentially this is just a pause or
isometric hold at the bottom of a movement. However, the
emphasis is on the stretch in the muscle. Therefore, the
appropriate loads (low-moderate) should be used when
pushing the end range.
It is key that you don’t allow the weight to overstress the

structures, therefore, mind-muscle connection is key. You
can isometrically contract the muscle at the end range
before increasing the stretch gradually.
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BECOME THE EXPERT
LOADED STRETCHES
Some of my favourite loaded stretches include:
• The Overhead Squat – absolute favourite!
• Lying Lat Stretch.
• Dumbbell Fly Stretch.
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OVERHEAD SQUAT
One of the best examples of loaded stretching is the
overhead squat with a barbell. I have worked with literally
dozens of clients with terrible mobility that had spent
months doing the same stretching regimes to no prevail.
After a couple of weeks of overhead squat work (starting
with regressions), their mobility in their lower body,
shoulders, and thoracic spine improved dramatically.
To regress the overhead squat, I have the lifter stand with

their heels on plates. From there, they use a technique
barbell (5-10kg) and overhead squat as deep as possible.
This is pushed until they achieve a decent ROM. From
there, we progressively load the weight, and within a few
sessions, most people are achieving a decent overhead
squat.
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ADVANCED TRAINING TECHNIQUES

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PAGE: 26
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ADVANCED TRAINING TECHNIQUES

Advanced training techniques are specific methods used to elicit greater results. This may involve pausing or
pulsing during the rep, or attaching bands and chains to the barbell to accommodate resistance.
We have detailed over 50 advanced training techniques, many with numerous variations:
• Intent • Loaded Stretches. • Negatives. • AMRAPs.

• Max & Dynamic Effort. • Heavy Supports. • Cheat Reps. • EMOM.
• Unilateral Loading. • Pulses. • Cluster Sets. • German Volume Training.
• Backdown Sets. • Stretch Reflex Reps. • Drop Sets. • Optimised Volume
• Tempo. • Double Lockouts. • Pyramid Sets. Training.
• Slow E, Fast C. • Oscillatory Training. • DTP. • Staggered Sets.
• 2 Fast, 1 Slow. • Wave Loading. • Ladders. • Jump Sets.
• Constant Tempo. • Contrast Loading. • Rep Targets. • 21’s
• Time Under Tension. • Complex Training. • Rest Pause. • Blood Flow Restriction.
• 10/10. • French Contrasts. • Pre & Post-Exhaustion. • Accommodating
• Partial Reps. • Max-Overspeed. • Supersets. Resistance.
• Progressive Movement. • Complexes. • Tri-Sets & Giant Sets. • Reverse Band Technique.
• Pin Lifts. • Variation Sets. • Circuit Training. • Hanging Band Technique.
• Burns. • Breakdowns. • Tabata. • Jettison Training.
• Isometrics (Pauses). • Forced Reps. PAGE: 27
PROPRIOCEPTIVE
NEUROMUSCULAR
FACILITATION
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PNF
This section will look at PNF (proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation) stretches in a little more detail.
PNF stretches capitalize on neuromuscular mechanisms that elicit relaxation (inhibition) in the muscle and
allow us to achieve a greater stretch.
Note: PNF techniques commonly come under the category of Muscle Energy Techniques (MET), a term used
to describe a range of physical therapy techniques.
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BECOME THE EXPERT
PNF
Two fundamental principles of PNF:
• Post-Isometric Relaxation(PIR): Following a contraction (6-8 seconds), a muscle enters a deeper state of
relaxation (for around 5 seconds). These contractions are usually isometric (no change in muscle length –
pushing against a partner or an object) but can also be performed with a concentric contraction (muscle
shortening).
• Reciprocal Inhibition (RI): When a muscle contracts, the opposing muscle must relax to allow for efficient
movement. Therefore, when contracting an opposing muscle or directly after, you are able to achieve a
greater stretch. The nature of this technique allows you to engage the opposing muscles to “actively” reach
the barrier position of the targeted muscle.
Note: A contraction of just 20-30% is usually sufficient to invoke the desired response. However, clients will
often try to push maximally – the most intuitive cue is to instruct them to contact at 50-60%.
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BECOME THE EXPERT
PNF
Both of these methods can be performed with or without a partner, and ultimately, it comes down to being
quite creative in how you apply a contraction of the agonist or antagonist – in this book, I will introduce some
my favourite methods.
One of the most common PNF stretches is the lying hamstrings variation with a partner.
During this stretch, the client lies down, and the coach kneels in a position where they can take one of the
client’s legs and raise it into a hamstring stretch.
During a PIR stretch, once the barrier position is met, the client can push against the coach’s hand or shoulder
with their leg to contract their hamstrings isometrically (could also be done concentrically if the coach allows
the leg to be pushed towards the floor).
This contraction is held for 6-8 seconds and following a 1-2 second period to allow the muscle to relax fully,
the coach instructs the client to exhale (after a big deep breath in during the 1-2 second period) and increases
the stretch to reach the next barrier position – this process is usually performed 3 times.
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BECOME THE EXPERT
PNF
Note: Prior to contracting the muscle, the coach can ease
off from the barrier position slightly to ensure that it is not
too uncomfortable, and the muscle doesn’t start to
tremble.
Each barrier position is commonly held for 5-10 seconds,

but 15-20 seconds will better allow for the neuromuscular
system to adapt to the new length.
The final barrier position should be held for at least 20-30

seconds and can be held for 1-minute if the muscle is
particularly tense – note, the entire drill may take 2-3
minutes. Therefore, some positions may become
uncomfortable.
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BECOME THE EXPERT
PNF
To perform the same hamstring stretch from a lying
position using the RI method, rather than pushing the leg
down toward the floor to engage the hamstrings, the client
would pull their leg up towards themselves and push their
knee into extension (the coach can hold the client’s shin
back) to engage the hip flexors and quadriceps.
Another RI hamstring stretch variation involves the client

raising a straight leg by contracting their hip flexors and
quadriceps. From there, once the barrier position is met,
the coach can hold the leg to allow for a relaxed stretch
before the client engages their hip flexors and quads
again to reach the next barrier position.
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BECOME THE EXPERT
PNF
To perform either stretch technique without a partner, the client could use a strap while lying or stand and
place one heel onto a box (20 inches).
On the box, they can push their heel into the box to create a hamstring contraction (PIR) or pick their leg up
and contact their quadriceps (RI).
We will look at many more PNF techniques in each specific section.
PAGE: 34
RESISTANCE BANDS
JOINT DISTRACTION
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BECOME THE EXPERT
RESISTANCE BANDS
Using resistance bands can be a highly effective way to
increase the intensity of a stretch or assist a stretch by
distracting a joint to allow for a greater range of motion.
The elastic nature of resistance bands means they can be

used to pull you into a greater stretch passively, or you
can pull/push against them to create a PNF stretch.
However, caution should be practiced to ensure the band
is not able to cause injury.
When you attach a resistance band to a sturdy structure,

such as a post, there is essentially an endless list of ways
in which you can attach the band to yourself to have it pull
you into a stretch. For example, many of the conventional
static stretches within this book can be performed with an
anterior or posterior pull from the band (you can play with
different setups and see what creates the best stretch).
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JOINT DISTRACTION
Joint distraction refers to when the joint (two bones
meeting to form a joint) are pulled apart slightly to create
more freedom of movement.
For example, if you grab your left hand (close to the wrist)
and pull it away from your forearm, this will distract the
joint and allow you to achieve a greater stretch on the
surrounding tissues.
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BECOME THE EXPERT
JOINT DISTRACTION
One of the best examples of where bands might be used
is during an ankle dorsiflexion drill. During this drill, a
high-tension band is placed around the top of your foot,
right in the crease of the ankle joint to pull the talus bone
(bone between you heel and the two bones of your lower
leg) back. From there, you stride forward onto a low box
so that the band is pulling your talus back to reduce any
impingement that may occur and increase ankle
dorsiflexion.
In this Book, I will incorporate some of my favourite

resistance band techniques.
PAGE: 38
FLEXIBILITY
TESTS
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BECOME THE EXPERT
INTRODUCTION
In this section, we will look at four popular flexibility tests:
• Sit and Reach Test: Hamstrings and back.
• Knee to Wall Test: Calves (dorsiflexion).
• Back Scratch Test: Shoulders (internal and external

rotators).
• Lying Lat & Triceps Test: Latissimus dorsi and the

long head of the triceps.
Remember, it is not a case of the more flexible the better.

We are looking for the ability to work through a healthy
ROM. Restrictions in any of these areas will be very
evident due to poor scores and an intense feeling of
tension.
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SIT AND REACH TEST

Equipment: A sit and reach box / a ruler on a step or low box.
Procedure: The athlete removes their footwear and sits on the floor with their legs stretched out to their front
(legs together). The soles of the athlete’s feet are placed flat against the box. Both knees should be locked out
and pressed flat to the floor (the assessor may assist by holding them down).
With their palms facing downwards, and their hands on top of each other or side by side, the athlete reaches
forward along the measuring line as far as possible.
Ensure that the hands remain at the same level, not one reaching further forward than the other. After some
practice reaches, the athlete reaches out and holds that position for 1-2 seconds (no jerking movements) while
the distance is recorded.
Scoring: The score is recorded to the nearest centimetre or half inch. Some test versions use the level of the feet
as the zero mark, while others have the zero mark 9 inches (23cm) before the feet. There is also a modified sit
and reach test which adjusts the zero mark depending on the arm and leg length of the athlete.
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MODIFIED SIT AND REACH

To perform a modified sit and reach test, the athlete sits with their back and head against a wall.
A sit and reach box with an adjustable measure is used or a ruler on a box. While keeping their back
and head against the wall, the athlete reaches forward to adjust the measure so that the zero mark is at
their fingertips. From there, the athlete relaxes before performing the sit and reach test As in the
previous slide.
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KNEE TO WALL TEST

Equipment: Wall, ruler or tape measure.
Procedure: The athlete stands a short distance away from a

wall, with one leg in front of the other. Keeping their heel of
the front foot on the ground, they then bend at the knee and
try to touch the wall with their knee.
If done successfully, the athlete moves further away from the

wall and tries again. The athlete keeps repeating this action
until they are unable to touch the wall. Measure the distance
from the front of the foot to the wall at the maximum distance
the knee can touch the wall. Repeat the same procedure for
each leg.
Scoring: Measure the maximum distance from the toe to the

wall. There are norms available for this test. However, this
test is often used to compare the difference between an
injured and uninjured side.
PAGE: 43
BECOME THE EXPERT
BACK SCRATCH TEST

Equipment: Ruler or tape measure.
Procedure: This test is done in a standing position. The athlete places one
hand over their shoulder and behind their head, and reaches as far as
possible down the middle of their back (with their palm touching their body
and their fingers directed downwards).
The athlete places their other arm behind their lower back (palm facing
outward and fingers upward) and reaches up as far as possible attempting
to touch or overlap the middle fingers of both hands. The assessor can
ensure the fingers are aligned and measures the distance between the
tips of the middle fingers.
Scoring: If the fingertips touch, then the score is zero. If they do not touch,
measure the distance between the fingertips (a negative score), if they
overlap, measure by how much (a positive score). Practice two times, and
then test two times. Stop the test if the athlete experiences pain.
Record the best score to the nearest centimetre or 1/2 inch. The higher the
score the better the result. PAGE: 44
BECOME THE EXPERT
LYING LAT & TRICEPS TEST

Equipment: A ruler or tape measure
Procedure: The athlete lies flat on their back with their knees bent (ensure the lower back is flat to the floor). The
athlete then brings their hands to their front with their palms together. The athlete then slowly takes their arms
overhead while keeping their elbows straight.
Scoring: Measure the distance between the hands and the floor. If the athlete is able to bring their hands to the
floor with straight arms and without compensating by over-arching their lower spine, then they are considered to
have good lat and triceps flexibility.
PAGE: 45
BECOME THE EXPERT
CORRECTIVE EXERCISE
If you are interested in how to how to fix technique faults and
compensation patterns caused by mobility restrictions,
muscular imbalances, and asymmetries, then take a look at our
Corrective Exercise Course.
In the Corrective Exercise Course, we take an in-depth look at

basic human movements (hinge, squat, push, pull, etc) and as
we go through each of the fundamental movement patters, we
will look at some of the most common technique faults,
limitations and compensations.
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Check out some of the limitations and compensations we look

at on the next page.
PAGE: 46
BECOME THE EXPERT
LIMITATIONS & COMPENSATIONS

Here are just a few of the key areas we look at:
• Anterior / Posterior / Lateral Pelvic Tilts. • Quad Dominance.

• Hyper-lordosis and Lower Cross Syndrome. • Anterior Knee Pain.
• Hyper-Kyphosis and Upper Cross Syndrome. • Single-Leg Instability.
• Flat Back and Sway Back Posture. • Poor Hinge Mechanics.
• Over Pronation and Supination of the Feet. • Lack of Lat Engagement During Deadlift.
• Chest Breathing. • Winged Scapula.
• Lack of Squat Depth. • Flaring Elbows During Horizontal Press.
• Excessive Forward Lean During the Squat. • Overhead Immobility.
• The Butt Wink. • Overhead Instability.
• Ribcage Flare. • Elevated Shoulders.
• Knee Valgus. • Uneven Shoulders.
• Pronation Distortion Syndrome. • Thoracic Rotation Immobility.
• Hip Shifts. • Running Mechanics.
• The Good Morning Fault. • Foot Strike.
PAGE: 47
THE
FEET
BECOME THE EXPERT

BECOME THE EXPERT
THE FEET
An entire book could be written about the importance of your feet. They are the foundations through which your
entire weight is driven while standing, walking, and running or while squatting with a heavy weight on your back.
The breadth of issues various foot conditions can cause is expansive, and these issues can have knock-on
effects throughout your entire body.
Many of the drills in this book can positively impact your feet, such as the many release techniques and
stretches for your lower legs. However, in this section, I will be dealing with the feet directly.
When it comes to the health of your feet, try some barefoot walking. Warm them up by walking on your toes and
heels, rotating your ankles, pointing your toes upwards towards your shin (dorsiflexion) and downwards towards
the floor (plantarflexion). Move your toes around independently, separating your big toe from the other four and
vice versa – all of this can be easily fitted in while at home.
Moreover, add in some basic release techniques and stretches that can help to maintain tissue health.
Note: Although footwear often gets a bad name from “barefoot advocates”, there is clearly benefits to well
cushioned trainers on a 26-mile run over concrete roads. However, it is good to allow the feet to do the work
they were designed to do, which by nature would have been barefoot.
PAGE: 49
BECOME THE EXPERT
ROLLING THE FEET

1. Stand up or sit on a bench or chair and place the
massage ball or golf ball on the floor.
2. Place your foot on top of the ball and begin to roll the
tissues on the sole of the foot.
3. Complete 1-3 sets of 30-60 seconds on each foot.
PAGE: 50
BECOME THE EXPERT
STANDING WALL STRETCH

1. Stand facing a wall and place both your hands onto it
for support.
2. Place your toes or the full ball of one foot against the
wall and lean into it (have a play with various
positions).
3. To increase the stretch, aim to keep your hips over
your ankles.
4. Hold for 30-60 seconds for a regular stretch, or 2
minutes if the area is very tense.
PAGE: 51
BECOME THE EXPERT
SEATED TOE & ARCH STRETCH

1. Tuck your toes under and kneel – your toes and
knees should be supporting your weight.
2. Support your weight with your hands if needed.
3. Sit back onto your heels.
4. Hold for 30-60 seconds for a regular stretch or 2
PAGE: 52
BECOME THE EXPERT
STANDING TOP OF FOOT STRETCH

1. Stand with one foot flat on the ground.
2. Point your toes and place them down onto the floor.
3. The pointed foot can be placed slightly rearwards of
the flat foot to achieve more of a tibialis anterior
stretch.
4. Push down and forward slightly with the pointed foot.
PAGE: 53
BECOME THE EXPERT
SEATED TOP OF FOOT STRETCH

1. Kneel so that the tops of your feet are flat to the
ground. Your toes should be facing rearwards.
2. Support your weight with your hands if needed.
3. To increase the stretch, sit back onto your heels, or
raise your knees upwards by leaning back onto your
hands.
4. Hold for 30-60 seconds for a regular stretch, or for 2
PAGE: 54
THE
LOWER LEGS
BECOME THE EXPERT

BECOME THE EXPERT
THE LOWER LEGS

Most of the muscles which control the movement of the feet
are in your lower legs. Therefore, the lower legs play a
huge role in how we move daily.
The lower legs also absorb a great deal of force when we

walk, run and perform other ballistic activities. This is one of
the reasons the bones of the lower leg (tibia and fibula) can
often suffer fractures.
It is essential that we have strength in the lower leg

muscles to help accommodate the stresses various
activities place on them. However, many of the muscles in
the lower legs become tense, causing pain, discomfort, and
poor movement.
In this section, we look at:
• The Gastrocnemius and Soleus.

• The Peroneus Longus and Brevis.
• The Tibialis Anterior and Posterior. PAGE: 56
GASTROCNEMIUS
Origin Posterior lower femur.
Insertion Calcaneus via the calcaneal/Achilles tendon.
Action Plantarflexes the ankle and flexes the knee.
Antagonist Tibialis anterior.
Innervation Tibial nerve S1–S2.
Blood Supply Sural arteries.
Daily Use Walking, running (especially uphill), standing on

your toes, climbing stairs, pedaling a bicycle.
Gym Use Calf raises, squats, lunges, step-ups, leg press,

single-leg balances, jumps.
SOLEUS
Origin Upper posterior tibia and fibula.
Insertion Calcaneus via the calcaneal/Achilles tendon.
Action Plantarflexes the ankle.
Innervation Tibial nerve S1-S2.
Blood Supply Popliteal, posterior tibial, and peroneal (fibular)

arteries.
Daily Use Walking, running (especially uphill), standing on

your toes, climbing stairs, pedaling a bicycle.
Gym Use Calf raises, squats, lunges, step-ups, leg press,

single-leg balances, jumps.
BECOME THE EXPERT
ROLLING THE CALVES

1. Sit on the floor and place a foam roller under your
calves.
2. Both sides can be done at the same time if the roller
is long enough but doing one at a time allows for
more pressure to be placed through the calves.
3. If rolling your left leg, place your right foot over your
left, then raise your body up with your hands.
4. Slowly roll up and down the muscles for 30-60
seconds. Do not roll over the back of the knee, as
there are structures in your knee crease that don’t
respond well to rolling. Focus on the bulk of the
muscle.
5. Complete 1-2 times on each side.
PAGE: 59
BECOME THE EXPERT
BB ROLLING THE CALVES

1. Instruct the client to lie on their front.
2. Place a barbell on the calves – use the appropriate
load (discomfort not paint).
3. Slowly roll up and down the muscle for 30-60
there are structures in your knee crease that don’t
respond well to rolling. Focus on the bulk of the
muscle.
4. Complete 1-2 times.
PAGE: 60
BECOME THE EXPERT
BB ROLLING THE CALVES

1. Set a barbell up on the rack at around knee height.
2. Stand behind the barbell so when you put your leg
over the barbell, it pulls it back into the rack/J-cup (as
pictured).
3. Place your leg over the sleeve to rest your calves on
it.
seconds.
PAGE: 61
BECOME THE EXPERT
HEEL DROP CALF STRETCH

1. Stand with the balls of your feet on the edge of a
step or platform.
2. Both legs can be stretched at once, or you can raise
one leg up to apply more weight to the supporting leg
and increase the stretch.
3. When stretching the gastroc, keep your knee(s)
straight.
4. You can also change the angle at which your toes
are pointing (inwards/forwards/outwards) to vary the
stretch.
5. Bend your knee(s) slightly, and you will feel the
stretch transition from your gastroc to your soleus
(bending your knee(s) slacks the gastroc).
6. Repeat on both sides if stretching each leg
independently.
7. Hold for 30-60 seconds, or 2 minutes if the
musculature is very tense.
8. Complete 1-3 sets.
PAGE: 62
BECOME THE EXPERT
STANDING CALF STRETCH

1. Stand in a hip-width stance and place one foot to the
front with your heel down and your toes up.
2. Bend the rear leg and sit back with your glutes to
increase the stretch.
PAGE: 63
BECOME THE EXPERT
WALL CALF STRETCH

1. Take a long, split stance (lunge with a straight rear
leg) and support yourself on a wall or post to your
front.
2. While keeping the rear leg straight, drop your heel to
the floor to stretch the calves.
3. Repeat on both sides.
PAGE: 64
BECOME THE EXPERT
BAND ANKLE DORSIFLEXIONS

1. Attach a high-tension band around a solid structure.
2. Step into the band with one foot and place the band
around the crease of your ankle.
3. Stride forward onto a low box with the banded leg to
apply tension to the band – the aim is to pull the talus
bone back.
4. Place both your hands onto your thigh and push your
leg forward to dorsiflex the ankle – ensure you keep
your heel down.
5. This position can be held for 30-60 seconds, or
oscillations can be used, where you push into
dorsiflexion then roll the knee outwards to bring
yourself back to the starting position.
PAGE: 65
BECOME THE EXPERT
PARTNER CALF PNF

1. Have the client lie on their back.
2. Kneel and raise one of their legs to the barrier position for
the back of the legs (hamstrings).
3. Place one hand just below their knee (on their thigh) and
your other hand on the ball of their foot.
4. Push the ball of the foot down to create a calf stretch.
5. Hold the stretch for 10-15 seconds before releasing it
slightly and instructing the client to push the ball of their
foot into your hand.
6. Instruct the client to push with 50-60% intensity for 6-8
seconds.
7. Instruct the client to stop contracting and allow 1-2
seconds for the muscle to relax fully. During this time,
instruct the client to take a deep breath in.
8. Instruct the client to exhale slowly, and as they do, push
down on the ball of the foot to increase the stretch (reach
a new barrier position) and hold for 10-15 seconds.
9. Repeat the previous steps 2-3 times and hold the final
position for 20-30+ seconds.
10. Complete the stretch on both sides. PAGE: 66
BECOME THE EXPERT
SOLO CALF PNF (CONCENTRIC)

1. Stand on a step to create a heel drop.
2. Drop your heels to stretch your calves – straight
knees to emphasize the gastrocnemius and bent
knees to emphasize the soleus.
3. Hold the stretch for 10-15 seconds before going into
a calf raise (straight or bent knees).
4. Hold the position for 6-8 seconds before dropping
your heels to stretch the muscles and reach the new
barrier position.
5. Repeat the previous steps 2-3 times and hold the
final position for 20-30+ seconds.
6. This can be performed bilaterally or unilaterally.
PAGE: 67
PERONEUS LONGUS
Origin Upper lateral fibula.
Insertion First metatarsal, medial cuneiform.
Action Plantarflexes and everts the ankle.
Innervation Superficial peroneal nerve L5-S1.
Blood Supply Peroneal (fibular) artery.
Daily Use Walking, running (especially on uneven surfaces

– prevents inversion sprains).
Gym Use Calf raises, single-leg balances, jumps.

PERONEUS BREVIS
Origin Lower two-thirds of the lateral fibula.
Insertion Fifth metatarsal.
Action Plantarflexes and everts the ankle.
Innervation Superficial peroneal nerve L5-S1.
Blood Supply Personal (fibular) and anterior tibial arteries.
Daily Use Walking, running (especially on uneven surfaces

– prevents inversion sprains).
Gym Use Calf raises, single-leg balances, jumps.

BECOME THE EXPERT
ROLLING THE PERONEUS

1. Place the foam roller onto the floor.
2. Place the outer side of one leg onto the foam roller.
3. While supporting yourself with your hands and your
other foot, roll your peroneal group.
4. Slowly roll up and down the muscles for 30-60
seconds.
PAGE: 70
BECOME THE EXPERT
PERONEUS STRETCH
1. While standing, roll onto the outer side of one ankle
and hold the position.
2. While seated, you can bring the soles of your feet
together and allow your knees to drop outwards to
feel the stretch on both sides.
3. Hold either position for 30-60 seconds or 2 minutes if
the musculature is very tense.
PAGE: 71
TIBIALIS ANTERIOR
Origin The upper half or two-thirds of the lateral

surface of the tibia and the interosseous
membrane.
Insertion Medial cuneiform and the base of the first

metatarsal.
Action Dorsiflexes and inverts the ankle.
Antagonist Tibialis posterior, gastrocnemius, soleus,

plantaris, peroneus longus.
Innervation Deep peroneal (fibular) nerve L4-L5.
Blood Supply Anterior tibial artery.
Daily Use Lifting foot while walking and running. Lifting

foot while putting on your socks or shoes.
Gym Use Band ankle dorsiflexions, single-leg balances.

BECOME THE EXPERT
ROLLING THE TIBIALIS ANTERIOR

1. Place the foam roller onto the floor.
2. Place the front, outer side of one leg onto the foam
roller. As if you are kneeling onto the roller with your
shin (not your shin bone, but the muscles to the
side).
3. Place your other leg over the back of the leg being
rolled.
4. While supporting yourself with your hands, roll your
tibialis anterior (you can also target your peroneal
group from this position).
seconds.
PAGE: 73
BECOME THE EXPERT
TIBIALIS ANTERIOR STRETCH

1. Stand with one foot flat on the ground.
2. Point your toes and place them down onto the floor.
3. The pointed foot should be placed slightly rearwards
of the flat foot to achieve more of a tibialis anterior
stretch.
4. Push down and forward slightly with the pointed foot.
TIBIALIS POSTERIOR
Origin Posterior surface of the tibia and fibula.
Insertion Navicular and medial cuneiform bone.
Action Inverts and plantarflexes the ankle.
Antagonist Tibialis anterior, peroneus longus and brevis.
Innervation Tibial nerve L4-L5.
Blood Supply Posterior tibial artery.
Daily Use Walking, running.
Gym Use Calf raises, squats, lunges, step-ups, single-leg

balances.
BECOME THE EXPERT
ROLLING THE TIBIALIS POSTERIOR

1. Sit on the floor and bring one heel in towards your
groin so that the outer side of the lower leg in flat to
the floor.
2. Place the massage ball just behind your shinbone
and slowly roll it up and down the muscle, applying
pressure with your hand.
seconds.
PAGE: 76
BECOME THE EXPERT
TIBIALIS POSTERIOR STRETCH

1. Stand in a split stance next to a wall. Your feet
should be close together rather than the longer stride
taken when stretching the calves.
2. Place your hands onto the wall for support.
3. Bend your knees, specifically the knee of your rear
leg, to create a stretch.
4. To target the tibialis posterior specifically. Drop the
same hip as the rear foot to the side.
PAGE: 77
THE
UPPER LEGS
BECOME THE EXPERT

BECOME THE EXPERT
THE UPPER LEGS

The muscles of the upper legs include some of the
strongest muscles in your body. They are the driving
force behind many of the movements you perform daily
and in sport and physical training.
In this large section, the main muscle groups we

look at are:
• The Quadriceps and Hip Flexors.

• The Adductors.
• The Hamstrings.
• The Gluteals.
PAGE: 79
BECOME THE EXPERT
THE QUADRICEPS & HIP FLEXORS

I have grouped the quadriceps and hip flexors together
because they are easily released and stretched
together. The TFL (another hip flexor) can also be easily
rolled while doing the hip flexors and quads).
The quadriceps are made up of four muscles, the rectus

femoris and the vastus muscles, vastus lateralis, vastus
medialis, and vastus lateralis.
The rectus femoris (central quad muscle) crosses the

hip joint and acts as a hip flexor (the sartorius muscle is
another hip flexor).
The main hip flexor muscles are the psoas major and
the iliacus, collectively known as the iliopsoas. The deep
origin of the hip flexors means that you won’t get a lot of
release to the area. However, you can target some of
the more superficial tissue that crosses your hip joint.
PAGE: 80
RECTUS FEMORIS
Origin Anterior inferiror iliac spine (AIIS).
Insertion Patella via the patella tendon and tibial

tuberosity via the patella tendon (actually a
ligament).
Action Extends the knee and flexes the hip.
Antagonist Hamstrings.
Innervation Femoral nerve L2-L4.
Blood Supply Femoral, lateral femoral circumflex, superficial

circumflex iliac arteries.
Daily Use Standing up from sitting, walking, running,

climbing stairs.
Gym Use Squats, lunges, step-ups, leg press, leg

extensions, single-leg balances, jumps.
VASTUS LATERALIS
Origin Greater trochanter.

ligament).
Action Extends the knee.
Blood Supply Lateral circumflex femoral and deep femoral

arteries.

climbing stairs.

VASTUS MEDIALIS
Origin Medial side of the femur.

ligament).
Blood Supply Femoral, deep femoral, descending genicular

artery.

climbing stairs.

VASTUS MEDIALIS
Origin Medial side of the femur.

ligament).
Blood Supply Femoral, deep femoral, descending genicular

artery.

climbing stairs.

PSOAS MAJOR
Origin Vertebral bodies of T12-L4, discs between T12-

L4, transverse processes of L1-L5 vertebrae.
Insertion Lesser trochanter of the femur.
Action Flexes the hip.
Antagonist Gluteus maximus.
Innervation Anterior rami of spinal nerves L1-L3.
Blood Supply Lumbar branch of the iliolumbar arteries.
Daily Use Walking, running, sitting up (getting up out of

bed).
Gym Use Step-ups, lying or hanging leg raises, sit-ups,

jackknives, tuck jumps.
ILIACUS
Origin Upper two-thirds of the iliac fossa.
Insertion Lesser trochanter of the femur.
Action Flexes and internally (medially) rotates the hip.
Antagonist Gluteus maximus.
Blood Supply Iliolumbar, deep circumflex iliac, obturator, and

femoral arteries.
Daily Use Walking, running, sitting up (getting up out of

bed).

SARTORIUS
Origin Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS).
Insertion Medial, upper tibia.
Action Flexes, abducts, and externally rotates the hip.

Flexes and internally rotates the knee.
Antagonist Hamstrings and adductors.
Blood Supply Femoral artery.
Daily Use Walking, running, cycling, swimming.

BECOME THE EXPERT
MUSCLES & MOVEMENT

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If you want to be an expert, you need an in-depth

understanding how the muscles create movement.
In this course, Coach Curtis discusses the intricacies of each

slide from his unique muscle manual and has included hours of
video footage demonstrating how to target each area.
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manual-pdf
Use this link to get 80% off our Muscles & Movement
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movement
PAGE: 88
BECOME THE EXPERT
ROLLING THE QUADS & HIP FLEXORS

1. Place the foam roller or massage ball on the floor.
2. To roll the hip flexors. Lie onto the roller at the crease
of your hip on one side – practice caution when
placing a massage ball into the crease of the hip or
groin to not overly stress the area.
3. To roll the quadriceps, roll up and down the entire
length of the thigh – one or both legs can be rolled at
a time, and you can rotate your leg to target the inner
or outer side of the thighs.
4. Slowly roll up and down the muscle mass for 30-60
seconds.
5. Complete 1-2 sets on each side.
PAGE: 89
BECOME THE EXPERT
BARBELL ROLLING THE QUADS

1. Sit on the floor with your legs straight – you can sit
with your back against a wall for support.
2. Place a barbell on your quadriceps – use the
appropriate load (discomfort not paint).
seconds.
PAGE: 90
BECOME THE EXPERT
KNEELING QUAD/HIP FLEXOR STRETCH

1. Adopt a half-kneeling position.
2. If stretching your right side, squeeze your glutes,
focusing on the right side, and drive your right hip
forward into hyperextension to facilitate the stretch.
Your pelvis should remain neutral throughout.
3. Raising the same arm to the hip flexor you are
stretching and reaching over the opposite shoulder
increases the stretch through the hip flexors quad
and abdominals.
PAGE: 91
BECOME THE EXPERT
POSTERIOR BAND DISTRACTION

2. Step into the band and loop it around the top of your
leg (pull it right into your groin).
3. Stride forward with your opposite leg and bring your
rear knee down to apply tension to the band.
4. Push forward with the rear hip to apply the stretch to
your hip flexors.
PAGE: 92
BECOME THE EXPERT
COUCH QUAD/HIP FLEXOR STRETCH

1. Place your right leg against a wall or the top of your
foot onto a raised platform that is just below knee
height.
2. This places you in a half-kneeling position with your
left foot flat on the floor to the front.
3. Squeeze your glutes, specifically the right side, and
drive your right hip forward into hyper-extension to
facilitate the stretch. Your pelvis should remain
neutral.
4. Raising the arm on the side of the stretch and
reaching over the opposite shoulder increases the
stretch.
PAGE: 93
BECOME THE EXPERT
STANDING QUAD STRETCH

1. From a standing position, grab the top of one foot.
2. Maintain a soft knee position with the supporting leg.
3. Pull the foot up towards your glutes.
4. Keep your knees close together, which ensures you
maintain a full stretch down the length of your quads.
5. Squeeze your glutes, focusing on the side you are
stretching, and drive the hip forward into
hyperextension to facilitate the stretch. Your pelvis
should remain neutral throughout.
PAGE: 94
BECOME THE EXPERT
LYING QUAD STRETCH

1. While lying on your side, grab the top of your foot.
2. Pull your foot up towards your glutes, keep your
knees close together. This ensures you maintain a
full stretch down the length of your quads.
3. Squeeze your glutes, focusing on the side you are
stretching, and drive the hip forward into
hyperextension to facilitate the stretch. Your pelvis
should remain neutral throughout.
PAGE: 95
BECOME THE EXPERT
KNEELING QUAD STRETCH

1. Kneel on the floor.
2. Lean back and place your hands on the floor to the
rear.
3. Squeeze your glutes to raise your hips up to apply
the stretch to your quads.
PAGE: 96
BECOME THE EXPERT
PARTNER QUAD/HIP FLEXOR PNF

2. Bend one of their legs to bring their heel towards their
glutes.
3. Hold the foot down with one hand and place your other
hand on the bottom of the bent quad to lift it up to increase
the stretch.
slightly.
5. Instruct the client to push their leg toward the floor to
engage their hip flexors and/or their foot against your
hands to engage your quads – 50-60% intensity for 6-8
seconds.
6. Instruct them to stop contracting and to take a deep breath
in and allow 1-2 seconds for the muscle to relax fully.
7. Instruct them to exhale slowly and as they do, push their
foot into their glute and raise their leg to increase the
stretch and hold for 10-15 seconds.
9. Complete the stretch on both sides. PAGE: 97
BECOME THE EXPERT
SOLO QUAD/HIP FLEXOR PNF

1. Lie on your front.
2. Bend your knee, bring your arms behind your back
and grab the foot of the bent leg.
3. Pull the leg up to stretch hip flexors and quadriceps.
slightly.
5. Push your leg toward the floor to engage your hip
flexors and/or your foot against your hands to
engage your quads – 50-60% intensity for 6-8
seconds.
6. Stop contracting and allow 1-2 seconds for the
muscle to relax fully, and take a deep breath in.
7. Exhale slowly and pull on the foot to increase the
9. Complete the stretch on both sides.
PAGE: 98
BECOME THE EXPERT
SOLO QUAD/HIP FLEXOR STRAP PNF

1. Loop a strap or resistance band around your foot.
2. Hold the strap in your hands and lie on your front.
3. Pull on the strap to bring your foot towards your
glutes and raise the bent leg off the floor.
4. Pull the leg up to stretch hip flexors and quadriceps.
slightly.
6. Push your leg toward the floor to engage your hip
flexors and/or your foot against the strap to engage
your quads – 50-60% intensity for 6-8 seconds.
7. Stop contracting and allow 1-2 seconds for the
muscle to relax fully, and take a deep breath in.
8. Exhale slowly and pull on the foot to increase the
PAGE: 99
BECOME THE EXPERT
THE ADDUCTORS
The adductors are a large group of muscles on your
inner thigh that are responsible for bringing your legs
back towards your body from the side. While running,
they draw your legs together to control swinging and
help to stabilize your stride.
The main adductors are:
• Adductor Magnus.
• Adductor Longus.
• Adductor Brevis.
• Pectineus.
• Gracilis.
PAGE: 100
ADDUCTOR MAGNUS
Origin Pubis and tuberosity of the the ischium.
Insertion Linea aspera (posterior surface of the femur)

and the adductor tubercle of the femur.
Action Adducts the hip.
Antagonist Gluteus medius.
Innervation Posterior branch of the obturator nerve L2-L4.

Tibial division of sciatic nerve L4.
Blood Supply Deep femoral artery.
Daily Use Walking, running, wood chopping, horse riding,

ice skating.
Gym Use Squats, lunges, hip adductions, single-leg

balances, jumps.
ADDUCTOR LONGUS
Origin Pubic body just below pubic crest.
Insertion Middle third of the linea aspera (posterior

surface of the femur).
Action Adducts and flexes the hip.
Innervation Obturator nerve L2-L4.
Blood Supply Profunda femoris and obturator artery.

ice skating.

balances, jumps.
ADDUCTOR BREVIS
Origin Anterior surface of the inferior ramus and body

of the pubis.
Insertion The lesser trochanter and linea aspera

(posterior surface of the femur).
Action Adducts the hip.
Blood Supply Arteria profunda femoris.

ice skating.

balances, jumps.
PECTINEUS
Origin Anterior, superior pubis.
Insertion Posterior, upper femur.
Action Adducts, flexes and internally (medially) rotates

the hip.
Innervation Femoral nerve and obturator nerve L2-L3.
Blood Supply Medial femoral circumflex and obturator

arteries.

ice skating.

balances, jumps.
GRACILIS
Origin Anterior, inferior pubis.
Insertion Medial, upper tibia – Pes Anserinus.
Action Adducts and internally (medially) rotates the

hips, and flexes the knee.
Blood Supply Deep femoral artery.

ice skating.

balances, jumps.
BECOME THE EXPERT
ROLLING THE ADDUCTORS

1. Lie face down on the floor with the roller to your side,
at your hips.
2. Raise the leg you are rolling out to the side and place
your inner thigh on the roller.
3. If you can’t raise your leg to the roller, simply lower it
down, ensuring the roller ends up perpendicular to
your leg.
4. Use your hands/forearms to raise your body up to
apply more pressure onto the foam roller.
seconds.
PAGE: 106
BECOME THE EXPERT
BB ROLLING THE ADDUCTORS

1. Sit on the floor and place one leg out to the side.
2. Place the sleeve of the barbell onto your inner thigh.
seconds.
PAGE: 107
BECOME THE EXPERT
BUTTERFLY ADDUCTOR STRETCH

1. Sit on the floor and place the soles of your feet
together.
2. Pull your heels in towards your groin.
3. Hold onto the balls of your feet.
4. Lean forward with your torso, keeping your spine
straight, and push your knees towards the floor.
PAGE: 108
BECOME THE EXPERT
FROG STRETCH
1. Get down into a quadruped position.
2. Spread your legs so your knees are as far apart as
possible.
3. Sit back with your hips/glutes to apply a stretch to
your inner thighs.
4. As you sit back with your hips, you can come down
onto your forearms.
musculature is very tense – you can also create a
dynamic stretch by moving forward and back
(oscillatory stretch).
PAGE: 109
BECOME THE EXPERT
FROG LATERAL BAND DISTRACTION

3. Sidestep away from the band attachment point to
apply tension to the band.
4. Drop down into the frog stretch position.
PAGE: 110
BECOME THE EXPERT
LYING ADDUCTOR STRETCH

1. Lie on your back and raise your legs up while
keeping your knees straight.
2. Open your legs (drop your legs to either side) and
push on your inner thighs to increase the stretch.
PAGE: 111
BECOME THE EXPERT
DEEP SQUAT ADDUCTOR STRETCH

1. Stand with your feet shoulder-width apart. Toes can
be angled out slightly.
2. Squat down into the deepest squat you can achieve.
Try to maintain a neutral spine with a proud chest.
3. Some lumbar flexion (where your lower back rounds
slightly as your pelvis tilts underneath) in a deep
squat is normal. Just ensure it is not excessive or
putting stress on your lower back.
4. Place your hands into a prayer position and use your
elbows to push your knees outwards.
PAGE: 112
BECOME THE EXPERT
90/90 STRETCH
1. Sit on the floor and bring one leg to the front and one
leg to rear with your knees bent at 90 degrees.
2. Your front leg will be rested on the outer side of the
leg and the rear leg will be rested on the inner side of
the leg – the hip of the front leg is externally rotated,
and the hip of the rear leg is internally rotated.
3. Try to keep your torso upright – you will find you lean
to the side of your front leg if there is tension around
the hips and lower spine.
4. This stretch can be performed dynamically, fluidly
transitioning from one side to the other without
having your hands on the floor.
PAGE: 113
BECOME THE EXPERT
PARTNER ADDUCTOR PNF

1. Have the client sit in the butterfly stretch position – legs
bent with the soles of their feet together.
2. Kneel behind the client and place your hands on their
inner thighs (close to their knees).
3. Push down on their thighs to create a stretch on their inner
thighs.
slightly and instructing the client to push their inner thighs
into your hands.
seconds.
seconds for the muscles to relax fully. During this time,
down on their inner thighs to increase the stretch and hold
for 10-15 seconds.
PAGE: 114
BECOME THE EXPERT
SOLO ADDUCTOR PNF

1. Depending on how low you can go, support yourself with
your hands or forearms on a bench, box, or sofa, etc.
2. Spread your legs into a box (side/center) split position. A
front split position can also be used, which places more
stretch onto the front leg’s hamstrings.
slightly.
4. Engage the muscles you are stretching by contracting
the muscles as if you are going to pull yourself up out of
the split position using your legs alone – 50-60%
intensity for 6-8 seconds.
5. Stop contracting and allow 1-2 seconds for the muscles
to relax fully, and take a deep breath in.
6. Exhale slowly and lower yourself down into a deep split
position to increase the stretch and hold for 10-15
seconds.
8. Complete the stretch on both sides if performing front
splits. PAGE: 115
BECOME THE EXPERT
THE HAMSTRINGS
The hamstrings work to extend the hips and flex the
knees. This means they work incredibly hard when we
run. Therefore, rolling and stretching the hamstrings can
help to keep them in good health.
When it comes to hamstring tightness, it is important to

consider how other muscles are having an impact,
specifically those that also attach to the pelvis and
perform the same actions. If surrounding muscles are
not pulling their weight, others might have to
compensate – working your glutes, calves, and
abdominals can help.
The hamstrings are made up of:
• Biceps Femoris.
• Semimembranosus.
• Semitendinosus.
PAGE: 116
BICEPS FEMORIS
Origin Long head: Ischial tuberosity / Short head:

Posterior surface of the femur.
Insertion Head of the fibula.
Action Extends the hip, flexes the knee and internally

(medially) rotates the hip.
Antagonist Quadriceps.
Innervation long head: Tibial nerve L5-S2 / Short head:

Common fibular nerve L5-S2.
Blood Supply Inferior gluteal artery, perforating arteries,

popliteal artery.
Daily Use Walking, running, cycling, swimming, wiping

feet on floor matt.
Gym Use Squats, deadlifts, lunges, step-ups, leg press,

hamstring curls, single-leg balances, jumps.
SEMIMEMBRANOSUS
Origin Ischial tuberosity.
Insertion Medial condyloid of the tibia.
Action Extends the hip, flexes the knee, and posteriorly

tilts the pelvis.
Innervation Tibial nerve L5-S2.
Blood Supply Perforating branches of femoral and popliteal

arteries.

feet on floor matt.

SEMITENDINOSUS
Origin Ischial tuberosity.
Insertion Upper medial surface of the tibia – pes

anserinus.
Action Extends the hip, flexes the knee, and posteriorly

tilts the pelvis.
Innervation Tibial nerve L5-S2.
Blood Supply Deep femoral (first perforating branch), medial

femoral circumflex, and inferior gluteal arteries.

feet on floor matt.

BECOME THE EXPERT
ROLLING THE HAMSTRINGS

1. Sit on the floor and place a foam roller under the top
of your right or left hamstring.
2. Both sides can be done at the same time if the roller
is long enough. However, doing one at a time allows
for more pressure to be placed through the
hamstrings.
3. If rolling your left leg, place your right foot over your
left, then raise yourself up with your hands.
seconds. Ensure you do not roll over the back of the
knee, as there are structures in your knee crease
(lymph nodes) that you don’t want to drive a roller
into. Focus on the bulk of the muscle.
PAGE: 120
BECOME THE EXPERT
BB ROLLING THE HAMSTRINGS

2. Place a barbell on the hamstrings – use the
appropriate load (discomfort not paint).
there are structures in your knee crease that you
don’t respond well to rolling. Focus on the bulk of the
muscle.
PAGE: 121
BECOME THE EXPERT
BB ROLLING THE HAMSTRINGS

1. Set a barbell up on the rack at around mid-thigh
height.
2. Stand in front of the rack so when you place your leg
on it, you can easily push it back into the rack/J-cup
(as pictured) – this drill can be safely done from
either side of the rack.
3. Place your leg over the sleeve to rest your
hamstrings on it.
there are structures in your knee crease that you
don’t respond well to rolling. Focus on the bulk of the
muscle.
PAGE: 122
BECOME THE EXPERT
HIGH HAMSTRING RELEASE TECHNIQUE

1. Place the massage ball on a solid chair or platform.
2. Sit on the ball so that it is driven into the top of your
hamstrings.
3. Knead the soft tissues and find any areas of
excessive tension.
4. Apply pressure to an area of tension and slowly
straighten and bend the knee.
5. Complete 1-2 sets of 5-10 reps on each leg.
PAGE: 123
BECOME THE EXPERT
BILATERAL HAMSTRING STRETCH

It’s important to understand that rounding your spine and
dropping down to touch your toes isn’t necessarily a true
test of hamstring flexibility. You might have a mobile
lower spine that allows you to bend over double.
1. Stand with your feet hip-width or slightly wider apart.

2. Keep your knees straight throughout. However, they
do not have to be locked out – you can maintain a
soft knee position (slight bend).
3. Hinge at your hips by driving your glutes back,
ensuring your knees do not bend and your chest
remains proud.
4. As your glutes move back, you will feel the stretch on
your hamstrings.
PAGE: 124
BECOME THE EXPERT
UNILATERAL HAMSTRING STRETCH

1. Stand in a hip-width stance and place one foot to the
front – keep the sole of your foot flat.
2. Bend the rear leg and sit back with your glutes to
3. Raising your toes off the floor will increase the
stretch and place far more emphasis on the calves.
PAGE: 125
BECOME THE EXPERT
WIDE STANCE HAMSTRING STRETCH

1. Adopt a wide stance.
2. Bend over and reach to one foot to apply the stretch
to your hamstrings and adductors – this can be done
with a hip hinge and neutral spine, or with a bent
spine to increase the stretch through your erectors.
PAGE: 126
BECOME THE EXPERT
SEATED HAMSTRING STRETCH

1. Sit at the front of a chair or bench and shift your
glutes back slightly, tilting your pelvis forward.
2. Place one or both legs out onto your heel(s).
3. Lean forward with your torso, ensuring you don’t
round your back – if your pelvis is tilted and your
lumbar spine extended (curved inwards) the stretch
will be intense.
PAGE: 127
BECOME THE EXPERT
FLOOR HAMSTRING STRETCH

1. Sit on the floor with both legs out to your front.
2. Push your chest out and lean forward (bend at your
hips, not your spine) to create a hamstring stretch.
3. You can reach forward with your hands and progress
to rounding your spine to stretch your entire posterior
chain (muscles that run up the back of your body).
PAGE: 128
BECOME THE EXPERT
HURDLER HAMSTRING STRETCH

1. Sit on the floor with both legs out to your front.
2. Pull one leg into your groin so that the sole of the
foot is pulled into the inner thigh of the straight leg.
3. Push your chest out and lean forward towards the
straight leg (bend at your hips, not your spine) to
create a hamstring stretch.
4. You can reach forward with your hands and progress
to rounding your spine to stretch your entire posterior
chain (muscles on the back of your body).
PAGE: 129
BECOME THE EXPERT
LYING HAMSTRING STRAP STRETCH

1. Sit on the floor.
2. Place a strap or resistance band around the arch of
one foot, holding it with both hands.
3. Lie back, so your head is flat to the floor. Maintain a
neutral spine position.
4. Gently pull on the band to raise the leg up to facilitate
the stretch.
PAGE: 130
BECOME THE EXPERT
STRAP STRETCH ADD -ONS

1. Loop a strap around your foot, hold it in your hands and lie on your back.
2. Pull on the strap to raise your leg up into a hamstring stretch position – the first image on the left.
3. Pull on the strap to allow your leg to drop to the right side to stretch your adductors – the second (middle)
image.
4. Pull on the strap to allow your left to drop to the left side to stretch the outer side of your hip (glutes and
TFL) – the third image on the right.
5. Each position can be held for 20-30 seconds, or you can move through each position in a dynamic fashion
(smooth, fluid movements).
PAGE: 131
BECOME THE EXPERT
DOWNWARD DOG
1. Start in a high plank position (plank on your hands),
with your shoulders over your wrists and your feet
hip-width apart.
2. Raise your hips up to form a pyramid shape. This will
result with your head coming between your arms
(thoracic extension).
3. There should be a straight line from your hands to
your hips, and from your hips to your heels.
4. Straighten your legs and drop your heels towards the
floor to increase the stretch on your hamstrings.
5. Hold the position for 30-60 seconds.
PAGE: 132
BECOME THE EXPERT
LOADED HAMSTRING STRETCH

1. Adopt a split stance position with the rear leg bent –
your weight should be on the rear leg.
2. Keep the sole of the front foot down to place the
emphasis on the hamstrings and raise your toes to
increase the stretch on the gastrocnemius.
3. While holding weights (dumbbells/kettlebells), hinge
at your hips (sit back with your glutes) to allow the
weights to track down your front leg.
4. Ensure you maintain an extended spine.
5. Hold the bottom position for 5-15 seconds and
perform 3-5 reps.
PAGE: 133
BECOME THE EXPERT
PARTNER HAMSTRING PNF

1. Have the client lie on their back.
2. Pick one leg up and place one hand just below their
knee (on their thigh) and your other hand just below
their heel on their Achilles/lower calf.
3. Raise the leg to the barrier position.
slightly and instructing the client to push their leg into
your hand.
seconds.
the leg into the next barrier position and hold for 10-15
seconds.
PAGE: 134
BECOME THE EXPERT
SOLO HAMSTRING PNF

1. Stand and place one heel onto a box/bench (around 20
inches high).
2. Keep your chest proud and lean forward to feel the
stretch through your hamstrings.
slightly and pushing your heel into the box/bench – 50-
60% intensity for 6-8 seconds.
4. Stop contracting, take a deep breath in, and allow 1-2
seconds for the muscle to relax fully.
5. Exhale slowly and lean forward again to apply the
stretch and into the next barrier position and hold for 10-
15 seconds.
PAGE: 135
BECOME THE EXPERT
TENSOR FASCIAE LATAE (TFL)

The tensor fasciae latae (TFL) is located on the outside of your upper thigh and attaches to the iliotibial band
(ITB), along with the gluteus maximus.
The ITB is a sheet of fascia which runs down your outer thigh from your hip to just below your knee and, along
with the muscles that connect into it, plays a role in stabilizing your hip and knee.
When experiencing pain, it’s common for people to zone in on the specific area of discomfort immediately.
Often, the problem results from other areas of tension or imbalance. It’s usually worth considering the areas
directly above and below, or either side of the site of pain. Rolling the ITB may alleviate some outer leg pain in
the short-term, but it is often overused and has minimal long-term benefits.
Discomfort on the outer side of your leg can be helped by strengthening your leg’s supporting muscles, such
as your gluteus medius, and releasing the muscles that can take up the slack when the glutes are not pulling
their weight, such as the TFL.
PAGE: 136
TENSOR FASCIAE LATAE
Origin Anterior iliac crest.
Insertion Lateral upper tibia via iliotibial band (ITB).
Action Flexes and abducts the hip.
Antagonist Adductors.
Innervation Superior gluteal nerve L4-S1.
Blood Supply Lateral circumflex femoral artery.
Daily Use Walking, running, swimming.
Gym Use Squats, deadlifts, lunges, step-ups, single-leg

balances, jumps.
BECOME THE EXPERT
ROLLING THE TFL

Note: Rolling the TFL can help to relieve tension down
the outer side of your leg.
1. Lie on the foam roller with the outer side of your hip,
directly where your pants pocket would be.
2. Bring your other leg to the front and place your foot
down in line with the knee of the leg being rolled for
support.
3. Use your forearm and hand to support yourself.
Seconds.
6. Complete 1-2 sets on each side.
PAGE: 138
BECOME THE EXPERT
TFL STRETCH
1. Stand in a hip-width stance and hold onto a solid
structure.
2. To stretch your right TFL, take your right leg, bring it
behind your left leg, and reach as far as you can
towards the left.
3. Once you have reached as far as you can with your
right leg and the outer side of your right foot is on the
floor, push your body weight to the right and down to
apply the stretch – having support allows you to
increase the ROM without risking injury.
PAGE: 139
BECOME THE EXPERT
THE GLUTEALS
The three muscles of the glutes (gluteus maximus,
medius, and minimus) can become tense and benefit
significantly from release techniques.
The piriformis is a small muscle located under your

gluteus maximus. The sciatic nerve travels either
underneath or through the piriformis.
The piriformis can become tense through overwork while

running, especially if your main gluteal muscles don’t
pull their weight.
When the piriformis becomes tense, it can be a literal

pain in your butt, and the location of your sciatic nerve
can result in sciatic pain that shoots down the leg from
the lower back.
PAGE: 140
GLUTEUS MAXIMUS
Origin Coccyx, sacrum and iliac crest.
Insertion Upper femur and iliotibial band (ITB).
Action Extends, abducts, and externally (laterally)

rotates the hip.
Antagonist Hip flexors.
Innervation Inferior gluteal nerve L5-S2.
Blood Supply Superior and inferior gluteal arteries.
Gym Use Squats, deadlifts, hip thrusts, lunges, step-ups,

leg press, single-leg balances, jumps.
GLUTEUS MEDIUS
Origin Upper lateral surface of ilium.
Insertion Lateral surface of greater trochanter.
Action Abducts the hips. Anterior fibres internally

rotate the hips; posterior fibres externally
rotate the hip.
Blood Supply Superior gluteal artery.
Gym Use Squats, deadlifts, lunges, step-ups, lateral band

walks, single-leg balances, jumps.
GLUTEUS MINIMUS
Origin Lateral surface of ilium.
Insertion Anterior surface of greater trochanter.
Action Abducts and internally (medially) rotates of the

hip.
Blood Supply Superior gluteal artery.
Gym Use Squats, deadlifts, lunges, step-ups, lateral band

walks, single-leg balances, jumps.
PIRIFORMIS
Origin Anterior surface of the sacrum.
Insertion Superior surface of greater trochanter.
Action Abducts and external rotation of the hip –

internally rotates the hip when bent at 90
degrees.
Innervation Nerve to the piriformis S1-S2.
Blood Supply Superior gluteal, inferior gluteal, gemellar

branches of the internal pudendal arteries.
Gym Use Squats, deadlifts, lunges, step-ups, single-leg

balances, jumps.
BECOME THE EXPERT
ROLLING THE GLUTEUS MAXIMUS

1. Place a foam roller or massage ball on the floor. A
foam roller will help distribute the pressure across
the gluteal area and be less intense.
2. Place your upper gluteal area on the foam roller
(where your back pockets would be).
3. To roll your left-hand side, place your left leg over
your right, so your left leg’s ankle is just above your
right knee. This lengthens the musculature being
worked.
4. If this is not possible, simply drop your right knee off
to the side.
seconds.
PAGE: 145
BECOME THE EXPERT
ROLLING THE MEDIUS/MINIMUS

1. Standing: Place the massage ball against a wall at
hip height.
2. Lean into the massage ball with the outer side of
your glutes.
3. Lying: Place the massage ball onto the floor and lie
onto it with the outer side of your glutes.
4. Knead the tissues for 30-60 seconds.
PAGE: 146
BECOME THE EXPERT
SEATED (CHAIR) GLUTE STRETCH

1. Sit upright in your chair/bench.
2. To stretch your right side, place your right leg over
your left, so your right leg's ankle is just above your
left knee.
3. While keeping your chest proud, lean towards your
right knee. Push your chest forward with a neutral
spine.
PAGE: 147
BECOME THE EXPERT
SEATED (FLOOR) GLUTE STRETCH

1. Sit on the floor with your legs out to the front.
2. To stretch your left side, raise your left leg and bring
it over your right leg – placing your left foot down on
the outer side of your right knee.
3. Hug your left leg and pull it towards yourself to
stretch the glutes or bring your left arm to the rear
(for support) and your right arm across to the outer
side of your right leg and push back on the leg.
PAGE: 148
BECOME THE EXPERT
FIGURE FOUR GLUTE STRETCH

1. Lie on your back.
2. To stretch your left side, raise your right leg up with
your knee bent at 90 degrees.
3. Place your left leg over your right, so your left leg’s
ankle is just below your right knee.
4. Reach through and grab round the back of your right
leg with both hands and pull towards your chest.
5. Performing this stretch with the supporting legs foot
against a wall (pushing it back) is a great way to
increase the intensity of the stretch.
PAGE: 149
BECOME THE EXPERT
STANDING GLUTE STRETCH

1. Stand upright in a hip-width stance.
2. If stretching your right leg, bring your right foot over
your left leg – the outer side of your right ankle
should be just above your left knee (bottom of your
left thigh).
3. Sit back with your hips to apply the stretch to your
glutes.
4. This can be done with or without support (holding
onto a post, etc).
PAGE: 150
BECOME THE EXPERT
PIGEON GLUTE STRETCH

1. Start on all fours.
2. To stretch your right side, place the outer side of your
right leg onto the floor. The sole of your right foot will
be pointing to the left, while your knee is pointing to
the right.
3. Slide your left leg back as you move your right leg
into position.
4. Keep your hips forward-facing and your chest proud.
5. Hinge forward while keeping your spine extended to
increase the stretch – you can fold (bend) forward to
stretch through your back also.
6. If you can, keep your right foot in line with your right
knee. However, you might need to pull your foot back
towards your hip.
PAGE: 151
BECOME THE EXPERT
BOX PIGEON GLUTE STRETCH

1. Stand behind a box.
2. To stretch your right side, place the outer side of your
right leg onto the box. The sole of your right foot will
be pointing to the left, while your knee is pointing to
the right.
3. Stride back with your left leg as you move your right
leg into position.
towards your hip.
PAGE: 152
BECOME THE EXPERT
POSTERIOR BAND RESISTANCE

3. Step forward at an oblique angle away from the band
attachment point.
4. To stretch your left side, place the outer side of your
left leg onto the box.
5. Stride back with your right leg as you move your left
leg into position.
towards your hip.
PAGE: 153
THE
LOWER BACK
BECOME THE EXPERT

BECOME THE EXPERT
THE LOWER BACK

The muscles of the lower back can easily become tense
and cause lower (low) back pain.
The “low back” refers to the area between the bottom of

your ribs and the bottom of your glutes (lumbo-pelvic
region – lumbar spine and pelvis).
A common cause of discomfort in the lower back can be

excessive tension in the quadratus lumborum (QL) and/or
lower erector spinae. These muscles are located on either
side of the spine and attach to your pelvis, so any
imbalances here can cause postural issues and have
knock-on effects throughout your whole body.
It is generally far more effective to roll each side of the

spine independently with a massage ball, either lying on
it, or placing it on a wall or a door frame – a long foam
roller can result in the lower spine being forced into
extension, which can limit the benefits of the release. PAGE: 155
BECOME THE EXPERT
THE ERECTORS & QL’S

The erector spinae, aka paraspinals, are made up of the
iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis and run up either
side of the spine. Their primary role is extension of the
spine.
The quadratus lumborum (QL), just like the erector

spinae, are located at either side of the spine. However,
rather than running all the way up the spine, they attach
between the ilium on the pelvis and the bottom ribs.
The QL’s work to extend the spine and also work

unilaterally to laterally flex and extend the spine.
PAGE: 156
SPINALIS
Origin Spinous processes: Capitis: C7-T1 / Cervicis: C7-

T1 / Thoracis: T11-L2 (Thoracis pictured).
Insertion Capitis: Occipital bone / Cervicis: Spinous

process of C2-C4 / Thoracis: T2-T8
Action Bilateral: Extends the spine / Unilateral:

Laterally flexes and extends the spine.
Antagonist Abdominals.
Innervation Lateral branch of posterior rami of spinal

nerves.
Blood Supply Dorsal branch of posterior intercostal, deep

cervical, and vertebral arteries.
Daily Use Maintaining an upright posture and erecting the

spine from a bent-over position.
Gym Use Deadlifts, back extensions.

LONGISSIMUS
Origin Transverse processes of the lumbar and

thoracic vertebrae.
Insertion Ribs and transverse processes of the thoracic

and cervical vertebrae, and mastoid process.

Innervation Lateral branches of posterior rami of spinal

nerves.
Blood Supply Sacral, intercostal and subcostal arteries.


ILIOCOSTALIS
Origin Sacrum, ilium, and posterior surface of ribs 1-12.
Insertion Posterior surface of ribs 1-12, and transverse

processes of the cervical vertebrae.

Innervation Lateral branches of posterior rami of spinal

nerves.
Blood Supply Sacral, intercostal and subcostal arteries.


QUADRATUS LUMBORUM
Origin Posterior iliac crest.
Insertion 12th rib, and transverse processes of L1-L4.

Laterally flexes and extends the spine and tilts
the pelvis.
Antagonist Abdominals and hip flexors.
Innervation Subcostal nerve T12, and anterior rami of spinal

nerves L1-L4
Blood Supply Lumbar, median sacral, iliolumbar and subcostal

arteries.
Daily Use Picking up a suitcase. Raising up from a side-

lying position.
Gym Use Deadlifts, dumbbell side bends, side planks.

BECOME THE EXPERT
ROLLING ERECTORS & QL’S

1. Place a massage ball or peanut-shaped ball on the
floor if lying on it or against a wall or door frame at
hip height.
2. Place the right side of your lower back onto the ball,
just above your pelvis.
3. Keep your pelvis neutral or tilted slightly back to drive
the soft tissue into the ball.
4. If lying, you can raise the knee of the side you are
working, allowing you to drive the ball deeper into the
soft tissue.
5. If working in a door frame or similar space, you can
push against the structure to the front of you to
increase the pressure. Remember, although a lot of
pressure on tense lower back muscles, are aim is to
stimulate not annihilate.
seconds.
PAGE: 161
BECOME THE EXPERT
KNEE(S) TO CHEST STRETCH

1. Lie on your back.
2. Bring one or both knees up and hug them in your
arms to increase the stretch.
PAGE: 162
BECOME THE EXPERT
HIP ROLL STRETCH

1. Lie on your back with your head flat to the floor, and
your arms spread to your sides.
2. Bend your knees so your soles are flat on the floor.
3. Slowly roll your knees side to side while keeping both
arms flat to the floor.
4. Complete 2-3 sets of 10-20 rolls.
PAGE: 163
BECOME THE EXPERT
IRON CROSS STRETCH

2. While keeping the other leg flat to the floor, slowly
raise one leg and bring it towards your opposite
hand.
3. Hold this position for 2-3 seconds before returning to
the starting position and continuing with the opposite
leg.
4. Complete 2-3 sets of 10 reps.
PAGE: 164
BECOME THE EXPERT
LYING QL STRETCH
2. To stretch your left side, raise your left leg with a bent
knee and bring your right arm across to hold the
outer side of your left leg.
3. Your left foot can be placed behind your right knee or
your whole leg can be brought over your right leg.
4. Pull your left leg across your body and towards the
floor.
5. Ensure your left arm stays flat to the floor as you pull
your left leg across to the floor.
PAGE: 165
BECOME THE EXPERT
STANDING QL/ERECTOR STRETCH

2. Take your arms overhead (hands together) and lean
to one side.
3. Lean forward slightly to increase the stretch on the
QL/lower erector.
PAGE: 166
BECOME THE EXPERT
HOLDING QL/ERECTOR STRETCH

1. Bend over diagonally to your front and allow your
spine to flex.
2. Hold onto a solid structure (low) with one arm – this
is often best done with the arm on the side you are
stretching.
3. Push away with the hip on the side of the QL/erector
you are looking to stretch.
PAGE: 167
BECOME THE EXPERT
FORWARD BEND STRETCH

1. Stand up straight in a hip-width stance (the stance
width can be modified to suit).
2. Bend forward and drop your arms and torso towards
the floor. This is often done slowly “vertebrae by
vertebrae”.
3. You can fluidly move your hands from your right heel
to your left heel in a semicircle pattern to increase
the stretch from one side of the lower back to the
next.
PAGE: 168
BECOME THE EXPERT
JEFFERSON CURL
On this page, we have a picture of the Jefferson Curl, which
involves bending (flexing) the spine under load.
This is not an exercise I include in my own training or the

training plans of my clients/athletes (I feel there are better
ways to develop back strength and mobility). However, it is a
great illustration of how strong the spine is – many elite
Olympic Weightlifters do this with 100s of kilos.
Yes, we must consider the long-term effects of loading

movements like this, and we do know that loading a flexed
spine places more stress on the intravertebral discs.
However, in our daily lives, the spine does bend and twist
under huge mechanical loads, and we should aim to build
load tolerance.
The key to good musculoskeletal health is having the stretch

tolerance to work through a full ROM and the strength at
every point of that range to accommodate the stress (load
tolerance). PAGE: 169
BECOME THE EXPERT
STRENGTH TRAINING
Although good mobility and flexibility is key, it is essential that
we have strength through the full range of motion, because
before all else, you need the strength in your structures to
support the fundamental movements that you carry out each
day.
This huge course consists of over 150 video tutorials (4+

hours) and over 3 hours of narration from Coach Curtis where
he talks through the 240+ slides.
If you want to gain a mastery of free weight training and

become a Strength Training Specialist, this course is an
absolute must for you – it is by far the most comprehensive
Strength Training Course on the market.

https://courses.strengthandconditioningcourse.com/p/strength-
training-50-off
PAGE: 170
THE
MID-UPPER BACK
BECOME THE EXPERT

BECOME THE EXPERT
THE MIDDLE-UPPER BACK

The middle-upper back’s major muscles include the
trapezius, rhomboids, latissimus dorsi, and teres major,
which is commonly referred to as the “little lat.”
The trapezius will be looked at when we get to the neck

section.
Other muscles include some of the rotator cuff muscles

(external rotators). However, these will be covered in the
shoulder section.
We will first look at how we can mobilize the thoracic

spine and the specific muscles surrounding it.
PAGE: 172
BECOME THE EXPERT
THE THORACIC SPINE

The thoracic spine is made up of 12 vertebrae and
is an area that is commonly restricted through both
extension and rotation.
Thoracic mobility is extremely important for both

upper back and shoulder health and will allow an
athlete to perform an overhead press and overhead
squat without placing excessive stress on the
shoulders and lower spine.
PAGE: 173
BECOME THE EXPERT
ROLLING THE THORACIC SPINE

1. Lie with your mid-back on the foam roller.
2. Extend your arms out in front of you and cross them
over each other. You want your shoulders protracted
(pushed forward) to lengthen the muscles of the
back.
3. Slowly roll your mid-upper back area (up and down)
for 30-60 seconds.
4. For a great extension drill, keep the foam roller static
and take your arms extended overhead. From there,
allow gravity to do the work and mobilize each
vertebra (holding for 30-60 seconds).
PAGE: 174
BECOME THE EXPERT
BB THORACIC EXTENSIONS
1. Set a barbell up on a rack at hip height.
2. Crouch down and place your mid-back on the
barbell, just below your shoulder blades.
3. Raise your hands overhead. You can do this without
weight or with a dumbbell in your hands.
4. Exercise caution with the drill. If the stretch becomes
too much and you can’t raise the weight back
overhead, simply drop it.
5. Hold the position for 30-60 seconds and allow gravity
to do its work.
PAGE: 175
BECOME THE EXPERT
CAT-CAMEL
1. Start on all fours with your shoulders over your wrists
and your hips over your knees.
2. Look up and extend your entire spine (inward curve –
dip your spine).
3. Flex your spine (round your spine), pushing your
head down and tucking your buttocks in.
4. Smoothly transition between the extended (cat) and
flexed (camel) position.
5. Completed 2-3 sets of 5-10 reps.
PAGE: 176
BECOME THE EXPERT
THORACIC ROTATION
The lumbar spine has some ability to rotate. However,
when performing large rotational actions, your thoracic
spine and hips should do most of the work. A great
visualization is to imagine that you are rotating with your
chest.
A greater ROM is achieved when you rotate with both

your thoracic spine and hips. However, in this section,
we want to isolate thoracic rotation to help mobilize the
area.
As mentioned in the posture chapter, during daily

activities, movement should primarily come from your
limbs, with your torso helping to stabilize these actions.
If you initiate movements time and time again through
bending and rotating your spine, the risk of future back
issues is greatly increased.
PAGE: 177
BECOME THE EXPERT
STANDING THORACIC ROTATIONS

1. Stand up and rotate to one side with your thoracic
spine (rotate with your chest).
2. If you are stand in front of the corner of a wall or a
post, you can use this to increase the stretch.
3. Hold the stretch for 30-60 seconds, or 2 minutes if
PAGE: 178
BECOME THE EXPERT
SEATED THORACIC ROTATIONS

1. Sit in a chair.
2. Reach across your body with your right hand and
grab under the left side of your seat.
3. Rotate to the left with your thoracic spine and extend
your left arm out behind you.
PAGE: 179
BECOME THE EXPERT
QUADRUPED THORACIC ROTATIONS

1. Get down onto all fours.
2. Place your right hand behind your head.
3. Shifting back with your hips facilitates a small degree
of lumbar flexion, which will take away the arch. This
ensures you don’t compensate for the movement by
rotating your lumbar spine.
4. Place your right elbow under your torso before
rotating round and pointing it toward the ceiling or as
far as your mobility will allow.
5. Follow your elbow with your eyes.
6. Complete 2-3 sets of 5-10 rotations on each side.
PAGE: 180
BECOME THE EXPERT
SIDE-LYING THORACIC ROTATIONS

1. Lie on your side.
2. Raise both legs up to 90 degrees.
3. Place your hands out to the front in a prayer position.
4. Slowly rotate with your thoracic spine to bring the top
arm over so that the back of your hand touches the
floor or as far as mobility allows.
5. Keep your leg firmly on the foam roller throughout
the whole movement.
6. Complete 2-3 sets of 5-10 rotations on each side.
PAGE: 181
BECOME THE EXPERT
THE LATISSIMUS DORSI

The latissimus dorsi (lats) is the broadest muscle on the
back - the word latissimus dorsi comes from Latin and
means “broadest of the back.”
The lats flex and adduct the shoulders.
When the lats become tense, they restrict your ability to

take your arms overhead and will negatively impact your
overhead press/push press, overhead squat and even
your front rack position for the front rack/clean.
PAGE: 182
LATISSIMUS DORSI
Origin Lower 7 thoracic vertebrae, inferior angle of the

scapula, thoracolumbar fascia and iliac crest.
Insertion Anterior upper humerus.
Action Extends, adducts and internally rotates the

shoulder.
Antagonist Deltoid and trapezius.
Innervation Thoracodorsal nerve C6-C8.
Blood Supply Thoracodorsal artery.
Daily Use Climbing a wall, swimming.
Gym Use Pull-up, lat pull down, deadlift.

BECOME THE EXPERT
ROLLING THE LATS

1. Sit down on the floor with the foam roller to your left
side.
2. Raise your left arm up and lie down on your side,
with the foam roller placed onto the latissimus dorsi.
You will feel the large muscle mass just below and to
the rear of your armpit.
seconds.
PAGE: 184
BECOME THE EXPERT
BB ROLLING THE LATS

1. Set a barbell up on the rack at lower chest height
2. Stand in front the rack so when you push your lat into
the barbell, it pushes it back into the rack/J-cup (as
pictured).
3. Raise one arm up with your palm supinated (palm
up) and place it onto the sleeve of the barbell.
seconds.
PAGE: 185
BECOME THE EXPERT
STANDING LAT STRETCH

1. Raise your left arm overhead and lean over to your
right side. You can bring your right hand up to pull on
your left hand slightly.
2. Lean to your right side and forwards while pushing
your left hip back. Explore this position to get the
best stretch.
3. If you have something solid such as a doorway to
hold onto with your left hand as you drive your hips
back and rotate your back away from the structure, it
will increase the stretch.
minutes if the musculature is very tense.
PAGE: 186
BECOME THE EXPERT
KNEELING LAT STRETCH (CHILDS POSE)

1. Get onto all fours with your hands placed to your
front with your palms flat to the floor.
2. Sit back, so your glutes come back towards your
heels.
3. Move your hands into the position that facilitates the
best stretch. Keep your elbows locked out and
spread your fingers.
4. Slowly allow your head to drop between your arms
(extend your thoracic spine).
PAGE: 187
BECOME THE EXPERT
DEAD HANG STRETCH

1. Hold onto a bar overhead – this can be done in a
pronated (overhand – palms facing away from you),
supinated (underhand – palms facing you) or neutral
(palms facing each other) grip position.
2. Hang from the bar.
3. You can keep your shoulder blades retracted or allow
your shoulder joint to distract to greatly increase the
stretch.
4. Pushing your feet to the front slightly (with straight
legs), will engage your hip flexors and abdominals
and stabilise you position.
5. If height allows, this position can also be done with
slight support from you heels on the floor.
6. Hold the position for 5-30 seconds.
PAGE: 188
BECOME THE EXPERT
RESISTANCE BAND LAT STRETCH

1. Attach the band to something solid, a vertical or
horizontal bar is ideal.
2. Grab the band with your left hand, then turn your
back to the band, so your arm is bent over your
shoulder with your elbow pointing forward and up.
3. Step forward with your left leg and lean forward
slightly to put tension onto the band.
4. The band tension will pull back on your arm, creating
a great stretch.
5. Be sure not to lean too far forward, as you could lose
balance and injure your arm.
PAGE: 189
BECOME THE EXPERT
LOADED LAT STRETCH

1. Grab a set of light dumbbells and lie on a bench.
2. Bending your knees and raising your feet up onto the
bench will flatten your lower spine and prevent it from
extending to compensate.
3. With straight arms, bring your arms overhead.
4. Hold the bottom position for 5-15 seconds and
perform 3-5 reps.
5. If it gets too heavy, you can simply drop the weights
(the weight should be more than manageable).
PAGE: 190
BECOME THE EXPERT
SOLO (BAND) LAT PNF

1. Attach the band to something solid, a vertical or
horizontal bar is ideal.
2. Grab the band with your left hand, then turn your back
to the band, so your arm is bent over your shoulder
with your elbow pointing forward and up.
3. Step forward with your left leg and lean forward slightly
to put tension onto the band.
slightly and pulling on the band to engage the lats – 50-
60% intensity for 6-8 seconds.
6. Exhale slowly and lean forward again to apply the
stretch to reach the next barrier position and hold for
10-15 seconds.
PAGE: 191
BECOME THE EXPERT
SOLO STANDING LAT PNF

1. Stand behind a barbell on a rack or a windowsill, etc.
2. Place your hands (palms down) onto the barbell.
3. Push your head and torso down to apply the lat stretch
(this is a great thoracic extension drill).
slightly and push your hands into the barbell to engage
the lats – 50-60% intensity for 6-8 seconds.
6. Exhale slowly, drop your head and torso again to apply
the stretch reach the next barrier position, and hold for
10-15 seconds.
PAGE: 192
BECOME THE EXPERT
SOLO KNEELING LAT PNF

1. Kneel behind a bench/box/sofa.
2. Bend your elbows and bring your hands behind your
head – you can put your hands into a prayer position.
3. Lean forward and place the bottom of your upper arms
on the bench.
4. Push your head and torso down to apply the lat stretch
(this is a great thoracic extension drill).
slightly and push your arms into the bench to engage
the lats – 50-60% intensity for 6-8 seconds.
7. Exhale slowly, drop your head and torso again to apply
the stretch reach the next barrier position, and hold for
10-15 seconds.
PAGE: 193
BECOME THE EXPERT
THE RHOMBOIDS
The rhomboids attach between the spine and the
scapula (shoulder blades).
The rhomboids are made up between the rhomboids

major and the rhomboids minor.
It is not uncommon for individuals to feel tension and

discomfort between their shoulder blades. Therefore, the
right strength and flexibility techniques to specifically
target the rhomboids are key.
RHOMBOIDS: MAJOR & MINOR
Origin Minor: Nuchal ligament and spinous processes

of C7-T1 / Major: Spinous processes of T2-T5.
Insertion Medial border of the scapula.
Action Retracts and rotates the scapula downwards.

Pull the scapula flat to the thorax.
Antagonist Pectoralis major and minor.
Innervation Dorsal scapular nerve C4-C5.
Blood Supply Dorsal scapular artery.
Daily Use Sitting or standing up straight (proud chest).

Pulling something open.
Gym Use Bent-over rows, single-arm rows, rear flys.

BECOME THE EXPERT
ROLLING THE RHOMBOIDS

1. Standing: Place the massage ball on a wall, and
while holding it with one hand, push your back into it
to support the ball (this can be a little awkward).
2. Roll the ball into position – between your spine and
shoulder blade.
3. Lying: Place the massage ball on the floor.
4. Lie onto the massage ball so that it is pushed into
your rhomboids (a peanut ball can be used to target
a section of both sides).
5. Knead the tissues for around 30-60 seconds.
PAGE: 196
BECOME THE EXPERT
RHOMBOIDS STRETCH
2. Hold your arms to your front and internally rotate
your shoulders to turn your palms outwards (thumbs
down).
3. Cross your hands over each other and clasp your
fingers together.
4. Push forward with your hands to protract your
shoulders and as you do this, push your head down
between your arms and round your upper back –
push your arms forward and your back, back.
PAGE: 197
THE
ABDOMINALS
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BECOME THE EXPERT
THE ABDOMINALS
Your anterior core musculature (abdominals) tends to get a lot of attention due to their importance
aesthetically.
Although these muscles need to be strong, they can become excessively tense due to getting plenty of
training without much stretching. This is often reinforced by prolonged sitting in a hunched posture that leaves
them in a shortened position.
Both the rectus abdominis (6-pack muscles) and the obliques (musculature to the side of the 6-pack) all attach
between your ribs and your pelvis, and any muscle mass that attaches to your pelvis can influence pelvic
positioning and have a role in ailments such as low back pain.
Earlier, I discussed the importance of thoracic mobility and how to specifically target the area to ensure good
posture and shoulder health. If your abdominal muscles are tight and pulling your rib cage closer to your
pelvis, this will also affect your ability to extend your thoracic spine. So, this is an area that needs to be
considered when trying to rectify thoracic mobility issues.
Tip: When sitting in a chair (car seat, etc), ensure your glutes are tucked right to the back of the seat. This will
ensure you can sit up straight with ease – try it and you feel much taller in your seat.
PAGE: 199
RECTUS ABDOMINIS
Origin Anterior, inferior pubis.
Insertion Cartilage of 5th to 7th ribs, and the base of the

sternum.
Action Flexes and laterally flexes the spine and

posteriorly tilts the pelvis.
Antagonist Erector spinae.
Innervation Intercostal nerves T7-T11, subcostal nerve T12.
Blood Supply Superior and inferior epigastric arteries.
Daily Use Sitting up, coughing, sneezing, and defecating.
Gym Use Sit-ups, legs raises, jackknives. Work to

maintain trunk/pelvic position during
compound exercises.
INTERNAL OBLIQUE
Origin Iliac crest and thoracolumbar fascia.
Insertion Lower 3 ribs, and the fascial connection to the

linea alba.
Action Rotates and laterally flexes and extends the

spine (working on opposite sides).
Antagonist Erector spinae, quadratus lumborum, and

diaphragm.
Innervation Thoracoabdominal T7-T11, Subcostal T12,

Iliohypogastric L1, and Ilioinguinal nerve L1.
Blood Supply Lower posterior intercostal and subcostal, and

superior and inferior epigastric arteries.
Daily Use Sitting up and reaching for an alarm clock,

chopping wood, sweeping, and swinging a bat.
Gym Use Band and cable rotations, rotational sit-ups,

Russian twists, rotational throws.
EXTERNAL OBLIQUE
Origin Outer surface of ribs 6-12.
Insertion Iliac crest, pubis, and fascial connection to the

linea alba.
Action Rotates and laterally flexes and extends the

spine (working on opposite sides).
Antagonist Erector spinae and quadratus lumborum.
Innervation Thoracoabdominal nerves T7-11, subcostal

nerve T12.
Blood Supply Lower posterior intercostal, subcostal, and deep

circumflex iliac arteries.
Daily Use Sitting up and reaching for an alarm clock,

chopping wood, sweeping, and swinging a bat.
Gym Use Band and cable rotations, rotational sit-ups,

Russian twists, rotational throws.
BECOME THE EXPERT
ROLLING THE ABDOMINALS

1. Place a medicine ball on the floor – softer balls work
well.
2. Lie onto the ball and apply pressure to the
abdominals – caution should be practiced due to the
fact the abdominal wall provides less protection to
the viscera (internal organs) compared to the lower
back muscles.
5. You can also contract the abdominals into the ball
before relaxing onto the ball – complete 3-5 times.
PAGE: 203
BECOME THE EXPERT
COBRA ABDOMINAL STRETCH

1. Lie on your stomach.
2. While keeping your hips on the floor, use your
forearms or hands to raise your torso up.
3. You will be hyperextending through your spine as
you rise, so take care.
4. To regress the stretch, come up onto your forearms
rather than your hands.
5. To vary the stretch to work your obliques, simply lean
to one side. Explore the positions to find the optimal
stretch.
PAGE: 204
BECOME THE EXPERT
STANDING ABDOMINAL STRETCH

1. Stand up straight in a shoulder-width or slightly wider
stance.
2. Place one hand over the other and take your arms
overhead.
3. Reach backwards and allow your hips and lower
spine to hyperextend.
4. Hold for 30-60 seconds – this position can restrict
your breathing so it is unlikely that it will be held for
longer too long (regulate your breathing).
PAGE: 205
THE
RIBCAGE
BECOME THE EXPERT

BECOME THE EXPERT
THE RIBCAGE
The upper spine is made up of 12 thoracic vertebrae,
and each of these 12 vertebrae has a rib on either side,
making a total of 24 ribs (12 pairs).
The first seven ribs (from the top down) insert directly
onto the sternum (breastbone) and are referred to as
true/fixed ribs. The next 5 are referred to as false ribs,
the first 3 of these connect to the sternum indirectly via
the costal cartilages and the final 2 are referred to as
floating ribs because they are only attached to the
vertebrae.
The ribcage protects internal organs and is involves in

respiration.
The ribcage provides attachment sites for several key

muscles, such as the serratus anterior.
PAGE: 207
BECOME THE EXPERT
THE SERRATUS ANTERIOR

The serratus anterior is a muscle that attaches between
your shoulder blade’s inner surface and your ribcage.
The serratus anterior works to protract and rotate the

shoulder blades upwards (upward rotation) – upward
rotation is extremely important when pressing overhead.
Note: We also have serratus posterior muscles (inferior

and superior), which work as respiratory muscles, with
the inferior working to pull the lower ribs down, and the
superior working to elevate the second to the fifth rib.
SERRATUS ANTERIOR
Origin Surface of upper 8 or 9 ribs.
Insertion Anterior surface of medial border of scapula.
Action Protracts the scapula.
Antagonist Rhomboids and lower trapezius.
Innervation Long thoracic nerve C5-C7.
Blood Supply Superior and lateral thoracic arteries, and

thoracodorsal artery branches.
Daily Use Reaching for a door handle, taking your arms

overhead, pointing at something, striking.
Gym Use Serratus wall slides, push-ups, pullovers.

BECOME THE EXPERT
ROLLING THE SERRATUS ANTERIOR

1. Sit down on the floor with the foam roller to your left
side.
2. Raise your left arm up and lie down on your side,
with the foam roller placed onto the serratus anterior
(slightly forward of the lats onto the ribcage).
seconds.
4. Repeat on the opposite side.
PAGE: 210
BECOME THE EXPERT
SERRATUS ANTERIOR STRETCH

1. Stand up and reach high to grab a solid structure.
2. Sit back with your hips and rotate your chest away
from the solid structure to increase the stretch on
your serratus anterior.
PAGE: 211
BECOME THE EXPERT
THE PECTORALS
The pectorals (pecs) are the muscles of the chest and
consist of the pectoralis major (largest) and the
pectoralis minor (smallest).
The pec muscles are involved in pushing actions as they

bring the arms forward.
Due to the popularity of pushing exercises in the gym,

and the fact that much of our daily activities involve
reaching forward or having our hands to the front (often
slouching), the pecs can become tense and round the
shoulders.
If the pecs are tense, it can restrict your ability to take

your arms overhead, specifically during exercises such
as the overhead squat.
PAGE: 212
PECTORALIS MAJOR
Origin Clavicle and sternum.
Insertion Humerus.
Action Flexes, horizontally flexes, adducts and

internally rotates the shoulder.
Antagonist Deltoid.
Innervation Lateral and medial pectoral nerves C5-T1.
Blood Supply Pectoral branch of the thoracoacromial artery.
Daily Use Pushing a door open, sawing a piece of wood.
Gym Use Push-up, bench press, dumbbells fly.

PECTORALIS MINOR
Origin Anterior surface of 3rd - 5th ribs.
Insertion Coracoid process of scapula.
Action Depresses and protracts the scapula.
Antagonist Rhomboids and lower trapezius.
Innervation Lateral and medial pectoral nerves C5-T1.
Blood Supply Pectoral branch of the thoracoacromial artery.
Daily Use Reaching for a door handle, reaching into your

trouser pocket.
Gym Use Push-up, bench press, dumbbells fly.

BECOME THE EXPERT
ROLLING THE PECTORALS

1. Place a massage ball onto a post at chest height.
2. Push your chest into the ball, just to the side of your
armpit to target the pec minor.
4. You can flex your shoulder at 90 degrees and slowly
horizontally flex and extend the shoulder to maximize
the effectiveness of the release – perform 5-10
horizontal flexions and extensions.
PAGE: 215
BECOME THE EXPERT
CHAIR PECTORAL RELEASE

1. Stand behind a chair.
2. Place your right arm over the back of the chair.
3. Push the soft tissue between your chest and your
arm into the top of the chair (just in from your armpit).
PAGE: 216
BECOME THE EXPERT
BB PECTORAL RELEASE
1. Set a barbell up on a rack at hip height.
2. Place your right arm over the barbell.
3. Drive the soft tissue between your chest and your
arm into the barbell (just in from your armpit).
4. A weight (dumbbell/kettlebell) can be used to
increase the pressure placed on the soft tissues.
5. Slowly move your arm forward and back and in small
circles (with or without weight).
PAGE: 217
BECOME THE EXPERT
STANDING PECTORAL STRETCH

1. Raise your hand up with your elbow bent at 90
degrees.
2. Place your forearm along the edge of the door
frame/wall/post and turn your body away from your
arm.
PAGE: 218
BECOME THE EXPERT
SEATED PECTORAL STRETCH

1. Sit on the front edge of your chair.
2. Clasp your hands together behind your back.
3. Lean forward and raise your hands up behind you.
PAGE: 219
BECOME THE EXPERT
LYING PECTORAL STRETCH

1. Lie on your front with your arms stretched out to your
sides at shoulder height.
2. Lean over onto one side to stretch the pec and
shoulder of that side.
PAGE: 220
BECOME THE EXPERT
BAND PECTORAL STRETCH

1. Attach a low-tension band to a solid structure – the
height can be modified to create different stretches.
2. Hold each end of the band and turn your back to the
band attachment point.
3. Raise your arms up to the sides (palms forward) and
step forward to apply tension to the band and
4. You can move the position of your arms to target
different areas of the pecs and shoulders.
5. Ensure you fully support the position with your legs
(don’t lean too far into the stretch) – you shouldn’t be
at risk of falling.
PAGE: 221
BECOME THE EXPERT
PARTNER PECTORAL PNF

1. Have the client sit on the floor and place their hands
behind their head.
2. Stand behind the client and place the outer side of your
leg against their back to support the position.
3. Pull back on their elbows to reach the barrier position.
slightly and instructing the client to push their arms into
your hands.
seconds.
7. Instruct the client to exhale slowly, and as they do, pull
the arms into the next barrier position and hold for 10-15
seconds.
PAGE: 222
BECOME THE EXPERT
SOLO PECTORAL PNF

1. Stand and raise your hand up with your elbow bent
at 90 degrees.
2. Place your forearm along the edge of the door
frame/wall/post and turn your body away from your
arm to reach the barrier position.
slightly and pushing your forearm into the structure –
50-60% intensity for 6-8 seconds.
4. Stop contracting, take a deep breath in, and allow 1-
2 seconds for the muscle to relax fully.
5. Exhale slowly and turn your body away from your
arm to reach the next barrier position and hold for
10-15 seconds.
PAGE: 223
THE
SHOULDERS
BECOME THE EXPERT

BECOME THE EXPERT
THE SHOULDERS
The shoulder joint is made up between the glenoid fossa
on the scapula (socket) and the humeral head (ball),
which is the top of the humerus (upper arm bone).
The shoulder girdle is made up between the scapula

and the clavicle (collar bone). The scapular attaches to
the clavicle via the acromion process, which creates the
acromioclavicular (AC) joint.
The shoulders are ball and socket joints and have the
greatest ROM of any joint in the body.
The muscles that we are looking at in this section are

the rotator cuff and the deltoid.
PAGE: 225
BECOME THE EXPERT
THE ROTATOR CUFF

The rotator cuff is made up of four muscles that originate
on the scapular and insert onto the humeral head.
Therefore, they specifically work to stabilize the shoulder
joint.
The attachment points are what define these muscles as

rotator cuff. For example, some may ask why the teres
minor is a rotator cuff, but the teres major is not, and this
is because the teres major inserts lower on the humerus
and therefore, primarily works to assist the latissimus
dorsi in shoulder extension and adduction rather than
specifically working to stabilize the joint. However, it
should be noted that any muscle close to a joint, plays
some role in supporting it.
The four rotator cuff:

• Supraspinatus / Infraspinatus / Teres Minor /
Subscapularis.
PAGE: 226
SUPRASPINATUS
Origin Superior surface of scapula (above spine of

scapula).
Insertion Upper humerus.
Action Stabilizes and abducts the shoulder.
Antagonist Latissimus dorsi and pectoralis major.
Innervation Suprascapular nerve C5-C6.
Blood Supply Suprascapular artery.
Daily Use Bringing your arm out to the side.
Gym Use Lateral raises, throwing.

INFRASPINATUS
Origin Posterior surface of scapula (below spine of

scapula).
Action Stabilizes and externally rotates the shoulder.
Antagonist Subscapularis.
Innervation Suprascapular nerve C5-C6.
Blood Supply Suprascapular and circumflex scapular arteries.
Daily Use Fanning your face with your hand, shaking a

can.
Gym Use Band external rotations, face pulls.

TERES MINOR
Origin Lateral border of the scapula.
Action Stabilizes and externally rotates the shoulder.
Antagonist Subscapularis.
Innervation Axillary nerve C5-C6
Blood Supply Suprascapular, and dorsal scapular artery
Daily Use Fanning your face with your hand, shaking a

can.
Gym Use Band external rotations, face pulls.

SUBSCAPULARIS
Origin Anterior surface of the Scapula.
Action Stabilizes and internally rotates the shoulder.
Antagonist Infraspinatus and teres minor.
Innervation Upper and lower subscapular nerves C5-C6.
Blood Supply Subscapular, axillary, and subscapular arteries.
Daily Use Scratching your lower back.
Gym Use Band internal rotations.

BECOME THE EXPERT
ROLLING THE EXTERNAL ROTATORS

1. Sit down onto the floor and place a massage ball
onto the floor.
2. Lie onto the ball with, anywhere from your shoulder
blade to your shoulder – have your elbow bent at 90
degrees.
4. You can internally and externally rotate your shoulder
to maximize the effectiveness of the release –
perform 5-10 internal and external rotations.
PAGE: 231
BECOME THE EXPERT
DOWEL EXTERNAL ROTATOR STRETCH

1. Take a dowel in your left hand and bring your left
hand behind your back so the dowel is running up
your back and over your head.
2. Take your right hand overhead and grab the dowel.
3. Gently pull the dowel forward with your right hand,
either over your right or left shoulder (try both and
see which one feels best).
PAGE: 232
BECOME THE EXPERT
DOWEL INTERNAL ROTATOR STRETCH

1. Grab a dowel in your left hand.
2. Bend your elbow fully and externally rotate your
shoulder. This will bring the dowel onto the outer side
of your left arm.
3. Bring your right arm under your left arm and grab the
dowel.
4. Gently pull on the dowel to apply the stretch.
PAGE: 233
BECOME THE EXPERT
BACK SCRATCH STRETCH

1. Stand up straight and place one hand over your
shoulder and behind your head (palm facing your
back and fingers down).
2. Place your other arm behind your lower back (palm
facing outward and fingers upward).
3. Push the arms towards each other to increase the
stretch. However, caution should be practiced not to
place maladaptive stress on the shoulder joints.
4. A towel or band can be used to assist the stretch,
either pulling down to increase the stretch on the top
arm or pulling up to increase the stretch on the
bottom arm.
PAGE: 234
BECOME THE EXPERT
BAND BULLY STRETCH

1. Attach a medium to high-tension band to a solid
structure.
2. Grab the end of the band with one arm.
3. Turn away from to bring your hand behind your back.
4. Step away from the band to apply tension to it and
5. Caution should be practiced to ensure you are not
placing maladaptive stress to the shoulder joint.
PAGE: 235
BECOME THE EXPERT
THE DELTOIDS
The deltoids are the coconut shaped muscle at the top
of the arms.
The deltoids are made up of 3 distinct fibres:
• Anterior (Clavicular) Fibres.

• Medial/Middle (Acromion) Fibres.
• Posterior (Scapula) Fibres.
The fibres to the front (anterior) will work pressing

actions to the front and overhead and horizontal flexion.
The fibres in the middle (medial) work abduction and

pressing overhead, and the fibres to the rear (posterior)
will work during pulling actions and horizontal extension.
PAGE: 236
DELTOID
Origin Clavicle and upper scapula.
Action Abducts, flexes, extends, horizontally flexes and

extends, and rotates the shoulder.
Antagonist Latissimus dorsi.
Innervation Axillary nerve C5-C6.
Blood Supply Thoracoacromial artery, anterior and posterior

humeral circumflex artery.
Daily Use Most movements that involve the arms, lifting a

drink to your mouth.
Gym Use Lateral raises, bench press, bent-over rows.

BECOME THE EXPERT
ROLLING THE DELTOIDS

1. Place a massage ball against a wall/post and support
it with one hand.
2. Lean into the ball with your shoulder.
PAGE: 238
BECOME THE EXPERT
BB ROLLING THE DELTOIDS

1. Set a barbell up on the rack at upper chest height
2. Stand in front of the rack so when you push your
deltoid into the barbell, it pushes it back into the
rack/J-cup (as pictured).
3. Lean into the sleeve of the barbell with your deltoid.
4. Slowly roll up and down (knead) the muscle for 30-60
seconds.
PAGE: 239
BECOME THE EXPERT
MEDIAL-POSTERIOR DELTOID STRETCH

1. Bring your one arm across your upper chest.
2. Bring your other arm up and place it either above or
below your elbow – having it below the elbow will
allow for a greater stretch
3. Pull back on the straight arm to increase the stretch.
PAGE: 240
BECOME THE EXPERT
ANTERIOR DELTOID STRETCH

1. Stand with your back to the raised surface (kitchen
surface, windowsill, etc).
2. Bring your elbows back so you can place your palms
onto the raised surface.
3. Drop your body down under control to apply a
stretch.
PAGE: 241
BECOME THE EXPERT
BAND FRONT-BACKS
1. Grab a red band with a wide overhand grip. The
wider your arms, the easier it is to take the band
overhead and down towards your glutes.
2. The band gives you the freedom to widen your grip
as you pass it overhead. Your grip should be wide
enough so that you aren’t forced to aggressively
stretch the band out as you perform the movement,
as this can cause you to shrug your shoulders,
engaging musculature rather than promoting mobility.
3. Start with the band at your hips and while
maintaining straight arms throughout, pass it
overhead until it reaches your glutes, or the range of
motion you can achieve.
4. Complete 2-3 sets of 5-10 reps.
PAGE: 242
THE
UPPER ARMS
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BECOME THE EXPERT
THE UPPER ARMS

The upper arms are made up between the biceps and
the triceps. The biceps flex the elbow, and the triceps
extend the elbow.
The primary biceps muscle is known as the biceps

brachii and has two heads, meaning it has two origins.
Other biceps muscles include:
• Brachialis.
• Brachioradialis.
• Coracobrachialis.
The primary triceps muscle is known as the triceps

brachii and has three heads (three origins).
Another muscle that assists in elbow extension is the

anconeus.
PAGE: 244
BECOME THE EXPERT
THE BICEPS
The biceps are the muscle on the front of the arm and
flex our elbows. Therefore, whenever we hold an object
in our hands with a bent elbow, our biceps are
contracting.
The biceps brachii also works to flex the shoulder

because they originate on the shoulder blade.
The biceps tend to get a lot of attention in the gym

(especially by males). Not only are they individually
trained, but they are also worked whenever we train
pulling movements – deadlift, rows, pull-ups, etc.
Despite all this work on the biceps, the muscle group

rarely gets much attention when to release techniques
and stretches, which can lead them to become tense.
PAGE: 245
BICEPS BRACHII
Origin Anterior surface of the Scapula.
Insertion Upper radius.
Action Flexes the elbow and shoulder and supinates

the forearm.
Antagonist Triceps brachii.
Innervation Musculocutaneous nerve C5–C6.
Blood Supply Brachial artery.
Daily Use Picking something up, using a screwdriver.
Gym Use Biceps curls, rows, throws, strikes.

BRACHIALIS
Origin Front surface of the humerus.
Insertion Upper ulna.
Action Flexes the elbow.
Innervation Musculocutaneous nerve C5-C6, and radial nerve

C7.
Blood Supply Brachial, and radial recurrent arteries.
Daily Use Picking something up, using a screwdriver.
Gym Use Biceps curls, rows, throws, strikes.

BRACHIORADIALIS
Origin Humerus.
Insertion Lower radius.
Action Flexes the elbow, assists to pronate and

supinate the forearm.
Innervation Radial nerve C5-C6.
Blood Supply Radial, radial recurrent, and radial collateral

artery.
Daily Use Using a screwdriver, whisking an egg.
Gym Use Reverse grip curls, throwing, grappling.

CORACOBRACHIALIS
Origin Coracoid process of the scapula.
Insertion Medial surface of the humerus.
Action Flexes and adducts the shoulder.
Antagonist Deltoid.
Innervation Musculocutaneous nerve C5-C7.
Blood Supply Brachial artery.
Daily Use Raising your arms up to protect your face.
Gym Use Dumbbell/cable fly.

BECOME THE EXPERT
ROLLING THE BICEPS

1. Hold a massage ball against a wall/post with one
hand.
2. Hold your other arm straight down and allow it to
relax completely.
3. Push the biceps of the straight arm into the massage
ball. At this point, the ball should be supported by the
biceps, and you can roll the surrounding muscle
mass.
seconds.
PAGE: 250
BECOME THE EXPERT
BB ROLLING THE BICEPS

1. Set a barbell up on the rack at lower chest height
2. Hold the barbell down with one hand and raise your
other arm up so that your biceps comes up to the
sleeve of the barbell.
seconds.
PAGE: 251
BECOME THE EXPERT
LYING BB ROLLING THE BICEPS

1. Place a barbell on the floor and lay on your side next
to it.
2. Extend the arm you are lying on out to your front with
your hand in a neutral position.
3. Allow your arm to relax completely.
4. Pick one end of the barbell up and place the sleeve
onto your biceps.
seconds.
6. Don’t roll over the crease of your elbow.
7. You can also hold the barbell in place and slowly flex
and extend your elbow 3-5 times to increase the
release – this works well towards the top of your
biceps close to where your deltoid inserts.
PAGE: 252
BECOME THE EXPERT
BICEPS WALL STRETCH

1. Stand side onto a wall/post, about an arms distance
away.
2. With the arm closest to the wall, place your palm flat
to the wall with your fingers facing rearwards.
3. Drive your palm/fingers into the wall/post and turn
your biceps downwards without moving the position
of your hand.
4. You can also rotate your body away from your arm to
5. This stretch can feel incredibly intense as it is also
targeting the median nerve.
PAGE: 253
BECOME THE EXPERT
THE TRICEPS
The triceps are a muscle group on the back of the arm
and work to extend the elbow.
The long head of the triceps brachii also works to extend

the shoulder as it attaches to the shoulder blade.
The triceps make up around two thirds of the upper arm

and work incredibly hard during pressing exercises.
Many lifters will experience elbow pain. Therefore, it is

key to manage training loads on the triceps and maintain
good mobility in the muscle.
PAGE: 254
TRICEPS BRACHII
Origin Posterior upper humerus and scapula.
Insertion Upper ulna.
Action Extends the elbow and shoulder.
Antagonist Biceps brachii.
Innervation Radial nerve C6-C8.
Blood Supply Deep brachial artery, posterior circumflex

humeral artery (long head only).
Daily Use Pushing a door closed, hammering a nail.
Gym Use Push-ups, bench press, overhead press, triceps

extensions, dips.
BECOME THE EXPERT
ROLLING THE TRICEPS

1. Hold a massage ball against a wall/post with one
hand.
2. With your other arm, bend your elbow to relax your
triceps.
3. Push the triceps of the bent arm into the massage
ball. At this point, the ball should be supported by the
triceps, and you can roll the surrounding muscle
mass.
seconds.
5. You can also flex and extend your elbow to increase
the release.
PAGE: 256
BECOME THE EXPERT
BB ROLLING THE TRICEPS

1. Set the barbell up on a rack at lower chest height.
2. Place the back of one arm onto the sleeve of the
barbell while supporting yourself and the barbell with
your other hand.
seconds.
4. You can also flex and extend your elbow to increase
the release.
PAGE: 257
BECOME THE EXPERT
STANDING TRICEPS STRETCH

1. Stand upright with a hip-width stance.
2. Take your left arm overhead and reach down the
center of your back.
3. Take your right arm and place it above your left
elbow (on the triceps).
4. Pull on your left arm to pull it down and towards your
right side
PAGE: 258
BECOME THE EXPERT
WALL TRICEPS STRETCH

1. Bend your left elbow and bring your left hand over
your right shoulder.
2. Place the back of your left arm on a wall or post and
lean into it to apply a stretch.
PAGE: 259
THE
FOREARMS
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BECOME THE EXPERT
THE FOREARMS
The forearm muscles can be split into two major groups,
the flexors (on the palm side) and the extensors (on the
dorsal side).
These muscles work to flex and extend the wrist and

fingers and adduct and abduct the wrists.
The forearm muscles work incredibly hard during daily

activities and within the gym. Therefore, if there is
overuse, it can lead to elbow pain.
To prevent elbow pain, it is key to manage training loads

and ensure both strength and mobility in the forearm
muscles is maintained/developed.
PAGE: 261
BECOME THE EXPERT
FLEXORS OF THE WRIST

BENDING YOUR WRIST SO YOUR PALM IS BROUGHT TOWARDS YOUR FOREARM
FLEXOR CARPI RADIALIS FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS PALMARIS LONGUS

BECOME THE EXPERT
EXTENSORS OF THE WRIST

BENDING YOUR WRIST SO THE BACK OF YOUR HAND IS BROUGHT TOWARDS YOUR FOREARM
EXTENSOR CARPI EXTENSOR CARPI

PRONATOR QUADRATUS
RADIALIS LONGUS ULNARIS
BECOME THE EXPERT
ROLLING THE FOREARMS

1. Place the massage ball (a foam roller can also be
used) on a raised surface – bench or table.
2. Place your forearm onto the massage ball (flexors or
extensors).
seconds.
PAGE: 264
BECOME THE EXPERT
BB ROLLING THE FOREARMS

1. Set up a barbell up on a rack at around chest height
– the barbell can be lowered to abdominal height if
you find it easier to roll the tissues in this position.
2. Place your forearm on the sleeve of the barbell (on
top for the flexors and underneath for the extensors).
seconds.
PAGE: 265
BECOME THE EXPERT
SCRAPING THE FOREARMS

Scraping tools can be used to apply pressure and
scrape the skin to relieve tension.
I often use a Gua Sha scraping tool on my forearms

(flexors) prior to front squatting in a front rack position –
if someone feels discomfort in their wrists when they are
in a front rack position, 30-60 seconds of scraping
usually sorts it out.
Gua Sha is a traditional Chinese method, and the term

comes from the Chinese word for scraping.
1. Hold the scraping tool in one hand and hold your

other forearm to the front.
2. Scrape from your wrist to your elbow – we tend to
massage towards the heart.
3. You can scrape both your flexors and extensors.
4. Scrape for 30-60 seconds on each side.
PAGE: 266
BECOME THE EXPERT
STANDING FLEXOR STRETCH

2. Bring your right hand to the front, with your palm
down, and point your fingers to the ceiling.
3. Grab your fingers with your left hand and pull back
on them to apply a flexor stretch.
PAGE: 267
BECOME THE EXPERT
FLOOR FLEXOR STRETCH

1. Kneel on the floor and place the palms of your hands
on the floor with your fingers facing you.
2. Ensure the heel of your palms stays down and lean
back to apply a stretch.
PAGE: 268
BECOME THE EXPERT
STANDING EXTENSOR STRETCH

2. Bring your right hand to the front, with your palm
down, and point your fingers to the floor.
3. Grab your fingers with your left hand and pull back
on them to apply an extensor stretch.
PAGE: 269
BECOME THE EXPERT
FLOOR EXTENSOR STRETCH

1. Kneel on the floor and place the back of your hands
(dorsal side) on the floor with your fingers pointing
towards each other.
2. Push down onto your hands to apply the stretch.
PAGE: 270
THE
NECK
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BECOME THE EXPERT
THE NECK
The neck is made up of 7 cervical vertebrae. The first vertebra is called the atlas, after the Greek god who
supported the world on his shoulders. The second is called the axis. Together these make a pivot joint that
allows the head to turn from side to side or rotate.
The neck is capable of flexion, which involves bringing your chin towards your chest. Lateral flexion, which
involves bending your neck to the side and bringing your ear towards your shoulder. Extension, which involves
bringing your head back to a straight position or looking towards the ceiling, and rotation, which, as mentioned
previously, involves turning your head from side to side.
The muscles towards the front of the neck facilitate flexion, while the muscles towards the back facilitate
extension. The other movements occur through unilateral contraction of the muscles to the front, rear and side
of the neck.
Unilateral refers to one side. For example, raising one arm into the air is a unilateral movement, while raising
two is a bilateral movement (opposite arm and leg = contralateral / same arm and leg = ipsilateral).
Most of our skeletal muscles come in pairs. Therefore, when one side works, it may produce the movement of
one limb, a side bending, or rotational movement.
PAGE: 272
BECOME THE EXPERT
THE TRAPEZIUS
The trapezius (traps) is a large muscle on the upper
back.
The traps are often split into three groups:
• Upper Traps.
• Middle (Mid) Traps.
• Lower Traps.
The upper traps mainly work to elevate the shoulder

blades. The mid traps mainly work to retract the
shoulder blades, and the lower traps mainly work to
depress the shoulder blades.
PAGE: 273
TRAPEZIUS
Origin Base of the skull and spinous processes of C7-

T12.
Insertion Lateral clavicle and upper surface of the scapula.
Action Extends, adducts and internally rotates the

shoulder.
Antagonist Serratus anterior, latissimus dorsi and

pectoralis major.
Innervation Accessory nerve (motor), cervical spinal nerves

C3-C4.
Blood Supply Occipital, superficial or transverse cervical, and

dorsal scapular arteries.
Daily Use Shrugging your shoulders, picking up a heavy

object.
Gym Use Shrugs, upright rows, deadlifts.

BECOME THE EXPERT
ROLLING THE TRAPEZIUS

1. Standing: Place the massage ball on a wall/pst, and
while holding it with one hand, push your back into it
to support the ball (this can be a little awkward).
2. Roll the ball into position.
your lower-mid trap.
PAGE: 275
BECOME THE EXPERT
UPPER TRAPEZIUS RELEASE

1. Place a massage ball against a post, bend over and
push your upper trap into the ball.
2. To aid in the release, you can move the arm on the
side that is being released. For example, flex,
extend, abduct, adduct, and circumduct your
shoulder.
PAGE: 276
BECOME THE EXPERT
BB TRAPEZIUS RELEASE
1. Set a barbell up on a rack at mid-upper chest height.
2. This drill is best done with 15kg+ plates on either
side to weight the barbell down.
3. Stand side onto the barbell, bend underneath and
push your trapezius up into the barbell.
4. Hold this position for 30-60 seconds and gently move
your neck through various actions (lateral flexion and
extension and rotation).
5. During this time, you can also move the arm on the
side you are releasing through various actions.
PAGE: 277
BECOME THE EXPERT
STANDING TRAPEZIUS STRETCH

1. Stand up and slowly bring your ear towards your
right shoulder.
2. Grab above your left ear with your right hand and
hold a gentle stretch for 20-30 seconds
3. To increase the stretch, lean your body slightly
towards the left to depress your shoulder further
(push down with your left hand – as if putting it in
your pocket).
PAGE: 278
BECOME THE EXPERT
SEATED TRAPEZIUS STRETCH

1. Sit with your chest up and hold onto the chair seat
with your left hand.
2. Slowly bring your ear towards your right shoulder.
3. Grab above your left ear with your right hand and
hold a gentle stretch for 20-30 seconds
4. To increase the stretch, lean your body slightly
towards the right to depress your shoulder further.
PAGE: 279
BECOME THE EXPERT
DEEP NECK EXTENSORS

The neck extensors include the upper trapezius, but also
deeper muscles such as the splenius capitis and
splenius cervicis.
Muscles on the back of the neck can become tense

causing discomfort and even headaches. Therefore, the
right release techniques and stretches can be hugely
beneficial.
PAGE: 280
BECOME THE EXPERT
ROLLING THE NECK EXTENSORS

1. Standing: Place the massage ball or peanut ball on a
wall/post, and while holding it with one hand, push
your neck into it to support the ball (this can be a little
awkward).
3. Lie onto the massage ball so that it is pushed into the
back of your neck.
PAGE: 281
BECOME THE EXPERT
NECK EXTENSOR STRETCH

1. Sit with your chest up and look straight ahead.
2. Gently push your chin back with your hand (so that
you have a double chin)
3. While holding your chin back with one hand, use
your other hand to reach over the top of your head.
4. Stabilize your chin as you gently pull the top of your
head forward and hold a gentle stretch for 20-30
seconds.
PAGE: 282
BECOME THE EXPERT
THE LEVATOR SCAPULA

The levator scapula as the name suggests work to
elevate the scapula. It also works to laterally flex and
extend the neck.
Forward head posture puts increased tension on the

levator scapula muscle. Therefore, release techniques
and stretches can be useful for this muscle.
PAGE: 283
LEVATOR SCAPULA
Origin Transverse processes of C1-C4.
Insertion Superior angle of the scapula.
Action Elevates the shoulder girdle, laterally flexes and
extends the neck.
Antagonist Serratus anterior and middle trapezius.
Innervation Cervical nerve C3-C4, and dorsal scapular nerve

C5.
Blood Supply Transverse cervical and ascending cervical

arteries.
Daily Use Looking over your shoulder, carrying a bag.
Gym Use Shrugs, upright rows, deadlifts.

BECOME THE EXPERT
ROLLING THE LEVATOR SCAPULA

1. Standing: Place the massage ball on a wall/post, and
while holding it with one hand, push your upper back-
neck into it to support the ball (this can be a little
awkward).
2. Roll the ball into position.
your upper back-neck.
PAGE: 285
BECOME THE EXPERT
LEVATOR SCAPULA STRETCH

1. Stand up with a hip-width stance – this can also be
done in a chair like the seated trap stretch.
2. Slowly look towards your right pants pocket.
3. Hold the back, left side of your head with your right
hand, and hold a gentle stretch for 20-30 seconds.
PAGE: 286
BECOME THE EXPERT
SCALENES & STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID

The scalenes and sternocleidomastoid (SCM) are muscles
on the side and front of the neck. They work to flex and
laterally flex and extend the neck.
Forward head posture puts increased tension on these

muscles. Therefore, release techniques and stretches can
be useful for these muscles.
SCALENES
Origin Anterior: Transverse processes of vertebrae C3-

C6 / Middle: C2-C7 / Posterior: C5-C7.
Insertion Anterior and Middle: Rib 1 / Posterior: Rib 2.
Action Flexion and lateral flexion of the neck and

elevation of rib 1 and 2.
Antagonist Semispinalis capitis and cervicis, splenius capitis

and cervicis, spinalis cervicis.
Innervation Anterior rami of spinal nerves.
Blood Supply Ascending cervical branch of the inferior

thyroid artery.
Daily Use Bending your head to one side.
Gym Use Neck curls and stabilization.

STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID
Origin Sternal head: The manubrium sterni / Clavicular

head: Superior surface of the clavicle.
Insertion Mastoid process of the temporal bone, superior

nuchal line.
Action Unilaterally: Cervical rotation, cervical flexion /

Bilaterally: cervical flexion, elevation of
sternum.
Antagonist Longus capitis, rectus capitis anticus.
Innervation Accessory nerve, branches of cervical plexus (C2-

C3).
Blood Supply Occipital artery and the superior thyroid artery.
Daily Use Turning your head.
Gym Use Neck curls and stabilization.

BECOME THE EXPERT
SCALENES & SCM STRETCH

1. Sit or stand with your chest up.
2. Rotate your head slightly toward your left.
3. Side bend your head to the right and look upwards
as you do so.
4. Hold a gentle stretch for 20-30 seconds.
PAGE: 290
MOBILITY
PROGRAMS
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BECOME THE EXPERT
MORNING STRETCHES
Here’s a great stretching routine that can be carried out first things in the morning – the main aim is to mobilize the
spine.
TECHNIQUE SETS/REPS/TIME NOTES
Cat-Camel 1x 10 Reps This routine can be repeated 2-3

Kneeling Lat Stretch (Childs Pose) 1x 20-30 Seconds times.
Cobra Stretch 1x 20-30 Seconds

Downward Dog 1x 20-30 Seconds
Deep Squat Stretch 1x 20-30 Seconds
Worlds Greatest Stretch 1x 3 Rotations (Each Side)
PAGE: 292
BECOME THE EXPERT
EVENING STRETCHES
Here’s a great stretching routine that can be carried out in the evening after a long day sat at a desk or driving.
Wide Stance Hamstring Stretch 2-3x 20-30 Seconds (Each Side)

Couch Stretch 1x 1-2 Minutes (Each Side)
Knees to Chest Stretch 1x 1 Minute (Each Side)
Lying QL Stretch 1-2x 1 Minute (Each Side)
Cobra Stretch 1x 1-2 Minutes
Lying Lat Stretch (Childs Pose) 1x 1-2 Minutes
Side Lying Thoracic Rotations 1x 5-10 Reps (Each Side)
PAGE: 293
BECOME THE EXPERT
TOTAL BODY ROLLING

This rolling routine works through the major muscles.
Rolling Feet 1x 20-30 Seconds Roll both sides of the body at the
Rolling Calves 1x 20-30 Seconds same time or separately.
Rolling Hamstrings 1x 20-30 Seconds For total body rolling and stretching,
Rolling Glutes 1x 20-30 Seconds follow each release technique with
Rolling Quads & Outer Thighs 1x 20-30 Seconds an applicable stretch.
Rolling Adductors 1x 20-30 Seconds

Rolling Thoracic Spine 1x 20-30 Seconds
Rolling Lats 1x 20-30 Seconds
Rolling Pecs 1x 20-30 Seconds
PAGE: 294
BECOME THE EXPERT
TOTAL BODY STRETCHING

Heel Drop Calf Stretch 1x 30-60 Seconds (Each Side) If applicable, bilateral or unilateral
Seated (Floor) Hamstring Stretch 1x 30-60 Seconds (Each Side) versions of a stretch can be chosen.
Lying Quad Stretch 1x 30-60 Seconds (Each Side)

Pigeon Glute Stretch 1x 30-60 Seconds (Each Side)
Lying QL Stretch 1x 30-60 Seconds (Each Side)
Lying Pec Stretch 1x 30-60 Seconds (Each Side)
Side Lying Thoracic Rotations 1x 30-60 Seconds (Each Side)
Wall Triceps & Lat Stretch 1x 30-60 Seconds (Each Side)
Wall Biceps Stretch 1x 30-60 Seconds (Each Side)
Forearm Flexor & Extensor Stretch 1x 30-60 Seconds (Each Side)
Trap Stretch 1x 30-60 Seconds (Each Side)
PAGE: 295
BECOME THE EXPERT
PROGRAMMING & PERIODIZATION

If you are interested in programming, then our Programming &
Periodization Course is perfect for you.
This course take you through the whole process and elite level
strength and conditioning coach would take:
• 2-Stage Needs Analysis.

• Testing Battery.
• Test Analysis / Athlete Profiling.
• Development of a Periodized Plan.
• Development of Effective Session Plans – Targeting All
Performance Qualities.
• Evaluations and Modifications.

https://courses.strengthandconditioningcourse.com/p/program
ming-periodization
PAGE: 296
BECOME THE EXPERT
DESK STRETCHES
Here’s a great stretching protocol that you can carry out while at your desk – this can be performed every 40-60
minutes if needed.
Seated Thoracic Rotations 1x 20-30 Seconds (Each Side) This routine can be repeated 2-3
Neck Extensor Stretch 1x 20-30 Seconds times.
Seated Trapezius Stretch 1x 20-30 Seconds (Each Side)

Scalenes & SCM Stretch 1x 20-30 Seconds (Each Side)
PAGE: 297
BECOME THE EXPERT
PRE-WEIGHTLIFTING ROUTINE
Here’s a great routine to use prior to Olympic Weightlifting.
Rolling Feet 1x 30-60 Seconds (Each Side) Roll at a good tempo that will
Rolling Calves 1x 30-60 Seconds (Each Side) encourage circulation and help to
raise deep muscle temperature.
Heel Drop Calf Stretch 1x 30-60 Seconds (Each Side)
Rolling Hamstrings 1x 30-60 Seconds (Each Side)
Rolling Glutes 1x 30-60 Seconds (Each Side)
Rolling Quads & Outer Thighs 1x 30-60 Seconds (Each Side)
Rolling Pecs 1x 30-60 Seconds (Each Side)
Rolling Lats 1x 30-60 Seconds (Each Side)
Band Lat Stretch 1x 30-60 Seconds (Each Side)
Rolling Thoracic Spine 1x 30-60 Seconds (Each Side)
Thoracic Extension Drill 1x 30-60 Seconds (Each Side)
PAGE: 298
BECOME THE EXPERT
POST LEG/SQUAT SESSION

Here’s a routine to aid leg recovery post squat day.
Rolling Quads 1x 60-90 Seconds (Each Side) Slow and controlled rolling.
Lying Quad Stretch 1x 1-2 Minutes (Each Side)
Figure Four Glute Stretch 1x 1-2 Minutes (Each Side)
Hurdler Hamstring Stretch 1x 1-2 Minutes (Each Side)
Butterfly Stretch 1x 1-2 Minutes
Rolling Calves 1x 60-90 Seconds (Each Side)
Standing Calf Stretch 1x 1-2 Minutes (Each Side)
PAGE: 299
BECOME THE EXPERT
POST DEADLIFT SESSION

Here’s a routine to aid leg recovery post deadlift day.
Knees to Chest Stretch 1x 1-2 Minutes (Each Side) Slow and controlled rolling.
Iron Cross Stretch 1x 1-2 Minutes (Dynamic)
Thoracic Extension Drill 1x 60-90 Seconds
Side Lying Thoracic Rotations 1x 5-10 Reps (Each Side)
Standing Hamstring Stretch 1x 1-2 Minutes (Each Side)
Rolling Quads 1x 60-90 Seconds (Each Side)
Standing Quad Stretch 1x 1-2 Minutes (Each Side)
PAGE: 300
BECOME THE EXPERT
POST UPPER PUSH SESSION

Here’s a routine to aid leg recovery post upper push day.
Dowel Internal Rotator Stretch 1x 1-2 Minutes (Each Side) Slow and controlled rolling.
Dowel External Rotator Stretch 1x 1-2 Minutes (Each Side)
Band Pec Stretch 1x 1-2 Minutes
Anterior Deltoid Stretch 1x 1-2 Minutes (Each Side)
Medial-Posterior Deltoid Stretch 1x 1-2 Minutes (Each Side)
Barbell Rolling Triceps 1x 60-90 Seconds (Each Side)
Standing Triceps Stretch 1x 1-2 Minutes (Each Side)
PAGE: 301
BECOME THE EXPERT
POST UPPER PULL SESSION

Here’s a routine to aid leg recovery post upper pull day.
Lying Knee Rolls 1x 1-2 Minutes (Dynamic) Slow and controlled rolling.
Barbell Rolling Lats 1x 60-90 Seconds (Each Side)
Standing Lat Stretch 1x 1-2 Minutes (Each Side)
Rhomboids Stretch 1x 1-2 Minutes
Standing Trap Stretch 1x 30-60 Seconds (Each Side)
Quadruped Thoracic Rotations 1x 5-10 Reps (Each Side)
Lying Barbell Rolling Biceps 1x 60-90 Seconds (Each Side)
Biceps Wall Stretch 1x 1-2 Minutes (Each Side)
PAGE: 302
BECOME THE EXPERT
POST-RUN
Here’s a routine to aid leg recovery post-run.
Rolling Calves 1x 60-90 Seconds (Each Side) Slow and controlled rolling.
Hell Drop Calf Stretch 2x 1-2 Minutes (Each Side)
If the routine is used pre-run, reduce
Rolling Peroneus/Tibialis Anterior 1x 60-90 Seconds (Each Side) the times to sub 30 seconds for both
Seated Top of Foot Stretch 1x 30-60 Seconds the rolling and stretching (pick drills
Rolling Hamstrings 1x 60-90 Seconds (Each Side) that are relevant).
Hurdler Hamstring Stretch 1x 1-2 Minutes (Each Side) Perform calf stretches with straight
Rolling Quads 1x 60-90 Seconds (Each Side) and bent knees for gastrocnemius
and soleus.
Couch Stretch 1x 1-2 Minutes (Each Side)
PAGE: 303
BECOME THE EXPERT
HIP HEALTH
Here’s a routine that will help to keep your hips in good health.
Rolling Glutes 1x 60-90 Seconds (Each Side) During lying hamstring strap stretch,
Pigeon Glute Stretch 1x 1-2 Minutes (Each Side) drop the leg to each side to stretch
the inner and outer thighs.
Lying Strap Hamstring Stretch 1x 1-2 Minutes (Each Side)
Frog Stretch 1x 1-2 Minutes
90/90 Stretch 2-3x 30-60 Seconds (Each Side)
PAGE: 304
BECOME THE EXPERT
SHOULDER HEALTH
Here’s a routine that will help to keep your shoulders in good health.
Rolling Lats 1x 60-90 Seconds (Each Side) Slow and controlled rolling.
Wall Lat & Triceps Stretch 1x 1-2 Minutes (Each Side)
Wall Pec Stretch 1x 1-2 Minutes (Each Side)
Anterior Deltoid Stretch 1x 1-2 Minutes (Each Side)
Medial-Posterior Deltoid Stretch 1x 1-2 Minutes (Each Side)
Dowel Internal Rotator Stretch 2-3x 30-60 Seconds (Each Side)
Dowel External Rotator Stretch 2-3x 30-60 Seconds (Each Side)
PAGE: 305
BECOME THE EXPERT
THE PRO PACKAGE

If you have enjoyed our content, you might like The Pro
Package.
This 12-month subscription provides you with excel tools,

programming and video demonstrations to help you gain
expertise in a variety of specialist fields:
• Programming & Periodization.

• Warming Up.
• Strength Training.
• Ballistic Training.
• Olympic Weightlifting.
• Plyometrics.
• Speed & Agility.
• Metabolic Conditioning.
Use this link to check out The Pro Package:

https://courses.strengthandconditioningcourse.com/p/the-pro-
package
PAGE: 306
BECOME THE EXPERT
STAY SOCIAL
Thanks for downloading our Mobility & Flexibility eBook. I really
enjoyed putting it together and I hope you find it useful for years
to come.
If you love this kind of content and all things strength and
conditioning, please follow our social media pages – I post new
content daily to both Facebook and Instagram.
Here are the links below:
Facebook: https://facebook.com/strengthandconditioningcourse
Instagram: https://Instagram.com/strengthandconditioningcourse
Please don’t hesitate to drop me a message on either feed if you

have any questions at all.
Coach Curtis
Become the Expert
PAGE: 307
HOPE YOU ENJOYED
OUR CONTENT
BECOME THE EXPERT

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MOBILITY &

BECOME THE EXPERT

It’s vital to understand the difference between flexibility

Flexibility is the muscle’s ability to lengthen, so a test for

Mobility refers to a joint’s ability to move through its full

• Foam roller – long or short / smooth or bumpy.

You can improvise with household items, for example, a

In this book, we show release techniques with a metal

In this course we delve deeper into how we can optimize the

This course is narrated by Coach Curtis and is packed with hours

BECOME THE EXPERT

Note: Muscle spindles are a proprioceptor that responds

BECOME THE EXPERT

This e-book will concentrate on static stretches as a

Dynamic stretching techniques are included in our

The “barrier” position is a term used to describe the point

OSCILLATORY & BALLISTIC

To perform an oscillatory stretch, you move through the

For example, during the frog stretch (pictured), you can

Ballistic stretches are similar to oscillatory stretches in the

OSCILLATORY & BALLISTIC

• Initial Phase: The antagonist muscle performs

• Coasting Phase: The momentum gained from the

• Deceleration Phase: This is initiated by eccentric

OSCILLATORY & BALLISTIC

Loaded stretches involve holding a weight at a muscle's

It is key that you don’t allow the weight to overstress the

• The Overhead Squat – absolute favourite!

• Lying Lat Stretch.

• Dumbbell Fly Stretch.

To regress the overhead squat, I have the lifter stand with

ADVANCED TRAINING TECHNIQUES

This course includes over 50 advanced training techniques, many

The slides are fully narrated by Coach Curtis with accompanying

Use the link below to get 50% off:

Checkout all the techniques on the next page.

ADVANCED TRAINING TECHNIQUES

• Intent • Loaded Stretches. • Negatives. • AMRAPs.

BECOME THE EXPERT

Each barrier position is commonly held for 5-10 seconds,

The final barrier position should be held for at least 20-30

Another RI hamstring stretch variation involves the client

We will look at many more PNF techniques in each specific section.

BECOME THE EXPERT

The elastic nature of resistance bands means they can be

When you attach a resistance band to a sturdy structure,

In this Book, I will incorporate some of my favourite

BECOME THE EXPERT

• Sit and Reach Test: Hamstrings and back.

• Knee to Wall Test: Calves (dorsiflexion).

• Back Scratch Test: Shoulders (internal and external

• Lying Lat & Triceps Test: Latissimus dorsi and the

Remember, it is not a case of the more flexible the better.

SIT AND REACH TEST

MODIFIED SIT AND REACH

KNEE TO WALL TEST

Procedure: The athlete stands a short distance away from a

If done successfully, the athlete moves further away from the

Scoring: Measure the maximum distance from the toe to the

BACK SCRATCH TEST