Science and Technology Indonesia

e-ISSN:2580-4391 p-ISSN:2580-4405
Vol. 7, No. 1, January 2022

Research Paper

Effect of Plasticizer and Concentration on Characteristics of Bioplastic Based on

Cellulose Acetate from Kapok (Ceiba pentandra) Fiber
Rahmatullah1 *, Rizka Wulandari Putri1 , Muhammad Rendana1 , Untung Waluyo1 , Tedi Andrianto1
1 Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sriwijaya, Palembang 30862, Indonesia

*Corresponding author: rahmatullah@ft.unsri.ac.id

Abstract
Synthetic plastics made from petroleum material have been widely used in all industrial sectors. They bring some environmental
problems. Semi-synthetic plastics or biodegradable plastics which are made from natural polymers such as cellulose can solve this
problem. Biodegradable plastics can fulfill the needs of society because they can be decomposed easily into the environment. Pre-
vious research of bioplastic production with kapok fiber as raw material only used glycerol as a plasticizer without the analysis of
the characteristics of the bioplastic. In this study, variations of the plasticizer with sorbitol were carried out as well as physical and
chemical analysis on the characterization of bioplastic products. This research used laboratory experimental methods through sev-
eral processes: kapok fiber isolation, cellulose acetate production, purification, and manufacture of bioplastics. The characteristics
of bioplastics were analyzed using some parameters such as density, tensile strength, elongation, Young’s modulus, water absorp-
tion, biodegradability, compound group analysis using Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR), and bioplastic morphology
analysis by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). This study aimed to determine the effect of plasticizer and concentration on
the bioplastics characteristics that was divided into several different concentrations of glycerol and sorbitol plasticizers (20%, 30%,
and 40%). The fabrication of composite bioplastics used the cellulose acetate from kapok fiber, starch, and types of plasticizer
(glycerol, and sorbitol). The results of the study showed that the addition of different plasticizers, such as glycerol and sorbitol gave
distinct effects on the bioplastics product characteristics. The optimum concentration of glycerol addition affected the bioplastic
characteristics with the best results were 40% concentration generate density of 0.836 g/mL, tensile strength of 0.818 MPa, wa-
ter absorption value of 22.23%, and degradation plastic mass about 39.7%. The addition of sorbitol also affected the bioplastic
characteristics, where the best results were 40% concentration produced bioplastic density of 0.941 g/mL, percent elongation at
3.94%, young’s modulus of 0.726 MPa, and degradation mass of 32.05%. The morphology of bioplastic showed high homogeneity
at concentrations of 40% glycerol and 30% sorbitol.
Keywords
Bioplastic, Gliserol, Kapok Fiber, Celulosae Asetate, Sorbitol

Received: 10 September 2021, Accepted: 12 December 2021

https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2022.7.1.73-83

1. INTRODUCTION leads to disruption of environmental sustainability. In addition,

Jambeck et al. (2015) explained that Indonesia is one of the
Human activities depend on plastic materials in their entire
life. They use plastics for packaging in shopping, household second-largest contributors to plastic waste in the world with
furniture, medical devices, and other daily needs. The plastics 3.2 million tons of plastic waste. Around 12.7 million tons
are thrown away at the garbage places and most of them are of plastic wastes have been dumped into the ocean by 192
non-degradable materials which then cause environmental and coastal countries including Indonesia. These issues motivate
many researchers to find out the solution to plastic waste prob-
human health problems.
lems through alternative plastics with environmentally friendly
In 2006, the Ministry of Environment and Forestry re-
ported that Indonesia country contributes around 9.85 billion characteristic.
pieces of plastic bags every year, which are released from over Bioplastic production is one of the solutions to reduce the
90 thousand modern retail outlets. Plastic wastes generally problem of environmental pollution. These bioplastics can
need from 20 to 500 years for the decomposition process (Rat- be developed by natural polymers like cellulose. Cellulose is
one of the natural resources that potentially developed as a
nawati, 2020). It causes the garbage piles in Indonesia that
Rahmatullah et. al. Science and Technology Indonesia, 7 (2022) 73-83

biopolymer due to its abundant presence, renewable sources, cellulose-based bioplastics production from kapok fibers con-
and easily decomposed. Several plants are based on cellulosic sisted of four stages: the cellulose isolation process, cellulose
sources for making bioplastics such as corn cobs, banana peels, acetate synthesis, cellulose acetate purification, and the bio-
sweet potato peels, and other plants. One of the natural fibers plastic manufacturing process. The synthesis of bioplastics in
that are potentially used as bioplastics raw material is kapok this research used kapok fiber (original), starch (tapioca flour)
(Ceiba pentandra) fiber. (by PT Melati Putra Jaya), aqua dest (by Technical), alkaline
Kapok grows easily in Indonesia, especially in tropical areas, water pH 8 (by local), Glycerol (by Merck), sorbitol (by Tech-
such as on Java island (Mardiyati et al., 2018). Indonesia is one nical), sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (by Merck), glacial acetic
of the largest cotton-producing countries in the world, account- acid (CH3 COOH (by Merck), acetic anhydride ((CH3 CO)2 O)
ing for 58,693 tons or 62.69% of the world’s total production. (by Merck), sulfuric acid (H2SO4) (by Merck). The character-
The production of cottonwood plantations in East Java in 2015 ization of bioplastics using FTIR analysis using Nicolet iS10
achieved at 170 tons from manufactory farms, 1544 tons from FT-IR Spectrometer, the SEM analysis using SEM EDX Tes-
the large private farms, and 25,288 tons for all regions in East can Vega3.
Java (of East Java Province, 2018).
In previous studies, Haryono et al. (2019) converted kapok 2.1.1 Kapok Fiber Cellulose Insulation
(C.Pentandra) seeds oil into biodiesel, while leaf extract of kapok Temperature of 100o C until constant weight. The dried kapok
(C.Pentandra) was used to treat internal heat (Febrila, 2019). fiber was delignified with 12% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solu-
Kapok (C.Pentandra) could also be used as activated charcoal tion (3.4 M) for 3 hours at a temperature of 75o C. The delig-
for adsorbent (Wahyuni et al., 2017), a mixture of rice husk nified kapok fiber is filtered and washed with distilled water
briquettes (Lestari, 2015), microcrystalline cellulose (Mardiyati until the acidity was neutral then bleached with 3.5% sodium
et al., 2018), composite reinforcement (Purnawati et al., 2018), hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution and mixed with aqua dest (1:1)
raw material for furfural production (Andaka, 2016), and paper at 75o C for 10 minutes. The bleached kapok fiber was washed
fabrication (Kathomdani, 2018). thoroughly with distilled water until the acidity was neutral.
Several studies observed the use of cellulose as bioplastics Neutralized kapok fiber was dried in an oven at 100o C until a
raw material. Andahera et al. (2019) analyzed the effect of constant weight.
adding the type and concentration of plasticizers on the qual-
ity of cellulose-based bioplastics from oil palm empty fruit 2.1.2 Synthesis of Cellulose Acetate Kapok Fiber
bunches. Pratiwi et al. (2016) produced cellulose from rice The process of synthesizing cellulose acetate from kapok fiber
straw waste (Oryza sativa) as the raw material of bioplastics. was carried out in several stages. Total 10 grams of kapok fiber
Tamiogy et al. (2019) analyzed the cellulose production from cellulose was put into a three-neck flask, then added 50 mL
betel nut peel waste as filler of bioplastics with glycerol vari- of glacial acetic acid (CH3 COOH), and 0.5 mL of sulfuric
ations. Rahmatullah et al. (2020) produced cellulose acetate- acid. Afterward, it was stirred evenly for 3 minutes, covered
based bioplastics from kapok fiber by varied reaction time and the flask with aluminum foil, and left for 1 hour. After 1 hour,
glycerol concentration to determine the cellulose acetate yield 50 mL of anhydrous acetic acid ((CH3 CO)2 O) was added and
and also bioplastics characteristics. followed by the addition of 20 mL of glacial acetic acid. Then
However, studies that have analyzed the biodegradable plas- it was heated for 30 minutes at a temperature of 50o C. The
tic of cellulose acetate based on kapok fiber were still very lim- mixture was cooled down at room temperature. Added 50
ited. Kapok fiber has the potential to be the raw material of mL of 70% glacial acetic acid (7.1 M) and 0.14 mL (3 drops)
cellulose acetate for bioplastic production due to the content of sulfuric acid then reacted for 3 hours at 50o C. After the
of cellulose about 35%-64% (Chaiarrekij et al., 2012). This reaction was complete, the mixture was allowed to cool down
work was conducted to study the effect of the type and con- until the temperature was lowered and then proceed with the
centration of plasticizers on the characteristics of bioplastic. purification process.
In this study, the characteristics of bioplastic products were
tested in physical and chemical analysis. In general, the added 2.1.3 Purification of Cellulose Acetate
plasticizers, sorbitol, and glycerol gave different effects on the The synthesized cellulose acetate solution was put into a 1000
bioplastic product, where the best results were obtained by mL beaker, slowly added 25 mL of distilled water while kept
adding sorbitol with a density value and degradation time that stirring. Total 500 mL of distilled water was added and stirred
met the Indonesian Nasional Standard. It can be concluded until homogenous state. The cellulose acetate solution was
that cellulose from kapok fiber has the potential to be used as a left until it became a solid phase mixed with a solvent. The
material in bioplastic production. cellulose acetate solution was filtered using a Buchner vacuum
funnel with distilled water in addition to obtaining cellulose
2. EXPERIMENTAL SECTION acetate solids. Then, the cellulose acetate solid was washed
and filtered using a Buchner vacuum funnel repeatedly until
2.1 Materials and Methods
neutral. Neutralized cellulose acetate was dried in an oven at a
This research is a modification of Andahera et al. (2019) and
temperature of 100o C to a constant weight and pulverized.
Rahmatullah et al. (2020) in previous works. The process of

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2.1.4 Bioplastic Manufacturing 2.2.4 Bioplastic Tensile Strength Test

Total 1.5 grams of starch was dissolved in 9 mL of distilled The process of testing the tensile strength of cellulose acetate-
water and heated for 15 minutes at 70o C while stirring con- based bioplastics from the kapok fibers was carried out using
tinuously until gelatin was formed. Then 1 gram of cellulose the Universal Testing Machine. Samples were cut to a size
acetate was added and plasticizer, glycerol, and sorbitol were of 2 cm x12 cm. The sample was attached to a tensile tester
added in different concentrations such as 20%, 30%, and 40%, with 1 fixed handle and 1 movable handle. Furthermore, the
respectively. The solution was stirred and heated at 50o C for thickness and initial length of the sample were recorded until
15 minutes until it appeared thick and clear. The produced the broken sample. The maximum force that splitted sample
bioplastic solution was molded in a petri dish lined with alu- was figured on the display device. The cross-sectional area is
minum foil and left at room temperature to dry and form a obtained by multiplying the length with the initial thickness
bioplastic sheet. of the sample. The tensile strength was calculated using the
formula:
2.2 Bioplastic Characteristic Analysis
2.2.1 Analysis of Bioplastic Functional Groups
F
The kapok fiber cellulose was analyzed by FTIR (Fourier Trans- 𝜎= (2)
form InfraRed) machine. The sample was placed into the set A
holder, then searched for the appropriate spectrum. The re- Where 𝜎 was tensile strength (MPa), F was force acting (N),
sult would be obtained a diffractogram of the relationship be- A was a cross-sectional area (mm2 )
tween wavenumber and transmittance. The FTIR spectra were
recorded using a spectrophotometer at room temperature. 2.2.5 Percent Elongation of Bioplastic
The elongation analysis of cellulose acetate-based bioplastic
2.2.2 Bioplastic Film Surface Test from kapok fiber produced was carried out by using the Uni-
The bioplastic film test observed the surface of the bioplas- versal Testing Machine. Based on the procedure from Rifaldi
tic film by using the SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) et al. (2017), the percent elongation of bioplastics produced
machine. The SEM analysis was operated by following a pro- could be calculated by Equation 3:
cedure as the specimen was fixed in size about 12.5 mm then
inserted into the chamber. The pumping procedure was started L1 − Lo
by clicking on the PUMP button in the vacuum panel then se- Elongation(%) = x100% (3)
Lo
lecting the appropriate detector (SE or BSE). The accelerating
voltage was set in (5 kV, 10 kV, 20 kV, 30 kV) using the combo Where L1 was the final length of the test object, Lo was the
box in the electron beam panel. By clicking on the HV button initial length of the test object.
in the electron beam panel turns the high voltage on, it was
started the heating of the tungsten filament It was continued 2.2.6 Bioplastic Young’s Modulus Test
by pressing right-click in the SEM Scanning window to open The Young’s modulus value was obtained from the tensile
the menu and selected the minimum magnification function. strength and the percent elongation values that were gener-
The resolution mode (wide field and resolution) was chosen ated by Equation 4 (Rifaldi et al., 2017):
and selected beam intensity (BI 10 recommended).
𝜎
E= (4)
2.2.3 Bioplastic Density Test 𝜀/100
The density test was conducted based on the procedure carried
out by Darni et al. (2017). A total 10 mL measuring cup was Where E was Modulus Young (KPa), 𝜎 was tensile strength
filled with 5 mL of water and the bioplastic sample was put into (KPa) and 𝜀 was elongation percentage (%)
the measuring cup for 15 minutes. Then the new volume of
2.2.7 Water Resistance Test
water (v) was recorded and the actual volume of bioplastic was
The initial bioplastic sample was weighed and the put into a
calculated by dividing the final volume of water by the initial
container containing aquadest. The sample was taken out from
volume of water. The density ( 𝜌) of bioplastic was obtained
the container every 10 seconds and weighed repeatly until
with the Equation 1 below:
obtained a constant final sample weight. The water absorbed
on the bioplastic sample could be calculated by the following
m Equation 5 (Tamiogy et al., 2019).
𝜌= (1)
v
Where 𝜌 was density (gram/mL), m was mass (gram) and W − Wo
Water(%) = x100% (5)
v was volume (mL) Wo
Where Wo was the initial sample weight (g) and W was
final sample weight (g)

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Figure 1. FTIR Spectrum of Kapok Fiber Cellulose

Figure 2. Cellulose Acetate FTIR Spectrum of Kapok Fiber

2.2.8 Bioplastic Degradation Test

a sulfuric acid catalyst. The cellulose acetate in the form of
The degradation process of cellulose acetate from kapok fiber
a white solid was separated from water into a fine powder of
used the loose soil as decomposer media with an acidity degree
cellulose acetate. The yield of cellulose acetate obtained 114.6
around pH 6-7. The degradation test was carried out with
g. Cellulose acetate powder was identified to determine the
two variations. The first was conducted by stockpiling in soil
characteristics of functional groups using the FTIR. Cellulose
for 4 days. The second, it placed bioplastics on the free air as
acetate FTIR test results could be seen in Figure 2.
long as they were completely degraded. The bioplastic samples
The results of the FTIR functional group analysis showed
were weighed before the degradation test and reweighed every
the presence of a C=O carbonyl group at a wavenumber of
day until up to 4 days. Degradation value was obtained from
1737.05 cm−1 and a C-O ester group from an acetyl group
the percentage of mass degradation of bioplastic which was
at a wavenumber of 1160.73 and 1217.92 cm−1 (Figure 2.
calculated based on Equation 6 below:
This phenomenon indicated the formation of cellulose acetate
compounds with a sharp peak at wave number 1737.05 cm−1
a1 − a2
Biodegradation(%) = x100% (6) and the decrease in the intensity of the OH group could be
a1 caused by the substitution of the acetyl group. Nurhayati and
Where a1 was mass before testing (gram), a2 was mass after Kusumawati (2014) explained the cellulose acetate compound
testing (gram). was formed with a sharp peak at a wavenumber of 1755 cm−1
and the OH intensity decreased due to the substitution of the
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION acetyl group.
Characteristic Results of Kapok Fiber Cellulose The hydroxyl group in cellulose was sharper than the hy-
The kapok fiber raw material that was processed through delig- droxyl group in cellulose acetate, which was represented at
nification and bleaching processes obtained a yield of about wave 3435.85 cm−1 . The FTIR spectrum of cellulose acetate
47.5% bleached cellulose. The kapok fiber cellulose was ana- showed the acetylation process did not deteriorate the main
lyzed by using FTIR to identify the functional groups. The structure of cellulose, indicating the presence of a specific cel-
results of the FTIR were shown in Figure 1. lulose C-H group at 2946.75 cm−1 , -O- group 1367.38 cm−1 .
The results of functional group analysis showed the absorp- This result was similar to a study by Rohmawati et al. (2018)
tion peak of the O-H group at a wavenumber of 3332.85 cm−1 . that found the main structure of cellulose did not decay the
This result indicated that the bleached kapok fiber contained acetylation process due to the presence of cellulose groups.
cellulose. This was supported by Rohmawati et al. (2018) which
found after the isolation process in the 3349.78 cm−1 area, the 3.2 Bioplastic Yield
cellulose content increased clearly. The isolated kapok fiber cel- Bioplastics produced with cellulose acetate base from kapok
lulose was indicated by the presence of certain cellulose groups, fibers by the addition of starch as an adhesive additive (1:1.5).
besides, the hydroxyl group, such as the methylene group of Bioplastic molding was carried out by glycerol and sorbitol
the C-H functional group at the absorption wave of 2892.50 addition as plasticizers with concentrations of 20%, 30%, and
cm−1 (Pavia et al., 2001). The kapok fiber cellulose result still 40% respectively. The mass yield from the manufacture of this
contained lignin which was indicated by the –OH group at the bioplastic was presented in Table 1.
wave number 1630.61 cm−1 . This result was supported by
3.3 The Effect of Type and Concentration of Plasticizer on
Kumar et al. (2014) which found that the indication of lignin
Bioplastic Functional Groups
in cellulose product was shown by the presence of -OH groups
The bioplastic characteristic test using FTIR aimed to identify
at wavenumbers 1600-1700 cm−1 . In addition, C=C groups
the functional groups content of bioplastics based on the effect
were observed at wave absorption 2031.89 cm−1 to 2159.24
of the type and concentration of plasticizers.
cm−1 .
Figure 3 showed the spectrum of cellulose acetate-based
3.1 Characteristics Results of Kapok Fiber Cellulose Acetate bioplastic from kapok fiber with different characteristics accord-
Cellulose acetate was produced by synthesizing kapok fiber ing to the concentration of glycerol indicated the presence of
cellulose with glacial acetic acid and anhydrous acetic acid with O-H groups. The wavenumber of 20% glycerol concentration

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Table 1. Bioplastics Yield

Plasticizer Concentration Bioplastic Mass (gram)

Glycerol 20% 2.77
Glycerol 30% 2.9
Glycerol 40% 3.15
Sorbitol 20% 2.71
Sorbitol 30% 2.96
Sorbitol 40% 2.78

Figure 4. FTIR Result of Bioplastic with added plasticizer: a)

20% Sorbitol; b) 30% Sorbitol; and c) 40% Sorbitol

40% were 1646.65, 1640.77, and 1640.07 cm−1 , respectively,

which indicated the presence of C-C groups of starch. The
typical spectrum of starch appeared at a wavenumber of 1649
cm−1 which indicated the presence of C-C bonds (Salinas-Jasso
et al., 2021).
Figure 3. FTIR Result of Bioplastic with added plasticizer: a) FTIR analysis was conducted to identify the functional
20% Glycerol; b) 30% Glycerol; and c) 40% Glycerol groups and to compare the characteristics differences by using
a sorbitol plasticizer. Figure 4 showed the FTIR test results for
bioplastics with the addition of the plasticizer sorbitol.
bioplastic was 3286.01 cm−1 . Bioplastic with 30% glycerol con- Figure 4 showed the wave number peaks of cellulose acetate-
centration was the sharpest wavenumber with an absorption based bioplastics from kapok fiber. The peak wavenumbers
area of 3284.92 cm−1 . The highest wavenumber in bioplastics were 3284.44 cm−1 , 3285.08 cm−1 , 3285.91 cm−1 indicated
with the addition of 40% glycerol concentration was 3313.80 the presence of hydroxyl (O-H) groups and the presence of
cm−1 . This hydroxyl group indicated the presence of polymer hydrocarbons (C=H) at wavenumbers 2927.08 cm−1 , 2927.47
compounds (Lopes et al., 2018). The different concentra- cm−1 , and 2929.78 cm−1 , indicating the compound of cellulose
tions of glycerol plasticizer lead to the different transmittance acetate. The hydroxyl group also exhibited the presence of
spectrum due to the addition of glycerol which resulted from sorbitol compounds. This was related to the result of Kinney
hydrogen bonds formation (Jannah, 2017). et al. (2012) which found that sorbitol had an absorption peak at
The wavenumber peaks at each concentration of glycerol a wavenumber of 3373 cm−1 . The wavenumber at 1640 cm−1
20%, 30%, and 40% were 2930.13; 2928.49; and 2937 cm−1 , indicated the presence of C-C groups of starch in bioplastics.
respectively. These results indicated the presence of C-H FTIR analysis results in Table 2 represented that the syn-
groups of cellulose acetate. Based on the result of Pavia et al. thesized bioplastics had similar wavelength values to their con-
(2001), the C-H functional group was a cellulose acetate frame- stituent raw materials. The addition of glycerol and sorbitol to
work that appeared at wavenumber of 2800-3000 cm−1 . The cellulose acetate from kapok fiber did not denote the forma-
wavenumber of each glycerol concentration of 20%, 30%, and tion of new functional groups, however, the physical functional

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Table 2. Results of FTIR Analysis on The Main Groups of Bioplastic Samples and The Comparison on Their Constituent
Components

Wavenumber (cm−1 )
Component -OH Stretch C-H Strecth C-H Bending C-O Acetyl C-O Stretch
Cellulose acetate* 3200-3600 2850-3000 1350-1480 1210-1320 1000-1300
Starch** 3388 2929
Gliserol** 3286-3379.29 2880-2935 1200-1300 1000-1100
Sorbitol** 3257 2937
G40 3313.8 2937 1367.27 1229.29 1021.62
G30 3284.92 2928.49 1366.66 1234.53 1017.34
G20 3286.01 2930.13 1366.52 1234.42 1014.4
S40 3285.91 2929.78 1366.34 1233.97 1000.6
S30 3285.08 2927.47 1366.15 1236.16
S20 3284.44 2927.06 1366.03 1234.71

Table 3. Comparison of Characterization of The Bioplastic

Indonesian National Bioplastic from kapok fiber with variation of type and concentration plasticizer
Parameter Standard G20% G30% G40% S20% S30% S40%
Density (g/mL) 0.941-0.955 0.602 0.753 0.836 0.753 0.836 0,941
Tensile strength (MPa) 24.7-302 0.164 0.014 0.818 0.327 0.204 0.286
Elongation (%) 21-220 2.63 1.29 2.59 2.63 1.35 3.94
Modulus Young (MPa) 117-137 0.622 0.111 0.316 0.124 0.151 0.726
Water absorption (%) 21.5 37.72 27.61 22.23 37.27 50.39 51.17
Mass of degradation >60% 26.11 28.46 39.7 23.78 23.36 32.05
(7 days) (4 days) (4 days) (4 days) (4 days) (4 days) (4 days)
Biodegradation time 60 days 27 days 27 days 27 days 27 days 27 days 27 days

group interactions were shifted in wavenumbers in the OH,

CH, and CO groups through the spectrum readings. The OH
and CO stretch groups indicated the hydrophilic groups due
to water molecules could cause microorganisms in the envi-
ronment to enter the bioplastic matrix and lead the bioplastic
damage (Nahir, 2017). The presence of the C-O functional
group indicated that the plastic film could be degraded well in
the soil and was easy to decompose (Siregar, 2009). These phe-
nomenons signified that the process of bioplastic production Figure 5. SEM Test Results of Bioplastic Plasticizer Glycerol
was a mixing process without any reaction of its constituent Concentration a) 20%, b) 30%, and c) 40%
materials, this phenomenon caused the bioplastic products to
have properties that seem like their constituent components
and were easy to decompose.
might be caused by the cellulose acetate that was incompletely
3.4 The effect of Type and Concentration of Plasticizer on dissolved with starch in the addition of 20% glycerol solvent.
Bioplastic Surface Morphology The presence of cavities and cracks in bioplastics indicated the
SEM analysis on cellulose acetate-based bioplastic from kapok cellulose acetate with glycerol as a plasticizer did not bind to
fiber aimed to determine the surface characteristics of the bio- each other due to the small glycerol concentration (Tamiogy
plastic film and morphological structure of bioplastic. Bioplas- et al., 2019). The surface of bioplastics with the addition of 30%
tic surface analysis was carried out by the SEM analysis with glycerol seem smoother than the addition of 20% glycerol, but
2,000× magnification. Figure 5 represented SEM results bio- it still had visible lumps of particles on the surface. However,
plastics with the addition of glycerol in different concentrations. there were no visible pores or cracks on the surface of the
Figure 5 showed that the bioplastic with the addition of bioplastic 30% glycerol. It might be caused by the mixing
20% glycerol obtained an irregular and rift surface. There process of starch, cellulose acetate, and glycerol solvent have
was open pores appearance with cracks and holes. The cracks been well homogenized. This was supported by the result of

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Figure 6. SEM Test Results of Bioplastic Plasticizer Sorbitol

Concentrations a) 20%, b) 30%, and c) 40% Figure 8. Results of Bioplastic Tensile Strength Based on the
Type and Plasticizer Concentration Variation

enced by the high concentration of plasticizer added according

to each type of plasticizer glycerol and sorbitol. The lowest
density was obtained from the glycerol plasticizer with a con-
centration of 20% (0.602 g/mL). While the highest density
value was found in 40% glycerol (0.836 g/mL). Similarly, the
concentration of 40% sorbitol lead to the highest density value.
The type and concentration of plasticizers had a significant
effect on the density value of the bioplastic products. This was
Figure 7. Results of Bioplastic Density on The Type and supported by Darni et al. (2017) who stated that the higher the
Plasticizer Concentration Variation density value of a material would lead to the tighter the molec-
ular structure. The bioplastic product had a tight structure,
thus it would be more difficult for water molecules to enter the
bioplastic pores. The density value of cellulose acetate-based
Maneking et al. (2020) that stated the combination of starch,
bioplastic from kapok fiber with a 40% concentration of sorbitol
glycerol, water, and acetic acid combination showed the smooth
plasticizer was 0.941 g/mL, which was closest to the density of
surface morphology without cracks and pores were formed.
LDPE plastic. The density value of LDPE ranged from 0.941
The addition of 40% glycerol bioplastic surface was slightly
to 0.955 g/mL (Darni et al., 2017). Most of the bioplastic
smoother than the addition of 20% and 30% glycerol. However,
density values produced were still low and far from to the den-
there were still found few visible pores, cracks, and bumps on
sity values of LDPE. This was due to the mixing of cellulose
the surface of the bioplastic. The results of the SEM analysis
acetate, starch, and plasticizers in the manufacture of bioplas-
of bioplastics with sorbitol plasticizer were shown in Figure 6.
tics were not homogeneous. Based on the result of Tamiogy
Figure 6 showed the results of SEM analysis from the bio-
et al. (2019), the fluctuating density value of the bioplastic film
plastic with the addition of 20% sorbitol. The result found
occurred due to the inhomogeneous mixing between starch
the surface of the bioplastic was quite smooth and raggy. It
and cellulose.
was also had some pores and cracks on the surface of the bio-
plastic sample. The bioplastic surface with 30% sorbitol had 3.6 The Effect of Type and Concentration of Plasticizer on
some pores and cracks but less than 20% sorbitol. On the other Tensile Strength of Bioplastics
hand, the addition of 40% sorbitol on bioplastic had a slightly Tensile strength analysis was carried out to determine the ef-
smoother surface with fewer pores than 20% and 30% sorbitol. fect of the type and concentration of plasticizer on the tensile
The tight surface of the bioplastic lead to higher resistance of strength of cellulose acetate-based bioplastic from kapok fiber
water absorption (Setiawan et al., 2015). that was shown in Figure 8. Tensile strength analysis aimed to
determine the ability of bioplastics to restrain the weight of the
3.5 The Effect of Type and Concentration of Plasticizer on
given load until it broke (Andahera et al., 2019).
Bioplastic Density
The tensile strength values of bioplastics product from each
Density analysis aimed to determine the density of the atoms
type and concentration of plasticizers variant ranged from
compounds in bioplastic material that interacted with each
81.75 to 327 KPa. The highest bioplastic tensile strength value
other. The interaction affected the mechanical properties of
was obtained at a 20% concentration of sorbitol plasticizer,
the material. The denser the bioplastic, the higher its me-
which was able to hold a load of 327 KPa. This was consistent
chanical properties. The relationship between the type and
with another study by Azizaturrohmah (2019) where the maxi-
concentration of plasticizer on the bioplastic density was shown
mum tensile strength was obtained at the concentration of 20%
in Figure 7.
sorbitol.
The results showed that the increased density was influ-
The bioplastics with 40% glycerol concentration had the

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Figure 9. The Percent Elongation of Bioplastics on variation of Figure 10. Young Modulus Young of Bioplastic base on type
Type and Plasticizer Concentration and Plasticizer concentration

lowest tensile strength value with the capability to hold a load percentage of about 1.29%.
of 81.75 KPa. The bioplastic tensile strength of the glycerol The elongation value of bioplastic with the addition of the
plasticizer decreased as the concentration was added. Based on plasticizer concentration of 40% increased significantly. This
the result by Intan and Wan (2011), the higher the concentra- increase occurred because the plasticizer would reduce the
tion of plasticizer leads to the decrease in interaction between intermolecular bonds between amylose and amylopectin with
bioplastic molecules. It involved the bonds between bioplastic starch or cellulose acetate thus it affected the hydrogen bonding
molecules became weak which lead to lower the tensile strength of starch molecules with the plasticizer (Sanyang et al., 2015).
value. da Rosa Zavareze et al. (2012) revealed that the elongation
The addition of sorbitol as a bioplastic plasticizer resulted percentage of polymeric materials depended on the mobility
in a higher tensile strength value than glycerol plasticizer. Riza of the molecular chains of a polymer.
et al. (2013) also showed a similar result that sago starch bio-
plastic with sorbitol plasticizer had a higher tensile strength 3.8 The Effect of Plasticizer Type and Concentration on
value than glycerol plasticizer. This phenomenon was because Young’s Modulus of Bioplastics
glycerol had a smaller molecular weight than sorbitol. Glycerol Young’s modulus test on cellulose acetate-based bioplastic from
was easier to enter into the polysaccharide bonding spaces, as kapok fiber aimed to determine the elasticity value of the re-
the increase of number of spaces in bonds and the decrease of sulting bioplastic. Young’s modulus value was calculated by
intermolecular bonds (Ningsih, 2015). According to Sitom- comparing the tensile strength (tensile strength) to the elonga-
pul and Zubaidah (2017), the molecular structure of sorbitol tion at a breakpoint (Rifaldi et al., 2017). Figure 10 showed
was difficult to insert into polysaccharide bonds because the the results of Young’s modulus of bioplastic according to the
molecules of sorbitol were larger than glycerol thus it could type and concentration of plasticizers.
stretch the existing bonds. Besides, sorbitol had the ability to Based on Figure 10, the highest value of Young’s modu-
produce bioplastics with greater tensile strength than glycerol lus was obtained in a 30% concentration of sorbitol plasticizer
because of sorbitol crystallinity (Unsa and Paramastri, 2018). about 151.41 KPa. While the lowest value of Young’s modulus
was 31.5637 KPa in a 40% glycerol plasticizer. The decrease
3.7 The Effect of Plasticizer Type and Concentration on in the value of Young’s modulus was caused by the amount of
Bioplastic Elongation Percentage concentration of plasticizer. The increase of plasticizer concen-
The elongation percentages analysis of cellulose acetate-based tration leads to the increase of bioplastic elasticity. In contrast,
bioplastic from kapok fiber aimed to determine the percent- it caused a smaller of Young’s modulus value. According to
age of the bioplastic length changes before it was broken off. Nahwi (2016), glycerol plasticizer was more effective because
Figure 9 presented the effect of the type and concentration of of its ability to reduce internal hydrogen bonds by increasing
plasticizer on the percent elongation value. the empty space between molecules. Also, it could be affected
The elongation percentage of the bioplastic products was by the reduction of stiffness and the increase of the bioplastics
quite different for each type and concentration of plasticizer. flexibility. The empty space would be filled by a plasticizer that
The differences were due to the distinct compositions of the reduced the interaction tension between starch molecules.
bioplastics product. The elongation value ranged from 1.29 to
3.94%. The addition of 20% plasticizer to glycerol and sorbitol 3.9 The Effect of Type and Concentration of Plasticizer on
showed the same result as the elongation value of about 2.63%. Bioplastic Water Resistance
The elongation percentages value decreased at the concentra- Water-resistance test aimed to determine the ability of bio-
tion of 30% plasticizer. The highest percentage of elongation plastics to absorb water. The water absorption capacity of
was obtained from the addition of 40% sorbitol about 3.94%. bioplastics was expected to be low to prevent bioplastics defects.
The addition of 30% glycerol obtained the smallest elongation Figure 11 represented the bioplastic water adsorption percent-
age according to the type and concentration of the plasticizer.

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Figure 11. The Water Absorption Results on the Type and

Concentration of Plasticizer variation Figure 12. Results of Degraded Bioplastic Mass Percentage
Based on The Type and Concentration of Plasticizer

Figure 11 showed that the higher concentration of glyc-

erol resulted in lower water absorption. This indicated that The process of biodegradation analysis was carried out by bury-
the higher concentration of glycerol added, the water would ing with soil then observing the bioplastic mass degradation
be more difficult to be absorbed and the bioplastic was more percentage from the first day to the fourth day. The results of
resistant to the water. Contrarily, the increase of sorbitol con- the mass percent of the degraded bioplastics were presented in
centration would lead to the higher absorption of water. Figure 12.
The water absorption value of bioplastic with the addition The percentage yield of degraded bioplastic mass increased
of sorbitol was significantly above the average water absorption from the first day to the fourth day with a significant increase in
in glycerol bioplastics. The higher absorption capacity affected high concentrations of plasticizer. The addition of 40% glycerol
the lower water resistance product. The best water resistance concentration leads to the highest degradation mass percentage
characteristics were obtained in the bioplastics with the concen- about 39.7%. While there was a fluctuating degradation mass
tration of 40% glycerol about 22.23% of water absorbed and percentage in the addition of sorbitol. The highest percentage
37.37% of water absorption in 20% sorbitol. of degradation 40% sorbitol was 32.36% of the mass degraded.
The results of this study were different from previous stud- The mass percent yield of degraded bioplastic was different
ies. A study by Tamiogy et al. (2019) found that the water from a study by Andahera et al. (2019) where the largest per-
absorption of bioplastic was fluctuating at each concentration centage of degraded mass was obtained with the addition of
of plasticizer. The type and concentration of plasticizers could sorbitol with the smallest concentration around 10%. While the
affect the value of the water-resistance of bioplastic where the addition of 30% sorbitol had the smallest reduction value of the
addition of plasticizers could increase the permeability of the degraded mass. This difference was due to the homogeneity
bioplastic product. factor in the mixing of sorbitol with cellulose acetate and starch,
The low water absorption and the high glycerol concen- where the mixing was not homogeneous, the bioplastic would
tration were influenced by the small glycerol molecule size be easily degraded by the soil.
thus it easily entered the intermolecular bonds. The distance The bioplastics biodegradation by buried with soil aimed
between molecules was wider thus the cellulose acetate and to determine the time depth for bioplastics completely de-
starch could easily enter to fill the distance between molecules. composing in soil. This biodegradation process was checked
This phenomenon affected the water became difficult to enter periodically every day to determine the development physical
the molecule (Azizaturrohmah, 2019). In contrast, the high appearance changes of bioplastics decomposed for seven days.
absorption value occurred in the increase in sorbitol concen- Bioplastic on the first day was the original form of bioplastic
tration due to the larger sorbitol molecule size. The distance which was still intact and has not been degraded yet by the
between molecules became closer thus the cellulose acetate and soil. On the 7th day, the bioplastic have changed its form to
starch was difficult to fill the bond distance. The water would become duller and began to be degraded by the soil, and there
be easily absorbed in a bond distance of bioplastics (Maghfur, were some cracks on the bioplastics. Another study done by
2015). The bioplastic product was more resistant to water in Isnaini (2019) showed that in the first week, Nipa fruticans’
the addition of glycerol as a plasticizer. It had a good absorption bioplastics were in the form of clear sheets. In the 2nd week,
value compared with bioplastics with sorbitol plasticizer. the bioplastic changed color to a dull yellow and has decreased
in mass. In the 3rd week there was a decrease in mass and black
3.10 The Effect of Plasticizer Type and Concentration on spots appeared, while at the 4th week there were more black
Bioplastic Biodegradation spots on bioplastics. The degradation test with the addition of
The biodegradation analysis of cellulose acetate-based bioplas- sorbitol reached the range of 22% - 70% in 1 week.
tic from kapok fiber aimed to determine the decomposition Bioplastics with the addition of glycerol plasticizer were eas-
time for bioplastics when it was disposed to the environment. ier to decompose than bioplastics with sorbitol plasticizer due

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Rahmatullah et. al. Science and Technology Indonesia, 7 (2022) 73-83

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