Anatomy and Physiology

Revision
for Diploma in Nursing

Faculty of Medicine, BioScience and

Nursing
19/3/2020
PART 1 : Dr Deepthi ANATOMY ( 8:30 - 10:30 am)
PART 2 : Dr Soon PHYSIOLOGY (11am-1 pm)
Objectives
• To revise some main topics again in Anatomy and
Physiology I

• To clarify and revise main anatomy facts and

physiology facts/ mechanisms

• To try answering some questions to check

understanding of topics.
OVERVIEW OF AP1 1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology
• Terminologies, Regions, Cavities.
• Cell
• Tissue & Membrane
2. Musculoskeletal System [ MSK ]
• General Structure
• Axial & Appendicular Skeleton
• Joints
• Skeletal Muscles
3. Cardiovascular System [ CVS ]
• Blood
• Blood vessels & Circulation
• Heart3zd
• Pulmonary Circulation ,
• Cardiac Impulse Conduction
• Lymphatic System
4. Respiratory System [ RSP ]
• Upper Respiratory
• Lower Respiratory
• Mechanism of Breathing
5. Integumentary System
• Skin
• Hair
• Nails
6. Digestive System
• General Structure of the alimentary tract
• Mouth, Esophagus & Stomach
• Small Intestine & Large Intestine
• Accessory Organs
• Chemical Digestion Metabolism
 1. Introduction to Anatomy &
Physiology
• Terminologies, Regions, Cavities. Must know:

• Cell Proteins in muscle

• Tissue & Membrane Drawing of muscle

Superior vs Inferior Dorsal vs
Ventral
• Superior • Dorsal or Posterior
• at the back of the
• towards the head body
• The eyes are superior to • The brain is
posterior to the
the mouth. forehead.
• Ventral or
• Inferior Anterior
• away from the head
• at the front of the
• The stomach is inferior to body
the heart. • The sternum is
anterior to the
heart.

Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e

 Proximal vs Distal
Medial vs Lateral
• Medial
• nearer to the midline of the
body
• The heart lies medial to the
lungs.

• Lateral • Proximal
• farther from the midline of the • nearer to the attachment of the limb to the trunk
body
• The thumb is on the lateral • The knee is proximal to the ankle.
side of the hand.
• Distal
• farther from the attachment of the limb to the trunk
• The wrist is distal to the elbow.
Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e
 Planes and Sections
• Planes are imaginary flat surfaces
that are used to divide the body or
organs into definite areas
• Principal planes include:
• midsagittal (medial) and parasagittal
• frontal (coronal)
• transverse (cross-sectional or
horizontal)
• oblique
• Sections
• flat surfaces resulting from cuts through
body structures, named according to
the plane on which the cut is made
(transverse, frontal, and midsagittal
sections, Fig 1.8)
Principles of Human Anatomy and
Physiology, 11e
Planes and Sections of the Brain
(3-D anatomical relationships revealed)

• Horizontal Plane

• Frontal Plane

• Midsagittal Plane
Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e
 BODY CAVITIES
Body cavities are spaces within the body that help
protect, separate, and support internal organs.

Dorsal Body Cavity

• Located near dorsal surface
of body.
• 2 subdivisions
• cranial cavity
• holds the brain
• formed by skull
• vertebral or spinal canal
• contains the spinal cord
• formed by vertebral column
• 3-layered meninges line
dorsal body cavity Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e
Ventral Body Cavity
• Near ventral surface of
body
• 2 subdivisions
• thoracic cavity above
diaphragm
• abdominopelvic cavity
below diaphragm
• Diaphragm = large,
dome-shaped muscle
• Organs called viscera
• Organs covered with
serous membrane
Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e
Levels of Organization
• Chemical
• Cellular
• Tissue
• Organs
• System Level
• Organism Level
 Organ
Systems

Principles of Human Anatomy and

Physiology, 11e
CELL: Cytoplasm, Organelles,
Nucleolus

Phy Dept, Fac of Med. MAHSA University

 Primary Tissues

• 4 Different Primary Tissues:

• Muscle
• Nervous
• Epithelial
• Connective

Phy Dept, Fac of Med. MAHSA University

Muscle Tissue
• Specialized for contraction.
• 3 Types of Muscle Tissue:
• Skeletal
• Cardiac
• Smooth

Phy Dept, Fac of Med. MAHSA University

 Skeletal Muscle

• Voluntary muscle.
• Striated.
• Attach to bones at
both ends (tendons).
• Arranged in parallel.
• Grade contraction.

Phy Dept, Fac of Med. MAHSA University

 Cardiac Muscle

• Striated.
• Found only in the
heart.
• Interconnected.
• Intercalated discs.
• Syncytium.

Phy Dept, Fac of Med. MAHSA University

Smooth Muscle

• Not striated.
• Gap junctions.
• Calmodulin.
• Peristalsis.
• Syncytium.

Phy Dept, Fac of Med. MAHSA University

 Nervous Tissue
• Neurons (nerve
cells):
• Specialized for
conduction of action
potentials.
• Supporting cells:
• Provide anatomical
and functional
support.

Phy Dept, Fac of Med. MAHSA University

Neuron

• Dendrites:
• Receive input.
• Cell body:
• Nucleus.
• Metabolic center.
• Axon:
• Conducts nerve
impulses.

Phy Dept, Fac of Med. MAHSA University

Epithelial Tissue
• Types of Epithelial
Tissue:
• Cells that form
membranes:
• Squamous
• Columnar
• Cuboidal
• Exocrine glands
• Endocrine glands

Phy Dept, Fac of Med. MAHSA University

 Squamous Cells
• Flattened in
shape.
• Adapted for
diffusion and
filtration.
• Line all blood
vessels.

Phy Dept, Fac of Med. MAHSA University

Cuboidal Cells

• Cube-shaped cells.
• Excretion, secretion
and absorption.
• Line kidney tubules,
salivary ducts, and
pancreatic ducts.

Phy Dept, Fac of Med. MAHSA University

 Columnar Cells
• Taller column shaped
cells.
• Excretion, secretion and
absorption.
• May contain cilia.
• Line digestive tract and
respiratory
passageways.

Phy Dept, Fac of Med. MAHSA University

Exocrine Glands
• Derived from cells of epithelial membranes.
• Secretions are released through ducts.
• Simple tubes or modified as acini.
• Examples:
• Tear glands
• Sweat glands
• Prostate glands

Phy Dept, Fac of Med. MAHSA University

Endocrine Glands
• Lack ducts.
• Secrete hormones into capillaries within the
body.
• May be discrete organs:
• Primary functions are the production and secretion
of hormones.

Phy Dept, Fac of Med. MAHSA University

Connective Tissue
• Large amounts of extracellular (ECF) material in
the spaces between connective tissue cells.
• 4 Types of Connective Tissue:
• Connective tissue proper
• Cartilage
• Bone
• Blood

Phy Dept, Fac of Med. MAHSA University

Connective Tissue Proper
• Loose connective tissue:
• Scattered collagen and tissue fluid.
• Dermis of skin
• Dense fibrous connective tissue:
• Regular arranged.
• Collagen oriented in same direction.
• Tendons
• Irregularly arranged.
• Resists forces applied in many directions.
• Capsules and sheaths

Phy Dept, Fac of Med. MAHSA University

 Cartilage
• Chondrocytes.
• Supportive and
protective tissue.
• Elastic properties to
tissues.
• Precursor to many
bones.
• Articular surfaces on
joints.
Phy Dept, Fac of Med. MAHSA University
Bone
• Hydroxyapatite crystals

Types of bone cells:

• Osteoblasts:
• Bone-forming cells
• Osteocytes:
• Trapped osteoblasts: less
active
• Osteoclasts:
• Bone resorbing cells

Phy Dept, Fac of Med. MAHSA University

 2. Musculoskeletal System [ MSK ]
• General Structure Must know:

• Axial & Appendicular Skeleton

Proteins in muscle

• Joints
Drawing of muscle

Types of joints
• Skeletal Muscles
Names of main skeletal muscles in human
Structure of a Skeletal muscle fiber

Myofibrils

Mitochondrion
Sarcoplasm
Sarcolemma
 3. Cardiovascular System [ CVS ]
• Blood (Next slide) Must know:
• Classified as connective tissue.
Components of blood – Cells and plasma
• Half its volume is plasma.
• Blood vessels & Circulation
Site of formation: bone marrow

Names of blood vessels

• Heart
Drawing of heart and compartments
• Pulmonary Circulation
Importance of lymphatic system
• Cardiac Impulse Conduction
• Lymphatic System
Select this paragraph to edit
Select this paragraph to edit

Dept. of Physiology, MAHSA UC

4. Respiratory System [ RSP ]
• Upper Respiratory Must know:

• Lower Respiratory Drawing of lungs

• Mechanism of Breathing How breathing occurs & muscles involved

5. Integumentary System
• Skin Must know:

• Hair Components of skin

• Nails Layers of skin
Skin Structure
Basic Functions of the
Skin
1. Protection from:
• Mechanical damage (bumps & cuts)
• Chemical damage (acids & bases)
• Thermal damage (heat/cold)
• Bacteria
• UV radiation
• Desiccation (drying out)
2. Thermoregulation (sweat glands)
3. Excrete urea
4. Synthesize Vitamin D
5. Immunity
6. Sensory reception (touch, heat, pain, pressure)
Hair (@ pili)
• 2 main regions: hair root & hair shaft
• Project from follicles in dermis
• Consists of dead, keratinized cells
• Arrector pili (smooth muscles) attached to hair root 
pulls hair upright > goosebumps
Nails
• Grows from nail matrix
• Visible part of nail is nail
body
• Cuticle covers nail root
• Contains hard keratin
6. Digestive System Must know:

• General Structure of the alimentary tract Drawing of whole GI tract

• Mouth, Esophagus & Stomach Digestion process and roles of

enzymes
• Small Intestine & Large Intestine
• Accessory Organs
• Chemical Digestion Metabolism

Check DR MERAM’s booklet

Quiz questions
1. Which cellular organelle below is responsible for producing
protein?
A. Ribosome

B. Mitochondria

C. Golgi complex

D. Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Select this paragraph to edit
Thethis
2.Select liver is an example
paragraph to editof a(n) _______________.

A. organ

B. complex cell

C. organ system

D. complex tissue
Select this paragraph to edit
3.Select
Thethisball-and-socket
paragraph to edit
joint is found at the _________________
of the human body.
A. elbows

B. hips

C. knees

D. fingers
Select this paragraph to edit
4.SelectThe
this left
paragraph
atriumto
is edit
separated from the left ventricle of the
human heart by the ___________.
A. Septum

B. Bicuspid valve

C. Tricuspid valve

D. Semi-lunar valve
Select this paragraph to edit
5.Select Highly
this paragraph to edit
oxygenated blood from the lungs is brought into the
heart by the ____________.

A. pulmonary vein

B. pulmonary artery

C. vena cava

D. aorta
Select this paragraph to edit
Thethis
6.Select important element
paragraph to editfor bone formation is ______________ .

A. Sodium

B. Calcium

C. Ferrum

D. Potassium
Select this paragraph to edit
The
7.Select thisthin filaments
paragraph in the muscle are the ________ filaments.
to edit

A. Actin

B. Myosin

C. Troponin

D. Tropomyosin
Select this paragraph to edit
Asthis
8.Select a futsal player,
paragraph to Amin’s
edit _________ is the longest bone in his
leg and the most likely bone to be fractured.
A. femur

B. tibia

C. fibula

D. humerus
Select this paragraph to edit
The
9.Select thismost accurate
paragraph definition of an artery is a vessel that
to edit

A. contains internal valves.

B. carries deoxyenated blood.

C. transports blood away from the heart.

D. contains smooth muscle in its wall.

Select this paragraph to edit
Which
Select
10. one of thetofollowing
this paragraph edit bones protects the lungs?

A. Pelvis

B. Ribs

C. Cranium/skull

D. Clavicle
Select this paragraph to edit
The
Select
11. thisdriving forcetofor
paragraph editblood flow in the blood vessels is the
________ gradient.
A. osmotic

B. gravity

C. volume

D. pressure
Select this paragraph to edit
Puan
Select
12. this Devi, a 65-year-old
paragraph to edit housewife suffers from osteoporosis.
What seems to be her problem?
A. Her bones are inflamed.

B. Her bones are porous and thin.

C. Her bones have calcium deposits.

D. She has abnormal bone composition.

Select this paragraph to edit
The
Select
13. thisheart lies in to
paragraph theedit
________ cavity.

A. dorsal

B. pleural

C. pericardial

D. superior mediastinal
Select this paragraph to edit
14 Which of the following would have the
. cell stucture as shown in Fig. 1?
A. Bone

B. Heart

C. Muscle

D. Trachea Fig. 1
Select this paragraph to edit
Inthis
Select
15. which of the following
paragraph to edit muscles can intercalated discs and
striations be found?
A. Skeletal muscle.

B. Cardiac muscle.

C. Intercostal muscle.

D. Muscle of the esophagus.

Select this paragraph to edit
Inthis
Select
16. Fig paragraph
3, which part labeled A, B, C or D, will the blood
to edit
from the other parts of the body (except lungs) enter the
heart?
Select this paragraph to edit
17. Functions
Select of the connective
this paragraph to edit tissue include the following
EXCEPT:
A. Establishing a structural framework for the body

B. Transporting fluids and dissolved materials

C. Providing protection for delicate organs

D. Producing energy
Select this paragraph to edit
The
Select
18. thisfollowing are
paragraph tocauses
edit of heart problems in heart patients
EXCEPT :
A. Stress

B. Cholesterol

C. Smoking

D. Exercise
Select this paragraph to edit
Which
Select
19. of the following
this paragraph to edit part of the GI tract is the site for
absorption?
A. Mouth

B. Stomach

C. Small intestine

D. Esophagus
Select this paragraph to edit
Lack
Select
20. this of roughage
paragraph tosuch
edit as fruits and vegetable in the diet may
cause:
A. Fever

B. Cough

C. Anaemia

D. Constipation