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IMPRESSION OF LIQUIDITY, LEVERAGE, AND INDEPENDENT

COMMISSIONERS ON THE VALUE OF NATIONAL PRIVATE BANK GENERAL
COMPANIES

Sochib1
Noviansyah Rizal2

12 Departement of Accounting, STIE Widya Gama Lumajang, Lumajang, 67352, Indonesia

E-mail address: sochib.ak@gmail.com

ARTICLEINFO ABSTRACT

Date of entry: Management hopes to make a profit with the intention of adding
value to the company. Through the provision of sufficient bank
11 January 2020 funds to meet liquidity and lending to increase profitability and
Revision Date: increasing company value. Company value is built by managing
good company assets so that profits are obtained. This information
20 February 2020
gives a signal to the stock market and is responded by the market
Date Received: at stock prices. This study aims to determine the influence of
liquidity, leverage, and independent commissioners on firm value.
15 March 2020
The study population is national private commercial banks listed
on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the 2014-2018 period.
Samples were taken based on purpose sampling so that 17
JEL Code: F65, G21, G32 samples were obtained. The study uses a linear regression
approach with liquidity variables measured by Loan to Deposit
Ratio, Leverage is measured by Debt to Equity Ratio, independent
commissioners are measured by the number of independent
commissioners, and company value is measured by Tobin's Q. The
results that liquidity has a significant negative influence on the
value of the company, leverage has no influence on the value of
the company, and Independent Commissioners have a significant
positive influence on the value of the company.

Keywords: Liquidity, Leverage, Independent Commissioner, Value

Cite this as: Sochib, S., & Rizal, N. (2020). IMPRESSION OF LIQUIDITY,
LEVERAGE, AND INDEPENDENT COMMISSIONERS ON THE VALUE OF
NATIONAL PRIVATE BANK GENERAL COMPANIES. International Journal of
Accounting and Management Research, 1(1), 21-29.
https://doi.org/10.30741/10.30741/ijamr.vol1isss1

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of management in the operations strategy, in general, is to increase

profitability. Management runs the company's operations have an obligation to achieve
profit targets every period. Profit becomes a full part to cover the operational expenses
incurred by the company and the desired profit of the company. The purpose of making a
profit is needed for shareholder welfare. The achievement of company profits will provide
information to the stock market as a signal to investors or company owners. Profit as
expected performance of investors is the financial performance during the period. With
financial performance, it can be seen the progress achieved by management in carrying
out financial activities. Does management run it efficiently and effectively? In these
circumstances, profit is needed to measure the measurement of its success. Company
performance is a manifestation of management performance so that earnings can also be

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interpreted as a measurement of the effectiveness and efficiency of management to

manage the resources entrusted to him (Suwardjono, 2005). As investors also want
management to pay attention to the importance of efforts to provide incentives to the
management team. The owner will encourage managers to want to work harder by using
intensive range to maximize company value. The consideration is that the welfare of the
owner also has an impact on increasing the value of the company (Sri Sulistyanto, 2008).

Management seeks to increase the company value, which will encourage welfare for
shareholders. To assess the operational success and implementation of functions carried
out by management that is by looking at the company value. Maximizing value company,
in general, maximizes the stock price, because the value of the company is the price
shares (Husnan, 1987). Research on company value has been carried out by previous
researchers, such as, (Lumoly, Murni, & Untu, 2018), (Antoro & Hermuningsih, 2017),
the results of the study concluded that liquidity had no effect on value company. But
research (Dj, Artini, & Suarjaya, 2012), concluded that liquidity has a significant effect on
the observed firm value, liquidity is positively related and not significant (Lubis, Sinaga, &
Sasongko, 2017). Whereas the leverage variable of several studies conducted, such as
(Hasibuan, Dzulkirom AR, & Wi Endang NP, 2016), concluded that leverage, as measured
by Debt to Equity Ratio, the effect is significant on the firm value variable (Tobin's Q).
(Sambora, 2014) states leverage has no significant influence on company value. This
research fits other researchers, such as (Ogolmagai, 2011), which gives the conclusion
that the variable Debt to Equity Ratio has no significant influence on value company.
Leverage is a comparison of how much funding needs are provided by creditors by
comparing all liabilities to the company's total assets. Investors will assess the position of
firm obligations to consider the decision that will be made.

The independent commissioner variable was also researched by (Azzahrah & Willy, 2014)
(Wibowo, 2015); (Nurfaza, 2017), which concluded that the independent commissioner
did not affect the value of the company. Other researchers conclude that independent
commissioners have a positive effect on firm value (Sochib, 2018b). The results of
research on the variables of liquidity, leverage, and independent commissioners
associated with the company value are still inconsistent. In this condition, researchers
are encouraged to re-study the variables that affect firm value. Many other factors can
affect a company's value, but in this study, the research problem was formulated,
namely, What are the factors that can affect the company's value? Research questions on
the formulation company's value problem, whether liquidity, leverage, and independent
commissioners, can influence the value of a firm? Because of the research questions, the
purpose of the study is to provide empirical evidence on how liquidity, leverage,
Independent commissioners can influence the value of a company in national private
commercial banks. The results of this empirical research discussion can provide benefits
on strengthening the theory, especially studies of corporate value. It is also hoped that
these findings can provide benefits and input to company management in an effort to
understand the value of the entity because the goal of company management is to
encourage company value so that management can strengthen its performance with
factors supporting the value company.

The value company is a concern of management to be realized so that the level of

shareholder welfare is met. The company will strive to maximize the prosperity of
shareholders by taking action to increase the present value per share outstanding in the
company (Sjahrial, 2014). The company's value is a picture of the firm profits that are
responded to by the capital market. Management targets in each period try to achieve the
agreed profit in the management team. When the company earns sufficient profits, the
capital market will continue in the form of investor demand for these shares. This is
where the supply and demand forces of the stock occur so that the stock price is formed
with the company's earnings information. Efforts to add value to the company become the
agenda of the management team with the hope that company value will be responded to
by the share price so as to encourage the prosperity of the company owner. Companies
that make profits, retained earnings will increase, and the book value of equity will
increase.

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Increasing the book value of equity becomes part of the book value of an existing
company, followed by an increase in its share price (Dedhy Sulistiawan, Yeni Januarsi,
2011). Liquidity is a necessity for companies to provide liquid equipment for the purpose
of meeting obligations at all times. This ability to pay is maintained at all times so that
the firm is able to fulfill its obligations. For banking companies, the ability to pay can be
the ability to pay for operations, the ability to pay to customers who withdraw funds and
pay to debtors who withdraw their credit facilities. The ability to pay for a company can
be seen by Debt to Equity Ratio (DER). Balancing obligations with company equity forms
a financial or financial structure. Management will consider the interests of the owner to
improve welfare. Managers will choose a capital structure that maximizes the prosperity
of shareholders (Sjahrial, 2014). In connection with the financial structure that the
guidelines or rules of the vertical conservative financial structure provide a balance that
must be maintained by the company regarding the amount of foreign capital with its own
capital. A healthy expenditure budget must first be built on equity so that the structure of
the financial structure determines the amount of loan capital under any condition should
not exceed its own capital

Liquidity for banks has a role in managing the performance of management, which
includes operational withdrawals of funds by depositors and debtors as well as corporate
operational obligations or other obligations that are due. A measure that can be used to
calculate bank liquidity is a Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR) determined in accordance with
BI Regulation Number 15/15 / PBI / 2013. In general, it can be said that the bank is
liquid if the bank management is able to pay all short-term obligations at any time to the
depositor, and is able to meet all the disbursement of the credit facilities that must be
met, and all operational costs. Research conducted (Rompas, 2013) concludes that
liquidity on firm value influences. Liquidity on firm value has a significant positive effect
(A. N. D. A. Putra & Lestari, 2019). H1. There is an influence of liquidity on firm value.
Leverage can be an estimate of how much debt to use. Measurements can use a loan to
deposit ratio (LDR). LDR is a ratio that is used to see the company's liquidity. This ratio
measures the composition of the number of loans extended compared to the number of
third party funds raised by banks. Loan to Deposit Ratio indicates the ability of banks
when there is a withdrawal of funds by depositors or the realization of loans.

Loan to Deposit Ratio is the bank's management strategy; conservative bank management
prefers a low loan to deposit ratio. Otherwise, if the LDR exceeds regulatory requirements,
it is said that bank management is very expansive/aggressive. The high ratio gives an
indication of the lower ability of the bank's liquidity concerned, due to the greater amount
of funds needed to finance loans. This ratio is also an indicator ability of a bank. The
tolerance limit for a bank's LDR is around 80%, with a tolerance range of 85%. The
leverage variable, which is proxy by DER, has a significant effect on the variable firm
value (Hasibuan et al., 2016). H2. There is a leverage effect on firm value. Independent
Commissioners are part of the Board of Commissioners who are not from outside parties
who are not affiliated. Independent Commissioners are at least 30% of the total number
of commissioners registered at the company (OJK, 2015). Independent Commissioners in
this study were measured using a ratio between the number of independent
commissioners to the number of boards of commissioners. A supervisory system in an
integrated company requires the existence of a proactive, independent commissioner.
Independent commissioners have the task of controlling management to account for all
activities carried out transparently and in accountability. A good supervision and control
system will prevent managers from hiding, changing, or delaying information that should
be known by the public (Sri Sulistyanto, 2008). Research conducted on an independent
commissioner concluded the value of the company affected by the independent
commissioner (Sochib, 2018b). H3. There is an influence of independent commissioners
on firm value.

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METHODS

This study uses data financial statements of audit banking companies listed on the
Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2014-2018. The population is the national private
commercial bank company that has been listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX),
which was observed during the period 2014-2018. This study uses the purposive
sampling method to obtain a representative sample with certain requirements criteria.
Data collection is carried out by identifying and analyzing the annual audit financial
report (audit report) obtained through the Indonesia Stock Exchange on the website
wwwidx.co.id. Variables in this study include independent variables consisting of
liquidity, leverage, independent commissioners, and the dependent variable, namely the
value of the company. The liquidity variables use Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR)
measurements; the leverage variables use Debt to Equity Ratio (DER) measurements, the
independent commissioner variables use the proportion of independent commissioners
measurement, and company value is using Tobin's Q measurements. Research the effect
of independent variables on the dependent variable observed using linear regression
techniques.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The object of this research is a national private commercial bank company listed on the
Indonesia Stock Exchange with an observation period of 2014-2018. The population in
this study was 43 national private commercial banks after identification with the purpose
sampling method; a sample of 17 entities was obtained. Criteria for sampling include
Private commercial banks nationally listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, which
published audited annual financial statements in the 2014-2018 period. Having the data
needed in the research are liquidity, leverage, independent commissioners, and company
value. Issuers always make profits every year with observations made for five years
starting in the period 2014-2018 so as to obtain 85 observations. Descriptive statistical
results in this study provide an overview of the research data analyzed. Important
information obtained that the number of observations in this study amounted to 85 times
the observations. Other information regarding the description of research data is
minimum, maximum, mean, and standard deviation values. Descriptive statistics that
provide an overview of data seen from the mean, standard deviation, variance, maximum,
minimum, sum, range, kurtosis, and skewness (Ghozali, 2016). This study uses
independent variables, namely liquidity, leverage, independent commissioners, and the
firm's dependent variable.

Table 1. Descriptive statistics

N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation

Likuiditas 85 0,42 0,99 0,7201 0,11341

Leverage 85 2,83 14,80 5,5431 2,06215
Komisaris Independen 85 0,00 0,75 0,5382 0,16587
Nilai Perusahaan 85 0,74 1,59 1,0206 0,18930

The results of statistical processing in table 1 obtained information that the liquidity
variable which is the ratio of Credit Provided to Third Party Funds and Capital has a
minimum and maximum value of 0.42 and 0.99 of total third party funds and capital
with a mean value of 0, 72 in five years and a standard deviation of 0.11. The leverage
variable that shows the composition of debt has a minimum value of 2.83 and a
maximum value of 14.80 of total equity with a mean value of 5.54 in five years and a
standard deviation of 2.062. The independent commissioner variable, which shows the
proportion of the number of independent commissioners, has a minimum value of 0.00
and value a maximum of 0.75 of the total number of boards with a mean value of 0.53
and a standard deviation of 0.16. While the company value variable, which shows the
total Market Value and a total book value of liabilities to total assets, is 0.74 and a

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maximum of 1.59 in five years, and the mean and standard deviations are 1.02 and
0.189, respectively.

With statistical testing, information is obtained: first, the Kolmogorov Smirnov test, which
shows a p-value of 0.18> 0.05 so that the assumption of residual normality or normality
of residuals is fulfilled. Both of the Durbin Watson values are 2,029 with a du value of
1.7210 and a 4-du value of 2,279 so that the criteria for du <d <4-du are met. With these
results, it means that there is no positive or negative autocorrelation in the research data.
Third, the value of the Variant Inflated Factor (VIF) of independent variables (liquidity,
leverage, and independent commissioners) in this study has a VIF value <10. It can be
concluded that multicollinearity between independent variables is no problem. Fourth,
the results of scatterplot showed that the research data spread randomly not to form
certain patterns. This means there is no problem of heteroscedasticity or
homoscedasticity of residuals on residuals. Thus the data of this study meet the classical
assumption test criteria. Furthermore, testing the research model with the F test is a test
to assess how well the research model is used. The results of statistical processing
obtained the value of each independent variable with a different level of significance listed
in table 2.

Table 2. Coefficients
Unstandardized Standardized
Model Coefficients Coefficients t Sig.
Std.
B Beta
Error
(Constant) 1,251 0,131 9,573 0,000
Likuiditas -0,702 0,159 -0,420 -4,401 0,000
Leverage 0,014 0,009 0,153 1,603 0,113
Komisaris Independen 0,366 0,107 0,321 3,415 0,001

Based on table 2, the results of statistical processing obtained an F test with a

significance value of 0,000 <0.05 with an R Square value of 0.290. This means that the
research model with liquidity, leverage, and independent commissioner variables as
independent variables jointly influences the value of the company by 29%. Likewise, the
testing of each independent variable is partially carried out through the t or t-test. The
liquidity variable to show a significance value of 0.00 <0.05 means the liquidity variable
has a significant influence on the firm's value. The hypothesis which states that there is
an influence of liquidity on firm value is acceptable. The leverage variable gets a
significance value of 0.11> 0.05, which means the leverage variable is not significant. The
hypothesis that leverage has an effect on firm value is rejected. While the independent
commissioner variable obtained a significance value of 0.00 <0.05, which means the
independent commissioner variable had a significant influence on the firm's value. The
hypothesis that independent commissioners influence the value of the company is
accepted. With these statistical results, the regression equation model in this study can
be formulated Y = 1.251 - 0.702 X1 + 0.014 X2 + 0.366 X3.

Liquidity in this study uses a Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR) proxy or the level of lending to
debtors funded by Third Party Funds and the own company capital. Based on the results
of the analysis of the influence of liquidity, which is proxied Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR)
on the value of the company shows a negative and significant effect, as in table 2. The
results of this study mean that when lending or Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR) is low, then
the value of the company rises, and when lending or high LDR, the company value
decreases. According to Bank Indonesia, the lowest bank must channel funds to lending
by 78% and a maximum of 92% from third-party funds and own capital. On the other
hand, the LDR is an indicator of the ability of banks to provide sufficient liquid funds for
customer withdrawals. The ability to provide funds or liquidity is a bank obligation that
includes obligations for day-to-day operations, the obligation to provide liquidity for
withdrawals of funds by depositors, both savings, current accounts, and withdrawal of

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deposits and disbursement of credit facilities on the realization of loans approved by bank
management. With LDR, it means that the bank has extended credit to the debtor with
funds owned and the bank will get a reward in the form of loan interest. This loan interest
becomes the main income of banking operations and will form the company's profit. But
LDR is also an indicator of the ability of banks to provide sufficient liquid funds whenever
there is a withdrawal from customers. This study proves that LDR has a significant
negative effect on firm value. Of the 85 observations of LDR, there were 58 observations of
LDR or 68% are in a position below the lowest LDR level according to Bank Indonesia
regulations with an average company value of 1.05. In the low LDR position, the price of
shares on the stock exchange closed with the stock price rising. Investors have confidence
that with a relatively low LDR, the company still has enough margin to cover operating
expenses, and the company has sufficient ability to maintain liquidity.

As a banking entity, the liquidity is a guideline for investors to make decisions about the
company whether investors want to invest in the company because banking is an
intermediary institution that gives confidence to depositors to remain loyal to put their
funds in the bank. A total of 23 LDR observations or 27% with a position in accordance
with Bank Indonesia regulations, namely between 78% -92% with an average value of the
company of 0.96. A total of 4 LDR observations or 5% with an LDR position above Bank
Indonesia regulations with an average company value of 0.86. In this position, the
company is in the category of violation of LDR provisions so that it is likely that the ability
to provide sufficient liquid funds will be volatile. The market also responded negatively so
that stock prices closed with prices falling, and the value of the company also declined.
There is a tendency with a relatively low LDR or sufficient liquidity supply, which
sufficiently pushes the closing stock price on the stock exchange to rise and pushes the
value of the company to increase. The findings of this study differ from other studies
which state that liquidity has a significant positive effect on firm value (Y. D. Putra &
Wiagustini, 2013). Liquidity has no significant effect on firm value (Antoro &
Hermuningsih, 2017), whereas LDR is positively and not significantly related to PBV
(Lubis et al., 2017). Liquidity (LDR) has a negative and not significant effect on firm value
(Antoro & Hermuningsih, 2017). Liquidity does not have a significant effect on Company
Value (Lumoly et al., 2018).

Leverage in this study uses a proxy for Debt to Equity Ratio (DER) or the company's
capital structure (Sjahrial, 2014). The use of debt in a company's capital structure is
called financial leverage (Ross & Westerfield, 2015). Based on the results of the analysis
of the influence of leverage, proxied Debt to Equity Ratio (DER) to the value of the
company shows a positive but not significant effect, as in table 2. The results of this
study have any meaning DER or leverage formed in the capital structure mix; the
company's value is not affected. According to (Ross & Westerfield, 2015), financial
leverage will increase potential returns for shareholders, but financial leverage also has
the potential to increase financial difficulties and corporate failures. The company expects
an optimal capital structure that does not add to the burden borne by the company.
Descriptive analysis results during the period 2014-2018 showed the average leverage
has decreased growth. The leverage position in 2014 averaged 6.32 down to 4.88 in 2018.
This means that in the banking sector, there was a decrease in third-party fund
collection, and the use of debt in the capital structure of the sample companies meant
that leverage increased. Meanwhile, the value of the company measured by Tobin's Q
stagnated with an average of 2014 of 1.03 to 2018 of 1.01. Based on the relationship
between increased leverage growth in the banking sector with insignificant company
value, descriptively, there is a non-positive positive close relationship.

The results of this study are supported by other studies that state that leverage (DAR) has
no significant effect on firm value (Antoro and Hermuningsih 2017). Leverage (DAR) has
no effect on the value of the company that is proxy for Price to Book Value (Sambora
2014), and other research states that leverage (DAR) has no significant effect on the firm
value measured by Tobin's Q (Ogolmagai 2011). Other researchers stated that DER was
negatively and not significantly related to Price to Book Value (Lubis, Sinaga, and
Sasongko 2017) whereas different research states that leverage has a significant positive

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effect on firm value (Y. D. Putra and Wiagustini 2013). Leverage does not have a
significant negative effect on firm value (Dj, Artini, and Suarjaya 2012). The independent
commissioner in this study uses a proxy for the proportion of the number of independent
commissioners to the number of the board of commissioners. Based on the results of the
analysis shown in table 2, it can be proven that the proportion of independent directors
has a significant positive effect on company value. The results of the study mean that the
proportion of independent commissioners formed affects the value of the company.
Independent commissioners have the duty to oversee management in operations.
According to the Financial Services Authority Regulation (OJK), the proportion of
independent commissioners is at least 30% of the total number of Commissioners. In the
event that the Board of Commissioners consists of more than 2 (two) members of the
Board of Commissioners, the number of Independent Commissioners must be at least
30% (thirty percent) of the total members of the Board of Commissioners (OJK, 2014).

The results of the descriptive analysis of independent commissioners during the period
2014-2018 showed an average of 93% or as many as 79 sample entities, the proportion of
independent commissioners above the OJK provisions above 30%. Thus the supervisory
function performed by an independent commissioner is carried out effectively.
Management will carry out effective business strategies, guaranteed transparency, and
disclosure of the company's financial statements. In accordance with the mission of the
independent commissioner in empowering management resources to run a healthy and
responsible business. Responsible for encouraging the application of the principle of Good
Corporate Governance through empowering the board of commissioners so that they can
carry out supervisory duties and provide advice to managers effectively and provide added
value to the company (Sri Sulistyanto, 2008). The results of this study were supported by
several researchers who found the independent commissioner to have a significant and
significant effect on company value (Purbopangestu 2014), (Fajar 2018), (Sochib 2018a).
In contrast to research, which states that independent commissioners have no effect on
company value (Azzahrah and Willy 2014). Independent Commissioner has no significant
effect on Company Value (Wibowo 2015), (Nurfaza 2017).

CONCLUSION

This study examines issues of liquidity, leverage, independent commissioners, and

company value at the national private commercial banks in the 2014-2018 period. Based
on data analysis and discussion produces a conclusion. The results showed that the
liquidity, which has a proxy for Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR), has a significant influence
on the negative direction on firm value. This liquidity can be seen from the point of view
of the bank's ability to extend credit for the funds it collects so as to make a profit.
Liquidity can also be seen as the ability of banks to provide sufficient liquidity for
withdrawals of depositors, loan disbursements approved by management and internal
operations. Because banks have an intermediation function, liquidity has a significant
influence on the negative direction on firm value. Leverage proxied by Debt to Equity
Ratio (DER) has no significant effect on company value. This leverage is how much bank
obligations must be supported by the assets owned. As an intermediary institution, the
bank has a function to collect from the customer as a source of funds. Whatever the
amount of public funds that can be collected by banks does not mean company value will
rise. The value will depend on public trust in the bank as an institution of trust in the
funds deposited in the bank.

Independent commissioners proxy. The proportion of Independent Commissioners has a

significant positive effect on company value. Independent commissioners are indeed
tasked with overseeing the implementation of management operations and providing
advice to management. Independent commissioners who are active with the role played,
management will be driven to run the company with transparency, high accountability.
Investors who put their hopes in the performance of independent commissioners will
respond with a desire to continue investing in the company. For academics that the
results of this study are expected to provide input on the development of the field of

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financial management. Knowledge information about the value of the company and the
factors that can predict it. For management, the results of this study can be used as
input factors that can increase the company value. For investors, the findings in this
study can be used in management decisions. This study has limitations, especially in the
sampling, which is still limited to national private commercial banks, and only to the
variables of liquidity, leverage, and independent commissioners. Therefore in this
research model, the value of R Square is 29%, so that many other factors can be included
to predict the value of the company.

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