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World War 2

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World War 

II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a global


conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945. The vast majority of the world's countries, including all of
the great powers, fought as part of two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis.
Many participants threw their economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind this total
war, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. Aircraft played a major
role, enabling the strategic bombing of population centres and the delivery of the only two
nuclear weapons ever used in war.
World War II was by far the deadliest conflict in human history; it resulted in 70 to 85 million
fatalities, mostly among civilians. Tens of millions died due to genocides (including the
Holocaust), starvation, massacres, and disease. In the wake of the Axis
defeat, Germany and Japan were occupied, and war crimes tribunals were conducted against
German and Japanese leaders.
The causes of World War II are debated, but contributing factors included the Second Italo-
Ethiopian War, Spanish Civil War, Second Sino-Japanese War, Soviet–Japanese border
conflicts, the rise of fascism in Europe, and European tensions in the aftermath of World War I.
World War II is generally considered to have begun on 1 September 1939, when Nazi
Germany, under Adolf Hitler, invaded Poland. The United
Kingdom and France subsequently declared war on Germany on 3 September. Under
the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union had
partitioned Poland and marked out their "spheres of influence" across Finland, Estonia, Latvia,
Lithuania and Romania. From late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties,
Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance
with Italy and Japan (with other countries later). Following the onset of campaigns in North
Africa and East Africa, and the fall of France in mid-1940, the war continued primarily between
the European Axis powers and the British Empire, with war in the Balkans, the aerial Battle of
Britain, the Blitz of the United Kingdom, and the Battle of the Atlantic. On 22 June 1941,
Germany led the European Axis powers in an invasion of the Soviet Union, opening
the Eastern Front, the largest land theatre of war in history.
Japan, which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific, was at war with the Republic of China by
1937. In December 1941, Japan attacked American and British territories with near-
simultaneous offensives against Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific, including an attack on
the US fleet at Pearl Harbor which resulted in the United States and United Kingdom declaring
war against Japan. The European Axis powers declared war on the United States in solidarity.
Japan soon captured much of the western Pacific, but its advances were halted in 1942 after
losing the critical Battle of Midway; later, Germany and Italy were defeated in North Africa and
at Stalingrad in the Soviet Union. Key setbacks in 1943—including a series of German defeats
on the Eastern Front, the Allied invasions of Sicily and the Italian mainland, and Allied
offensives in the Pacific—cost the Axis powers their initiative and forced them into strategic
retreat on all fronts. In 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the
Soviet Union regained its territorial losses and pushed Germany and its allies back. During
1944 and 1945, Japan suffered reversals in mainland Asia, while the Allies crippled
the Japanese Navy and captured key western Pacific islands.

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