Passive Cooling Technique in Composite Climate

PASSIVE COOLING TECHNIQUES IN COMPOSITE CLIMATE
COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN

SONIPAT 131001
DISSERTATION REPORT
DECEMBER 2022
SUBMITTED BY- GUIDED BY-

AMAN RANA VINOD PATIL
GCAD/18/205
1
GATEWAY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN, SONIPAT,

131001
Declaration
I, AMAN RANA Roll Number, GCAD/18/205 hereby declare that the dissertation titled USE OF PASSIVE
COOLING TECHINIQUES IN COMPOSITE CLIMATE submitted by me, in partial fulfilment of the requirement
of the curriculum of Bachelor of Architecture as per the university norms, to Gateway College of Architecture
and Design, is a record of my original work with credits given for information collected from any other
source.
(AMAN RANA)
2

131001
Certificate
This is to certify that the dissertation titled PASSIVE COOLING TECHINIQUES IN

COMPOSITE CLIMATE, submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement of the curriculum of
Bachelor of Architecture is the work of AMAN RANA, Roll Number, GCAD/18/205who carried out
research work under our supervision in Gateway College of Architecture and Design, Sonipat,
Haryana.
We recommend that the dissertation report be placed before the examiners for their consideration.
Ar. Vinod Patil Vinod Patil
(Signature of the guide) (Signature of the coordinator)
3

131001
Acknowledgement
This dissertation has been a journey of product of countless hours spent talking to informal operators,
researchers and the users of the informal sector. I am grateful to them for all the information they gave
me, which has formed the basis for this dissertation. The first expression of appreciation goes to my
guide Ar. VINOD PATIL for his constant supervision and support throughout the period of this study.
Her incomparable advice was critical both in enhancing my understanding of the subject and in
providing me with additional perspectives on the topic and hence developing my area of interest.
4
Chapter 1
1.1 Introduction
2 To achieve a sustainable design in a real sense, passive strategies should be formed in response
to the local climate and given primary importance. Active strategies are only bound to
complement passive strategies. This study focuses on understanding the passive design
strategies for India's composite climate in response to the local climate through case studies of
buildings. This paper deals with passive design strategies such as orientation, fenestration,
shading devices, earth touch, roof garden, water, landscaping, and active strategies, often
include solar panels, solar water heaters and wind towers. Air conditioning as we all know is
a promnent factor that comes to our visualisation when we talk about a comfortable working
environment .The ability to control temprature,air,air quality inside the buildings openes a new
door for modern architects and designers .But as the time has passed by more innovations
Implementing passive cooling systems in building design has many advantages over rather
than exploiting energy vigorously which is a aslo resulting in depleteion of fossil fuels and it
has other impacts like no environmental impacts and CHG emissions .The implementationof
passive design techiniques and devives in any building design requires many cinsiderations
and analyzation of the various variables affect the cooling performance and these
considerations need to be taken from the earliest design stages and not only at the end of the
architectural project ,to allow these system to reach the fullest possible poyentials and to be
integrated within the design itself ,rather than being an additional solution that is forced into a
building .
Background
The sustanable design of buildings consists of two types of strategies, i.e., passive and active
strategies, to achieve the project's environmental sustainability. Passive Design strategies do
not use mechanical means and electrical power and refer to the direct use of natural energy
sources such as the Sun and wind. The strategies could include building orientation, building
shape, picking Active strategies use mechanical means and electrical power to create comfort
for occupants. Almost all utility systems in buildings can use active strategies such as air
conditioning systems, fire protection systems, plumbing systems, audio systems, cleaning
systems, and renewable energy sources such as solar panels and wind towers to generate
electricity. This means that the active strategies involved initial costs and maintenance costs
for the entire system's life
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the appropriate building material for building envelop, the size and shading of the fenestration
device, and the water used for evaporative cooling without electrical power. The architect's
role in passive design strategies is significant because it anticipates the design.
1.2Important definitions
Composite climate- composite climate is neither hot and dry nor warm and sticky it is not same
throughout the year and experinces all weathers at their peak , interspersing between long, hot, and
dry ages to shorter ages of downfall and high moisture.There is a significant difference in air
temprature ,moisture ,wind throughout the year.Generally delhi lies in composite climate zone.
Passive cooling techinique- passive cooling techinique is a building design approach that focuses
on heat gain control and heat dissipation in a building in order to improve the indoor thermal
comfort with low or no energy consumption. This approach works either by preventing heat from
entering the interior (heat gain prevention) or by removing heat from the building (natural cooling).
Natural cooling utilizes on-site energy, available from the natural environment, combined with the
architectural design of building components (e.g. building envelope), rather than mechanical
systems to dissipate heat.[4] Therefore, natural cooling depends not only on the architectural design
of the building but on how the site's natural resources are used as heat sinks (i.e. everything that
absorbs or dissipates heat). Examples of on-site heat sinks are the upper atmosphere (night sky),
the outdoor air (wind), and the earth/soil.
Thermal comfort -it is the condition of mind that expressess satsfaction with the thermal
environment and is assessed by subjective evaluation .The human body can be viewed as a heat
engine where food is the input energy. The human body will release excess heat into the
environment, so the body can continue to operate. The heat transfer is proportional to temperature
difference. In cold environments, the body loses more heat to the environment and in hot
environments the body does not release enough heat. Both the hot and cold scenarios lead to
discomfort.
Heat transfer- heat transferr is a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the generation,
use, conversion, and exchange of thermal energy heat between physical systems. Heat transfer is
classified into various mechanisms, such as thermal conduction, thermal convection, thermal
radiation, and transfer of energy by phase changes. Engineers also consider the transfer of mass of
differing chemical species (mass transfer in the form of advection), either cold or hot, to achieve
heat transfer .
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Sick building syndrome- sick building sndrome is used to describe a situation in which the
occupants of a building experience acute health- or comfort-related effects that seem to be linked
directly to the time spent in the building. No specific illness or cause can be identified. The
complainants may be localized in a particular room or zone .
1.3 Significance of topic
Exploitation of fossile energies at current pace is putting these favours of nature end3.angared
researching these techiniques and gathering a good amount of functional knowledge will certainly
help in minimalising energy expenditures and excecuting these techiniques in the composite
climate of delhi.also these passive techinique have impact on physiological and pychological
anatomy of user .
1.4 Hypothesis
These passive techiniques are generally very much effeicient in energy consumption and
sustainability but their application in small scale projects annd high rise buildings is a contradiction
in itself as the population density factor is still a matter of concern and its cost effectivness seems
like myth. Positive impacts of these strategies on health of the user sometimes turns into a
nightmare when it creates sick building syndrome.
1.5 Research questions
Q-ARE PASSIVE COOLING TECHINIQUES FUNCTIONAL FOR HIGH RISE

BUILDINGS?
Q-HOW THESE PASSIVE TECHINIQUES HAVE IMPACT ON PHYSIOLOGICAL AND

PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL BEING OF THE USER ?
1.6 The Aim and Objectives
To understand passive design strategies for India's Composite climatic zone and its applications in
buildings to achieve good thermal comfort by reducing the uses of energy resources.
1.7 The scope
Research on these techiniques can be very helpul in gathering righ informaytion and actual
fuctinality of these energy efficient techiniques to achieve thermal comfort which further has a
scope in reduction of expenditure of fossils and other resources and can be practiced throughout
the compositte climate zone in India,
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Limitation
Passive cooling techiniques are genearlly functional for these dormitory type building and are not
applicable on high rise buildings and sometimes contradicts its cost eefectiveness.
Also these strategies have sometimes a very bad toll on usersnhealth as it sometimes create sick
building syndrome.
2.LITERATURE REVIEW
The literature review is a written overview of major writing and other sources on a selected topic
.Sources covered in the review may include scholaity journal arcticles,books,government
reports,etc.The literature review provides a description,summary and evaluation of each source.
2.1PURPOSE OF THE LITERATURE REVIEW
The Purpose of this literature review is to understand and analyse terminologies like thermal
comfort, Maintaining a comfortable environment within a building in a composite climate and
encouraging the removal of excess heat from the building.Other major terminoligies like
sustainibility and energy efficiecy related to these passive techiniques and their purposes are listed
as follow:-
• Analysing existing passive traditional techiniques and knowing about their actual
functionality and implemention to attain a comfortable thermas comfort and their
efficiencytheir aaplications.techiniques like orientation and its impact on tha
natural lightning and provisions of openings for increasin thermal comfort for user
• Understanding and analysing the existing passive concepts like

SARS(storing,avoidance,removal and slowing),using high ceilings ,roof ponds,
stack effect and various other practices to draw more natural light and
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• Understanding these strategies and their impact on users health and psycological
impacts.
S.no Literature Name of Pages Read/borrowed/not

cateogry literature of read
interest yet
1. Research Passive all browsed

paper coolingtechiniques
2. Reseach Energy all browsed

paper effectiveness of
passive stategies
on occupants
thermal comfort
3 Research An experimental all browsed

paper study of designed
passive elements
for energy
effeiciency
4 Research An adaptive all browsed

paper aproach to define
thertmal comfort
zones on
pyscrometric chart
for naturally
ventilated
buildings
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2.1PURPOSE OF THE LITERATURE REVIEW
The Purpose of this literature review is to understand and analyse terminologies like thermal
comfort, Maintaining a comfortable environment within a building in a composite climate and
encouraging the removal of excess heat from the building.Other major terminoligies and their
purposes are listed as follow:-
• Analysing existing passive traditional techiniques and their aaplications.
• Understanding and analysing the existing passive

concepts like SARS(storing,avoidance,removal and slowing)
• Examining psycological and physiological impact of such stategies on user profile.
2.2CATEGORIZARTION OF LITERATURE
Research papers
2.2.1“Passive cooling techiniques ‘’-Mathios Santamouris,2005
This paper presents the research on art of passive cooling techiniques.It has discription about
classification of these techiniques on the basis of :
• Solar and and heat protection techiniques

• Heat modulation techinique
• Heat dissipation techiniques
• Micro climate issues
The performance quality of this approach depends totally on the interaction of the building’s
design and devices with the surrounding environmental factors, such as sun rays, ambient air
temperature, wind, and humidity, to achieve energy balance for occupants. Therefore,
conducting a thorough analysis of a building’s local climatic conditions is essential for any
passive cooling approach to successfully fulfill its purpose and to maximize a specific action
of SARS. Heat gain sources include internal and external sources. The internal heat gains are
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produced from human activities, artificial lights, equipment, and appliances used by the
occupants, while the external heat gains result from the interaction of the building with the
outdoor environment. Heat gain or loss has four forms: first, heat gains caused by solar
radiation passing through opaque envelope materials and heating the interior spaces with the
greenhouse effect, second, heat gain caused by direct sun rays transmitted through windows
and transparent surfaces into the interior spaces, third, heat gains caused by conduction
between the building envelope and the surrounding environment, and, fourth, heat gains
through convection caused by air infiltration and ventilation exchange between the outdoor
and indoor environment
The working mechanism of the courtyard depends on the cycle of day and night, which results on
a continuous change of air temperature and the difference in air temperature between the inside
and outside of the courtyard . Therefore the performance quality of the courtyard house depends
on the heat exchange processes between the indoor spaces and the courtyard and then between the
courtyard space and the external open spaces. It consists of three main periods; during the first
one, the cool night air sinks into the courtyard and flows to the surrounding rooms, and therefore
the spaces and surfaces are cooled until noon time. During this period, the courtyard works as
storage of cold air and cold air exchange with surrounding rooms. The second period starts at noon,
when the sun strikes the floor of the courtyard directly and the temperature of air inside the court’s
space starts increasing gradually, causing the hot air to move up, and consequently, air is drawn
from surrounding rooms to the courtyard space through the openings, resulting in cooling
the surrounding rooms. The last period starts when the courtyard and the surrounding
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rooms get warmer, and all cool air leaks out, which prepares the system for a new
cycle in the next day.
Stack effect- Stack effect depends on temperature differences to circulate air, as hot air rises up
and cool air sinks down The design for ventilation that depends on stack principles is achieved by
letting hot air rise up within spaces or specific devices and exhausting it from upper openings,
which allows it to be replaced by cooler air from lower openings. The designer’s role in the process
is represented in designing air movement and its exhaustion and penetration, which includes the
following methods:
1. Accelerating the rising of hot air by designing a long vertical space that crosses through
the building section, like atriums, double-skin facades, solar chimneys, or wind towers
2. Designing inlet openings for cold air to enter the building from a well-planned and
controlled cold space like shaded courtyards or urban spaces, basements, etc.
3. Increasing warm air to activate the stack effect and accelerate the ventilation process using
devices like sunspaces, solar chimneys, and skylights in the building’s design
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2.2.2‘’Energy effectiviness of passive design strategies on occupants thermal comfort’’B

Ozarizoy
This research paper details a comprehensive literature review of adaptive thermal comfort
approaches developed by previous methods to fulfil knowledge in energy research.This study
aimed to identify the potential improvements in thermal comfort and reduced energy savings
associated with passive design strategies through combinations of building fabric enhancement
and appropriate shading and ventilation strategies ,this study adopted the quantitative research
approach to assess the risk of overheating.
Thermal comfort standards such as ASHRAE 55-2013 defines comfort boundaries which are based
on the experimental results conducted in climatic chambers and field studies. The current comfort
standards do not reflect the cultural and climatic diversity of India. A thermal comfort field study
was conducted in 32 naturally ventilated buildings, collecting a total of 2610 samples spread over
a total period of four years, covering all seasons, wide age groups, clothing types, and building
types. In the present study, ASHRAE comfort boundaries at three different air speeds - still air (up
to 0.2 m/s), natural air flow (0.2 m/s–0.5 m/s) and forced air flow with ceiling fan assist (0.5 m/s–
1.5 m/s) are investigated. The method of calculation suggested by the ASHRAE 55-2013 and ISO-
7730 were followed to determine extended acceptable temperature ranges for comfort at elevated
air speed. Comfort boundaries are defined based on climate specific adaptations, the role of air
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speed and thermal preferences. Results from this study indicate that subjects in naturally ventilated
buildings of this region are comfortable at temperatures different from those suggested by
ASHRAE 55 and ISO-7730 standards. New extended boundaries of comfort zones are proposed
considering various adaptations specific to this region, including the role of air speed to offset the
temperature. The proposed comfort zones show that subjects are comfortable up to 32 °C at still
air condition (0 m/s–0.2 m/s) and up to 35 °C at higher speed (up to 1.5 m/s) in naturally ventilated
buildings in the composite climate of India.
The two main factors designers should take into consideration when choosing a thermal mass
material and surface are thermal time constant (TTC) and diurnal heat capacity (DHC). These two
factors describe the behavior of an area of material when subjected to heat and the time needed to
store and release heat. The relative values of TTC are particularly important when the building is
affected by a heat flow, while the DHC values are important when the solar gain affecting the
building is considerable. Both measures indicate the amount of interior temperature swings that
are expected from a material based on outdoor temperature. The thermal time constant is used to
describe the behavior of thermal masses in building envelopes, and it depends on the heat capacity
(Q) and the heat transmission resistance (R). In short it represents the effectiveness of the thermal
capacity in a building. TTC is calculated for an area by multiplying heat capacity per unit (QA) by
the resistance of heat flow of that area (R)
TTC=QA×RTTC=QA×R
where QA = thickness × density × specific heat and R = thickness/conductivity.
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2.2.3‘‘An experimental study of designed passive elements for energy efficiency in

composite climate ‘’-Meghana Shrikant Charde
In this study, effect of designed passive elements (independently and combined with each other)
on indoor air temperature, has been analyzed by e focused on thermal mass, double glazing,
insulation to improve indoor thermal comfort, the main grounds are as follows-
• Composite climate variables

• Solar chimneys
• Insulation
• Roof design and cool roofs
The composite climate zone covers the central part of India. A composite climate is one
that has weather conditions outside of normal conditions for at least half a year Composite
climate displays the characteristics of hot and dry, warm and humid as well as cold
climates. The characteristics change from season to season. In summers day time
temperature is 32-45 degree Celsius and during night time temperature is 27-32 degree
Celsius. In winters day time temperature is 10-25 degree Celsius and in night time
temperature is degree Celsius. Monsoon winds come from south-east and north-east.In
summers generally temprature lies between 32-45 degrees in day time whereas in winters
it drops down to 10-25 degrees.
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Solar chimney Wind towers are used to catch air from higher levels and push it into the
interior spaces of a building. A cooling process takes place by heat exchange between the
walls of the tower and the hot collected air or by using evaporative cooling at the bottom
of the wind tower. Fresh cold air flows to the inner spaces through an opening at the end
of the wind tower. At night, wind tower works as a chimney to suck the hot and exhausted
air from the room to the outside environment, causing cooler air to replace hot air from
other openings. The performance of wind towers can be improved by implementing a
water source, like a fountain, at the bottom of the wind tower, which helps cool the
gathered air. Additionally, the wind tower can be combined with courtyards and
underground tunnels to increase the cooling process of the collected air. A wind tower
operates in various ways depending on different factors like the time of day, the presence
or absence of wind, and the difference of air temperature inside and outside the building
(Table 5). The fundamental principle of wind tower operation system lies in changing the
temperature of the air inside the tower, therefore changing the density, which is a key
factor in circulating air and improving the device’s performance.
2.2.4 ‘An adaptive approach to define thermal comfort zones onpsychrometric chart for
naturally ventilated buildings in composit’
Thermal comfort standards such as ASHRAE 55-2013 defines comfort boundaries which are based on
theexperimental results conducted in climatic chambers and field studies. The current comfort
standards donot reflect the cultural and climatic diversity of India. A thermal comfort field study was
conducted in 32naturally ventilated buildings, collecting a total of 2610 samples spread over a total
period of four years,covering all seasons, wide age groups, clothing types, and building types.
Thermal comfort:Indian scenario
The National Building Code of India, 2005 specifies a narrowcomfort temperature range between 21C-
23C in winter and23C-2C for summer for all types of buildings . One of theearliest studies on thermal
comfort in tropical countries includeswork by Sharma and Ali's . Their research was focused
onnaturally ventilated buildings in North India and reported highcomfort temperature bandwidth (25C-
30C) as compared to comfort zone suggested by ASHRAE 55. Among the studies con-ducted in past
one decade from the Indian sub-continent The field study of thermal comfort was performed in the
com-posite climate of Jaipur for 18 offices and 14 residential buildings Meteorological conditions
under this climate vary extremely hot during summer and to chilling cold winter seasons. Summer
peaktemperature soars above 45C, and then falls to below 4C i n winter. Due to this significant
variation, months across the year are segregated into three categories, namely, summer, moderate,
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andwinter. In the present study, a particular month is consideredwinter if the daily mean outdoor
temperature varied between 4C-25C for minimum 20 equivalent days (480 h)
A study was done onage group of 18-70 years. Each subject participated in the surveyafter they had
settled in the environment for more than 20 min. Thesample size varied across the seasons, and a total
of 2610 fullycompleted survey forms were obtained including responses from2013 males and 597
females. The mean age of male subjects wasfound to be 25 years (SD ¼ 7.8) while that of female
subjects21years (SD ¼ 4.9), respectively. A total of 2610 questionnaire were completed by occupants
in all seasons from naturally ventilate.
Results - During the field study period, minimum and maximum outdoordry bulb temperatures were
1C and 45C. Room air temperaturevaried between 14.4C to 39.1C and relative humidity wasrecorded
8%-96%. This, large variation in outdoor dry bulb tem-perature affected indoor temperature and
thereby occupant omfort temperatures. Figure below depicts the change in indoor anoutdoor
environmental parameters for all seasons during the field study.
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2.4Conclusion
This study provides a review of basic ability to understand the passive design strategies for composite
climate and also presents the various methods of passive cooling techniques. The key of design take
an advantage of local climate (microclimate) for human comfort. The actual comfort conditions
achieved will be contextual and depend on the building topology and building design specifications.
CHAPTER 3 - METHODS and METHODOLOGY

The methods opted for the selectіon of data іnvolves lіterature that helps іn establіshіng a strong
background theoretіcal knowledge related to the overall need and understandіng of Passive cooling
techiniques Sіnce іn today’s age there іs lack of fossile available, іt becomes іmportant to sort through
them, іt іs also іmportant to іdentіfy what are the opportunіtіes that these strategies can provіde to
attain good thermal comfort for user.
STEP 1 : Understanding composite climate ,thermal comfort and various strategies that are being
adopted totackle this situation
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STEP 2 : Lіterature Study should be done for varіous terms to understand the thermal comfort and
various parameters related to it
STEP 3 : Case study for better understandіng of implemented strategies on ground level
STEP 4: understanding psychological and physiological impacts of these techniques on user.
STEP 5 : Conclusіon that comes to an understandіng of varіous factors and possіbіlіtіes.
3.1 Method(s) opted for Data/ case Selectіon and іts Justіfіcatіon :-
The methods opted for the selectіon of data іnvolves lіterature that helps іn establіshіng a strong
background theoretіcal knowledge related to the overall need and understandіng of passive strategies
Sіnce іn today’s age of technology there іs a vast carbon emission and energy exploitation , іt becomes
іmportant to sort through them, іt іs also іmportant to іdentіfy what are the opportunіtіes that these
strateies have on thermal comfort of user.
3.1.1 To understand what іs a passive cooling techiniques ?
3.1.2 To understand what are the varіous types of passive cooling techniques used іn composite
climate?
3.1.3 To carryout archіtectural provіsіons to accommodate the use of passive cooling techniques іn
buіldіng constructіons of energy effficient buildings in composite climate zone?
3.2.Method(s) opted for Data Collectіon and іts Justіfіcatіon :-
Qualіtatіve method іs used to carry out the research, іt іs іmportant to analyze the qualіtatіve aspect
of as the perceptual form can be descrіbed as theory rather than quantіtіes.
3.2.1 Lіterature Study :-

A lіterature study іs a must for every author and reader to understand the basіcs of the topіc. Іt
helps gather іmportant data and enables the reader to gaіn an understandіng of the topіc and allows
to contіnue wіth the study that can be conducted wіthіn the predefіned defіnіtіons.
3.2.2 Case Study :-
Case studіes are often conducted to gaіn a deeper understandіng of current events Qualіtatіve data was
collected through secondary case studіes. The basіc aіm was to brіefly study how a smart hotel іs
desіgned and advanced technologіes used іn the hotel. A plus poіnt of these studіes may be that they
wіll allow the author to understand the vіews of other experіenced іndіvіduals and understand what іs
happenіng on O ground.
• One prіmary case study wіll be done to get the actual experіence and understand authors
іnferences about іt.
• Other wіll be a secondary case study based on the onlіne sources to undertake more facts about
open cultural spaces
3.2.3 Surveys :-
Surveys are a must they help the author and the reader understand the experіences by people іn a deeper
level. A qualіtatіve method was used to carry out research. Through these surveys, the reader can gaіn
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an understandіng of the varіous іssues faced by these іndіvіduals and what were the posіtіve outcomes
of these areas.
3.3 METHODS OPTED FOR DATA ANALYSІS AND ІTS JUSTІFІCATІON :-
3.3.1 Lіterature Study :
A qualіtatіve analysіs of the lіterature study was done. The lіterature study was done rіgorously to form
a strong background about these techniques and іts applіcatіons for the analysіs of collected data.
Lіterature helps to understand the basіcs of the topіc and what all needed to be analyzed to reach to the
answers to the questіons for the research.
3.3.2 Case Study :
An analysіs of any project whіch wіll result іn better іnformatіon about the execution of these
techniques and their actual user input , case study wіll basіcally provіde the іnformatіon іn reference
to desіgn purposes.
Case study іs done to analyze the data іn a qualіtatіve manner. Analysіs іs done on the basіs of textual
and іmage based іnformatіon.
3.4 ADVANTAGES AND LІMІTATІONS OF THE METHOD ADOPTED :-
3.4.1 Advantages :-
• They wіll allow for a more open mіnded approach to the іssue.
• They wіll allow get better understandіng of these strategies which indeed will help in
reducing carbon emission.
• The method whіch іs used wіll help іn understandіng perspectіves of other іndіvіdual.
3.4.2 Lіmіtatіons:-
• Thermal comfort is state of feeling comfort whuch varies from person to person .
• Іnformatіon іn the lіterature study may vary from case studіes.
• Inavaliblibilty of surveys for delhi area .
CHAPTER 4: CASE STUDY

4.1 INTRODUCTION
Case studies are being primararly done majorly in the composite climate zone (nearly delhi region)
and are done with user reviews and self analysis as well .below mentioned are the case studies :-
GLA UNIVERSITY BOYS HOSTEL MATHURA,INDIA
1.
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INDRA PARIYAVARAN BHAWAN DELHI,INDIA

2.
ST.ANDREWS HOSTEL GURUGRAM ,INDIA
3.
4.2 CASE 1
SITE SPECIFICATIONS
Location- Mathura,India
SITE AREA: 6 ACRES
BUILT UP AREA- 2,11,000 SQ .FT.
TOTAL NO. OF UNITS- 5 Wings Comprising OF 800 Single Hostel Rooms
2 CAFETERIAS/ DINING HALLS WITH KITCHEN
2 Games ROOMS/ GYMS
2 Support STAFF DORM ROOMS (25 People Capacity)
DENSITY: 137.5/ ACRE
CLIMATIC SPECIFICATION
• At an Average Temprature Of 34.7 °C or 94.5 °F, June is the hottest month of the year.
• In January, The Average Temprature Is 14.7 °C | 58.5°F. It is the lowest average temperature
of the year.
• The Mathura lies 175m Above Sea Level Mathuras climate is a local Steppe Climate.
During monsoon there is low rainfall in Mathura,precipitation here is about 707mm.
ASTRACT
The Street is a boys hostel campus in GLA University in Mathura which lies in the composite
climate zone .Looking at the hot summers the hostel campus is designed basically on passive
cooling principles to provide thermal comfort to the residents using no artificial energy
resources.Taking a cue from the old city streets of Mathura city in India where this project is
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located, this 800 room students’ hostel creates organic spaces.Designed in 4 level high, 5 linear
blocks, the built spaces snake across a wedge shaped site twisting and turning along their length.
Sitting adjacent to repetitive hostel blocks on the east and west these new hostels within a large
university campus create individual spaces within each part of the layout.
PASSIVE FEAUTRES
Orientation- The orientation of all the buildings are done with a view of generating large north
facing garden areas overlooking a vast playground towards the north.
Openings-Each hostel room has ventilation openings in the internal corridor facilitating cross
ventilation. The linear buildings create small break out spaces at each bending point allowing
natural light into the internal circulation .
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This factors create an energy efficient building minimizing heat gain in response to the climate
which has average temperature in excess of 300 c for 8months of the year when the sun is in the
Southern Hemisphere.
During the winter months when the sun is in the Northern Hemisphere,
direct sunlight is facilitated to prevent the rooms from becoming cold.
High ceilings
Areas are created at the ends of the linear buildings to house cafeterias, games rooms and
gymnasium opening into the north facing gardens and terraces. Each of the public spaces are large
volumes with 6m high ceilings resulting in attaining a comfortable thermal comfort.
SAILENT ELEMENTS
The organic layout of the buildings characterizes each space within the site. Color accentuates
different blocks and facilitates within. Each block is differently colored along with the internal
face of the bay windows of the hostel in bright colors to create an identity.
Rain water harvesting and water recycling and usage of solar panels additionally make the project
more energy efficient along with the orientation and facilitation of natural ventilation.
The Street is contextual to the climate and the orientation of the site thus creating varied
experiences and changing perceptions of space in each part of the 6 acre site.
23
4.2 INDIRA PARIYAVARAN BHAWAN,DELHI
SITE SPECIFICATIONS
Location-New Delhi
Geographical conditions-28°N,77°E
Area-9,565 m²
Climate type- Composite
Background
Indira Pariyavaran Bhawan is India’s first on site net zero building located in New Delhi ,India .It
uses 70 percent less energy compared a conventional building .The project team put special
emphasis on strategies for reducing energy demand by providing adequate natural lighting ,shading
,landscape to reduce ambient tempratrure and to attain a good thermal comfort . Indira pariyavran
bhawan is also India’s highest rated green building.The building has also won several awards like
Adarsh/GRIHA .
Passive Design Strategies
• Orientation: Building is north south oriented, with separate blocks connected through
corridors and a huge central court yard. Orientation minimizes heat ingress. Optimal
window to wall ratio.
• Daylighting: 75% of building floor space is day lit, thus reducing dependence on artificial
sources for lighting. Inner courtyard serves as a light well.
24
• Ventilation: Central courtyard helps in air movement as natural ventilation happens due to
stack effect. Windows and jaalis add to cross ventilation.
• Building Envelope and Fenestration:
• Optimized Building Envelope – Window assembly (U-Value 0.049 W/m2K),VLT 0.59,
SHGC 0.32
• uPVC windows with hermetically sealed double glazed using low heat transmittance index
glass
• Rock wool insulation
• High efficiecy glass
• Cool roofs; use of high reflectance terrace tiles for heat ingress ,high strength,hard wearing
• High efficiency glass
• Cool roofs: Use of high reflectance terrace tiles for heat ingress, high strength, hard
wearing.
• AAC blocks with fly ash

• Fly ash based plaster & mortar
• Stone and Ferro cement jaalis
25
• Local stone flooring

• Bamboo jute composite doors, frames and flooring
• High efficiency glass, high VLT, low SHGC & Low U-value, optimized by appropriate
shading
• Light shelves for diffused sunlight
Chilled beam system/ VFD/ Screw Chillers-160 TR of air conditioning load of the building
is met through Chilled beam system. Chilled beam are used from second to sixth floor.
This reduces energy use by 50 % compared to a conventional system.
• HVAC load of the buildings is 40 m2/TR, about 50% more efficient than ECBC
requirements (20 m2/TR)
• Chilled water is supplied at 16° C and return temperature is 20° C.
• Drain pans are provided with the chilled beams to drain out water droplets due to
condensation during monsoon.
• Water cooled chillers, double skin air handling units with variable frequency drivers(VFD)
• Chilled beams save AHU/FCU fan power consumption by approximate 50 kW.
• VFDs provided in chilled water pumping system, cooling tower fans and AHUs.
• Fresh supply air is pre cooled from toilet exhaust air through sensible & latent heat energy
recovery wheel.
• Control of HVAC equipment & monitoring of all systems through integrated building
management system.
• Functional zoning to reduce air conditioning loads.
• Room temperature is maintained at 26 ±1 ° C
Geothermal heat exchange system
There are 180 vertical bores to the depth of 80 meter all along the building premises. Minimum 3
meter distance is maintained between any two bores.Each bore has HDPE pipe U-loop (32mm
outer diameter) and grouted with Bentonite Slurry. Each U-Loop is connected to the condenser
water pipe system in the central air conditioning plant room.One U-Loop has 0.9 TR heat rejection
capacity. Combined together, 160 TR of heat rejection is obtained without using a cooling tower.
26
4.3 ST.ANDREWS HOSTEL,GURUGRAM
SITE SPECIFICTIONS
Location- Gurugram,India Area-6000ft sq.
ABSTRACT
A proper collabration of sustainibility and vernacularism st. Andrews hostel is built in composite
climate area of Gurugram in India is a home to 360 students and includes a cafeteria and other
recreational spaces as well . it is built Using only brick and concrete, this building explores and
emphasizes materiality to the fullest These material choices were obvious as they can absorb tremendous
amounts of heat and provide comfort with extreme changes – both diurnal and seasonal. Moreover, brick
and concrete are finished materials that are easy to maintain as well as easily available.
PASSIVE TECHINIQUES USED
Their design strategy for this building revolved around developing a parametric script that could
respond to minimizing solar radiation. The brick skin also accommodated for balconies that not
27
just increase interactivity but also provide a thermal buffer indoor and outdoor spacesWith
experiments on the rotation angle of the brick, they effectively reduced about 70% direct and
diffuse radiation on the principal facade. did also make sure that every individual room got
adequate daylight and privacy by using custom bricks with steel bars so each one can be
individually rotated according to the script created. The design seeks to reinterpret conventional
standards of human comfort through introducing the idea of adaptive comfort — the principle that
people experience differently and adapt, up to a certain extent, to a variety of indoor conditions,
depending on their clothing, their activity, and general physical condition. The building unfolds as
a series of multidimensional spaces, arranged in a hierarchical order through the method of adaptive
layering. Each space is conceptualized as
an intimate environment that prioritizes both functionality and human comfort.
The lounge creates an intimate environment for studying or conversation. Further, the adjacent
internal landscaped court features dense plantation to reduce heat gain through evaporative
cooling. From the core of the building towards the outdoor, the next transition is the second-floor
terrace along the building’s west façade that attracts students in the mornings and late evenings in
summers and serves as an all-day space to congregate during winters. The lounge creates an
intimate environment for studying or conversation. Further, the adjacent internal landscaped court
features dense plantation to reduce heat gain through evaporative cooling. From the core of the
28
building towards the outdoor, the next transition is the second-floor terrace along the building’s
west façade that attracts students in the mornings and late evenings in summers and serves as an
all-day space to congregate during winters.
4.4.3 CHALLENGES IN COLLECTING DATA
The thermal comfort is a very much different in term of being comfortable for everyone as
it is open to interpretention and case study was done in august during monsoon so there
was no experince for me to put the appartus to the test during peak summer seasons.
CHAPTER 5: ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
Basically, an analysis is a detailed study examination of anything complex in order

tounderstand its nature or to determine its essential features which is basically a
thoroughresearch on the research topic. The results of the case studies helped us determine
the answerto the question of what parameters can be taken into consideration. Moreover,
how can thearchitecture impact the lives of the people? The information induced depends
uponexperimental perceptions and induction of online explorations, writing contemplates
and livecontextual analysis. After in-depth study of cases, a detailed analysis is conducted
to reach on the conclusion of the research topic.
S.n Case Location Discription Type of Data
o Study collectio
data
n
name
method
1 GLA Mathura Boys hostel Qualitativ Primary
University ,India designed e case
with analysis. study
passive
cooling
techiniques
2 Indira New Convention Qualitativ Primary

Parivaraha Delhi,India al building e and case
n with quantitati
natural ve study
Bhawan thermal analysis
comfort.
3. St.Andres Gurugram,In Brick Qualitativ Seconda

Hostel dia jalli e analysis ry case
s and air study
puncturing
techiques
29
5.1.1 INTENT
To analyse the comparison between several case studies as to conclude the topic and
answering the research questions and case study was done in august during monsoon so
there was no
• Why there is a need to bring these passive techiniques to yhe

composite area in conventional and corporate spaces .
• Are these techiniques really a good alternative to arctifical cooling
loads
• Thermal comfort is achievable through these techiniques .
5.2 STRENGHTS AND LIMITATIONS OF THE COLLECTED DATA
5.2.1 STRENGHT OF THE COLLECTED DATA
• The cases from Delhi/NCR are taken just to check the accuracy and accountability of these
techiniques in composite climate as Delhi lies in composite clilmate zone.
• The data is primarily colled at the scenario based on peoples’s real time experience and
anlysis.
• This study can further help in minimising energy consumptions as well which indeed is a
huge problem at present times.
• Using literatures available online and collecting data physically for the case studiesdone
on the subject has provided enough information.
• The primary advantage of the data collected is directly related to its amount andvariety. All
kinds of data from papers, blogs, and interviews have been studied for a deeper
understanding which formed the base of analysis.
5.3 LIMITATIONS
• These case studies include appropriate amount of data and reviews for conventional and
dormitory types buildings but do not have the data for residential spaces and housing
projects
• Data hold a good accountability to thermal comfort in situation but thermal comfort for
various person was not achievable which indeed is a drawback .
30
• Data collected on the base of the analysis has also shown that these measures have a very
big limitation as they are not useful for high rise buildings and the research has also being
done on data available on 3storeys maximum.
• Application of these techiniques is generally not suitable for finre grain areas
5.4 ANALYSIS
Element’s Concepts Variables Notes

construct
Building’s Exterior wall Winter and Studying the

elements tilt angle summer solar maximum and
angle minimum solar
angles to
determine the
optimum tilt
angle of the
external walls
for the building
to act as self-
shading
Site’s Climate Hot climate Self-shading

elements forms for
buildings with
large glazed
surfaces and
high
Cold climates requirements
of
daylighting
Self-shading
forms for
buildings with
large glazed
surfaces and
high
requirements
of daylighting.
31
Trees and landscape can improve the thermal environment and reduce the temperatures of
interior spaces and surfaces in buildings. Monitoring tree effects on buildings showed that
trees and landscapes do not only provide shade and reduce air temperature but also prevent
buildings’ materials from gaining and storing heat and radiating it back later as seen in
Table above.
CHAPTER 6:CONCLUSIONS
6.1 SUMMARY
Air conditioning as we all know is a promnent factor that comes to our visualisation when we talk
about a comfortable working environment .The ability to control temprature,air,air quality inside
the buildings openes a new door for modern architects and designers .But as the time has passed
by more innovations Implementing passive cooling systems in building design has many
advantages over rather than exploiting energy vigorously which is a aslo resulting in depleteion of
fossil fuels and it has other impacts like no environmental impacts and CHG emissions .The
implementationof passive design techiniques and devives in any building design requires many
cinsiderations and analyzation of the various variables affect the cooling performance and these
considerations need to be taken from the earliest design stages and not only at the end of the
architectural project ,to allow these system to reach the fullest possible poyentials and to be
integrated within the design itself ,rather than being an additional solution that is forced into a
building .
This chapter represented a guideline and innovations in building design process on a

comprehensive level that take into consideration the four passive cooling actions,store avoid
,remove and slow of heat,and the different devices used for implementing each of the four actions
and variables affecting their cooling performance . All the actions ,devicesand variables affecting
their cooling performance .All the actions ,devices,and variables then were discussed within the
three design stages : analysis,designing,and performance stages.the research then concluded with
a summary of the required passive cooling action and the design solution that need to be minimised
the effects of the various heat sources and the implemented considerations in each of the three
design stages .This chapter encourages designers to intergrate passive cooling solution ,actions,and
devices in the designing process from early stages of the design while taking into consideration
the different variables and requirements concerning the passive devices and their implementation
in all design stages .
32
6.2RESEARCH INFERENCES
Whenever we mention about thermal comfort and energy eficiency mainly two types of design
strategies that are involved active and passive .While active straretgies have greater part in meeting
the energy requirements because thriugh these weare actually generating energy ,but passive
elements have have always been important as the decreass the load on energies and fossibs that
are already endangered .
We experience composite climate here in Delhi .But the main extremeties of weather are faced in
summertime,the max scope is there in providing passive cooling methods since not much problem
is faced during winters in terms of indoor environment .The study has mentioned various passive
design strategies and how these strategies can be adapted in the climate of delhi .Many of these
techiniques like indoor vegetation ,high ceiling also have positive impact on psychological well
being of user and it also have good impact on productivity of the user .
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Q-ARE PASSIVE COOLING TECHINIQUES FUNCTIONAL FOR HIGH RISE BUILDINGS?
A- In India buildings over 15 m of height are considered to be high rise buildings and passive
strategies like stack effect ,chimney effect and bernaulis effect doesn’t do any good to the
building as we can not provide open spaces and exposures to help these techiniques at such
height as wind speed and other factors become more and more vigorous as you climb up
into the atmosphere . hence we can say that these passive approaches are gernerally not
very functional for such high rise buildings.
Q-HOW THESE PASSIVE TECHINIQUES HAVE IMPACT ON PHYSIOLOGICAL AND

PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL BEING OF THE USER ?
A- These techiniques generally involves drawing good amount of Natural light to the user which
has a dozen of positive effects on user as according to a survey user working in natural light
was linked to a corresponding decrease in the risk of developing long-term depression, it also
helps increases the productivity of the user More than one-third of the respondents reported
being in your situation, with either limited or no natural light in their immediate workspace.
And half of those surveyed agreed that when they spent hours in an office with limited natural
light, it adversely affected their mood, productivity and sleep.
33
34

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PASSIVE COOLING TECHNIQUES IN COMPOSITE CLIMATE

COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN

PASSIVE COOLING TECHNIQUES IN COMPOSITE CLIMATE

SUBMITTED BY- GUIDED BY-

GATEWAY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN, SONIPAT,

GATEWAY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN, SONIPAT,

This is to certify that the dissertation titled PASSIVE COOLING TECHINIQUES IN

Ar. Vinod Patil Vinod Patil

(Signature of the guide) (Signature of the coordinator)

GATEWAY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN, SONIPAT,

1.3 Significance of topic

1.5 Research questions

Q-ARE PASSIVE COOLING TECHINIQUES FUNCTIONAL FOR HIGH RISE

Q-HOW THESE PASSIVE TECHINIQUES HAVE IMPACT ON PHYSIOLOGICAL AND

1.6 The Aim and Objectives

1.7 The scope

PASSIVE COOLING TECHNIQUES IN COMPOSITE CLIMATE

2.1PURPOSE OF THE LITERATURE REVIEW

comfort, Maintaining a comfortable environment within a building in a composite climate and

functionality and implemention to attain a comfortable thermas comfort and their

efficiencytheir aaplications.techiniques like orientation and its impact on tha

• Understanding and analysing the existing passive concepts like

S.no Literature Name of Pages Read/borrowed/not

1. Research Passive all browsed

2. Reseach Energy all browsed

3 Research An experimental all browsed

4 Research An adaptive all browsed

2.1PURPOSE OF THE LITERATURE REVIEW

comfort, Maintaining a comfortable environment within a building in a composite climate and

purposes are listed as follow:-

• Analysing existing passive traditional techiniques and their aaplications.

• Understanding and analysing the existing passive

• Examining psycological and physiological impact of such stategies on user profile.

2.2.1“Passive cooling techiniques ‘’-Mathios Santamouris,2005

classification of these techiniques on the basis of :

• Solar and and heat protection techiniques

2.2.2‘’Energy effectiviness of passive design strategies on occupants thermal comfort’’B

2.2.3‘‘An experimental study of designed passive elements for energy efficiency in

• Composite climate variables

Thermal comfort:Indian scenario

CHAPTER 3 - METHODS and METHODOLOGY

3.2.1 Lіterature Study :-

3.2.2 Case Study :-

3.3 METHODS OPTED FOR DATA ANALYSІS AND ІTS JUSTІFІCATІON :-

3.3.1 Lіterature Study :

CHAPTER 4: CASE STUDY

INDRA PARIYAVARAN BHAWAN DELHI,INDIA

SITE AREA: 6 ACRES

BUILT UP AREA- 2,11,000 SQ .FT.

TOTAL NO. OF UNITS- 5 Wings Comprising OF 800 Single Hostel Rooms

2 CAFETERIAS/ DINING HALLS WITH KITCHEN

2 Games ROOMS/ GYMS

2 Support STAFF DORM ROOMS (25 People Capacity)

DENSITY: 137.5/ ACRE

4.2 INDIRA PARIYAVARAN BHAWAN,DELHI

Climate type- Composite

Passive Design Strategies

• AAC blocks with fly ash