NAME – ROSHAN M ROY

UID - 22BCS10095
SEMESTER- 1ST
GP COURSE - CRICKET
MASTERCLASSES

SUBMITTED TO- MR. SHYAMKISHOR SIR

SUBMITTED BY- RATNESH PAL
 INTRODUCTION
Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of 11 players on an oval-shaped
field, at the centre of which is a rectangular 22-yard long pitch. One team bats, trying to
score as many runs as possible while the other team bowls and fields, trying to dismiss the
batsmen and thus limit the runs scored by the batting team. A run is scored by the striking
batsman hitting the ball with his bat, running to the opposite end of the pitch and touching
the crease there without being dismissed. The teams switch between batting and fielding at
the end of an innings.
In professional cricket the length of a game ranges from 20 overs of six bowling deliveries
per side to Test cricket played over five days. The Laws of Cricket are maintained by the
International Cricket Council (ICC) and the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) with additional
Standard Playing Conditions for Test matches and One Day
Cricket is the second most popular
sport in the world behind soccer. The
ICC, the game's governing body, has
tenfull members.[3] The game is
played particularly in Australasia, the
Indian subcontinent, the West Indies, Southern
Africa and England

HISTORY
The game of cricket has a known history spanning from the 16th century to the present
day, with international matches played since 1844, although the official history of
international Test cricket began in 1877. During this time, the game developed from its
origins in England into a game which is now played professionally in most of the
Commonwealth of Nations.
The first evidence of cricket being played was recorded in the year 1550, by the pupils of
Royal Grammar School, Guildford. In the year 1611 it is reported that two young men
from Sussex were punished for playing cricket instead of going to the church. The first
match is recorded to have been played at Coxheath in Kent in the year 1646.
Cricket was in fact a major gambling sport towards the end of the 17th century. It is
recorded that in the year 1679, a 11-aside match was played with stakes as high as 50
guineas per side.
During the 18th century cricket survived and thrived due to the huge amounts of money
via monetary backing and gambling.
The first instance of a match to be played between counties in England is recorded to be
on 29th June in the year 1709. This match was played between Surrey and Kent at Dartford
Brent.
The first English touring team on board ship at Liverpool in 1859
The 18th century also witnessed the
emergence of two types of cricket players.
They were known as the retained player
and the individual player. Generally the
retained player was the servant of the lord
and a cricketer as well. On the other hand
the individual player was free to play
anywhere with his skills
In the year 1787, the Marylebone Cricket Club also known MCC was created. The MCC has
since then gone on to become one of the most prominent bodies in world cricket. The late
18th century was a very crucial phase for the development of the game, both within and
outside Britain. The game was spread far and wide mainly due to England’s imperialism.
The first official match was held between Canada and United States was held in the year
1844.
In the present times, cricket has its own following of loyal fans. The International Cricket
Council, better known as the ICC is the governing body in world cricket. The ICC was
founded on the 15th of June in the year 1909. All laws relating to ODIs and Test Cricket are
framed and implemented by the ICC.

HOW IS CRICKET PLAYED ?

In cricket, there are two teams, the batting and the nonbatting. Nine members of the
nonbatting team are in the field, one is the wicketkeeper, and one is the bowler, for a total
of 11 players. The batting team designates the order of the batters, where the first batter
is called the striker. A batsman tries to guard his wicket, while the bowler tries to hit it.
The batsman tries to keep the bowler from hitting the wicket with the ball, while also
attempting to hit the ball hard enough to give him time to run to the other end of the
pitch, before any of the nonbatting team picks up the ball and hits the wicket. If the wicket
is broken, by a thrown ball or by the wicketkeeper or bowler, the batsman is dismissed.
The striker does not have to run after he hits the ball, and a miss does not count against
him. However, if he gets a hit and thinks he can score a run, he runs for the opposite
wicket while the second batsman - the nonstriker - runs toward him. If they each reach the
opposite wicket before a wicket is broken, a run is scored. Also, if the batsmen theing there
is time, they may run back for two or more runs, crossing each time. If they score an even
number of runs, the striker is the next to hit the ball. However, if an odd number is scored,
the nonstriker will be facing the bowler and thus getting his chance to hit the ball. Any runs
scored in this manner go to his personal score for the game.
When a hit ball goes beyond the boundary, the game is paused and four runs are added to
the team's score. In order for the team's score to go up, several other things may happen
other than the batsman scoring runs. A bye occurs when a ball from the bowler is missed
by the batsman, but he can still make a run. A leg bye happens when the ball touches part
of the batsman's body, but he can still make good a run. A wide occurs when the ball is out
of reach of the striker, and this counts for a run. No balls occur when the ball is improperly
bowled. Each of these extras add points to a side's score.
If a bowler bowls six balls, not counting wides and no balls, he completes what is termed
an over. A new over is then begun by a different bowler at the opposite wicket. The field
must also adjust accordingly. If a bowler bowls a complete over without a batsman
personally scoring a run, it is called a maiden over.
A bowler may bowl either right or left armed, propelling the ball overhand without bending
his elbow. He is allowed any number of steps to give a delivery, but he may not cross the
bowling crease. A good bowler must be able to control length and direction, which includes
the spin placed on the ball to attempt to deceive the batsman into being dismissed.
A batsman may hit either right or left handed, based on a vertical bat with its entire blade
faced to the ball. There are many different batting strokes, including the forward stroke,
the back stroke, the leg glance, and the cut. Fieldsmen must be quick runners, with good
hand-eye coordination and the ability to throw a cricket ball far. He should be able to guess
the batsman's strokes, and act accordingly.
The wicketkeeper should have exceptionally good reaction time and sharp sight. He must
concentrate fully on every ball.

CRICKET EQUIPMENTS
WICKET AND CREASES - A wicket is three stakes or stumps placed into the ground so that a
cricket ball cannot pass between them. There are two wickets, which the bowler attacks
and which the batsman defends. The creases are lines of whitewash that mark the ground
at each wicket. The bowling and return creases mark the area where the bowler's rear foot
must be placed when bowling the ball; the popping crease marks the area which is the
batsman's ground.
BAT AND BALL - The bat is paddle shaped made of willow and approximately 11
centimeters wide. It, including the handle, may not under regulation exceed 97
centimeters in length. The ball is made of a core of cork encased in red leather. The two
leather halves are sewn together with a raised seam. A baseball is slightly heavier, softher,
and larger than a standard cricket ball.
DRESS - The players usually wear white flannel pants and shirt, white canvas or buck shoes,
a white woolen sweater (often times with their club colours trimming it), and
multicoloured club caps. A batsman wears protective white pads, or leg guards, rubber or
leather batting gloves, and a body protector. The wicketkeeper also wears pads and
reinforced gloves. However, the fielders in cricket do not wear gloves when fielding.

CRICKET LANGUAGE
CAPPED - A cricket player is"capped" when he is selected to play for a representative team.
This term comes from the use of club caps in the game.
REPRESENTATIVE TEAM - A "representative team" is a team of cricket players selected by
their ability to represent a county, a country, etc. These players are normally selected from
among club teams or minor teams.)
INNINGS - An innings has actually several term usages in cricket. (1) It is a turn of a
batsman to bat, (2) a turn of a team to bat, or (3) when results are being given, it is when
one team still has a turn to bat but has scored more runs than the opposing team (which
has completed its two innings.)
FOLLOW ON - To "follow on" occurs when a team bats out of turn (e.g. second innings
directly after first innings) after scoring less than the opposing team in first innings by a
certain number of runs.
HIT A SIX - To "hit a six" means to hit the ball over a boundary without it touching the
ground, thus scoring six runs.
PITCH - A "pitch" can be used in several ways. (1) It is the area going 1.5 meters on either
side of the center line between the wickets, (2) the impact of a bowled ball on the ground,
or (3) the distance from one wicket to the other.
WICKET - The word "wicket" has four meanings in cricket. First, it is the goal, consisting of
three stakes, which two sticks lay on top of. The batsman defends them and the bowler
attempts to hit. Secondly, it is a turn to bat. Thirdly, a wicket is, in scoring, if a side is
batting last, it is the number of batsmen who have to be put out (dismissed) when the
opponent's score is passed.
And lastly, it is the area between two sets of stumps (also known as pitch.)
STICKY WICKET - A "sticky wicket" is a wicket (pitch) that is drying after a rain. Any soft soil
- turf - makes playing more difficult for a batsman.
Grip, Stance, Back-Lift
The three basic skills, which come of use prior to the actual devoir of a batsman to hit the
coming delivery to feasible parts of the ground to score as many runs as possible, are (i)
Grip, (ii) Stance and (iii) Back-lift. The minute details of these skills may vary as per the
personal preference of the batsman, but the nitty-gritty is pretty much the same for all.
Grip:
The term “grip” is used for how a batsman holds his bat with his hands. It’s actually one of
the most important factors in being a good batsman, as a correct and more importantly
comfortably viable grip can help him exploit a wide range of shots, with full flair.
There are essentially two types of grips: (i) ‘V’ shaped
grip and (ii) ‘O’ shaped grip, the former being the more
widely used. For the ‘V’ shaped grip, both hands are
placed close together, with the left hand on the top for a
right-hander, and vice versa. Ideally, the top hand should
be held tighter than the bottom hand, whose back of the
palm should face the stumps or the wicket-keeper. Both
the palms should create a ‘V’ shape in the straight line
running down the centre line of the back of the bat. This
grip gives an easier opportunity of pouncing on straight
and vertical-batted strokes. The ‘O’ shaped grip on the
other hand helps in fluency of cross-batted shots, but as mentioned before isn’t used as
proficiently as the ‘V’ shaped grip.
The positioning of the hands on the handle of the bat depends largely on batsman’s choice,
however, leaving too much of the handle on the top, may hamper playing certain drives, or
cause wrist injuries in the long run.
Stance:
An ideal stance is one in which the entire weight of the batsman is distributed evenly on the
two legs. Often batsmen develop foot, knees and back injuries because of a faulty stance,
because of excessive load on either of those.
Starting with the leg position, the feet should be comfortably apart, neither too far nor too
close, with the weight distributed evenly on each, and no pressure on the heels or the toes.
The knees should be slightly bent, such that the weight is distributed uniformly throughout
the legs.
Moving up, the back position of critical
importance, since bending it too much might
cause the weight to shift to it, and cause
injurious troubles in the long run. The back
position thus should be such that it doesn’t
have to carry unnecessary load. The front
shoulder should be pointing straight down the pitch in the line of the stumps at the
opposite end, or Mid On, and the elbow not too stiff. The head should be still, and not tilt
on either side, with the eyes focusing straight and leveled.
The top hand should be resting on the front thigh, while the bat should be grounded
around the toes of the back foot. Alternatively though, modern-day Australian batsmen
ground their bats around the center of the space between the two feet, and from the looks
of how they have performed, it can be said that that method is definitely viable.
Back-Lift:
Like the grip and the stance, the back-lift has a few basics that need to be followed, but
minute adjustments should be made by the batsman, as per what suits him the best. A
major mistake that beginners especially make is lifting the bat either too late or with the
wrong orientation.
The bat should be lifted when the bowler is in action. A little delay and it become too late
to judge with what speed to bring it down to play the ball as per its speed. The bat
shouldn’t be lifted either too
straight, or pointing as far as
the gully. It should slant
towards between the first and
third slips, to get the best
resultant balance. However,
when the bat is brought down
to impact with the ball, it
should come in a straight line.
The position of the hands is
also of utmost importance. The
bat should be lifted with the
top hand, while the elbow should bend, and not be positioned too far from the body. Even
while lifting the bat, the position of the eyes and head shouldn’t alter, and should be
maintained in the straight line with the incoming bowler’s hand.

Front Foot Strokes

Back-foot strokes are often
underestimated in comparison to
front-foot ones, purely because to
the naked eye they may not seem as
attractive. Make no mistake though,
the former take as much skill and
finesse to execute perfectly, as the
latter.
Front-foot strokes are a treat to the eye. It is important to have a good sense of
recognition of the length and pace of the incoming delivery, to execute them
perfectly, apart from possessing an excellent timing.
Defense:
While the back-foot defense is applied to counter a ball pitched just short of
good length, the front-foot defense needs to be adopted when the ball is
pitched on good length, in a straight line with the stumps. The purpose of this
shot is to block out a potentially dangerous delivery, rather than to try and score
off it.
The head and front shoulder should shift in the
line of the ball, with the front leg coming right up
to the pitch of the ball. Failing to do this could
easily result into missing the shot altogether, with
the ball going in between the bat and pad. The
back leg should remain straight.
As the ball approaches, bend the front knee, as it
will help in getting on top of the ball, and thus
reduce the chances of edging. The arms and palms should be kept relaxed too,
without trying to force on the ball. The purpose is to just block out. The face of
the bat, when brought down to make contact with the ball, should be straight.
The point of contact between the bat and the ball should be beneath the eyes.
The bat should be just in front of the pads, with minimal distance between the
in a straight line. The heel of the back-foot should be raised, and the position
should be stilled, rather than following through.

Back Foot Strokes

Back-foot strokes are often underestimated in comparison to front-foot ones,
purely because to the naked eye they may not seem as attractive. Make no
mistake though, the former take as
much skill and finesse to execute
perfectly, as the latter.
Defense:
It probably isn’t the most glamorous of
shots, but is a definite must in the armor
of international batsmen, especially the openers, what with fast bowlers
running in to deliver soaring-paced on a bouncy first day track.
The best way to deal with a ball pitched just short of good length early on in the
innings, when taking is risk is not worth, is to play the back-foot defensive. It is
essential to meet the ball at the top of its bounce is such cases, which could be
done by going back on one’s crease. It is also requisite, so as to prevent losing
one’s wicket, to play the back-foot defense with a relaxed grip, thus reducing
the chances of edging to fielders close-by.
The back-foot should be well in the crease, with the line of the off-stump. The
front elbow should rise up in line with the ball, while the bottom hand should
rest loose on the handle. It is also necessary that the entire weight of the body
is concentrated on the front.
PACE BOWLING
Fast bowling (also referred to as pace bowling) is one of two main approaches
to bowling in the sport of cricket, the other being spin bowling. Practitioners of
pace bowling are usually known as fast bowlers, quicks, or pacemen. They can
also be referred to as a seam bowler, a swing bowler or a fast bowler who can
swing it to reflect the predominant characteristic of their deliveries. Strictly
speaking, a pure swing bowler does not need to have a high degree of pace,
though dedicated medium-pace swing bowlers are rarely seen at Test level in
modern times.

The aim of pace bowling is to deliver

the ball in such a fashion as to cause
the batsman to make a mistake. The
bowler achieves this by making the
hard cricket ball deviate from a
predictable, linear trajectory at a
sufficiently high speed that limits the
time the batsman has to compensate
for it. For deviation caused by the
ball's stitching (the seam), the ball bounces off the pitch and deflects either
away from the batsman's body, or inwards towards them. Swing bowlers on the
other hand also use the seam of the ball but in a different way. To 'bowl swing'
is to induce a curved trajectory of the cricket ball through the air. Swing bowlers
use a combination of seam orientation, body position at the point of release,
asymmetric ball polishing, and variations in delivery speed to effect an
aerodynamic influence on the ball. The ability of a bowler to induce lateral
deviation or 'sideways movement' can make it difficult for the batsman to
address the flight of the ball accurately. Beyond this ability to create an
unpredictable path of ball trajectory, the fastest bowlers can be equally potent
by simply delivering a ball at such a rate that a batsman simply fails to react
either correctly, or at all, while spin bowlers also seek to deceive batters they do
so in a rather different manner. Effective spin bowlers compensate for a much
lower speed of delivery with ability to make the ball deviate in a considerably
more extreme fashion than typical fast bowling.

SPIN BOWLING
Types of Spin Bowling techniques in Cricket Explained
Cricket is popularly known for its batters but bowlers also play a crucial role in
winning games for any team. Today, we will discuss different types of spin
bowling in cricket, leg-spin vs off-spin, and much more.

Spinners have always been a crucial part of any playing XI. Some captains try to
use them as an attacking option while others aim to keep the flow of runs in
check. Spinners have a bonafide art of deceiving the batter in the air using the
drift on the ball, the speed, and variations. However, not all spinners are of the
same kind. There are different types of spin bowling in cricket as we discuss
each one of them in detail.

Types of Spin bowling in Cricket

There are majorly four types of spinners in cricket namely

▪ Right-arm off-break spinner

▪ Right-arm leg-break spinner
▪ Left-arm orthodox spinner
▪ Left-arm Chinaman spinner
Fielding
Fielding in the sport of cricket is the action of fielders in collecting the ball after
it is struck by the striking batter, to limit the number of runs that the striker
scores and/or to get a batter out by either catching a hit ball before it bounces,
or by running out either batter before they can complete the run they are
currently attempting. There are a number of recognised fielding positions, and
they can be categorised into the offside and leg side of the field. Fielding also
involves preventing the ball
from going to or over the edge
of the field (which would result
in runs being scored by the
batting team in the form of
a boundary).
A fielder or fieldsman may field
the ball with any part of his
body. However, if while the ball
is in play he wilfully fields it otherwise (e.g. by using his hat), the ball
becomes dead and five penalty runs are awarded to the batting side, unless the
ball previously struck a batter not attempting to hit or avoid the ball. Most of
the rules covering fielders are in Law 28 of the Laws of cricket.