SISBUSI (Game k n b?

) POS - Point of sale

GUI - Graphical user interface JPEG - Joint photographic expert group
B2C - Business to consumer IC - Integrated circuit
B2B - Business to business
URL - Uniform resource locator Lessons learned in videos:
HTML - Hypertext Markup language VIDEO 1:
HTTP - Hypertext transfer protocol What does it all mean? We are
FTP - File transfer protocol experiencing a transition to a new world
DSS - Decision support system where PEOPLE and TECHNOLOGY
WAN - Wide area network come together
WIFI - Wireless fidelity VIDEO 2:
USB - Universal serial bus Shift happens - paradigm shift
UPC - Universal product code
I/O - Input output LECTURE NOTES:
WORM - Write once with many Computer - high speed electronic device
VLSI - Very large-scale integration which can perform computations and
DB - Database data manipulation and provide useful
DBS - Database software information under the command of
DBMS - Database management system instruction
CCD - Charge coupled devices
OOP - Object oriented programming 4 Components of a computer system:
MIS - Management information systems 1.) Hardware - highspeed electronic
AI - Artificial intelligence device (the physical component)
IRC - Internet relay chat 2.) Software - perform computation and
EIS - Executive information system data manipulation (the mental part)
MICR -Magnetic ink character 3.) People ware - provide useful
recognition information
VAN - Value added network 4.) Procedures - under the command of
MPEG - Movie picture enhanced instruction
graphics
DVD - Digital video disc 5 Uses of computers:
VCD - Video compact disc 1.) Business transaction
HW - Hardware 2.) keep track of product inventories
SW - Software 3.) Medical uses
CRT - Cathode ray tube 4.) Recognize speech patterns
TPS - Transaction processing system 5.) Provide entertainment
LAN - Local area network
TCP / IP - Transmission control protocol > Computer can solve problems
/ Internet protocol effectively and efficiently
OCR - Optical character recognition
MODEM -Modulate demodulator
> Computers cannot solve problems on system to determine how it works and
its own, because human beings uses with an eye to improving the system
computers >SDLC – Software/System
> Computer program - noun. set or list Development Life Cycle
of instructions that directs that computer >SYSTEM DESIGN – a phase of the
on its operations; algorithm SDLC, involving developing a plan (IS)
> Programmer - person who develops a for a new or revised system based on
program the results of the system analysis
> Programming – act of developing a phase.
program
INFORMATION SYSTEM
5 Basic characteristics of the computer:
Computer system that uses IT to
1.) Electronic
capture, to transmit, store, retrieve,
2.) Programmable
manipulate or display information used
3.) Storage capability
in business processes.
4.) Retrieval capability
5.) Processing capability
SISBUSI
Advantages of using a computer
INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION
1.) Speed
SYSTEMS
2.) Accuracy
3.) Repeatability
> Information - most basic resource
4.) Programmability
today. It is needed to make strategies
and decisions
Benefits of using computer at home and
> Information Society - system with
at work
useful data. It has 2 workers:
1.) Increased productivity
1.) Knowledge workers - use, create,
2.) Information management
distribute information (scientists,
3.) Improve communication
architects, programmers, etc. WHITE
COLLARED JOBS)
Computer literacy - information age,
2.) Data workers - BLUE COLLARED
dawn of a new age
JOBS (?)
> Awareness - aware of the importance
of IT
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DATA AND
> Knowledge - what computers are and
INFORMATION
how they work
> Interaction - use computer for simple
> Data - (format, filter, summarize) raw
application (hands-on)
facts. derived through different modes of
inquiry. things happening now, and have
>SYSTEM ANALYSIS – a phase of the
happened in the past.
SDLC, involving studying an existing
> Information - (interpret, decide, act) > Need for Databases: man has always
processed data. that is organized, has had the desire to record everything
use, provides meaning, is important in around him to be shared and re-used.
accomplishing a certain task.

QUALITIES OF INFORMATION SISBUSI

1.) Time Dimension - timely, updated
2.) Content Dimension - accurate, COMPUTER LITERACY vs. IS
relevant, complete, concise, verifiable, LITERACY
cost-effective
3.) Form Dimension - clarity, detailed Computer literacy - know how to use IT
order, presentation, layout, aesthetic (HW, SW, Telecomm, storage
and grammar techniques)
IS Literacy - one who understands and
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN knows the importance of information
INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE -understanding the nature of business
> Knowledge - how to convert data into -IS LITERATE: Computer + Business
useful information. concrete expression
of thought derived from relating and DATA MANIPULATION = stores,
analyzing several pieces of valuable retrieves, processes data
information. It is a combination of
instincts, ideas, and procedures that THREE ELEMENTS / SKILLS OF IS
guide actions and decisions. LITERACY
>Information is what we get from data, 1.) IT Skills
and knowledge is what we get from 2.) Analysis and problem-solving skills
information. 3.) Organizational and behavioral skills

KNOWLEDGE-BASED AND WHAT IS I.S.?

DATABASE Technical Definition: set of interrelated
components that collects, process,
> Database (DB) - serves the need to store, distribute information to support
generate meaningful information. the operation of an organization
Records only the data that has purpose (Comsci and Eng people)
(ex: pricelist, orders DB, employee DB, Management Definition: Organizational
customer DB, contacts DB, supplier DB, and management solution to business
etc.) establishes relationships and problems (manual, computerized/
connections between its data to make automated); (people in COB/SOE)
them more meaningful. It is well
organized and structured. An application that allows people to
maximize the tons of recorded data
Records data that has purpose
Stores data in an organized storage CLASSIFICATION OF IS:
Retrieves data 1. FORMAL IS
Processes data using previously saved a. Fixed and accepted
and related data definition of data and
procedures for collecting
Examples of Information System: the info
1. People b. Not easily changed
2. Information processing theory Ex: CBIS (computer based
information system)
5 Information System Components
1. Hardware 2. INFORMAL IS
2. Software - Instructions a. Rely on implicit
3. Data - Bridge agreements and unstated
4. People - Instructions rules of behavior
5. Procedures Ex: Grapevines, office gossip
network, dlsu community forum
Hardware Software - Computer side
Procedure people - Human side
WHAT IS MIS?
ACTIVITIES INVOLVED IN IS: MANAGEMENT INFORMATION
Input > Process > Output = Feedback SYSTEMS:
- Development and use of
Input (raw materials, laborers, money) information systems
Process (production or manufacturing) - Achieving business goals
Output (product or service) and objectives

INFORMATION SYSTEM IS: the KEY ELEMENTS OF MIS:

interface between people, organizations, 1. Development and use
and technology. 2. Information systems
3. Business goals and objectives

WHY IS? (EDP) - ELECTRONIC DATA

- Changing business environment PROCESSING
starting 1990’s (IT) - INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
- Emerging and strengthening of (IS / MIS) - INFORMATION SYSTEMS /
the global economy MANAGEMENT INFORMATION
- Transformation of the industrial SYSTEMS
economies and societies into (CIO) - CHIEF INFORMATION
knowledge and information- OFFICER
based service economics
CONTEMPORARY APPROACH OF IS:
 1. Technical Approach
a. Computer science, Because of IT in business functions,
management science, there was directing and staffing in
operational research management functions.
2. Behavioral Approach
a. System utilization, CLASSIC MANAGEMENT PYRAMID
implementation, creative Top-level managers - strategic
design Middle-level managers - tactical
b. Discipline: sociology, (organizing and staffing)
psychology, economics Low-level managers - operational

ROLES OF IS IN BUSINESS: LEVELS:

Management Pyramid Senior managers - makes long range
President - support strategies for strategic decisions
competitive advantage Middle managers - carry out program
Managers - support business decision from senior
making Operational managers - monitor the
Rank and File - support business firm’s daily activities
processes
FLATTENED MANAGEMENT
Interdependence - Relationship of PYRAMID: computers replace middle
organization and business procedure managers

IS = IT + People and Procedures

IS - makes IT useful
- Bigger scope than IT
(7/22/21)
6 MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS
1. Planning EVOLUTION OF IS:
2. Organizing
3. Leading 50’s - EDP/Electronic Data Processing
4. Controlling 60’s - MIS/Management Information
5. Directing System
6. Staffing 70’s - DSS&OAS/Decision support
system and Office Automation System
5 BUSINESS FUNCTIONS 80’s - Information as strategic tool &
1. Production / Operations EUC/End User computing
2. Marketing 90’s-2000’s - integration
3. Finance / Accounting
4. Human Resource IMPACT OF IS:
5. Information Technology 1. Organization - people and culture
 2. Technology - use of machine and MAJOR TYPES OF INFORMATION
technologies SYSTEMS
3. Management - solve business
problems Information System Applications
- What functions and procedures
NEW OPTIONS FOR does the system perform
ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN - What type of information does the
1. Flattening organizations system provide
2. Separating work from loc. - Which of business functional unit
(SOHO: Small office, home it supports
office) - Who uses and benefits from the
3. Reorganizing work-flows system
4. Increasing flexibility
5. Redefining organizational Information
boundaries - organizational resource which
must be managed as carefully as
CHALLENGES OF IS: any other
1. Technology Challenge - HW & - Costs are associated
SW gap, HW & SW business
races Roles
2. Productivity Challenge - increase - Provides early warning systems
productivity and growth in internally and externally
computing power, more - Can automate routine clerical
production in less time and effort operations
3. Strategic Business Challenge - - Can assist all levels of manager
fast responses / change quickly, in making routine (programmed)
aware of what’s new and what’s decision
hot, how can we stay on top? - Can provide the info necessary
4. People Challenge - for management for strategic
interrelationship between human (non-programmed decision)
and technology, ethical issue,
HCI/Human Computer Interaction IS are developed for diff. Purposes
5. Investment Challenge depending on the needs of the business

System analyst may be involved with

any or all of these systems

(08/03/2021)
MAJOR TYPES OF IS
MAJOR TYPES OF IS
Transaction processing systems (TPS)
Office automation systems (OAS) DAY TO DAY BUSINESS
Knowledge work system OPERATIONS
1. Marketing / Inventory
2. Accounting (Accounts
ROLES OF IS IN ORGANIZATIONS Receivable, Accounts Payable)
1. Support of its business 3. Purchasing
processes and operations (TPS, 4. HRM/Personnel
PCS, OAS/OIS, KWS) 5. Production/Manufacturing
2. Support of decision making by its
managers (MIS, DSS, EIS/ESS, B. PCS - PROCESS CONTROL
ES) SYSTEM
3. Support of its strategies for - only includes MANUFACTURING
competitive advantage (SIS, under TPS
CSCWS/GDSS, EIS/ESS)
C. OAS/OIS - OFFICE AUTOMATION
1. Decision Processes and SYSTEMS OR OFFICE INFORMATION
Operations SYSTEMS
A. TPS - Transaction Processing - Supports (blue collared jobs)
System data workers who do not usually
- Essential to the day2day create new knowledge but
operation of business that these disseminate it
system function smoothly and - Support information within
without interruption organizations (ex: fax machine,
- Computer info. Systems that word processing, telephone,
were developed to process large email, Desktop Publishing,
amounts of data for routine electronic scheduling
business transactions. spreadsheet, video conferencing,
- Boundary-spanning system that image processing, voice mail,
permit the org to interact with etc.)
external environment - GOAL: to have a PAPERLESS
- Allow sorting, listing, merging, office
and updating of data and - Handles document management,
information (ex: customer scheduling and communication
database, supplier database) - Will be used by NON-
- Handle and produce data and MANAGEMENT EMPLOYEES
info in the form of lists,
summaries, reports, etc. D. KWS - Knowledge Work Systems
- TPS is used by Operational - For knowledge workers
Management and Non- - Supports scientists, engineers, to
management employees create new knowledge
 - EX: Computer Aided Design, - Focus on INTERNAL EVENTS,
Computer aided manufacturing, providing the information for
e-learning system, scientific short-term planning and decision
computing system, engineering, making
graphics, and managerial work - EX: Sales management,
station inventory control, annual
- Will be used by OPERATIONAL budgeting, capital investment
MANAGEMENT analysis
- Will be used by TACTICAL
2. Decision Making / Management MANAGEMENT AND
Decision Making (all for short-term OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT
planning)
A. MIS - MANAGEMENT B. DSS - DECISION SUPPORT
INFORMATION SYSTEMS SYSTEMS
- Taking a collection of data to - Focus on business intelligence
create a summary report - Higher level class of
- MIS = TPS + RGS (report computerized information system
generating system) - Depends on database as a
- TPS = do not have RGS source of data
- Does not replace TPS, rather, all - Emphasizes support of decision
MIS include the transaction making in all its phases, although
processing the actual decision is still the
- Computerized information system exclusive province of the
that works because of the decision maker
interaction between people and - Have greater analytical power
computers than other systems, incorporate
- Support a broader spectrum of modeling tools, aggregation and
organizational tasks than tps analysis tools, and supports
- To access information, uses of what-if scenarios
MIS share a common database - EX: Sales region analysis,
(store both data and models that production scheduling, cost
help user interpret and apply that analysis, pricing/profitability
data) analysis
- MIS output used in decision - Will be used by TACTICAL
making MANAGEMENT AND
- Provides reports to help make OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT
decisions
- Provide access to current C. EXPERT SYSTEM
performance and historical - Also known as knowledge-based
records of the organization systems
- Application of artificial intelligence
 - Designed to mimic the A. GDSS & CSCWS - GROUP
performance of human brain DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM
- Effectively capture and use the AND COMPUTER SUPPORTED
knowledge for solving a particular COLLABORATIVE WORK
problem in an organization SYSTEM
- EX: Training systems, equipment - Collaborative work system
diagnostics, portfolio - Intended to bring a group
management, troubleshooting together to solve a problem
systems - EX: Polling, brainstorming
- Artificial Intelligence (AI) - - Designed to minimize negative
General thrust: to develop group behavior
machines that behave - GDSS are discussed under the
intelligently more general term CSCWS
- 2 Avenues of AI Research: which include SW support called
1. Understanding (NLP) natural GROUPWARE for team
language processing (Syntax analysis collaboration via networked
and Semantic analysis) computers.
2. Analyzing the ability to reason - Will be used by EXECUTIVE
through a problem to its logical MANAGEMENT
conclusion
- Will be used by TACTICAL ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING
MANAGEMENT AND (ERP) - umbrella term for software;
OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT starts compiling a list of things that you
need, helps you estimate cost and how
D. ESS/EIS - EXECUTIVE SUPPORT to price it; track inventory
/INFORMATION SYSTEMS
- Rely on info generated by TPS ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE
and MIS (EDI)
- Designed to incorporate data
about external events (08/05/2021)
- Filter, comprass, and track critical
data that is useful to the THE MODERN ORGANIZATION:
executive management Functioning in a Global Environment
- EX: Sales trend forecasting,
operations planning, budget Platform: consists of hw, sw, and
forecasting, etc. communications components that
- Will be used by EXECUTIVE organizations use to process and
MANAGEMENT manage information.

3. Strategies for competitive Information Technology Architecture

advantage
 - High-level map or plan of the enabled by rapid advances in
information assets in an information technology.
organization. It is both a guide for Stages of Globalization: from Thomas
current operations and a blueprint Friedman in THE WORLD IS FLAT,
for future direction argues that the world is flat in the sense
- Integrates entire organization’s that the global competitive playing field
business needs for information, is being leveled.
IT infrastructure, and all 1. Globalization 1.0 (1492-1800)
applications a. Christopher Columbus -
- Analogous to be architecture of a force behind globalization
house, describes how the house was the amount of power
is to be constructed, including of muscle, horse power,
components, systems, to be wind power, or steam
integrated power a country had and
- IT architecture shows how all could deploy
aspects of IT in an organization fit 2. Globalization 2.0 (1800-2000)
together. a. FIRST HALF - Force
behind this globalization
IT Infrastructure was multi-national
- Composed of physical facilities, companies (companies
IT components, IT services, and that had their
IT personnel that support the headquarters in one
entire organization. country but operated in
- A firm’s platform consists only of several countries. //
its IT components Globalization was driven
by falling transportation
THE GLOBAL WEB-BASED costs, generated by the
PLATFORM development of steam
- Represented by the internet and engine and railroads.
WWW 3. Globalization 3.0
- Enables us to 5C’s connect, a. Driven by the convergence
compute, communicate, of ten forces that Friedman
collaborate, and compete calls “FLATTENERS”. In
anywhere and all time era 3.0, we are witnessing
- Operates without regard to the emergence of a global
geography, time, distance, and web-based platform
language
THOMAS FRIEDMAN - TEN
GLOBALIZATION - integration of FLATTERNERS: contributed to the
interdependence of economic, social, emergence of era 3.0 and the flat world
cultural, and ecological facets of life, 1. Fall of berlin wall - (NOV 9, 1989)
 2. Netscape goes public - Could help retailers cut costs,
3. Development of work-flow increase profits and serve
software customers better by making the
4. Uploading most of sales information
5. Outsourcing
6. Offshoring Inventory control - key feature for an
7. Supply chaining expanding business because
8. Insourcing information is distributed throughout the
9. Informing organization
10. The steroids
BUSINESS PRESSURES - business
environment in information age will
(08/10/2021) place many pressures or companies
-firms may respond REACTIVELY to a
MODERN ORGANIZATION pressure already in existence, or
PROACTIVELY to an anticipated
Information Age- where fortunes spring pressure.
from innovative ideas and the clever use 1.) MARKET (yellow zone) -
of information generated by the global economy
and strong competition
Business in the Information Age must a.) GLOBAL COMPETITION
compete in a challenging market place - FOR MARKET AND FOR
one that is rapidly changing, complex, LABOR - globalization
global, hyper competitive, and customer created by a better
focused. telecomm system has
increased competition for
Business Environment - combination of market share and labor
social, legal economics and physical resources; Global
factors that affect business activities competition is especially
(Ex: Many companies restructured their intensified when
organizations) governments become
involved through the use
IT SOLUTIONS - executive of subsidies, tax policies
headquarters could keep up with sales and import/export
and inventory at all locations while each regulations and incentives.
store would track its own data 2.) NEED FOR REAL-TIME
- Uses a specialized software to OPERATIONS
record the transactional data a.) Company in information
(stock numbers, items sold, cost, age no longer have the
time of sale, customer info) luxury of information float
 b.) High performance 6.) INFORMATION OVERLOAD -
telecomm tech can reduce information and knowledge that is
time lag (ex: slow, paper generated and stored inside
based, mail-based organizations are also increasing
transaction are things of exponentially
the past) a.) Managers are at risk of
3.) CHANGING WORKFORCE “änalysis paralysis” -
a.) Is changing more rapidly bombarded with so much
and becoming more potentially useful
diversified (ex: more information that they feel
organizations are compelled to consider vast
becoming transnational, amounts of it before taking
SOHO (small office home action. / Too much of a
office) managerial good thing
complexity accompanies 7.) SOCIETAL PRESSURES / social
growing cultural responsibility - social issues
complexity) affecting corporation (ex:
4.) CUSTOMER ORIENTATION organization problems - some
a.) Customers ultimately want corps are taking active measures
products “free, perfect, to respond to social issues and to
now”. These expectations contribute toward social
translate into the need for improvements such as activities
organizations demonstrate are known as organizational
a customer orientation. social responsibility
(ex: customers are a.) Failure to accept SR -
demanding even more results in employee
detailed information about dissatisfaction, a tarnished
products and company rep with the
services/wants products public and some
and services with high government sanctions.
quality and low cost) b.) GOVERNMENT
5.) TECHNOLOGY PRESSURES / REGULATION AND
TECHNOLOGICAL DEREGULATION -
INNOVATIONS AND compliance with govt
OBSOLESCENCE regulation costs
a.) Continuing innovation with companies’ money, and
computer technologies these additional costs are
(ex: means faster eventually passed along to
obsolescence of products, consumers in the form of
shorter life cycles, and higher prices
increase quality)
 c.) Deregulation - can be a (JAP TERM) more permanent
blessing to one company type of business alliance that
and a curse to another links manufacturers, suppliers,
company previously and finance corp)
protected by the 7.) E-COMMERCE - multifaceted
regulation; increases concept: internet-based
computation. marketing
d.) ETHICAL ISSUES
WHY ARE INFORMATION SYSTEMS
IMPORTANT TO YOU?
ORGANIZATIONAL RESPONSES Interesting - to transform traditional
1.) Strategic system - to provide organizational policies, offer more
organization with strategic entrepreneurial opportunities
advantages in meeting Integral to lives
organizational objective Offer career opportunities
2.) Customer focus and Service - Used by all functional areas - vital for
paying more attention to every business functions
customer and their preferences
(ex: engineering in organization MISINFORMATION ABOUT IS
to better meet customer CAREER OPPORTUNITIES
demands, provide trouble There are no computing jobs, no IT jobs
shooting advice or help lines, use when i graduate, IT jobs are moving
IT to support customer service) offshore, etc.
3.) Continuous improvement efforts
to their STRATEGIC INFORMATION
4.) Business process reengineering/ SYSTEMS FOR COMPETITIVE
redesign/ restructure/ ADVANTAGE (long-range planning)
reorganization (BPR) - process of
introducing major innovation in an SIS - systems that support/shape a
organization business strategy
5.) Team-based structure - many IT - important means of gaining a
companies now use flexible and competitive advantage when a company
temporary organizational has an edge over its competitors by:
structures focused on specific Lowest price, highest quality, best
projects customer service, offering most value
6.) Business alliances - in response for money, dominating the region,
to the competitive pressure of develop tight linkages between suppliers
global economy, many firms are and customers
realizing that alliances with other
firms, even competitors, can be
very beneficial (ex: KEIRETSU
Strategic management - way an 2. Products/Services - generated by
organization maps or crafts the strategy business process
of future operations 3. Business process - the steps
(step by step)
ROLE OF IT IN STRATEGIC 4. Participants - in the business
MANAGEMENT process
- Innovative applications 5. Information - the business
- Competitive weapon process uses or creates
- Changes in processes 6. Technology - the business
- Links with business partners process uses
- Cost reductions a. Hardware, Software,
- Relationship with suppliers and Telecommunication
customers
- New products
- Competitive intelligence

08/17/2021

WORK CENTERED ANALYSIS (WCA)

FRAMEWORK
- Proponent: Steven Alter
- Professionals should focus on
system performing the work as it
is much broader than technology
- Includes business processes,
ELEMENTS IN FRAMEWORK - Focus
participants, any technology used
on work being done rather than the
technology
6 ELEMENTS OF WCA FRAMEWORK
1. Customers - internal or external
STEPS IN SYSTEM ANALYSIS FOR
customers of business process
BUSINESS PROFESSIONALS
a. Depending on the process,
1. Define the problem
employees may be
2. Describe situation
external customers. (EX:
3. Design potential
HR manager uses the
4. ----
computer to manage
salaries of employees, he
5 PERSPECTIVES OF
is the internal customer.
UNDERSTANDING WCA OF
Employees who are
SYSTEMS - each has its own
waiting on the salary from
framework/table
the HR, he is an external
customer)
1. Architecture - KEYWORD: Steps in System Development
COMPONENTS. Of the systems, 1. Identify problems, opportunities,
how they are linked, how they objectives (ANALYSIS)
operate together a. Critical to rest of the
2. Performance - KEYWORD: HOW project
WELL? Do the components b. Where you recognize
operate? problems brought up by
3. Infrastructure - KEYWORD: organizational members
TECHNICAL AND HUMAN. that need to be addressed.
4. Context - KEYWORD: c. Seizing opportunities that
ORGANIZATIONAL AND will allow the business to
TECHNICAL be able to gain a
5. Risk - KEYWORD: FAILURE competitive advantage/set
an industry standard
d. Identify objectives and
ACTIVITY PLANNING AND reaching it by addressing
CONTROL specific
problems/opportunities
(SDLC) System/Software e. OUTPUT: Feasibility
Development Lifecycle Report (containing a
- Waterfall model/Classical model problem definition and
summarizing the
5 STAGES/PHASES OF SDLC objectives)
1. Analysis - what do we need to f. RESULT: feasible or not
do? Output: Feasibility study feasible
2. Design - how do we do it? 2. Determining information
Output: IS Plan requirements (ANALYSIS)
3. Implementation - let’s do it! a. Tools: interview, survey,
(CCS is in charge of this) Output: sampling and investigating
Software hard data, questionnaires,
4. Testing - were we able to do it? observation
5. Maintenance - are there some b. Understand the
more work to do? information
c. IA (Information Analyst) -
specialist
d. Need to know the details
of the current system
function:
i. Who (people
involved)
 ii. What (business any original software
activity) needed
iii. Where b. Communicate to the
(environment which programmer what needs to
the work takes be programmed
place) c. Works with users to
iv. When (timing) develop effective
v. How (how current documentation for
procedures are software, including
performed) procedure manuals, on-
e. BPR / Business Process line helps, websites
Reengineering - help in (FAQs)
framing an approach for d. Documentation tells the
rethinking the business in user how to use software if
a creative way. problems would occur.
3. Analyzing System Needs 6. Testing the Maintaining the
(ANALYSIS) System (TESTING;
a. Tools: DFD (Data flow MAINTENANCE)
diagram) a. Much less costly to catch
b. Analyzes the structured problems before system is
decisions made signed over to users
4. Designing the Recommended b. Testing completed by
System (DESIGN) programmer alone/system
a. The analyst designs analysts in conjunction
accurate data entry with programmers
procedures so data going c. Programmer's routine work
into the IS are correct consists of maintenance
b. Devising the UI and output and businesses spend a
c. Designing files or great deal of money on
databases maintenance
d. Design controls and 7. Implementing and Evaluating the
backup procedures to System (IMPLEMENTING;
protect system data MAINTENANCE)
e. Produce program a. Last phase of system
specification packets for development
programmer b. Bringing new system into
f. Design system flowchart production
5. Developing and Documenting
Software (IMPLEMENTATION) DETERMINING FEASIBILITY AND
a. The analyst works with MANAGING ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
programmers to develop ACTIVITIES
 - To identify problems in the PLANNING - includes all activities of
organization system project
1. Check output against CONTROL - means using feedback to
performance criteria: monitor the project; comparing the plan
a. Too many errors with actual evolution; taking appropriate
b. Work completed slowly action
c. Work done incorrectly PROJECT FEASIBILITY - Decision to
d. Work done incompletely be made by the management based on
e. Work not done at all feasibility data expertly gathered
2. Observe behavior of employees
a. High absenteeism
b. High job dissatisfaction 3 MAJOR ACTIVITIES IN PLANNING A
c. High job turnover PROJECT
3. Listen to external feedback from 1. ANALYSIS
vendors, customers, suppliers 2. DESIGN
a. Complaints 3. IMPLEMENTATION -
b. Suggestions for implementation, evaluation
improvements
c. Loss of sales USE GANTT CHARTS FOR PROJECT
d. Lower sales SCHEDULING

DETERMINING FEASIBILITY PROJECT INITIATION - initiated for

Feasibility Study - not a full blown problems that (1) lend themselves to
system study but is used to gather system solutions & (2) opportunities for
broad data for members of management improvement through upgrading,
- Data of FS can be gathered altering, installing systems
through interviews
ORGANIZATIONAL PROBLEMS -
FOUR TYPES OF FEASIBILITY identify problems by (1) check output
1. Technical Feasibility - technology against performance criteria
2. Economic Feasibility - cost
a. Cost of system study, POSSIBILITIES FOR IMPROVEMENT
employee’s time for study, - speeding up a process,
etc. streamlining a process,
3. Operational Feasibility - to use or combining processes, reducing
not to use errors in input, reducing
a. Whether the system will be redundant storage, reducing
used / operate or not redundant output, improving
4. Schedule Feasibility system and subsystem
integration
PROJ SPECS - Chapter 9, do 3 GANTT
charts according to:
3 IT strategies
1. Buy an ERP
2. Outsource (hanap ng
company/freelance
programmers na
gumagawa ng program) 08/26/2021 - Chap 10 in paper
3. IN-HOUSE - Create an (Budget Proposal)
IT Department
ASCERTAINING HW AND SW NEEDS
SYSTEM DESIGN & Cost Benefit Analysis
1. Designing effective output -
OUTPUT is any useful info or Inventory Computer Hardware
data delivered by the IS or DSS ; These questions question each
INPUT - forms ; DISPLAYS - individual hardware (ex: mouse,
shows a cursor that continuously keyboard, monitor, CPU, etc.)
orients the user - Type of equipment: model
number, manufacturer
- Operation status of equipment:
SYMBOLS USED IN DATA FLOW on order, operating, in storage,
DIAGRAMS for repair
PROCESS - Estimated age of equipment
DATA FLOW - Projected life of equipment
DATA STORE - Physical location of equipment
EXTERNAL ENTITY - object - Department or person considered
responsible for equipment
STEP 1- Draw context diagram - Financial arrangement for the
STEP 2 - Diagram 0 (the next level) equipment (bought, owned,
STEP 3 - Child diagram rented, leased)

Manual - Logical Acquisition of Computer Equipment

Automated - Physical Comparing advantages and
disadvantages of buying, leasing, and
renting computer equipment

Software Evaluation
SW can be created as a custom
product, purchased as a commercial off-
the-shelf (COTS) sw package, or
outsourced to an application service All these techniques provide
provider (ASP) straightforward ways of yielding
information to decision makers about
3 Software Strategy the worthiness of the proposed system.
1. Buy ERP
2. Outsource
3. Create IT department COSTING SYSTEMS PROPOSAL
Identifying Cost (tangible &
intangible) and Benefits (tangible & In order to prepare the systems
intangible) proposal, analysts must use a
Tangible Cost - can be accurately systematic approach to identify HW and
projected by the system analyst and the SW needs:
business accounting personnel (EX: 1. Ascertaining HW and SW needs
cost of equipment, personnel, etc.) Steps: Canvas first
a. Inventory computer
Intangible Costs - difficult to estimate hardware currently
and may not be known (EX: losing available
competitive advantage) b. Estimate current and
projected workload for the
Tangible Benefits - measurable that system
accrue to the organization through the c. Evaluate HW and SW
use of the IS. (EX: increase in the speed i. Evaluators of HW -
of processing, access to info) management etc.
d. Choose the vendor
Intangible Benefits - some benefits are e. Acquire computer
difficult to measure but important equipment
nonetheless i. Buying - if item is to
(EX: improving the decision-making be used for 5-10
process, enhancing accuracy, becoming years, but the cost
more competitive in customer service, is high
maintaining a good business reputation) ii. Leasing - no capital
is tied up, no
Comparing Cost and Benefits financing, but if it is
(Benefit must be greater than Cost) damaged, there is a
There are many well-known techniques heavy penalty.
for comparing the costs and benefits of Leases are more
the proposed system: expensive than
1. Break even analysis buying, and the
2. Payback company doesn't
3. Cash Flow Analysis own the item.
4. Present Value System
 iii. Rental - if the item
won’t be used for
too long.
2. Identifying and forecasting costs
and benefits
3. Comparing costs and benefits
4. Choosing the most appropriate PRESENT VALUE (PV)
decision

COST AND BENEFIT CATEGORIES

1. Development costs - incurred
during development of system
are one time investment (EX:
Wages, equipment)
2. Operating costs - items you buy
from time to time (EX: wages,
supplies, overhead)

RETURN ON INVESTMENT

F = cash flow

NET PRESENT VALUE (NPV)

BREAK EVEN POINT

KINDS OF FEASIBILITY
1. Technical Feasibility
2. Economic Feasibility
3. Operational Feasibility
4. Schedule Feasibility
COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS - Demonstrating an early version of
1. Identify costs and benefits - a system to its customers
tangible and intangible (prototyping)
2. Assign values to costs and - 2 types of prototype: Working
benefits - tangible only prototype, Throw away prototype
3. Determine cash flow - Use of new innovative
4. Assess project’s economic value programming languages
Compute for: - Greater emphasis on trying to
a. Return on investment ensure that software is free of
(ROI) errors (verification)
b. Break even point (BEP) -
with graph System Testing
c. Net present value (NPV) - Question asked: Is the problem solved?
with graph
d. Payback 4 Types of Testing:
1. Function Testing - testing
SISBUSI functional requirements
2. Performance Testing - checking
Software Engineering non-functional requirements
(Implementation) (security, speed, reliability, etc.)
3. Acceptance - checks system
- Designing and developing HIGH characteristics to assure that they
QUALITY SOFTWARE are in compliance with defined
- About methods, tools and requirements
technique used to develop s 4. Installation Testing - dont to allow
software users to exercise system
- Strategy for producing quality functions and document
software additional errors

SOFTWARE ENGINEER - problem Conversion Strategies

solver rather than theoreticians. Goal:
produce quality software 4 Major Conversion Strategies:
1. Parallel Conversion - old and new
A REMEDY - emphasis on finding out systems operate simultaneously
exactly what the users of system want for a period of time. Both systems
(requirements engineering and process the same data at the
validation) same time and the outputs are
- Formal specification of the compared. Most expensive, but
requirements of a system least risky.
2. Direct Cut-Over - old system is
cut off and the new system is
 turned on at a certain point in
time. Least expensive but most DOCUMENTATION - part of a
risky if the new system doesn't comprehensive approach to training, is
work out as planned. written with the audience in mind.
3. Pilot Conversion - introduces the 1. User Manuals - describe what the
new system in one part of the major system activities look like
organization, such as in one plant to the user
or in one functional area. New 2. Operator Manuals - auxiliary
system runs for a period of time functions.
4. and is assessed. After the new 3. General System Guide
system works properly, it is 4. Technical Manual
introduced in other parts. 5. Programmer Guide &
5. Phased Approach - introduce Maintenance Guide
components of the new system in
stages. Each module is assessed Written documentation is often
and when it works properly, other supplemented with automated tutorials
modules are introduced. and overviews.

Delivery Maintenance
Question asked: Can the customer use Question asked: Are enhancements
the solution? needed?

- We are now ready to present the Questions to ask to determine scrapping

customer with a solution (System of whole system:
Delivery) and make sure that the - Is the cost of maintenance too
system continues to work high?
properly. - Is the reliability of the system
unacceptable?
TWO TYPES OF PEOPLE USE A - Is the system able to adapt to
SYSTEM: change?
1. Users - employees - Can the system adapt to change
2. Operators - IT staff, head of dept within a reasonable amount of
time?
TYPES OF TRAINING - Etc.
1. User Training - based primarily
on major system functions Nature of Maintenance
2. Operator Training - train the - Maintenance team deals with
department heads. Trained on 2 errors or problems
levels: Bring up and run new - A MIX OF OLD AND NEW
systems and how to support TEAMS will be the best option to
users. look at maintenance.
Flow of Maintenance
1. Corrective maintenance -
everyday maintenance
2. Adaptive maintenance - only
when there’s modifications or
change to the system
3. Perfective maintenance -
quarterly, once or twice a year
4. Preventive maintenance - once a
year