GENERAL

BIOLOGY 2

PATTERNS OF
DESCENT WITH
MODIFICATION
Q3 Lesson 3
 Classify this species.
Is this an animal
or a plant?
Are there any
other species
related to this
animal? Cite some
of them.

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 Identify their
species.

How do we identify
them as a different
“species”?
What constitutes a
“species”?

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 COMPETENCIES
1: show patterns of descent with
modification from common ancestors
to produce the organismal diversity
observed today.
STEM_BIO11/12-IIIc-g-10

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 OBJECTIVES
1. Distinguish the various types of
reproductive isolating mechanisms
that can lead to speciation.

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 What is a SPECIES?

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 What is a SPECIES?

According to the morphological

species concept, a species is
“all individuals of a species share
measurable traits that distinguish them
from individuals of other species”

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 What is a SPECIES?

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 What is a SPECIES?

According to the biological species

concept, a species (according to ERNST
MAYR) is
“groups of . . . interbreeding natural
populations that are reproductively
isolated from [do not produce fertile
offspring with] other such groups”
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 What is a SPECIES?

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 What can lead to
SPECIATION?

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 What can lead to SPECIATION?

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PREZYGOTIC
ISOLATING
MECHANISMS
Happens BEFORE organisms try to reproduce
 PREZYGOTIC:
Ecological or
habitat or
geological
isolation

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 PREZYGOTIC:
Ecological or
habitat or
geological
isolation

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 PREZYGOTIC:
Ecological or
habitat or
geological
isolation

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 PREZYGOTIC:
temporal
isolation

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 PREZYGOTIC: temporal isolation

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 PREZYGOTIC:
behavioral
isolation

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 PREZYGOTIC: behavioral isolation

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 PREZYGOTIC: mechanical isolation

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 PREZYGOTIC: mechanical isolation

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 PREZYGOTIC: gametic isolation

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 PREZYGOTIC: gametic isolation

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POSTZYGOTIC
ISOLATING
MECHANISMS
Happens AFTER organisms have reproduced
 POSTZYGOTIC:
hybrid
inviability
fertilized egg fails
to develop past the
early embryonic
stages

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 POSTZYGOTIC:
hybrid sterility
hybrids are sterile
because gonads 2n = 62 2n = 64
develop abnormally
or there is
abnormal
segregation of
chromosomes
during meiosis

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 POSTZYGOTIC:
hybrid sterility
hybrids are sterile
because gonads
develop abnormally
or there is
abnormal
segregation of
chromosomes
during meiosis

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 POSTZYGOTIC:
hybrid
breakdown
F1 hybrids are
normal, vigorous
and viable, but F2
contains many
weak or sterile
individuals

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 POSTZYGOTIC:
hybrid
breakdown
F1 hybrids are
normal, vigorous
and viable, but F2
contains many
weak or sterile
individuals

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 PROCESS WHAT YOU’VE LEARNED
1. Define what SPECIES means in
a biological concept.
2. What is the difference between
prezygotic and postzygotic
isolating mechanisms?

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 APPLY WHAT YOU’VE LEARNED
1. When a male duck of one species
performed a courtship display to a female
of another species, she interpreted his
behavior as aggressive rather than
amorous. What type of reproductive
isolating mechanism does this scenario
illustrate? Justify your answer.

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TEST YOUR
UNDERSTANDING
Write your answer in your NOTEBOOKS…
 IDENTIFICATION:
Pre- or postzygotic reproductive isolation

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 IDENTIFICATION:
specify the form of reproductive isolation

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 LOOK FOR THIS.

What are the 3 general modes of

speciation? How are new species
created?

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 REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION
MECHANISMS FOR SPECIATION

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 Reproductive isolation reduces GENE FLOW (movement/exchange of
gene/s) between populations. This means that each subpopulation
evolves separately and can result in a new species.

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 Think on this.

Human populations
often differ
dramatically in
external
morphological
characteristics. On
what basis are all
human populations
classified as a single
species?
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 COMPETENCIES
1: show patterns of descent with
modification from common ancestors
to produce the organismal diversity
observed today.
STEM_BIO11/12-IIIc-g-10

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 OBJECTIVES
1. Distinguish the different modes of
speciation.

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ACTIVITY TIME!
 DIAGRAM
ANALYSIS
1. View the model
shown. Discuss the
type of geographic
barrier that have led to
the speciation of these
Galapagos finches as
observed by Darwin.
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 Scientists think that geographic isolation is a common way for the process of
speciation to begin: rivers change course, mountains rise, continents drift,
organisms migrate, and what was once a continuous population is divided into two
or more smaller populations.

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 CASE ANALYSIS
1. Some 200 years ago, apple maggot
flies laid their eggs only on
hawthorns — but today, these flies
lay eggs on hawthorns and domestic
apples (which were introduced to
America). Females generally choose
to lay their eggs on the type of fruit
they grew up in, and males tend to
look for mates on the type of fruit
they grew up in. So, hawthorn flies
generally end up mating with other
hawthorn flies and apple flies
generally end up mating with other
apple flies. What was the main
reason for their speciation?
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 CASE 1. Some of these plants live near mines
where the soil has become
ANALYSIS contaminated with heavy metals.
The plants around the mines have
experienced natural selection for
genotypes that are tolerant of heavy
metals. Meanwhile, neighboring
plants that don’t live in polluted soil
have not undergone selection for
this trait. The two types of plants are
close enough that tolerant and non-
tolerant individuals could potentially
fertilize each other. However, the
grass species two types of plants have evolved
Anthoxanthum odoratum different flowering times. What was
the main reason these grasses do
not fertilize each other?
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 SYNTHESIS.

How does
reproductive isolation
differ in sympatric
modes and allopatric
modes of
speciation?

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 SYNTHESIS.

ALLOPATRIC SPECIATION

Ranges do not touch or Is there GENE

overlap FLOW among
NO GENE FLOW these modes of
speciation?

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 SYNTHESIS.

PARAPATRIC SPECIATION

Is there GENE
Ranges touch but do not FLOW among
overlap significantly these modes of
GENE FLOW IS USUALLY speciation?
SMALL

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 SYNTHESIS.

SYMPATRIC SPECIATION

Ranges overlap significantly Is there GENE

FLOW among
GENE FLOW IS NOT these modes of
PREVENTED BY speciation?
GEOGRAPHY
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 APPLY WHAT YOU’VE LEARNED
1. A population of rabbit lives in a forest in
the Southeastern United States. A large
group of rabbits is cut off from the
population when a six-lane highway is built
through the forest. Over many
generations, the large group of rabbits
begins to develop darker fur in response
to the dominant foliage on one side of the
highway. When rabbits from the two
populations are brought together, they no
longer reproduce with each other. What
kind of speciation does this represent?
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TEST YOUR
UNDERSTANDING
Write your answer in your NOTEBOOKS…
 IDENTIFICATION:
modes of speciation

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 LOOK FOR THIS.

Enumerate the scientists and cite

their respective contributions in the
development of evolutionary
thought.

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