DISTRITO 04-06 LA VEGA-OESTE

CENTRO EDUCATIVO, LICEO BURENDE

NAME AND LAST NAME

Ashley Infante

NUMBER
3

SUBJECT
English

ISSUE
Volleyball, Ches, Tennis, Pool

THEACHER
Henrry Moquete

DIRECTOR OF THE CENTER

Gabriela Martínez

DATE OF DELIVERY
Tuesday, February 7, 2023
INTRODUCTION

Next, the English report will be presented, where the subject of various
sports disciplines will be addressed, and specifically everything related to
volleyball, chess, tennis, and billiards will be discussed.

The goal of this research is to show a synopsis of the most important

aspects of each sports discipline investigated, such as its historical
background, main characteristics and the rules of these games.
 HISTORY VOLLEYBALL

Origins

In December 1895,  in Holyoke, Massachusetts (United States), William G.

Morgan, a YMCA physical education director, created a new game
called Mintonette, a name derived from the game of badminton, as a
pastime to be played (preferably) indoors and by any number of players.
The game took some of its characteristics from other sports such as
baseball, tennis and handball.  

Another indoor sport, basketball, was catching on in the area, having been

invented just ten miles (sixteen kilometres) away in the city of Springfield,
Massachusetts, only four years before. Mintonette was designed to be an
indoor sport, less rough than basketball, for older members of the YMCA,
while still requiring a bit of athletic effort.

The first rules, written down by William G. Morgan, called for a net 6 ft
6 in (1.98 m) high, a 25 ft × 50 ft (7.6 m × 15.2 m) court, and any number
of players. A match was composed of nine innings with three serves for
each team in each inning, and no limit to the number of ball contacts for
each team before sending the ball to the opponents' court.

In case of a serving error, a second try was allowed. Hitting the ball into
the net was considered a foul (with loss of the point or a side-out)—except
in the case of the first-try serve.
RULES OF THE GAME

Variations of the game volleyball have been in change of location since

around 1895. The game has evolved since then and it was in 1964 where
the sport entered its first Olympic games. The sport now has a global
following with nations from around the world professionally competing.
The pinnacle of the sport comes in the Olympic Games were the best role
player are often on show.

Object of the Game.

The object of volleyball is to hit the volleyball over the net (by only using
your hands) running through the centre of the court whilst trying to get it to
bounce in your opponents half. The opposing team have to try and prevent
the ball from bouncing before returning the ball. Games are played out in
best of 3 or 5 sets and the team with most sets at the end of the game wins.

Players & Equipment

Each team has 6 players on a court at any one time. Replacement can be
used throughout the game. There are no professional mixed sex teams.
Each player takes up a position in either the attacking zone (next to the net)
or the defensive zone (at the back of the court). Three players are in each
zone and rotate in a clockwise position after every point.

The court is of a rectangular shape and measures 18m x 9m. Running

across the court is a 2.43m high net with the ball measuring 8 inches in
diameter and weighing between 9 and 10 ounces. Around the outlines of
the court is an out of bounds area and if the ball were to bounce in these
sections then a point would be awarded to the opposing team.

Each team gets up to two timeouts per set of 30 seconds each. After each
set the amount of timeouts resets back to two regardless of how many have
been used previously.

Scoring

To score a point the ball must hit the ground within the outlined section in
your opponents half. You can also score a point by your opponent failing to
hit the outlined section within your half or your opponent hitting the ball
into the net. A point can be scored off either teams serve.

A player serving must do so from behind the base line and can use either an
over or underarm action and hit with only the hand. Once the serve has
been made the sever can join their team in-play and battle out the point.

Each team is allowed to hit the ball three times before the ball must be
returned. A player is not allowed to hit the ball twice in succession. If the
ball hits the boundary line then the ball is deemed to be in-play. The
defensive team can jump and try to block the ball returning to their side of
the court. If a block attempt is made and the ball bounces in their opponents
half then a point is awarded. If after the block the ball bounces out then a
point is awarded to the opposing team.

Each game is played to 25 points and must be two points clear. If the scores
reach 24-24 then the game is played until one team leads by two.

Winning the Game

To win the game you must score more points than your opponents. The best
of 3 or 5 sets are generally played and the winners will be the first team to
reach the required number of sets.

Rules of Volleyball

 Each team consist of 6 players and 6 substitutes. Players can be

substituted at any time but if they are to return can only be swapped
for the player that replaced them.
 Each team can hit the ball up to three times before the ball must be
returned. The defensive team can then try and block or return the ball
again hitting it a maximum of three times.
 Games are played up to 25 points and must be won by 2 clear points.
 Violations will be called for the following:

-Stepping over the base line when serving the ball.

o Ball hits the net and fails to get over the net (If the ball hits the
net and still goes over the net then this is perfectly legal).
o Players are not allowed to carry, palm or run with the ball.
o Players must not touch the net with any part of the body. If the
net is said to have hit them rather than vice-versa, then this is
ok.
o The ball cannot travel under the net. 
 TENNIS
Is a racket sport that is played either individually against a single opponent
(singles) or between two teams of two players each (doubles).

Each player uses a tennis racket that is strung with cord to strike a hollow
rubber ball covered with felt over or around a net and into the
opponent's court. The object of the tennis is to manoeuvre the ball in such a
way that the opponent is not able to play a valid return. The player who is
unable to return the ball validly will not gain a point, while the opposite
player will.

The rules of modern game have changed little since the 1890s. Two
exceptions are that until 1961 the server had to keep one foot on the ground
at all times, and the adoption of the tiebreak in the 1970s. A recent addition
to professional tennis has been the adoption of electronic review technology
coupled with a point-challenge system, which allows a player to contest
the line call of a point, a system known as Hawk-Eye.

Tennis is played by millions of recreational players and is a popular

worldwide spectator sport. The four Grand Slam tournaments (also referred
to as the majors) are especially popular: the Australian Open, played
on hardcourts; the French Open, played on red clay courts; Wimbledon,
played on grass courts; and the US Open, also played on hardcourts.
Tennis Rules:

Tennis is a sport that originated in England around the 19th century and is
now played in a host of countries around the world. There are four major
tournaments known as the ‘majors’ that include Wimbledon, US Open,
French Open and Australian tournament.

Object of the Game

The game of tennis played on a rectangular court with a net running across
the centre. The aim is to hit the ball over the net landing the ball within the
margins of the court and in a way that results in your opponent being
unable to return the ball. You win a point every time your opponent is
unable to return the ball within the court.

Players & Equipment

A tennis match can be played by either one player on each side – a singles
match – or two players on each side – a doubles match. The rectangular
shaped court has a base line (at the back), service areas (two spaces just
over the net in which a successful serve must land in) and two tram lines
down either side. A singles match will mean you use the inner side tram
line and a doubles match will mean you use the outer tram line.
A court can be played on four main surfaces including grass, clay, hard
surface and carpet. Each tournament will choose one surface type and stick
without throughout. All that is required in terms of equipment is a stringed
racket each and a tennis ball.

Scoring

You need to score four points to win a game of tennis. The points are
known as 15 (1 point), 30 (two points), 40 (three points) and the fourth
would result in the winning point and the end of that game. If the scores
went to 40-40 this would be known as deuce. When a game reaches deuce
the player must then win by two clear points.

Winning the Game

To win the game you must win a certain amount of sets (best of three for
women’s matches and best of 5 sets for men’s matches). Winning a set is
simply the first player to reach 6 games but have to be clear by at least 2
games. If your opponent wins 5 games you must win the set 7-5. If the set
goes to 6-6 then a tie break is played and it’s simply the first player to 7
points.

Rules of Tennis

 The game starts with a coin toss to determine which player must
serve first and which side they want to serve from.
 The server must then serve each point from alternative sides on the
base line. At no point must the server’s feet move in front of the
baseline on the court prior to hitting their serve.
 If the server fails to get their first serve in they may take advantage of
a second serve. If they again fail to get their second serve in then a
double fault will be called and the point lost.
 If the server clips the net but the ball goes in the service area still
then let is called and they get to take that serve again without penalty.
If the ball hits the net and fails to go in the service area then out is
called and they lose that serve.
 The receiver may stand where they wish upon receipt of the serve. If
the ball is struck without the serve bouncing then the server will
receive the point.
 Once a serve has been made the amount of shots between the players
can be unlimited. The point is won by hitting the ball so the opponent
fails to return it in the scoring areas.
 Points are awarded in scores of 15, 30 and 40. 15 represent 1 point,
30 = 2 and 40 = 3. You
 need 4 points to win a game. If a game lands on 40-40 it’s known as
deuce. From deuce a player needs to win 2 consecutive points to win
the game. After winning one point from deuce they player is on
advantage. If the player wins the next point they win the game, if
they lose it goes back to deuce.
 To win the set a player must win 6 games by 2 or more. The opening
sets will go to a tie break if its ends up 6-6 where players play first to
7 points. The final set will not have a tie break and requires players
to win by two games with no limits.
 If a player touches the net, distracts his opponent or impedes in
anyway then they automatically lose the point.
 The ball can hit any part of the line for the point to be called in,
outside the line and the ball is out.
 The balls in a tennis match are changed for new balls every 6 games
 CHESS

Is a board game between two players. It is sometimes called international

chess or Western chess to distinguish it from related games, such as
Chinese chess and Japanese chess. The current form of the
game emerged in Spain and the rest of Southern Europe during the second
half of the 15th century after evolving from chaturanga, a similar but much
older game of Indian origin. Today, chess is one of the world's most
popular games.

The game is an abstract strategy game and involves no hidden information.

It is played on a chessboard with 64 squares arranged in an eight-by-eight
grid. At the start, each player controls sixteen pieces: one king, one queen,
two rooks, two bishops, two knights, and eight pawns. The player
controlling the white pieces moves first, followed by the player controlling
the black pieces. The object of the game is to checkmate the opponent's
king, whereby the king is under immediate attack and there is no way for it
to escape. There are also several ways a game can end in a draw.

One of the goals of early computer scientists was to create a chess-playing

machine. In 1997, Deep Blue became the first computer to beat the reigning
World Champion in a match when it defeated Garry Kasparov.
Today's chess engines are significantly stronger than the best human
players and have deeply influenced the development of chess theory.
 RULES
One of the goals of early computer scientists was to create a chess-playing
machine. In 1997, Deep Blue became the first computer to beat the reigning
World Champion in a match when it defeated Garry Kasparov.
Today's chess engines are significantly stronger than the best human
players and have deeply influenced the development of chess theory.

Setup
Chess pieces are divided into two different colored sets. While the sets
might not be literally white and black, they are always referred to as white
and black. The players of the sets are referred to as White and Black,
respectively. Each set consists of sixteen pieces: one king, one queen, two
rooks, two bishops, two knights, and eight pawns. Chess sets come in a
wide variety of styles; for competition, the Staunton pattern is preferred.

End of the game

Win
A game can be won in the following ways:
 Checkmate: The king is in check and the player has no legal move.
 Resignation: A player may resign, conceding the game to the
opponent. However, if the opponent has no way of checkmating the
resigned player, this is a draw under FIDE Laws.  
 Win on time: In games with a time control, a player wins if the opponent
runs out of time, even if the opponent has a superior position, as long as
the player has a theoretical possibility to checkmate the opponent were
the game to continue.
 Forfeit: A player who cheats, violates the rules, or violates the rules of
conduct specified for the particular tournament can be forfeited.

Draw
There are several ways a game can end in a draw:
- Stalemate
-Dead position
-Draw by agreement:
- Threefold repetition
- Fifty-move rule
- Draw on time
- Draw by resignation
 BILLARD OR POOL

HISTORY
The History is long and very rich. The game has been played by kings and
commoners, presidents, mental patients, ladies, gentlemen, and hustlers
alike. It evolved from a lawn game similar to the croquet played some-time
during the 15th century in Northern Europe and probably in France. Play
moved indoors to a wooden table with green cloth to simulate grass, and a
simple border was placed around the edges. The balls were shoved, rather
than struck, with wooden sticks called maces. The term billiard is derived
from French, either from the word billart, one of the wooden sticks, or bille,
a ball.

Pool Rules

Pool is a popular game that is played all over the world by millions of
people. However, there are many different varieties of the game, all with
distinctly different rules and regulations. By far, the most popular forms of
the game are the ones that originated in the USA, known as ‘eight-ball’ and
‘nine-ball’ pool.

Both are played on a normal sized pool table with the regulation six pockets
and both have multiple championships around the world. However, it is
eight-ball that is the more common game – the one you’ll most likely see
being played at your local pool hall and the one that most people first think
of when the word pool is mentioned.

Eight-ball pool can be played as a singles or doubles game and is played

with cues and 16 balls, 15 object balls, and one cue ball (the ball the players
strike to try and hit the other balls). Pool can be a relatively high-speed
game compared to its close relatives snooker and billiards but that makes it
no less skilful with players requiring a high degree of skill, concentration,
and tactical thinking to play the game at a high level.

Object of the Game

The object of pool is to pot all of your designated balls (either stripes or
solids) and then pot the 8 ball, thus winning the game. As pool matches
often consist of several games in a ‘best out of’ format, players attempt to
win as many games as needed to win the match. Players must use their
skills in both attack and safety play, as well as tactical nous to help them
win the match.

Players & Equipment

To play pool, the following pieces of equipment are required:

 Table: The table used in pool is approximately 9 feet by 4.5 feet

although games can often be played on differing sized tables.
 Balls: 16 balls in total, comprising a white cue ball, seven striped
balls, seven solid balls, and one black ball (8 ball).
 Cues: Players have a cue each which can be made from wood,
carbon fibre, or fibreglass and this is used for striking the cue ball.
  Chalk: To ensure they have more control over their shots, each
player tends to chalk the end of their cue to ensure there is good
contact between the cue and the ball.

Scoring

There is no score as such in pool with both players simply attempting to pot
all of their designated object balls and then potting the 8 ball into the pocket
that they have chosen. However, pool matches are often played over a
number of games, so for example, in a best of nine frame match, the first
player to reach five frames would be declared the winner.

Winning the Game

8 Ball pool is won when one of the following occurs:

 A player pots all of their designated balls and then legally pockets the
8 ball into their nominated pocket.
 The opposing player illegally pots the 8 ball before clearing their
own set of balls.
 The 8 ball is knocked of the table by the opposition.

Rules of Pool

The rules of pool are some of the most contested of any sport, with slightly
differing variations being played in different countries, cities, areas, and
even establishments. However, the World Pool Billiard Association
(WPA) have produced a standardized set of rules for both amateur and
professionals by which to abide.

 Before the game begins, the object balls should be placed in a

triangular rack and positioned at the lower end of the table so that the
 apex ball of the rack lies on the foot spot. The order of the balls
should be random apart from the black 8-ball, which should be
placed in the middle of the third row. The white ball should be placed
anywhere behind the service line on the table.
 If it is the first game in a match, a coin should be tossed to decide
who gets to choose whether to break. After that, the break is taken in
turns.
 To make a legal break, the player must hit the balls and ensure that
four balls hit cushions and that the cue ball doesn’t go down a
pocket. If the 8-ball is potted on the break, the player is entitled to
ask for a re-rack.
 The first player to pot an object ball will then have to continue to pot
the balls from that category (stripes or solids). The opposition player
will have to pot the other group.
CONCLUSION

In precis, we can say that the investigation of these sports topics has been
very enriching due to the great value they represent in our lives.

I learned that volleyball is played as a team and some rules that I did not
know. Regarding billiards I point out that it is a precision sport, while about
chess I understood that it helps the development of critical thinking.
Finally, I want to highlight that tennis has many benefits for the mind and
body.

PERSONAL OPINION

Carrying out this research activity has been very interesting, since it has
had multiple lessons such as:

- I have practiced the English language,

- My spirit of research and reading has been activated,

- In addition, I have learned the main characteristics of the sports

covered (Voleyball, tennis, chess and billiards).

The main learning has been that the practice of these sports is of great
importance, because they improve the mood and reduce stress for those
who practice it.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess
https://www.thebilliardshop.com/history-of-pool-and-billiards
https://www.rulesofsport.com/sports/pool.html
https://www.rulesofsport.com/sports/volleyball.html