G.Curved Beam
G.Curved Beam
G.Curved Beam
Curved beams are often used to support circular walls of RC water tanks, curved
balconies, and circular domes.
Generally supported on columns spaced at regular intervals.
Torsional moments develop at certain cross sections of curved beams.
Also maximum negative moments and positive moments develop at supports and mid
spans respectively.
Maximum torsion develops at the position of zero bending moment.
Sections were torsion is maximum has to be designed for maximum torsional moment
and corresponding shear force at the section.
1
Some Design Considerations
Torsional shear stresses create diagonal tension resulting in diagonal crack. Thus
we need to provide both closed stirrups and longitudinal steel to avoid fracture.
The torsional resistance of any section may be calculated on the basis of an
equivalent hollow section with thin walls (see Fig 1).
The equivalent hollow section has the same outer boundary as the actual section
and an equivalent thickness hef obtained as hef ≤ A/u ≤ the actual wall thickness
(where u is the outer perimeter and A is the total area of the cross-section
enclosed by the outer perimeter, including inner hollow areas).
The centerline of the longitudinal reinforcement are taken as the centerline of the
equivalent hollow section.
In order to prevent diagonal compression failure in the concrete, the torsional
resistance TRd of a section shall not be less than the applied torque Tsd.
TRd = 0.80fcd Aefhef
Where, Aef is the area enclosed within the centerline of the thin-wall cross-section including
inner hollow areas.
The torque Tc carried by the concrete shall be taken as Tc = 1.2fctd Aefhef
Torsional effect may be disregarded whenever the design torque Tsd is less than
Tc.
However minimum web reinforcement may be provided in such a way that ρ min =
0.6/fyk or the spacing of stirrups shall not exceed uef/8.
If the section capacity against diagonal compression, TRd ˂ Tsd , the section is too
small. We need to enlarge the section.
The longitudinal bars required for torsion shall be distributed uniformly around
the perimeter of the closed stirrups at a spacing not exceeding 350 mm.
2
In order to prevent diagonal compression failure in the concrete, the shear
resistance VRd of a section shall not be less than the applied shear force Vsd.
VRd = 0.25fcd bwd
The shear force Vc carried by the concrete in members without significant axial
forces shall be taken as:
Vc = 0.25fctd K1 K2 bwd
Where,
K 1 = (1+50ρ) ≤2.0
K 2 = 1.6 – d ≥1.0 (d in meters). For members where more than 50% of the bottom
reinforcement is curtailed, K2 = 1.
ρ= As/bwd
As = the area of the tensile reinforcement anchored beyond the intersection of the steel
and the line of a possible 450 crack starting from the edge of the section (see Fig. 2)
The limiting values of torsional and shear resistance shall be taken as the basic
values from TRd and VRd, respectively multiplied by the following reduction
factors b t and b v.
The torsional and shear resistance of the concrete shall be taken as the basic
values from Tc and Vc, respectively, multiplied by the reduction factors b tc and
b vc.
𝟏 𝟏
𝜷𝒕 = , 𝜷𝒗 =
𝟐 𝟐
√𝟏 + (𝑽𝒔𝒅 ⁄𝑽𝑹𝒅 ) √𝟏 + (𝑻𝒔𝒅 ⁄𝑻𝑹𝒅 )
𝑻𝒔𝒅 ⁄𝑻𝑹𝒅 𝑽𝒔𝒅 ⁄𝑽𝑹𝒅
𝟏 𝟏
𝜷𝒕𝒄 = , 𝜷𝒗𝒄 =
𝟐 𝟐
√𝟏 + (𝑽𝒔𝒅 ⁄𝑽𝒄 ) √𝟏 + (𝑻𝒔𝒅 ⁄𝑻𝑪 )
𝑻𝒔𝒅 ⁄𝑻𝒄 𝑽𝒔𝒅 ⁄𝑽𝒄
3
The torsional resistance of the reinforcement Tef is given by
𝟐𝑨𝒆𝒇 𝒇𝒚𝒅 𝑨𝒔 𝟐𝑨𝒆𝒇 𝒇𝒚𝒅 𝑨𝒍
𝑻𝒆𝒇 = 𝒐𝒓 𝑻𝒆𝒇 =
𝑺 𝒖𝒆𝒇
Example
A ring girder having a mean diameter 8m is supported on 8 symmetrically placed columns. It is
required to support a total factored design load of 15,201kN inclusive of self-weight of the
girder. Assume a girder size of 400mm by 800mm and use M20 concrete and Fe400 steel.
Design the reinforcements in the girder at the positions of maximum torsion. Assume class I
work.
Solution:-
1 step: Determine the design constants
fcd = 0.85fck /rc = 0.85*20/1.5 = 11.33Mpa
fyd = fyk /rs = 400/1.15 = 347.83Mpa
fctd = fctk /rc = 0.21(fck )2/3 /rc = 0.21*(20)2/3 /1.5 = 1.03Mpa
2 step: Determine the maximum torsional moment
Maximum torsional moment at angle of 9.5 o from the support is
Tmax = 0.0006WR= 0.0006*15201*4 = 36.48kN.m
3 step: Determine shear force at section of maximum torsion
𝜋𝑅
𝑤 𝑤𝜋𝑅 2𝜋𝑅𝑤 W 15201
4
Shear force at support section = = = = 16 = = 950.1𝑘𝑁
2 8 16 16
𝑊 15201
𝑤= = = 605.14𝑘𝑁/𝑚
2𝜋𝑅 2𝜋 × 4
4
Shear force at section of maximum torsion is computed as;
V= 950.1- (605.14*4*p*9.5/180) = 549kN
5
1 1
𝛽𝑣 = = = 0.966
2 2
√1 + (𝑇𝑠𝑑 ⁄𝑇𝑅𝑑 ) √1 + (36.48⁄214.85)
𝑉𝑠𝑑 ⁄𝑉𝑅𝑑 549⁄863.35
1 1
𝛽𝑡𝑐 = = = 0.184
2 2
√1 + (𝑉𝑠𝑑 ⁄𝑉𝑐 ) √1 + ( 549⁄82.53 )
𝑇𝑠𝑑 ⁄𝑇𝑐 36.48⁄29.30
1 1
𝛽𝑣𝑐 = = = 0.983
2 2
√1 + (𝑇𝑠𝑑 ⁄𝑇𝐶 ) √1 + (36.48⁄29.30)
𝑉𝑠𝑑 ⁄𝑉𝑐 549⁄82.53
6
Design for shear
Vs= Vsd-Vcc = 549-81.13 = 467.87kN
Using Φ12 bars (Av = 113.1mm2 )