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G.Curved Beam

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Curved Beam

 Curved beams are often used to support circular walls of RC water tanks, curved
balconies, and circular domes.
 Generally supported on columns spaced at regular intervals.
 Torsional moments develop at certain cross sections of curved beams.
 Also maximum negative moments and positive moments develop at supports and mid
spans respectively.
 Maximum torsion develops at the position of zero bending moment.
 Sections were torsion is maximum has to be designed for maximum torsional moment
and corresponding shear force at the section.

Design of circular beam


 The magnitude of moments and their location is influenced by the number of supports (no
of columns) and the radius of curved beam.
 Negative maximum bending moment = K1 .W.R
 Positive maximum bending moment = K2 .W.R
 Maximum torsional moment = K 3 .W.R
Where, W= total load on the curved beam = 2πRw
w= load per unit length on beam
ϴ = angle subtended at the center by the ends of the beam
R = radius of the circular beam
K 1 , K 2 , K 3 are moments coefficients (Table below)
Table: Moment coefficients in circular beams supported on columns

1
Some Design Considerations
 Torsional shear stresses create diagonal tension resulting in diagonal crack. Thus
we need to provide both closed stirrups and longitudinal steel to avoid fracture.
 The torsional resistance of any section may be calculated on the basis of an
equivalent hollow section with thin walls (see Fig 1).
 The equivalent hollow section has the same outer boundary as the actual section
and an equivalent thickness hef obtained as hef ≤ A/u ≤ the actual wall thickness
(where u is the outer perimeter and A is the total area of the cross-section
enclosed by the outer perimeter, including inner hollow areas).

 The centerline of the longitudinal reinforcement are taken as the centerline of the
equivalent hollow section.
 In order to prevent diagonal compression failure in the concrete, the torsional
resistance TRd of a section shall not be less than the applied torque Tsd.
TRd = 0.80fcd Aefhef
Where, Aef is the area enclosed within the centerline of the thin-wall cross-section including
inner hollow areas.
 The torque Tc carried by the concrete shall be taken as Tc = 1.2fctd Aefhef
 Torsional effect may be disregarded whenever the design torque Tsd is less than
Tc.
 However minimum web reinforcement may be provided in such a way that ρ min =
0.6/fyk or the spacing of stirrups shall not exceed uef/8.
 If the section capacity against diagonal compression, TRd ˂ Tsd , the section is too
small. We need to enlarge the section.
 The longitudinal bars required for torsion shall be distributed uniformly around
the perimeter of the closed stirrups at a spacing not exceeding 350 mm.

Fig. 1 Equivalent Hollow Section

2
 In order to prevent diagonal compression failure in the concrete, the shear
resistance VRd of a section shall not be less than the applied shear force Vsd.
VRd = 0.25fcd bwd
 The shear force Vc carried by the concrete in members without significant axial
forces shall be taken as:
Vc = 0.25fctd K1 K2 bwd
Where,
K 1 = (1+50ρ) ≤2.0
K 2 = 1.6 – d ≥1.0 (d in meters). For members where more than 50% of the bottom
reinforcement is curtailed, K2 = 1.
ρ= As/bwd
As = the area of the tensile reinforcement anchored beyond the intersection of the steel
and the line of a possible 450 crack starting from the edge of the section (see Fig. 2)

Fig. 2 As to be introduced in Vc formula

 The limiting values of torsional and shear resistance shall be taken as the basic
values from TRd and VRd, respectively multiplied by the following reduction
factors b t and b v.
 The torsional and shear resistance of the concrete shall be taken as the basic
values from Tc and Vc, respectively, multiplied by the reduction factors b tc and
b vc.
𝟏 𝟏
𝜷𝒕 = , 𝜷𝒗 =
𝟐 𝟐
√𝟏 + (𝑽𝒔𝒅 ⁄𝑽𝑹𝒅 ) √𝟏 + (𝑻𝒔𝒅 ⁄𝑻𝑹𝒅 )
𝑻𝒔𝒅 ⁄𝑻𝑹𝒅 𝑽𝒔𝒅 ⁄𝑽𝑹𝒅

𝟏 𝟏
𝜷𝒕𝒄 = , 𝜷𝒗𝒄 =
𝟐 𝟐
√𝟏 + (𝑽𝒔𝒅 ⁄𝑽𝒄 ) √𝟏 + (𝑻𝒔𝒅 ⁄𝑻𝑪 )
𝑻𝒔𝒅 ⁄𝑻𝒄 𝑽𝒔𝒅 ⁄𝑽𝒄

3
 The torsional resistance of the reinforcement Tef is given by
𝟐𝑨𝒆𝒇 𝒇𝒚𝒅 𝑨𝒔 𝟐𝑨𝒆𝒇 𝒇𝒚𝒅 𝑨𝒍
𝑻𝒆𝒇 = 𝒐𝒓 𝑻𝒆𝒇 =
𝑺 𝒖𝒆𝒇

Where, As is the cross-sectional area of the stirrups in the effective wall


Al is the cross-sectional area of the longitudinal reinforcement
uef is the mean perimeter enclosing the area Aef

Example
A ring girder having a mean diameter 8m is supported on 8 symmetrically placed columns. It is
required to support a total factored design load of 15,201kN inclusive of self-weight of the
girder. Assume a girder size of 400mm by 800mm and use M20 concrete and Fe400 steel.
Design the reinforcements in the girder at the positions of maximum torsion. Assume class I
work.
Solution:-
1 step: Determine the design constants
fcd = 0.85fck /rc = 0.85*20/1.5 = 11.33Mpa
fyd = fyk /rs = 400/1.15 = 347.83Mpa
fctd = fctk /rc = 0.21(fck )2/3 /rc = 0.21*(20)2/3 /1.5 = 1.03Mpa
2 step: Determine the maximum torsional moment
Maximum torsional moment at angle of 9.5 o from the support is
Tmax = 0.0006WR= 0.0006*15201*4 = 36.48kN.m
3 step: Determine shear force at section of maximum torsion
𝜋𝑅
𝑤 𝑤𝜋𝑅 2𝜋𝑅𝑤 W 15201
4
Shear force at support section = = = = 16 = = 950.1𝑘𝑁
2 8 16 16

𝑊 15201
𝑤= = = 605.14𝑘𝑁/𝑚
2𝜋𝑅 2𝜋 × 4

4
Shear force at section of maximum torsion is computed as;
V= 950.1- (605.14*4*p*9.5/180) = 549kN

4 step: Design the section for maximum torsion and shear


Tsd=36.48kN.m Vsd= 549kN b=400mm D=800mm
Equivalent thickness, hef
𝐴 400 × 800
ℎ𝑒𝑓 ≤ = = 133.33𝑚𝑚
𝑈 2(400 + 800)
Aef = b’*h’= (400-133.33)(800-133.33)=177,780.89mm2
The torque carried by the concrete, T c
Tc= 1.2fctdAefhef = 1.2*1.03*177,780.89*133.33=29.30kN.m
The torsional resistance of the section to prevent diagonal compression failure in the concrete,
TRd
TRd = 0.80fcdAefhef = 0.8*11.33*177780.89*133.33= 214.85kN.m
The shear resistance VRd of a section to prevent diagonal compression failure in the concrete,
d= 800-25-8-5= 762mm VRd= 0.25fcdbwd = 0.25*11.33*400*762= 863.35kN
The shear force Vc carried by the concrete in members without significant axial forces,

Assuming 4Φ 10bars, As = 314mm2 ρ = As/bd = 314/ (400*762) = 0.00103

K1 = (1+50ρ) = 1+50*0.00103 = 1.0515 ≤2.0


K2 = 1.6 – d = 1.6 – 0.762 = 0.838 ≥1.0, take K 2 = 1
Vc = 0.25fctdK 1 K 2 bwd = 0.25*1.03*1.0515*1*400*762 = 82.53kN
We see that VRd >Vsd and TRd >Tsd

Vsd = 549kN VRd = 863.35kN Vc = 82.53kN


Tsd = 36.48kN.m TRd = 214.85 Tc = 29.30kN.m
1 1
𝛽𝑡 = = = 0.258
2 2
√1 + (𝑉𝑠𝑑 ⁄𝑉𝑅𝑑 ) √1 + ( 549⁄863.35 )
𝑇𝑠𝑑 ⁄𝑇𝑅𝑑 36.48⁄ 214.85

5
1 1
𝛽𝑣 = = = 0.966
2 2
√1 + (𝑇𝑠𝑑 ⁄𝑇𝑅𝑑 ) √1 + (36.48⁄214.85)
𝑉𝑠𝑑 ⁄𝑉𝑅𝑑 549⁄863.35

1 1
𝛽𝑡𝑐 = = = 0.184
2 2
√1 + (𝑉𝑠𝑑 ⁄𝑉𝑐 ) √1 + ( 549⁄82.53 )
𝑇𝑠𝑑 ⁄𝑇𝑐 36.48⁄29.30

1 1
𝛽𝑣𝑐 = = = 0.983
2 2
√1 + (𝑇𝑠𝑑 ⁄𝑇𝐶 ) √1 + (36.48⁄29.30)
𝑉𝑠𝑑 ⁄𝑉𝑐 549⁄82.53

TRdc = b t TRd = 0.258*214.85 = 55.43kN.m

VRdc = b v VRd = 0.966*863.35 = 834kN

Tcc = b tcTc = 0.184*29.30 = 5.4kN.m

Vcc = b vcVc = 0.983*82.53 = 81.13kN

Tef = Tsd -Tcc = 36.48-5.4 = 31.08kN.m


Stirrup spacing for torsion
Using Φ10mm bar (As = 78.5mm2 )

2𝐴𝑒𝑓 𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝐴𝑆 2 ∗ 177,780.89 ∗ 347.83 ∗ 78.5 𝑈 1867


𝑆= = = 312.371 ≤ 𝑒𝑓 =
𝑇𝑒𝑓 31080000 8 8

Use S=230mm, Uef = 2*[(400-133.33) + (800-133.33)] =1867mm


Provide Φ10 c/c 230mm closed stirrups for torsion.

Longitudinal reinforcement for torsion


𝑇𝑒𝑓 𝑈𝑒𝑓 31080000 × 1867
𝐴𝑙 = = = 469.18𝑚𝑚2
2𝐴𝑒𝑓 𝑓𝑦𝑑 2 × 177,780.89 × 347.83

Provide 6Φ10 bars

6
Design for shear
Vs= Vsd-Vcc = 549-81.13 = 467.87kN
Using Φ12 bars (Av = 113.1mm2 )

𝐴𝑣 𝑑𝑓𝑦𝑑 113.1 × 762 × 347.83


𝑆= = = 64.07𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑠 467870
Provide Φ12 c/c 60mmstirrups for shear

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