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BIOCHEMISTRY OF AGING
FPPT.com
Aging
• Gradual change in an organism that leads to

increased risk of weakness, disease, and death over
the entire adult life span of any living thing.
• There is a decline in biological functions and in ability
to adapt to metabolic stress.
Aging
• Most definitions of aging indicate that it is a

progressive process associated with declines in
structure and function, impaired maintenance and
repair systems, increased susceptibility to disease
and death and reduced reproductive capacity.
Changes in organs include
• reduced immunity,
• loss of muscle strength,
• decline in memory and cognition,
• loss of colour in the hair
• elasticity in the skin.
Gerontology and Geriatrics
• Gerontology is concerned with the
changes that occur between maturity
and death along with factors that
influence these changes.
• Geriatrics focuses on health care of
elderly people and promote health
by preventing and treating diseases
and disabilities in older adults.
Factors of Aging
• mitochondrial damage
• free radicals
• telomeres
• apoptosis and necrosis diseases
• other effects
Factors of Aging
• Mitochondria: main unit of chemical power
supply
– During the synthesis of macroergical bio-
molecules(high energy releasing potentials
e.g. ATP) free radicals are being produced as
the by-product.
– Free radicals released in large quantities
cause intercellular oxidative stress (e.g.
oxidative damage of mitochondria)
– damaging mitochondria and cause early
apoptosis
Factors of Aging
• Free radical • A molecule that
contains one or more unpaired
electrons &is capable of independent
existence. • Eg : Superoxide H2O2, •
hydroperoxy radical (HOO+2 ) • lipid
peroxideradical (ROO) • Nitric oxide
(NO)
Factors of Aging
• Free radical
– A molecule that contains one or
more unpaired electrons &is
capable of independent existence.
• Eg : Superoxide H2O2,
• hydroperoxy radical (HOO+2 )
• lipid peroxideradical (ROO)
• Nitric oxide (NO)
Factors of Aging
• Harmful effect of free radicals
– Because of their reactive nature,
free radical can provoke
inflammation or altered cellular
function through
• Lipid peroxidation
• Protein modification
• DNA modification
Factors of Aging
• Lipid peroxidation product:
– React with amino acid mainly CYS,
HIS,LYS to modify protein
structure & function.
– Can crosslink lipid in cell
membrane interrupting structure
& fluidity.
Factors of Aging
• Protein modification
– Proteins are major targets of free radical
attack because of their high abundance &
responsible for most of functional processes.
– Free radical causes oxidation & modification
of certain amino acid (met, cys,His,try)
– ROS may damage protein by fragmentation
– net result is loss of biological activity of
proteins
Factors of Aging
• DNA modification : • Free radical
induced DNA damage includes
– strand break.
– DNA protein crosslink.
– large range of base & sugar
modification.
Factors of Aging
• Telomeres
– Repetitive DNA sequences at the
ends of all human chromosomes
– aging cells have shorter telomeres
– length differs between species
– in humans 8-14kb long
Factors of Aging
• Telomeres are thought to be the "clock"
that regulates how many times an
individual cell can divide.
• Telomeric sequences shorten each time
the DNA replicates.
• Once the telomere shrinks to a certain
level, the cell can no longer divide. Its
metabolism slows down, it ages, and
dies
Factors of Aging
• Apoptosis and Necrosis
– There are two ways that a cell can die:
• Necrosis occurs when a cell is damaged by
an external force, such as poison, a bodily
injury, an infection or getting cut off from
the blood supply (which might occur during
a heart attack or stroke).
• When cells die from necrosis, it's a rather
messy affair. The death causes
inflammation that can cause further
distress or injury within the body.
Factors of Aging
• Apoptosis or programmed cell death
– When a cell is compelled to commit
suicide proteins called caspases go
into action.
– they break down the cellular
components needed for survival,
– production of enzymes known as
DNases, which destroy the DNA in
the nucleus of the cell.
Factors of Aging
• Diseases : Progeria
– Hutchinson-Gilford progeriaProgeria
• Werner Syndrome
Factors of Aging
• Hallerman-Streiff-François syndrome
Factors of Aging
• other effects
– Stress Effects
– Octopus Suicide : The octopus
suicide mechanism involves
behaviors where Females stop
eating and die of starvation
Anti-aging Agents.
• Aspirin
• Diet- Caloric restriction
• Exercise
• laughing out louder
• Drugs
– Resveratrol, a constituent of red
wine and grape skins has been found
to extend life span
– Rapamycin, spermidine, metformin
Non aging species
• Rougheye Rockfish 205 Years • Lake
Sturgeon 152 Years • Aldabra Tortise
152 Years • Koi 226 Years • Bowhead
Whale 211 Years
VIDEOS
• Biocemical aspects of Aging
– https://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=7dYw9T08VWM
• Theories of Aging / Why do we Age /
Aging / Classification of Theory of
Aging
– https://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=KSR_eVubGdA
REFERENCES
• https://www.slideshare.net/shanzayannum/biochem
istry-of-aging
• https://www.slideshare.net/priyamallikarjun/aging-6
9620491
• https://www.slideshare.net/PrincyFrancisM/concept
s-and-theories-of-aging

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BIOCHEMISTRY OF AGING

• Gradual change in an organism that leads to

• Most definitions of aging indicate that it is a

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