Pramod Parajuli

Simulation and Modeling, CS-331

Chapter 2
System Studies

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 Sub Systems

-System consists of interacting subsystems

-Each subsystem has its own inputs and outputs
-Similarly, a model can also be broken into sub-
models
-Sometimes, the terms subsystem, sub-model, and
blocks are interchangeable

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 A Corporate Model

- Model that exhibits the property of a corporation

- 3 essentials
- Environment: the corporation exists within the
environment
- Management: responsible for all of the planning, risk
analysis, scheduling, marketing etc.
- Plant: the real implementation of the plan and design
Environment

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Plant Management

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 Environment

market model

Population Price

Competition Market Demand

National
Supply

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Economy

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 Production

Supply

Distribution National Economy

Labor
Production
Machinery

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World Economy

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 Management
Price

Profit
Demand Forecasting Pricing

National
economy

Labor
Investment
Financing
Machinary

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World

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economy

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 Full Corporate Model

Combine
Population

Profit
Competition Market Forecasting Pricing

National
Distribution
Economy

Labor
Investment
Production Financing
Machinary

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 Types of System Studies

- System analysis
- understand the system under study
- focus on system performance

- System design
- develop the logical objects that meet some specification
- calculate the performance and compare with the
prediction
- if not satisfied, then redesign and repeat again

- System postulation
- Characteristic of the way models are employed in other

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 System Analysis

Considerations;
K Capital investment
L Labor
M Machinery
S Supply
Supply

Labor
Investment
Production Financing
Machinary

S = f .La1.M a 2

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Cobb-Douglas model. For simplicity consider; a1=a2=1

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 System Analysis

As far as financial model is considered, it is modeled

as;
K = eL + M
Since the interdependency of K, L, M, and S has
been found, can we find an assignment of L and M
that maximizes supply for a given investment?

Let’s see the graph plot of the relationships.

Let’s consider that e = 0.75 and f = 0.1

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 System Analysis – The optimal solution

K = 100

S = 200

S = 83.3

K = 50

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S = 50

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 System Analysis – The optimal solution

The optimal point is;

M = 50
L = 33.3
Depending on the samples taken, the optimal point
changes.
Here, only a part of the corporate model is optimized
and hence known as sub-optimization.

In general, when the system is giving the maximum

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performance, most of the sub-systems are at their

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 System Analysis – The optimal solution

The example we saw is a static one.

If the market competition, economy influence etc

are to be considered, then the system will be
dynamic and required even more sophisticated
study

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 System Design

Online computer system

- ‘M ’ number of messages are received in a second
- ‘m ’ number of characters in one message
- A buffer that can hold ‘b ’ number of characters at a
time
- Fraction ’k ’ of the messages are replied
- The replied messages have ‘r ’ number of characters on
the average
- Same buffer used for sending and receiving
- 2,000 instructions are required to process a message
- 10,000 instructions require to generate the reply

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- To read and reply the messages requires 1,000

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 System Design

Online computer system

- 3 computer systems,
- 25,000 instruction per second
- 50,000 instruction per second
- 100,000 instructions per second
- Buffer size can be
- 1 character buffer
- 2 character buffer
- 5 character buffer
- 10 character buffer
- Altogether, 12 different configurations

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- Which computer with which buffer size will be the best

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 System Design
SEND MESSAGE
m characters

Here, M per second

- M messages per second BUFFER

- kM messages replied per second b characters

1,000 instructions

- (M.m + k.M.r) characters pass thro

buffer PROCESS
2,000 instructions
- Since the buffer can hold ‘b’ chars,
M (m+k.r)/b incomings per second
N
REPLY END

Altogether, the total number of 100 k % Y

instructions required; REPLY

r characters

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1,000 M (m + kr )
10,000 instructions

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N = 2,000 M + 10,000 M .k +
b

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 System Design

- If ‘s’ is the number of instructions per second that

the computer can execute then, the value of ‘s’ to
be able to process the given messages M, must be
N≤s
- Let’s consider that,
M=5 m = 15
k = 0.1 r = 50
- When simplified, N ≤ s becomes;
20 s
≤ −3
b 5,000

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- Plot b against 20/b

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 System Design

- Plot

+ are impossible
* are possible

Analyze for;
Cost

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 System Postulation

Blood filtration in human body

- Bloods from vessels come into the liver
- Liver filters the blood and re-circulates the refined blood
to vessels and extracts bile
- The amount of blood filtered and re-circulated can be
observed (medical studies) using thyroxine.
- Use of compartments (compartmental model) to
represent the components
K12
1 2 3
K23
* (Blood vessels) Liver Bile
x1 x2 x3
K21

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 System Postulation

K12
1 2 3
K23
* (Blood vessels) Liver Bile
x1 x2 x3
K21

The overall function can be represented as;

dx1
dt
= − k12 .x1 + k 21.x2 x1 = C11.e − b1t + C12 .e − b2t
dx2 −b1t −b2t
dt
= k12 x1 − (k 21 + k 23 ).x2 x2 = C21.e + C22 .e
x3 = C31 + C32 .e −b1t + C33 .e −b2t

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dx3

a
= k 23 .x2

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 System Postulation

If the real world readings and the output of the

models are plotted, then;

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