Submitted to

CHITKARA BUSINESS SCHOOL ( BBA - Fintech)

For evaluation for Environmental Science

Submitted by: Supervised by:

Mr. Raghavdeep Singla Jasmine
2020992566 (Guest Faculty)

CHITKARA BUSINESS SCHOOL

CHITKARA UNIVERSITY
2023
 Sustainable transport.

Abstract

Sustainable transportation projects have been implemented in cities around the world as a way to
reduce carbon emissions, traffic congestion, and air pollution. These projects are aimed to
promote alternative modes of transportation such as walking, biking, and public transit.

This report aims to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge on sustainable
transportation projects and to examine the factors that contribute to their success or failure. A
literature review was conducted to gather information on existing studies and literature on
sustainable transportation projects.

The review revealed that the success of sustainable transportation projects is often determined by
a combination of factors, including the availability of infrastructure, the level of government
support, and the level of community engagement.

The report also found that the success of sustainable transportation projects is often measured by
their impact on reducing carbon emissions and traffic congestion, but that other factors such as
the accessibility and affordability of the service for all users, and the overall quality of life should
also be taken into account.

Overall, the report suggests that sustainable transportation projects can be successful when they
are well-designed and well-implemented, with appropriate infrastructure and government
support, and when they involve active participation and engagement of the community. However,
the success of sustainable transportation projects can also depend on the specific context and
conditions of the location where they are implemented. Future research should focus on
developing more comprehensive measures of the success of sustainable transportation projects
and on understanding how to replicate successful sustainable transportation projects in other
locations.
Introduction

Transportation is one of the fields that have attracted serious attention from economists in the
past. However, in recent years, goods transportation has attracted burgeoning interests among the
supply chain management community including logistics and operations management.
Nevertheless, clean transportation is a growing concern, which includes both public and goods
transportation .

Transportation contributes nearly 5.5% of over 50,000 mega-tonnes of CO2 on an average

emitted during a year . It is widely recognised by the policy makers, practitioners and
academicians that logistics and transport operations have a negative impact on the ecological
balance . Transportation has always been linked with the advancement of society. It is regarded
as one of the forces of globalization. However, with the emergence of modern transportation, the
speed has increased but at the cost of our own planet. Heavy reliance of modern transportation
on natural fuels has posed a major problem. The continuous release of greenhouse gases such as
CO2 and CH4 from the development of various energy-intensive industrial activities has
ultimately caused human civilisation to pay its debt.

In developing economies, particularly in India and China, there is an absence of reliable access
to clean energy. Consequently, the low-income groups who cannot afford expensive resources are
exposed to severe threats of diseases and poor health, which further impedes the development
process. Furthermore, current patterns of fossil-fuel use cause substantial ill health from air
pollution and occupational hazards. Impending climate change, mainly driven by energy use,
now threatens health too. The answer to these challenges is to address them proactively through
sustainable Supply Chain Management and logistics practices, which include incorporating
inventory and service level requirements, modelling potential manufacturing locations and
warehouses, optimisation of transport processes and CO2 reduction, and closing of materials
flows by improvement of post-sale logistics operations among others.

All this puts a lot of pressure on the national governments to devise policies for reducing
greenhouse gas emissions as well as oil demands. Transportation, being a major contributor to
greenhouse gas emissions, is the prime target for reducing air pollution and obtaining a
sustainable environment. This leads to Green Transportation, which means any kind of
transportation practice or vehicle that is eco-friendly and does not have any negative impact on
the immediate environment. Green transportation involves effective and efficient resource
utilization, changes in transportation structure and making healthier travel choices. This demands
enhanced public awareness and participation, control of private vehicles and development of
vehicles powered by renewable energy sources like solar, wind, electricity, biofuels, etc.
Transportation is regarded as the fastest growing sector, in terms of energy consumption.

While there is a rich body of literature focusing on enablers of sustainable transportation, most of
the research either focuses on shipping companies or road transportation companies. Second,
there is hardly any empirical study in the context of Indian transportation companies that include
both shipping and trucking companies.

Objectives of our study are: to identify the critical success factors of sustainable
transportation.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Sustainable Transportation

Surface transportation is essential to daily life and has a significant impact on employment and
economic competitiveness. Use of clean energy is the biggest problem from an environmental
and resource perspective, ahead of surface transportation (road, rail, water, etc). As carbon
emissions must be cut but energy must be saved, there are a number of grounds for concern.

Fossil fuels continue to dominate the global energy industry, and even small adjustments can
have a significant impact on efforts to achieve sustainability. To accomplish this, renewable
energy sources are essential. Renewable energy sources, when traditional biomass is excluded,
account for a negligible portion of total primary energy consumption and are unevenly
distributed across industrialized and developing nations.

If we rely on an energy future based on fossil fuels, environmental issues at the local, regional,
and global levels, as well as external dependency and supply security, will continue. According
to a study, the usage of batteries and fuel cells can offer a sustainable alternative to the current
transportation industry. It will also assist in lessening or eliminating the reliance of the current
transportation system on fuel-intensive modes of mobility. In a study they did, Windecker and
Ruder assessed alternative fuels according to their cost, environmental performance, and
effectiveness. One such study discussed the necessity for electric-powered vehicles and looked at
the effects of full electrification on greenhouse gas emissions. However, there have been
advancements made in the use of sustainable energy for transportation, particularly when it
comes to road travel.

Building blocks of sustainable transportation

The development consists of macro-factors that have an impact on how sustainability is

incorporated into the transportation industry. Numerous PESTLE studies—political, economic,
social, technological, legal, and environmental—have been conducted over time. However, from
the perspective of Indian transportation, the interplay between these macro elements was not
previously examined, and the majority of studies concentrated on a single dimension. We have
suggested an integrated conceptual framework to address the urgent call of the moment.
Government policy, economic situation, social dimensions, technology, legal structure, and
environmental dimensions (GESTLE) framework, which is comparable to PESTLE framework,
has been applied in our current study. This framework is the end product of thorough literature
synthesis.
1. Government Policy

For sustainable transportation to be achieved, government policy is essential. The standards

were developed by a number of ministries, including the ministries of rail, road, and shipping,
with the goals of preventing accidents, enhancing quality of life, and advancing sustainable
development. Any course of action or guiding principle that a government adopts or puts forward
with the intention of changing the situation is referred to as "government policy" in this context.
The government may use legislation like OPA (1990), The Clean Water Act (1972), the
sustainable dredging, Environment Protection (Sea Dumping) Act (1981), the Environmental
Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act (1999), and the Motor Vehicles Act (1988) and its
amendment Act 27 to address a variety of transportation-related issues like poor road or highway
conditions, to reduce carbon emissions, or oil spills in water bodies. Through these laws, the
government ties the hands of the private proprietors of shipping firms or road carriers, who
typically flout the law in an effort to gain short-term advantages.
2. Economic Policy

The economic criteria are factors that determine an economy's performance and have a direct
impact on the long-term viability of transportation. For instance, an increase in the price of
gasoline or diesel may have a negative effect on how environmentally friendly transportation is.
Due to the overloading of trucks and waggons, the road, the truck's life cycle, and carbon
emissions may all be seriously threatened. The responsibility of cleaning up water bodies that
have become severely contaminated as a result of increased commercial movements may be
shied away from by shipping firms. Fuel price increases have had a substantial influence on the
fleet's speed, which has a negative impact on delivery punctuality.

3. Social Policy

These elements assess influences such cultural trends, demography, population statistics, and the
social context that drives the demand for sustainable mobility . A prime illustration would be the
increasing use of two- and four-wheel vehicles in rural India. The rise of the vehicle industry in
India and other Asian nations has been fueled by the greater awareness and purchasing power of
rural people, but at the expense of climate change. The ecological balance has been severely
disrupted by the rising pollution levels and the quick shift in how land is used in the form of
roads, bridges, and railroad tracks. People's careless behavior toward rivers has brought sacred
rivers like the Ganga to the brink of extinction.

4. Green technology

Green technology usage has increased exponentially. Technology for detecting oil spills,
reducing pollutants, and using batteries have all played significant roles in the creation of clean,
fuel-efficient cars in recent years. In reality, the utilization of batteries has been directly
responsible for hybrid technology automobiles' recent popularity. The energy efficiency of fuel
cells is predicted to be double that of internal combustion engines . There are problems that need
to be overcome first, though, before these technologies may be deployed in the marketplace.
Durability is the first problem, and total cost of ownership is the second one. Platinum alloys
have demonstrated more activity than Platinum catalysts, according to a new advance in
electrocatalysts. Additionally, the government must play a significant role in encouraging
shippers and transporters to employ green technologies.

5. Legal structure

Researchers and practitioners have recently given the function of legal structures and their effects
on sustainable transportation substantial consideration. The contribution of scholars from the
standpoint of organisational theory was clearly stated in one of their publications. The
institutional theory offers an alternative theoretical perspective to consider the need for
sustainable behaviours. In the past, academics have explained in detail the necessity of
government involvement in tying sustainable practises to legitimacy. Additionally, there is a
tonne of literature in which academics describe sustainable practises as a CSR activity.

6. Environmental dimensions

Sustainability requires consideration of the environmental aspects. It is encouraging to observe

that in recent years, the rate at which academics have tackled the serious matter has been widely
acknowledged across the world as environmental protection concerns have grown. The
government and corporate sustainability reports provide a comprehensive picture of societal
trends and levels of knowledge regarding sustainable activities. Researchers and practitioners
have recently given the function of legal structures and their effects on sustainable transportation
substantial consideration. The contribution of scholars from the standpoint of organizational
theory was clearly stated in one of their publications. The institutional theory offers an
alternative theoretical perspective to consider the need for sustainable behaviors. But despite
numerous attempts by NGOs and government organizations, there remain grave breaches of
environmental standards.
Ecological footprints are being severely impacted by the speed at which land use patterns are
changing and the pace of deforestation. In the past, the main focus was on reducing carbon
footprints, which does not reflect the comprehensive efforts to achieve ecological balance on our
world. Tree protection, river and forest preservation, water body cleansing, and routine
monitoring of effluents being continually released into rivers and the ocean by industrial entities
are some of the environmental aspects of maintaining a clean atmosphere.

In both emerging and established economies, transportation—which includes air, land, sea, and
train modes of transportation—is the primary producer of pollution, second only to industry. The
key topics that will be covered in this research are the recent growth in trade activity and the
frequent maritime mishaps that may have harmed marine life.
Conclusion

A conceptual framework was created and put to the test using data from the existing literature
and GESTLE implications on sustainable transportation. The conceptual framework balances the
disparate contributions of two well-known literature streams: studies that describe how the
GESTLE framework affects sustainable shipping and transportation and those that explain how it
affects sustainable transportation.

A healthy and livable future depends on sustainable mobility. It promotes public health,
decreases emissions and air pollution, and conserves resources. Additionally, it promotes
mobility, eases traffic congestion, and builds sustainable communities. In addition to lowering
our carbon footprint, the transition to sustainable modes of transportation like public transit,
bicycling, and walking also makes communities safer and more habitable. Additionally, spending
on environmentally friendly transportation infrastructure may boost the economy and create jobs.
In conclusion, sustainable transportation is crucial to building a future that is both vital and
sustainable.

Sustainable transportation minimizes greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution, and reliance on
nonrenewable resources like oil from an environmental standpoint. By lowering exposure to
dangerous pollutants, this not only serves to lessen the effects of climate change but also
improves public health. The sustainability of the economy and society is enhanced through
sustainable transportation. For instance, spending in public transit infrastructure generates jobs,
boosts regional economies, and gives people access to affordable and convenient transportation
alternatives. By easing traffic congestion, enhancing mobility, and developing neighbourhoods
that are bike- and pedestrian-friendly, it also helps to create a more livable and secure
environment.

In conclusion, sustainable transportation is crucial because it offers several advantages for the
long-term viability of the environment, the economy, and society. We can build a more
sustainable future for ourselves and future generations by giving sustainable transportation
solutions priority.

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