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sn (x, y) = 2 4*7'# =%$%) )( 17 5> $%&'() %8$%&'%* ?(+4$%&'(@A 9%2(*9('#
<&% .-39-3/ B%' r > 0 (>(3

Bp (x, r) ⊂ Bsn (x, r) ⊂ Bm (x, r)

4*9727 B%$%3 &-3,$9-3 C;'5*5.4'# D-'8,& 4*-'-)/



Bm (x, r) ⊂ Bsn (x, 2r) ⊂ Bp (x, 2r)

9('# ?E)6# <3%'$% F#G#GA#

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(
1, x 6= y
δ(x, y) =
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2, x 6= y
σ(x, y) =
0, x=y
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(X, δ) 76-., (*% (X, σ) 76-., %8$%&'() %8.-H,*, 9%2(*9('*%'# I$- &4H4*4J()
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76-)*,) +,T,'- %8(&&('# :;+&%'(3(6#
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<$61'2-' y = 0 -;+34=4 Ox '.='(/-/37 r 5)3,0)>, (' .)-)3 ?$5$. ='0/1/3='
='0/1=/(@ -$61'2-' A/0 ?/3 A = (x0 , y0 ) 2'3.'61/ B' r 5)3,0)>1,
p
D(A, r) = (s − x0 )2 + (t − y0 )2 ≤ r2
-/=./ Ox '.='(/(/(p%)2)2,(, .)>=)5)2)67 8$(.$ D -/=./ /0/(-'./ A'3
p t) (;.%)=, /0/(
(s, (s − x0 )2 + (t − y0 )2 ≤ r2 -/37 Ox '.='(/ $6'3/(-'
(x − x0 )2 + (0 − t)2 > r2 .;*414(4 =)+1)5)( (x, 0) (;.%)1)3, B)3-,3 B'
?4 (;.%)1)3 D -/=./ -,*,(-)-,37 C A)1-' y = 0 -;+34=4 =,(,3=,6-,37
D'(6'3 ;1)3).@ 54.)3,-)./ E/?/ ='0/1'9'. A'3 q
D -/=./ /0/(-' .)1)( A/>'3?;1
.;11)3,() )/% (x, y) = (x, x ) (;.%)1)3, /0/( (x − x0 )2 + ( x1 − y0 )2 ≤ r2
1

;12)1,-,37 x 5'%'3/ .)-)3 ?$5$. F5) -) .$0$.G ='0/1-/+/(-'


r
1
(x − x0 )2 + ( − y0 )2 > r2
x
;1)9).%,37 H)?//@ ?4 .;*414 =)+1)5)( B' A/>'3?;1' )/% ;1)( (x, y) = (x, x1 )
(;.%)1)3, D -/=./ -,*,(-) .)1,37 C A)1-' xy = 1 A/>'3?;1$ =,(,3=,6-,37
I;( ;1)3).@ xy = 1 A/>'3?;1$ /1' y = 0 -;+34=4 )3)=,(-)./ 46).1,+,(
0 ;1-4+4(4 EJ=%'3'1/27 <;+3454 A@ A/>'3?;1$ B /1' EJ=%'3'1/27 (17.51)
45)3,(9)@ /./ .$2' )3)=,(-)./ 46).1,.@ d K.1/% 2'%3/+/ ;12). $6'3'@
d(A, B) = inf{d(u, v) : u ∈ A, v ∈ B}
-/37 [u ∈ A ⇒ u = (s, 0), s ∈ R] B' [v ∈ B ⇒ v = (t, 1t ), t ∈ R] ;1-4+4(:
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?)+,(%,-)( EJ3'?/1/3/6L
d(A, B) = inf{d(u, v) : u ∈ A, v ∈ B}
r
1
= inf{ (s − t)2 + (0 − )2 , (s, t ∈ R)}
t
r
1
= inf{ (t − t)2 + (0 − )2 , (t ∈ R)}, s = t .;(43=)
t
1
= inf{ , (t ∈ R)}
t
=0
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O'%3/. 46)5-) ?/3 A .$2'=/(/( 0)>, (17.50) &;32$1$ /1'
ρ(A) = sup{ρ(x, y) : x, y ∈ A}
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#$%$&$'() *+',&-+'&,.*,/0
y = 0 (12/343 A = {u : u = (x, 0) : x ∈ R} 56&)4$($/0 75-$* &)*/$2$'$
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;)*)/$'<) #6;6*)/)5 d(u, v) 3?+5-,2,', $4*)($2$&$? 5+(+/ #6;6*)#$-$/$?F
 
1 1
d(B) = sup d(u, v) : u, v ∈ B, u = (s, ), v = (t, )
s t
(r )
1 1
= sup (s − t)2 + ( − )2 , s, t ∈ R
s t
(r )
2
= sup (2t)2 + ( )2 , t∈R , s = −t 51'3/4+
t
=∞

@ A+-() u, v ∈ B '15*+-+/, +/+4,'(+5$ 3?+5-,5-+/ 4,',/4,?(,/0 B1-+;,4,;-+


ρ(B) %+C, 4,',/4,?(,/0
G0 H+-* &)*/$2) 89/) R 3?+;,'(+ N (12+- 4+;,-+/ 56&)4$ $-) (n + n1 ) : n ∈ N


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N′ = R − N *6&-);)'$ +%,5*,/0 >)/%)5*)' A)/ n ∈ N $%$' (n, n + 1) ⊂ N′
+%,5*,/ =) [
N′ = (n, n + 1)
n∈N

($/0 @ A+-()E +%,5 56&)-)/$' #$/ #$-).$&$') ).$* 1-+' N′ *6&-);)'$ +%,5 #$/
56&)($/0 B1-+;,4,;-+ N 5+C+-,(,/0
K$&($ A = (n + n1 ) : n ∈ N 56&)4$'$ (6.6')-$&0 :)/ n $%$'


 
1 1
(n + ), (n + 1 + ) ⊂ A′
n n+1
+%,5*,/ =)
[ 1 1


A = (n + ), (n + 1 + )
n n+1
n∈N
!"#" $%&%'(%(%) !"

#$%& ' ()*#+, )-./ /01+*+%$2 3$% 3$*+4$1$2+ +4$5 6*)2 A′ 501*+7+2$ )-./ 3$%
/01+#$%& 86*)7.9.7*) A /):)*.#.%&
A = (n + n1 ) : n ∈ N /01+9$2#+ n = 1 )*.2.%9) (n + n1 ) = 2 ∈ N 6*;%& '


()*#+ A ∩ N 6= ∅ #$%& 86*)7.9.7*) )%)*)%.2#)/$ ;<)/*./ d(A, N) = 0 #.%&


n 9.2.%9.< 6*)%)/ 3070#0=02#+2 (+% $/$ /01+ 9.2.%9.<#.%&

>& ?$% 1+5%$/ ;<)7#)/$ 962*; (+% /01+2$2 9.2.%*. 6*#;=;2; @A95+%$2$<&
!"#$%
X, ρ) 1+5%$/ ;<)7.2#) A = {x1 , x2 , . . . , xn } 962*; 3$% )*5/01+ 6*9;2& ?;
/01+2$2 -):., $-$2#+/$ 26/5) -$B5*+%$ )%)9.2#)/$ ;<)/*./*)%.2 9;:%+1;1;#;%C

ρ(A) = sup {ρ(xi , xj ) : (1 ≤ i, j ≤ n)} ⊂ R

#.%& K = {ρ(xi , xj )} 9)7.*)%.

n!
r!(n − 1)!

5)2+#$%& R $-$2#+ (+% 962*; /01+ 9.2.%*.#.% D+ 1)/9$1;1; D)%#.%& 86*)7.9.7*)


sup K = max K < ∞ #$%& ' ()*#+ ρ(A) 962*;#;%& E7*+79+ A 9.2.%*.#.%&

F& ?$% (X, ρ) 1+5%$/ ;<)7.2#) (+% A )*5 /01+9$ $-$2 ρ(A) = ρ(Ā) 6*#;=;2;
@A95+%$2$<&
!"#$%
x, y ∈ Ā $9+ xn → x D+ yn → y 6*)G)/ 3$-$1#+ xn ), (yn ) ⊂ A #$<$*+%$
9+-$*+3$*$%& ρ(xn , yn ) → ρ(x, y) #$%& ?;%)#)2, (17.50) ;7)%.2G)

ρ(A) ≤ ρ(Ā)
= sup{ρ(x, y) : x, y ∈ Ā}
= sup{ρ(xn , yn ) : (xn ), (yn ) ⊂ A}
≤ sup{ρ(a, b) : a, b ∈ A}
≤ ρ(A)

-./)%H 7)2$ ρ(A) ≤ ρ(Ā) ≤ ρ(A) 6*;% /$ 3; ρ(A) = ρ(Ā) 6*1)9. #+1+/5$%&

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