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    Chapter 6 Steam Turbine 1

    Uploaded by

    Muhammed Bn Jihad
    This document provides an overview of steam turbines for 5th year mechanical engineering students. It describes the basic components and processes of a steam turbine, including how steam expands through impulse and reaction turbine stages to convert thermal energy into rotational motion. It also discusses the Rankine cycle used in steam turbines, with four processes: pumping, heating, expansion through the turbine, and condensation. The document compares impulse and reaction turbines and their different approaches to steam flow and pressure reduction. Finally, it briefly outlines the working of a steam turbine power plant and common materials used for turbine blades before concluding with definitions of governors and types of governing systems.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Chapter 6 Steam Turbine 1

    Uploaded by

    Muhammed Bn Jihad
    41 views18 pages
    This document provides an overview of steam turbines for 5th year mechanical engineering students. It describes the basic components and processes of a steam turbine, including how steam expands through impulse and reaction turbine stages to convert thermal energy into rotational motion. It also discusses the Rankine cycle used in steam turbines, with four processes: pumping, heating, expansion through the turbine, and condensation. The document compares impulse and reaction turbines and their different approaches to steam flow and pressure reduction. Finally, it briefly outlines the working of a steam turbine power plant and common materials used for turbine blades before concluding with definitions of governors and types of governing systems.

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    chapter 6 Steam Turbine 1 (2)

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    This document provides an overview of steam turbines for 5th year mechanical engineering students. It describes the basic components and processes of a steam turbine, including how steam expands through impulse and reaction turbine stages to convert thermal energy into rotational motion. It also discusses the Rankine cycle used in steam turbines, with four processes: pumping, heating, expansion through the turbine, and condensation. The document compares impulse and reaction turbines and their different approaches to steam flow and pressure reduction. Finally, it briefly outlines the working of a steam turbine power plant and common materials used for turbine blades before concluding with definitions of governors and types of governing systems.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    41 views18 pages

    Chapter 6 Steam Turbine 1

    Uploaded by

    Muhammed Bn Jihad
    This document provides an overview of steam turbines for 5th year mechanical engineering students. It describes the basic components and processes of a steam turbine, including how steam expands through impulse and reaction turbine stages to convert thermal energy into rotational motion. It also discusses the Rankine cycle used in steam turbines, with four processes: pumping, heating, expansion through the turbine, and condensation. The document compares impulse and reaction turbines and their different approaches to steam flow and pressure reduction. Finally, it briefly outlines the working of a steam turbine power plant and common materials used for turbine blades before concluding with definitions of governors and types of governing systems.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 18

    Faculty of Engineering and Technology

    Department of Mechanical Engineering


    Chapter -6-
    Steam Turbine

    Target Group: Fifth Year Mechanical Engineering Students

    Serious Prepared By:-Yohannes Feyissa


    November, 2016
    6. Steam Turbines
     To study and understand the process of steam flow in impulse and reaction
    turbine.
     To visualize the following for impulse steam turbine.
     Steam flow
     Expansion of steam in LP and HP stages
    Cont....
     A steam turbine is a thermo-
    mechanical device that extracts thermal
    energy from pressurized steam, and
    converts it into rotary motion.

    Fig :6.1 Steam Turbine


    Cont....
     Steam is vaporized water. It is a transparent gas. At standard temperature and
    pressure, pure steam (unmixed with air, but in equilibrium with liquid water) occupies
    about 1,600 times the volume of an equal mass of liquid water.
     Saturated steam is steam at equilibrium with liquid water at the same pressure and
    temperature.
     Superheated steam is steam at a temperature higher than its boiling point at a given
    pressure
    Cont.... 6.1.1 Rankine Cycle for Steam Turbines
    There are four processes in the Rankine cycle, these states are identified by number in the
    diagram to the right.
    Process 1-2: The working fluid is pumped from low to high pressure, as the fluid is a liquid at this
    stage the pump requires little input energy.
    Process 2-3: The high pressure liquid enters a boiler where it is heated at constant pressure by
    an external heat source to become dry saturated vapour.
    Process 3-4: The dry saturated vapour expands through a turbine, generating power. This
    decreases the temperature and pressure of the vapour, and some condensation may occur.
    Cont....
    Process 4-1: The wet vapour then enters a condenser where it is condensed at a constant
    pressure and temperature to become a saturated liquid. The pressure and temperature of the
    condenser is fixed by the temperature of the cooling coils as the fluid is undergoing a phase-
    change.
    Fig 6.2: T- s Diagram for Steam Turbine
    6.1.2 Stator & Rotor

     Steam enters in the stator and then enters into the rotor.
     The pressure drop occurs in stator for impulse turbines where as for
    reaction turbines pressure drop occurs in both stator and rotor.
     Work is produced in the rotor by the steam because of a reduction in its
    pressure(reaction turbine) and a change in the direction of its velocity
    (reaction and impulse turbines).
    6.3 Types of Turbines
    6.3.1 Impulse & Reaction Turbines
    An impulse turbine has fixed nozzles
    that orient the steam flow into high
    speed jets.
     These jets contain significant kinetic
    energy, which the rotor blades, shaped
    like buckets, convert into shaft rotation
    as the steam jet changes direction.
     A pressure drop occurs across only
    the stationary blades, with a net
    increase in steam velocity across the
    stage. Fig 6.3 Turbine blade Arrangement
    1. Reaction Turbine
     In the reaction turbine, the rotor blades themselves are arranged to form convergent
    nozzles.
     This type of turbine also makes use of the reaction force produced as the steam accelerates
    through the nozzles formed by the rotor.
     Steam is directed onto the rotor by the fixed vanes of the stator. It leaves the stator as a jet
    that fills the entire circumference of the rotor.
     The steam then changes direction and increases its speed relative to the speed of the blades.
     A pressure drop occurs across both the stator and the rotor, with steam accelerating
    through the stator and decelerating through the rotor, with no net change in steam velocity
    across the stage but with a decrease in both pressure and temperature, reflecting the work
    performed in the driving of the rotor.
    6.4 Working Principle of Steam Turbine Based Power Plant

     Steam is generated in steam generator and supplied to steam turbine at high pressure.
    (Usually sub critical pressure)
     This steam enters the high pressure rotor and expands , to produce work.
     Low pressure turbine stage is provided to extract more amount of work from the steam
    leaving into the condenser.
    6.5 Steam Turbine Blades
     Steam turbine blades are subjected to high
    thermal stresses.
     They are made of Ni-chrome steel.

     Steam enters axially and leaves


    axially. (generally in axial-flow steam
    turbines)
    User interface For simulation of Steam turbine
    Definition Of Governing System

    Governor:- “A System Whose Purpose Is To Control A Prime Mover”

     The function of governor is to control the speed of the turbine. It does


    this by controlling the flow of steam to the nozzles. When the governor
    reacts to speed, it controls the steam flow and steam flow by definition is
    power. Therefore, through speed governing shaft output speed is
    governed with the help of governor. variable power output.
    6.6 Types of Governor
    1. Mechanical Governor
    2. Hydraulic Governor
    3. Combination of mechanical & Hydraulic
    4. Pneumatic Governor
    5. Electronic Governor
    Questions
    Comment
    Suggestion ???

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