Cambridge IGCSE™

* 4 3 2 6 4 4 5 5 1 1 *

CO-ORDINATED SCIENCES 0654/41

Paper 4 Theory (Extended) October/November 2022

2 hours

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● You may use a calculator.
● You should show all your working and use appropriate units.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 120.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
● The Periodic Table is printed in the question paper.

This document has 28 pages.

DC (RW/FC) 302289/2
© UCLES 2022 [Turn over
 2

1 (a) Fig. 1.1 is a diagram of the male reproductive system in humans.

E
D

Fig. 1.1

State the letter from Fig. 1.1 that represents the part:

where meiosis occurs ...........................

which secretes fluid for sperm to swim in ...........................

which carries urine ...........................

which produces sperm. ...........................

[4]

(b) Fig. 1.2 is a drawing of a sperm cell.

Fig. 1.2

Label Fig. 1.2 to identify two features of sperm that adapt it for reproduction. [2]

© UCLES 2022 0654/41/O/N/22

 3

(c) Describe the difference between the arrangement of chromosomes found in the nuclei of
sperm and those in a zygote.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(d) Sperm and egg cells are specialised for their function of reproduction.

The boxes on the left show some other specialised cells.

The boxes on the right show some functions.

Draw lines to link each specialised cell with its function.

absorption

ciliated

movement of mucus

palisade mesophyll

photosynthesis

root hair

transport of oxygen

[3]

[Total: 10]

© UCLES 2022 0654/41/O/N/22 [Turn over

 4

2 Alkanes are a type of hydrocarbon.

(a) State what is meant by a hydrocarbon.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Table 2.1 shows some information about some alkanes.

Table 2.1

energy released when 1 g of alkane is

molecular
alkane completely burned
formula
/ kJ
methane CH4 55.6
butane C4H10 51.7
octane C8H18 48.0
eicosane C20H42 46.4

The general formula for the alkanes is CnH2n+2, where n is the number of carbon atoms in the
molecule.

(i) When n increases, the amount of energy released changes.

State how the amount of energy released changes.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Tetradecane is an alkane with 14 carbon atoms.

Write the molecular formula for tetradecane.

molecular formula = ......................................................... [1]

(iii) Decene is not an alkane. It has the molecular formula C10H20.

Use the general formula CnH2n+2 to show that decene is not an alkane.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Butane, C4H10, burns completely in air.

Carbon dioxide and water are made.

Construct the balanced symbol equation for this reaction.

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2022 0654/41/O/N/22

 5

(d) (i) Burning butane is an exothermic reaction.

State what is meant by an exothermic reaction.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Use the axes shown in Fig. 2.1 to draw and label the energy level diagram for this
reaction.

Label:
• the energy of the reactants and the products
• the energy change in the reaction
• the activation energy of the reaction.

energy

progress of reaction

Fig. 2.1
[3]

[Total: 11]

© UCLES 2022 0654/41/O/N/22 [Turn over

 6

3 Fig. 3.1 shows a crane lifting a wooden crate.

pivot
5.0 m

crate

1200 N
counterweight

Fig. 3.1

(a) The crane is in equilibrium.

(i) The 1200 N counterweight is 5.0 m away from the pivot.

Calculate the moment of the counterweight about the pivot.

moment = ................................................... Nm [2]

(ii) Determine the moment of the crate about the pivot.

moment = ................................................... Nm [1]

© UCLES 2022 0654/41/O/N/22

 7

(b) The crate gains 105 kJ of gravitational potential energy as it is lifted through a height of 42 m.

Calculate the mass of the crate.

The gravitational field strength, g, is 10 N / kg.

mass = ..................................................... kg [2]

(c) The crane uses an electric motor.

Fig. 3.2 shows a simple d.c. motor.

coil rotates
force clockwise

Q
_
+
force

metal or graphite
brush contact

Fig. 3.2

(i) State the name of the component labelled Q in Fig. 3.2.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Draw an arrow on Fig. 3.2 to show the direction of the magnetic field. [1]

(iii) State two ways to increase the speed at which the coil rotates.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2022 0654/41/O/N/22 [Turn over

 8

4 (a) A seed germinates.

State two environmental conditions needed for germination.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) A plant is kept in the dark to grow.

Fig. 4.1 shows the growth of the plant shoot.

Fig. 4.1

(i) State the name of the tropic response shown in Fig. 4.1.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Complete the sentences to explain the mechanism of this growth response.

A plant hormone called .................................................... is made in the shoot tip and

moves through the plant.

The hormone collects on the .................................................... side of the shoot.

This stimulates growth causing cell .................................................... .

The shoot grows away from the direction of .................................................... .

[4]

© UCLES 2022 0654/41/O/N/22

 9

(c) Plants photosynthesise.

(i) State the balanced symbol equation for photosynthesis.

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Explain why chlorophyll is needed for photosynthesis.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 11]

© UCLES 2022 0654/41/O/N/22 [Turn over

 10

5 (a) Fig. 5.1 shows the arrangement of particles in a liquid.

liquid gas solid

Fig. 5.1

Complete Fig. 5.1 to show the arrangement of the particles in a gas and in a solid. [2]

(b) (i) Liquid water boils at 100 °C to form steam.

Describe what happens to the water particles during this change of state.

Include:
• how the arrangement of the particles changes
• how the movement of the particles changes.

arrangement ......................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

movement .........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Fig. 5.2 shows the bonds between the atoms and the forces between the molecules in
water.

H
H H O
O
H
bond
between force between
atoms molecules

Fig. 5.2

When water boils, the forces between the molecules are broken.

Explain why the bonds between atoms are not broken.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2022 0654/41/O/N/22

 11

(iii) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the bonding in water, H2O.

Show only the outer shell electrons.

[2]

(c) (i) Water reacts with magnesium metal. The reaction is very slow.

The reaction is faster if hot water is used.

Explain why. Use ideas about collisions between particles.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) The reaction between water and magnesium is faster if powdered magnesium is used
instead of strips of magnesium.

Explain why. Use ideas about collisions between particles.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 11]

© UCLES 2022 0654/41/O/N/22 [Turn over

 12

6 Fig. 6.1 shows a man paddling a canoe on a lake. The arrows show the horizontal forces acting on
the canoe.

direction of motion

F
200 N 600 N

Fig. 6.1

(a) (i) State the cause of the force labelled F on Fig. 6.1.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) The combined mass of the man and the canoe and his luggage is 100 kg.

Calculate the acceleration of the canoe.

acceleration = ................................................ m / s2 [3]

(b) Water waves travel across the surface of the lake.

(i) The man counts 15 wavefronts passing a point in 1 minute.

Calculate the frequency of the waves in Hz.

frequency = .................................................... Hz [1]

© UCLES 2022 0654/41/O/N/22

 13

(ii) The wavelength of the water waves is 0.6 m.

Use your answer to 6(b)(i) to calculate the speed of the water waves.

speed = .................................................. m / s [2]

(iii) Fig. 6.2 shows the wavefronts of the water waves moving towards two rocks.
The water waves will diffract as they travel between the two rocks.

Complete Fig. 6.2 to show how the water waves are diffracted.

direction of wave
rock

rock

Fig. 6.2
[1]

(c) The man uses a solar panel to charge his mobile phone.
The solar panel uses energy from the Sun to generate electricity.

State the name of the process in the Sun that releases energy.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2022 0654/41/O/N/22 [Turn over

 14

7 (a) Fig. 7.1 is a photograph of a person with a deficiency disease that has affected their bone
growth.

Fig. 7.1

(i) State the name of the vitamin the person in Fig. 7.1 is deficient in.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Taking vitamin supplements can prevent the deficiency disease shown in Fig. 7.1.

Suggest two other ways to prevent the effects seen in Fig. 7.1.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

© UCLES 2022 0654/41/O/N/22

 15

(b) Kwashiorkor is a deficiency disease caused by a lack of protein in the diet.

Table 7.1 shows the ages of children admitted to a hospital with kwashiorkor disease.

Table 7.1

age group number of children

4 and under 88
over 4 7
Total 95

(i) Use Table 7.1 to calculate the percentage of children of age 4 and under with kwashiorkor
disease admitted to the hospital.

Give your answer to the nearest whole number.

.......................................................% [2]

(ii) The recommended daily intake of protein per kg of body mass for a child is greater than
that of an adult.

State why.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) State the name of one other deficiency disease caused by protein-energy malnutrition.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(d) State the names of the four elements that all proteins contain.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(e) State the name of the enzyme that breaks down proteins.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 10]

© UCLES 2022 0654/41/O/N/22 [Turn over

 16

8 Some cars use petrol as a fuel. Some cars use diesel as a fuel.

Table 8.1 shows the mass of pollutant made when 1 kg of petrol or 1 kg of diesel is burnt in a car
engine.

Table 8.1

mass of pollutant / g
pollutant car using petrol car using diesel
black smoke 18 0.6
carbon monoxide 236 10
nitrogen monoxide 59 29
sulfur dioxide 3.8 0.9

(a) (i) Car A uses 5 kg of petrol fuel for a journey.

Car B uses 8 kg of diesel fuel for the same journey.

State which car, A or B, makes the most nitrogen monoxide.

Explain your answer.

Car .................... makes most nitrogen monoxide.

explanation ........................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) The nitrogen monoxide, NO, made inside the car engine is removed by a catalytic
converter.

The nitrogen monoxide is turned into nitrogen gas and oxygen gas.

Construct the balanced symbol equation for this reaction.

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Sulfur dioxide is a pollutant that causes acid rain.

Sulfur dioxide is not removed from car emissions by a catalytic converter.

Describe one way that emissions of sulfur dioxide by cars can be reduced.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2022 0654/41/O/N/22

 17

(b) A petrol car makes 236 g of carbon monoxide gas when 1 kg of petrol is burnt.

Calculate the volume occupied by 236 g of carbon monoxide gas.

The molar gas volume at room temperature and pressure is 24 dm3.

Show your working.

volume = .................................................. dm3 [3]

(c) Sulfur dioxide is used in the manufacture of sulfuric acid in the Contact process.

2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)

Describe two conditions used for this reversible reaction.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2022 0654/41/O/N/22 [Turn over

 18

9 A student investigates the effect of changing temperature on the current through a thermistor.
The student connects a cell, an NTC thermistor, an ammeter and a switch in series.

(a) On Fig. 9.1, complete the circuit diagram to show the circuit used by the student.

Fig. 9.1
[2]

© UCLES 2022 0654/41/O/N/22

 19

(b) The graph in Fig. 9.2 shows the results obtained by the student.

30

25

20

current / mA 15

10

0
0 20 40 60 80 100

temperature / °C

Fig. 9.2

The temperature of the thermistor is 40 °C.

Calculate the time it takes for 1.0 C of charge to flow through the thermistor.

time = ....................................................... s [3]

© UCLES 2022 0654/41/O/N/22 [Turn over

 20

(c) The student uses a liquid-in-glass thermometer to measure temperature.

Fig. 9.3 shows the structure of a liquid-in-glass thermometer.

glass
ethanol

Fig. 9.3

(i) Thermal energy is transferred through the glass to the ethanol.

Describe how thermal energy is transferred through glass.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) The ethanol in the thermometer expands as the temperature increases.

Explain why the ethanol expands as the temperature increases in terms of the motion
and arrangement of molecules.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2022 0654/41/O/N/22

 21

(iii) The volume of the ethanol in the thermometer at 25 °C is 2.00 cm3 and the density of the
ethanol is 0.78 g / cm3.

When the thermometer is cooled to 3 °C, the volume decreases to 1.95 cm3.

Calculate the density of the ethanol at 3 °C.

density of ethanol = .............................................. g / cm3 [3]

[Total: 12]

© UCLES 2022 0654/41/O/N/22 [Turn over

 22

10 (a) Fig. 10.1 is a diagram of a cross-section through skin.

Fig. 10.1

Table 10.1 shows the names and functions of some of the parts labelled A–D in Fig. 10.1.

Complete Table 10.1.

Table 10.1

letter in
name of part function
Fig. 10.1

provide insulation

hair erector muscle

[3]

(b) Describe the role of arterioles in reducing body temperature when the body gets too hot.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

© UCLES 2022 0654/41/O/N/22

 23

(c) The control of internal body temperature is an example of negative feedback.

(i) Explain what is meant by the term negative feedback.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) State one other example of negative feedback.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2022 0654/41/O/N/22 [Turn over

 24

11 (a) Copper oxide, CuO, is heated with carbon, C.

Copper, Cu, and carbon dioxide, CO2, are made as shown in the equation:

2CuO + C 2Cu + CO2

This reaction is an example of reduction.

Use the equation to explain what reduction means.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) The copper made from copper oxide is not pure.

A student purifies the impure copper using electrolysis.

Fig. 11.1 shows the apparatus the student uses.

d.c. supply
– +

cathode impure copper

anode

solution

Fig. 11.1

(i) State the name of the electrolyte solution the student uses.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) The student uses impure copper as the anode.

State what the student uses as the cathode.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Copper atoms are formed from copper ions, Cu2+, at the cathode.

Construct the balanced ionic half-equation for this reaction.

Use the symbol e– for an electron.

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2022 0654/41/O/N/22

 25

(d) Aluminium is a metal that is extracted by electrolysis.

Fig. 11.2 shows the apparatus that is used.

carbon anode +

aluminium oxide
steel case

carbon cathode

molten aluminium

Fig. 11.2

The word equation for the electrolysis of aluminium oxide is:

aluminium oxide aluminium + oxygen

(i) State what is made at the cathode.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Oxide ions lose electrons to form oxygen molecules.

The ionic half-equation for the reaction is:

2O2– – 4e– O2

Electrons are lost during this process.

State the name of this type of reaction.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(e) Aluminium reacts with oxygen to make aluminium oxide, Al 2O3.

4Al + 3O2 2Al 2O3

Calculate the maximum mass of aluminium oxide that can be made from 1.35 g of aluminium.
Show your working.

mass of aluminium oxide = ....................................................... g [2]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2022 0654/41/O/N/22 [Turn over

 26

12 α-particles, β-particles and γ-rays are all forms of ionising radiation.

(a) State one effect of ionising radiation on living things.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) The radioactive isotope uranium-238 decays into the isotope thorium-234 by emitting an
α-particle.

Use the correct nuclide notation to complete the decay equation for uranium-238.

238 234
92U Th + α
..............

.............. .............. [2]

(c) Gamma radiation is part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

(i) State the speed of gamma radiation in a vacuum.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Draw lines to match each form of electromagnetic radiation to its use. One line has been
drawn for you.

form of
electromagnetic use
radiation

infrared medicine and security

radio and TV
microwaves
communications

remote controls and

radio waves
intruder alarms

satellite television and

X-rays
telephones

[2]

© UCLES 2022 0654/41/O/N/22

 27

(d) Visible light is also part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Fig. 12.1 shows an object emitting visible light and a thin converging lens.

object F F

F = principal focus

Fig. 12.1

(i) Complete Fig. 12.1 to show how the rays of light from the object form an image. [3]

(ii) The image formed is a real image.

State one difference between a real image and a virtual image.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 10]

© UCLES 2022 0654/41/O/N/22

 The Periodic Table of Elements

© UCLES 2022
Group
I II III IV V VI VII VIII
1 2

H He
hydrogen helium
Key 1 4
3 4 atomic number 5 6 7 8 9 10

Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.

potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 64 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
28

85 88 89 91 93 96 – 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
55 56 57–71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

0654/41/O/N/22
lanthanoids
Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon
133 137 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 – – –
87 88 89–103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 114 116
actinoids
Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Fl Lv
francium radium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium copernicium flerovium livermorium
– – – – – – – – – – – – –

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
lanthanoids La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
lanthanum cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium
139 140 141 144 – 150 152 157 159 163 165 167 169 173 175
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
actinoids Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
actinium thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium
– 232 231 238 – – – – – – – – – – –

The volume of one mole of any gas is 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.).

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download