24

DATA HANDLING III

(Construction of bar graphs)

24.1 INTRODUCTION
In class V we have learnt how to read bar graphs. We have learnt about reading and
interpretation of bar graphs. In this chapter, we shall learn about the construction of bar
graphs.

24.2 CONSTRUCTION OF BAR GRAPHS

BAR GRAPH A bar graph is a pictorial representation of the numerical data by a number of
bars (rectangles) of uniform width erected horizontally or vertically with equal spacing
between them.
In a bar graph each rectangle or bar represents only one value of the numerical data and
sothere are as many bars as the number of values of numerical data. The
bar indicates, on a suitable
height or length
of a
scale, the corresponding value of the numerical data. If the
bars are drawn vertically on the horizontal line (i.e.
x-axis), then the scale of heights of the
bars or rectangles is shown along the vertical line (i.e.
y-axis). If the bars are drawn
horizontally on the vertical line, then the scale of heights of bars is shown along the
horizontal line.
In order to construct a bar graph for the given data, we follow the
following steps:
STEPI Take a graph paper and draw two lines
them horizontal and vertical axes.
perpendicular to ecch other and call

STEPII Along the horizontal axis mark the information given in the data like days,
weeks, months, years, places etc. at uniform gaps.
STEPIII Choose a suitable scale to determine the heights of the rectangles or bars and
then mark the heights on the vertical axes.

STEPIVV Draw bars or rectangles of equal wvidth and of

heights marked in Step Ill on the
horizontal axis uwith equal spacing between them.
The figure so obtained will be the bar graph representing the given numerical data.
The following examples will illustrate the construction of bar graphs of given data.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Example 1 The following data gives the number of students of Delhi state who went
abroad for study during some years:

Year 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Number of students 1400 1600 1250 1000 2000 2200

Represent the above data with the help of a bar graph.
24.2 Mathematics for Class VI
In order to construct a bar graph representing the above data, we follow the
Solution
following steps:
STEPI Take a graph paper and draw two mutually perpendicular lines OX
and OY as shown in Fig. 1. Call OX as the horizontal axis and OY as
the vertical axis.
STEPII Along 0X, mark years and along OY, mark number of students.
STEPII Along OX, choose the uniform (equal) width of the bars and the
uniform gap between them, according to the space available for the
graph.
STEPIY Choose a suitable scale to determine the heights of the bars,
acco ling to the availability of space. Here, we choose 1 big division
to represent 200 students.

2400
2200
2200
2000
2000
1800
1600 1600
1400
1400 1250
1200
1000
1000
800

600

400
200

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Years

Fig. 1

STEPV Calculate the heights of various bars as follows:

1400
The height of the bar for the year 1995 is equal to = 7 big divisions;
200

The height of the bar for the year 1996 is equal to 1600 = 8 big divisions
200
1250
The height of the bar for the year 1997 is equal to 6 big divisions = 6
big divisions and 2.5 small divisions

1000
The height of the bar for the year 1998 is equal to = = 5 big divisions
200
2000
The height of the bar for the year 1999 is equal to = 20010big divisions
DATA HANDLING-IH(Construction of bargraphs) 24.3

2200
The height ofthe bar for the year 2000 is equal to = 200 1 1 big divisions.
200
STEPVI We draw the bars as shown in Fig. 1 and on the top of each bar we
write the number of students represented by it.
Example 2
Example2 In a school, there are five sections of class VII. The number of students in
each section is given below. Construct a bar graph representing this data:

Section A B C D E
Number of students 40 48 52 45 30

Solution
We go
through the following steps to construet the bar graph:
STEPI Take a graph paper and draw two lines OX and OY perpendicular to
each other. Call the horizontal line as OX and the vertical line as OY.
STEPII Along the horizontal axis OX, mark "sections of Class VII" and along
the vertical axis OY mark "No. of students".
STEPIII Along the horizontal axis 0X, choose the uniform (equal) width of
the bars and the uniform gap between them.
STEPIV Choose a suitable scale to determine the heights of the bars,
according to the space available for the graph. Here, we choose 1
small division to represent 1 student.
STEPY Calculate the heights of the various bars as follows:
Height of the bar for Section A =40 x 1
= 40 small divisions = 4 big division
Height of the bar for Section B = 48x1
= 48 small divisions
= 4 big divisions and 8 small divisions
Height of the bar for Section C = 52 x1
= 52 small divisionss

5 big divisions and 2 small divisions.

=

Height of the bar for SectionD= 45 small divisions

= 4 big divisions and 5 small divisions.
Height of the bar for Section E= 30 small divisions
= 3 big divisions.

60
52
50 48
45
40
40
30
30
20
10

X
A B C D E
Sections of class Vil

Fig. 2
24.4

STEPVI We draw the bars as shown in Fig. 2 and on the

Mathematics for Clas V
write the number of students represented by it. top of ea
Example 3 The population of four major cities in India in a particular
bar, we
below: is given

Mumbai Kolkata Delhi

City
Number ofstudents 120 130 150 Chennai
80
Construct a bar graph to represent the above data.
Solution To construct the bar graph representing given data, we foll
following steps:
STEPI We take a graph paper and draw two mutualy perpendicular
OX and OY. lines
STEPII Along the horizontal line OX, we mark cities' and along the ves
he vertical
line, we mark the population'.
STEPIII Along the axis OX, we choose equal suitable width of each bar. Tho
gap between the bars is chosen same.

STEPIV Choose a suitable scale to determine the heights of the

ars,
according to the availability of space. Here, we choose 1 big division
to represent 20 lakhs population.
STEPV Calculate the height of various bars as follows:

120
The height of the bar for Mumbai= =6 big divisions.
20
130
The height of the bar for Calcutta =
a20 =
6.5 big divisions.
The 150
height of the bar for Delhi
=a 7.5 big divisions.
20

The 80
height of the bar for Chennai =
4 big divisions.
20
Y

160
150
140
130
120
120
100
80 80
50

40
20

Mumbai Kolkata Delhi x

Chennai
Cities

Fig.3
DATAHANDLING-Ii(Construction ofbargraphs) 24.5
STEP VI Now, we draw the bars as shown in, Fig. 3 and at the top of each bar
we write the
population of the corresponding city.
Example 4 The results of pass percentage of Class X and XII in C.B.S.E. examinatíon for
5 years given in the
are
following table:
Year 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-1999
X 90 95 90 80 98
XII 95 80 85 90 95
Draw bar graphs to represent the data.
Solution We go through the following steps to construct the bar graphs:
STEPI We draw two lines perpendicular to each other on a graph paper and
call them horizontal and vertical axes as shown in Fig. 4.

100

90
95
90:
95 90 90
9895 xClass
80
0
85
80 EEXIIClass
70

50

40
40

30
20
10

- x
1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99

Years
Fig. 4
STEPII Along the horizontal axis, we mark the years' and along the vertieal
axis, we mark the pass percentage'
STEPII We choose a suitable scale to determine the heights of bars. Here, we
choose the scale as 1 big division to represent 10.
STEPIV First we draw the bars for Class X results and then bars for Class XII
results for different years.
Bars for X and XIT class results are shaded separately and the shading is
shown in the top right corner of the graph paper.

EXERCISE 24.1
1. Two hundred students of class VI and VIl were asked to name theirfavourite colours so as to
decide upon what should be the colour of their school house. The results are shown in the
following table.
24.6
Mathematics for Class VII

Colour: Red Green Blue Yellow Orange

55 49 34
Number of students: 43 19

Represent the given data on a bar graph.

() Which is the most preferred colour and which is the least?
(i) How many collurs are there in all?
2. Following data gives total marks (out of 600) obtained by six children of a particular class.

Student: Faiyaz Gotika Han

Ajay Bali Dipti
Marks obtained: 450 500 300 360 400 540

Represent the data by a bar graph

3. Number of children in six different classes are given below. Represent the data on a bar
graph.
Class: V VI VII VIll IX X

Number of children: 135 120 95 100 90 80

(i) How do you choose the scale.

(i) Which olass has the maximum number of children?
(i) Which class has the minimum number of children?
4. The performance of students in 1st term and 2nd term is as given below. Draw a double bar
graph choosing appropriate scale and answer the following:

Subject: English Hindi Maths Science S. Science

1st term 67 72 88 81 73
2nd term: 70 65 95 85 75
(i) In which subject, has the children improved their performance the most?

(ii) Has the

performance gone down in any subject?
5. Consider the following data gathered from a survey of a
colony:
Favourate Sport: Cricket Basket-Ball Swimming Hockey Athletics
Watching 1240 470 510 423 250
Participating 620 320 320 250 105
Draw a double bar graph choosing an appropriate Scale. What do
you infer from the bar
graph?
(i) Which sport is most popular?
(i) What is more preferred watching or participating in sports?
5. The production of saleable steel in some of the steel plants of our country
below: during 1999 is given
nATA HANDLING-II(Construction of bar graphs) 24.7

Plant Bhilai Durgapur Rourkela Bokaro

Production
(In thousand tonnes) 160 80 200 150

Construct a bar graph to represent the above data on a graph paper by using the scale 1 big
division= 20 thousand tonnes.
6. The following data gives the number (in thousands) of applicants registered with an Employ-
ment Exchange during, 1995-2000:
Year 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Number of applicants
registered (in thousands) 18 20 24 28 30 34

Construct a bar graph to represent the above data.

7. The following table gives the route length (in thousand kilometres) of the Indian Railways in
some of the years
Year 1960-61 1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-2001
Route length
(in thousand kilometres) 56 60 61 74 98
Represent the above data with the help of a bar graph.
8. The following data gives the amount of loans (in crores of rupees) disbursed by a bank during
some years:

Year 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Loan (in crores of rupees) 28 33 55 55 80
(i) Represent the above data with the help of a bar graph.
(ii) With the help of the bar graph, indicate the year in which amount of loan is not increased
over that of the preceding year.
9. The following table shows the interest paid by a company (in lakhs):
Year 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000
Interest
(in lakhs of rupees) 20 25 15 18 30

Draw the bar graph to represent the above information.

10. The following data shows the average age of men in various countries in a certain year:

Pakistan U.K. U.S.A

Country India Nepal China
Average age
55 52 60 50 70 75
(inyears)
Represent the above information by a bar graph.

11. The following data gives the production of foodgrains (in thousand tonnes) for some

Year 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Production
(in thousand tonnes) 120 150 140 180 170 190

Represent the above data with the help of a bar graph.

24.8
Mathematics for Class VI
12. The following data gives the amount of manure (in thousand tonnes) manutactured by a
company during some years:
Year 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Manure
(in thousand tonnes) 15 35 45 30 40 20

() Represent the above data with the help of a bar graph.

i) Indicate with the help of the bar graph the year in which the amount of manure manufac-
tured by the company was maximum.
(i) Choose the correct alternative:
The consecutive years during which there was maximum decrease in manure production are:
(a) 1994 and 1995 (b) 1992 and 1993
(c) 1996 and 1997 (d) 1995 and 1996

ANSWERS
1. ) Blue, Green (i) 5 3. (i) V Gi) X 4. () Maths (i) Hindi
5. ) Cricket (i) Watching 8. 1995 12. (i) 1994 (ii) 1996 and 1997.