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Tutorial 4

This document contains a tutorial on link design and FM modulation in RF and optical communication systems. It discusses topics such as determining the minimum required margin for handoff in cellular systems, calculating free space path loss and received power over distance, applying the two-ray ground reflection model, calculating bandwidth and sideband frequencies in frequency modulated signals, and determining average transmitted power, peak phase and frequency deviations in angle modulated signals. The document provides examples and problems involving these concepts.

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chinnu rokz
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
98 views

Tutorial 4

This document contains a tutorial on link design and FM modulation in RF and optical communication systems. It discusses topics such as determining the minimum required margin for handoff in cellular systems, calculating free space path loss and received power over distance, applying the two-ray ground reflection model, calculating bandwidth and sideband frequencies in frequency modulated signals, and determining average transmitted power, peak phase and frequency deviations in angle modulated signals. The document provides examples and problems involving these concepts.

Uploaded by

chinnu rokz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EE3007 : RF and Optical Communication Dr.

Deepa Venkitesh

Tutorial 4
Link design and FM modulation

1. Suppose that a mobile station is moving along a straight line between base stations BS1 and
BS2 , as shown in Figure 1. The distance between the base stations is D = 2000 m. For
simplicity, assume small scale fading is neglected and the received power (in dBm) at base
station i, from the mobile station, is modeled as a function of distance on the reverse link

Pr,i (di ) = P0 − 10n log10 (di /d0 ) (dBm) i = 1, 2

where di is the distance between the mobile and the base station i, in meters. P0 is the received
power at distance d0 from the mobile antenna. Assume that P0 = 0 dBm and d0 = 1 m. Let
n denote the path loss which is assumed to be equal to 2.9.
Assume the minimum usable signal level for acceptable voice quality at the base station
receiver is Pr,min = -88 dBm, and the threshold level used by the switch for handoff initiation
is Pr,HO . Consider that the mobile is currently connected to BS1 and is moving toward
a handoff (time required to complete a handoff, once that received signal level reaches the
handoff threshold Pr,HO is ∆t = 4.5 seconds).
(a) Determine the minimum required margin ∆ = Pr,HO − Pr,min to assure that calls are not
lost due to weak signal condition during handoff. Assume that the base station antenna
heights are negligible compared to the distance between the mobile and the base stations.
(b) Describe the effects of the margin ∆ = Pr,HO − Pr,min on the performance of cellular
systems.

Figure 1: Cellular system with two base stations

2. If Pt = 10 W, Gt = 0 dB, Gr = 0 dB, and fc = 900 MHz, find Pr in Watts at a free space


distance of 1 km.

3. Assume a receiver is located 10 km from a 50 W transmitter. The carrier frequency is 6 GHz


and free space propagation is assumed, Gt = 1 and Gr = 1.
(a) Find the power at the receiver.
(b) Find the magnitude of the E-field at the receiver antenna.
(c) Find the rms voltage applied to the receiver input, assuming that the receiver antenna
has a purely real impedance of 50 Ω and is matched to the receiver.
EE3007: RF and Optical Communication Jan - May 2023

4. Fraunhofer distance: Calculate the gain, half-power bandwidth(HPBW), power flux density
and Fraunhofer distance, power received for a uniformly illuminated horn antenna at 60 GHz
with dimensions of 3.4 cm × 2.8 cm
(Hint: HPBW for the horn antenna can be estimated as HPBW = 51λ a
, where ‘a’ is the
aperture width )

5. Free space propagation: If a 1 mW transmitter at 6 GHz is fed into the transmitting horn
antenna then the line of sight transmission link limits the separation of transmitter and receiver
at about 40 km. The transmitting and receiving antenna has effective area 4.6 cm × 3.5 cm
(a) Calculate the free space path loss
(b) Find the received signal power at these distance
(c) Calculate the rms voltage induced across theses terminals by the transmitted signal

6. In the following cases, tell whether the two-ray model could be applied, and explain why or
why not:
ht = 35 m, hr = 3 m, d = 250 m
ht = 30 m, hr = 1.5 m, d = 450 m

7. Assuming a receiver is located 10 km from a 50 W transmitter. The carrier frequency is 1900


MHz, free space propagation is assumed, Gt = 1, Gr = 2, find: (a) the power at the receiver;
(b) the magnitude of the E-field at the receiver antenna; (c) the open-circuit rms voltage
applied to the receiver input assuming that the receiver antenna has a purely real impedance
of 50 Ω and is matched to the receiver; (d) find the received power at the mobile using the
two-ray ground reflection model assuming the height of the transmitting antenna is 50 m,
receiving antenna is 1.5 m above the ground, and the ground reflection -1.

8. The transmitter and receiver are at a height of 15 m and are separated from each other by
500 m. If λ = 0.25 m at 900MHz, then
(a) Calculate radius of First Fresnel Zone;
(b) Calculate the effective height of the transmitter and receiver in order to have the approx-
imate equivalence of free space propagation.

9. Assume an SNR of 25 dB is desired at the receiver. If a 900 MHz cellular transmitter has
an EIRP of 100 W, and the AMPS receiver uses a 0 dB gain antenna and has a 10 dB noise
figure, find the percentage of time that the desired SNR is achieved at a distance of 10 km
from the transmitter. Assume n = 4, σ = 8 dB , and d0 = 1 km

10. Assume that local average signal strength field measurements were made inside a building,
and post processing revealed that the measured data fit a distant-dependent mean power law
model having a log-normal distribution about the mean. Assume the mean power law was
found to be Pr (d) ∝ d−3.5 . If a signal of 1 mW was received at d0 = 1 m from the transmitter,
and at distance of 10 m, 10 % of the measurements were stronger than -25 dBm, define the
standard deviation, σ, for the path loss model at d = 10 m.

11. The modulating signal m(t) = 40 cos(5t) + 10 is frequency modulated. The frequency
modulated wave has an angular frequency, ωc = 5000 rad/sec with the modulation depth of
10. Compute (a) bandwidth and (b) upper and lower sideband frequencies.

12. If the transmitter radiates a sinusoidal carrier frequency of fc = 440 MHz and a vehicle is
traveling at a speed of 80 mph. Calculate

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EE3007: RF and Optical Communication Jan - May 2023

(a) Wavelength
(b) The Doppler shift

13. An angle modulated signal has the form

u(t) = 100 cos [2πfϵ t + 4 sin 2000πt]

where fc = 10 MHz.
1. Determine the average transmitted power.
2. Determine the peak-phase deviation.
3. Determine the peak-frequency deviation.
4. Is this an FM or a PM signal? Explain.

Page 3

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