Saint Benilde: Forms of Discourse Meanings Examples Exposition

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Saint benilde
International school (calamba), inc.
CHAPTER 1
Reading and Thinking Strategies across Text types
WEEK 1
TEXT AS CONNECTED DISCOURSE
Text -is defined as a stretch of language which is perceived as a purposeful connected whole.
Discourse- is defined as any stretch of language larger than a sentence, whether spoken or written, and
having a logically consistent and unified structure.
Written text is considered a connected discourse when a relationship between the reader and
the text is seen through reading.
Connected Discourse- It is a continuous sequence of sounds forming utterances or conversations
in spoken language. Analysis of connected speech shows changes affecting linguistic units traditionally
described as phrases, words, lexemes, morphemes, syllables, phonemes, or phones.
FORMS OF DISCOURSE MEANINGS EXAMPLES
EXPOSITION A form of discourse that serves A research paper on

to explain or inform the cause and effects
of global warming; an
article on child labor
and child abuse.
DESCRIPTION A form of discourse that serves A student’s

to describe or state the qualities description of his
of characteristic of ideal teacher and etc.
something/someone
NARRATION A form of discourse that serves A narrative account of

to narrate or tell a story, it a student’s near
appeals to the emotions death experience and
etc.
ARGUMENTATION A form of discourse that serves A commercial

to argue (to cite reasons for or advertisement.
against a proposition) or to
persuade.
Deletion of sounds in connected speech can cause confusion or misunderstanding in listeners

because of the changes that the words undergo when run together or sounds are changed or lost.
Examples:
TWO KINDS OF CONTEXT
LINGUISTIC CONTEXT
✔ The discourse that proceeds the phrase or sentence to be interpreted.
✔ Speakers know how to combine words and phrase to form sentences, and they also know how
to combine sentences into a larger discourse to express complex thoughts and ideas.
SITUATIONAL CONTEXT
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Saint benilde
✔ Is the non-linguistic environment in which a sentence or discourse happens.

✔ How to interpret the sentence.
READING PROCESS
1. PRE- During the prereading stage, the purpose for reading is set,, the old knowledge of the reader is
activated,, and the meaning of unfamiliar words are deciphered
2. During reading - the reader grasps the meaning of the reading material by connecting it to his old
knowledge or schema.
3. Post reading - it enables the reader to establish a connection between what they learned with what
they know. It is also during this stage when the reader processes the learned information. The reader
here predicts, guesses, evaluates, and analyzes the information whether to accept or reject it.
STRATEGIES TO BE AN EFFECTIVE READER

1. PREVIEWING
How to do it: Review the titles, section headings, and even the photo caption
What does it do: to get a sense of the structure and content of a reading selection.
2. PREDICTING
How to do it: Use your knowledge about the subject matter and about the author, text type ( narration,
poetry, fiction/nonfiction) and the purpose.
3. OVERVIEWING – to look at chapters and sections
4. SURVEYING- to give a rundown from first section to last. Giving summary
5. GUESSING FROM THE CONTEXT
6. PARAPHRASING- stop at the end of the section to check comprehension by restating the information
and ideas in the text
TECHNIQUES IN READING
1. Skimming- Strategy to get the main ideas and or the general ideas.
2. Scanning – used to search for specific information.
3. Comprehensive
4. Critical- it is a technique which involves an analysis of the claims presented in the text.
CONTEXT CLUES
A. SYNONYMMS AS CONTEXT CLUES
1. By dashes (-)
She finds solace – comfort – in the palace.
2. By commas
The advocates, supporters, of anti-mining formed a picket outside the building.

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Saint benilde
3. 3. By parenthesis
The local residents are among the hordes(a large group of people) who lined up to take their
chance in the contest.
4. By reinstatement
The smiles of these little children are guiltless. They show innocence and no deception.
B. ANTONYMS AS CONTEXT CLUES
His siblings are generous and giving but she is so stingy.
C. EXAMPLES AS CONTEXT CLUES
Lyn is on a diet. However, she still ate a portion of everything served like a small piece of
meat and small piece of bread.
D. COMPARISON AS CONTEXT CLUES
My brother is enthralled by birds similar to the way I am fascinated by insects.
E. DEFINITION AS CONTEXT CLUES
His emaciation, that is, his skeleton-like appearance, was frightening to see.
F. EXPLANATION AS CONTEXT CLUES
The newlyweds agreed to be very frugal in their shopping because they wanted to save
enough money to buy a house.
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Saint benilde

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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

EXPOSITION A form of discourse that serves A research paper on

DESCRIPTION A form of discourse that serves A student’s

NARRATION A form of discourse that serves A narrative account of

ARGUMENTATION A form of discourse that serves A commercial

Deletion of sounds in connected speech can cause confusion or misunderstanding in listeners

TWO KINDS OF CONTEXT

✔ Is the non-linguistic environment in which a sentence or discourse happens.

STRATEGIES TO BE AN EFFECTIVE READER

4. SURVEYING- to give a rundown from first section to last. Giving summary

5. GUESSING FROM THE CONTEXT

2. Scanning – used to search for specific information.

A. SYNONYMMS AS CONTEXT CLUES

She finds solace – comfort – in the palace.

The advocates, supporters, of anti-mining formed a picket outside the building.

B. ANTONYMS AS CONTEXT CLUES

His siblings are generous and giving but she is so stingy.

C. EXAMPLES AS CONTEXT CLUES

D. COMPARISON AS CONTEXT CLUES

My brother is enthralled by birds similar to the way I am fascinated by insects.

E. DEFINITION AS CONTEXT CLUES

F. EXPLANATION AS CONTEXT CLUES

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