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 GE8076
Professional Ethics
in Engineering
Department: CSE
Batch/Year:2017-21/IV
Created by:Mr.M.P.Karthikeyan
Date:22/02/2021
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Contents
2. Course Objectives

3. Pre Requisites

4. Syllabus

5. Course outcomes

6. CO- PO/PSO Mapping

7. Lecture Plan

8. Activity based learning

9. Lecture Notes

10.Assignments

11.Part A Question & Answer

12.Part B Question & Answer

13.Supportive online Certification courses

14.Real time Applications in day to day life and to Industry

15.Contents beyond the Syllabus

16.Assessment Schedule

17.Prescribed Text Books & Reference Books

18.Mini Project suggestions

2. COURSE OBJECTIVES

• To enable the students to create an awareness on Engineering Ethics

and Human Values

• To instill Moral and Social Values and Loyalty and to appreciate the

rights of others.
3. PRE REQUISITES

• Ethics in engineering practice is about professional

responsibilities of engineers.

• Professional ethics have been recognized as an

important foundation in the practice of engineering
for several decades in many industrialized countries.
4. SYLLABUS
GE8076 PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN ENGINEERING

UNIT I HUMAN VALUES

Morals, values and Ethics – Integrity – Work ethic – Service learning – Civic virtue –
Respect for others – Living peacefully – Caring – Sharing – Honesty – Courage –
Valuing time – Cooperation – Commitment – Empathy – Self confidence – Character –
Spirituality – Introduction to Yoga and meditation for professional excellence and
stress management.

UNIT II ENGINEERING ETHICS

Senses of ‗Engineering Ethics‘ – Variety of moral issues – Types of inquiry – Moral

dilemmas – Moral Autonomy – Kohlberg‘s theory – Gilligan‘s theory – Consensus and
Controversy – Models of professional roles - Theories about right action – Self-
interest – Customs and Religion – Uses of Ethical Theories.

UNIT III ENGINEERING AS SOCIAL EXPERIMENTATION

Engineering as Experimentation – Engineers as responsible Experimenters – Codes

of Ethics – A Balanced Outlook on Law.

UNIT IV SAFETY, RESPONSIBILITIES AND RIGHTS

Safety and Risk – Assessment of Safety and Risk – Risk Benefit Analysis and
Reducing Risk - Respect for Authority – Collective Bargaining – Confidentiality –
Conflicts of Interest – Occupational Crime – Professional Rights – Employee Rights –
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) – Discrimination.

UNIT V GLOBAL ISSUES

Multinational Corporations – Environmental Ethics – Computer Ethics – Weapons

Development – Engineers as Managers – Consulting Engineers – Engineers as Expert
Witnesses and Advisors – Moral Leadership –Code of Conduct – Corporate Social
Responsibility.
5. COURSE OUTCOMES

CO Course outcome(CO) – Statements

Create awareness on human values and apply ethics in
CO1 society.

Identify an ethical issue and assess variety of moral issues

CO2
using ethical theories in engineering.
Analyze engineering, social experimentation and
CO3 engineers as responsible experimenters

Realize engineers' safety and their responsibilities, professional

CO4
rights, employee rights, and intellectual property rights.
Interpret various types of ethics like business ethics,
CO5 environmental ethics and computer ethics.

Take part an engineers as managers, consulting engineers,

CO6
engineers as expert witness and advisors.
6. CO- PO/PSO MAPPING

CO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO1 PO1 PO12

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
1 - - - - - 3 3 3 3 3 - 3
2 - - - - - 3 3 3 3 3 - 3
3 - - - - - 3 3 3 3 3 - 3
4 - - - - - 3 3 3 3 3 - 3
5 - - - - - 3 3 3 3 3 - 3
6 - - - - - 3 3 3 3 3 - 3

PSO1 PSO2 PSO3

CO1 - - -
CO2 - - -
CO3 - - -
CO4 - - -
CO5 - - -
CO6 - - -
7. LECTURE PLAN

UNIT 4 - SAFETY, RESPONSIBILITIES AND RIGHTS

S. Total Proposed
No. Date Actual Pertaini Taxono Mode of
No Topic Lecture Deliv
Of ng CO my
. Date Level e
Perio
ds ry

Safety and Risk 1

1 Assessment of Safety CO4 K2 MD2&
and Risk MD4
Risk Benefit Analysis 1 CO4
2 and Reducing Risk K2 MD2
Respect for Authority 1 CO4
3 Collective Bargaining K2 MD2

Confidentiality 1 CO4 K2 MD3

4

Conflicts of Interest – CO4

1
5 K2 MD2

CO4
6 Occupational Crime 1 K2 MD2

7 Professional Rights 1 CO4 K2 MD2

Employee Rights
Intellectual Property 1
8 CO4 K2 MD2
Rights (IPR

9 Discrimination 1 CO4 K2 MD2

10 Revison. 1 CO4 K2 MD2

Signature of Staff Incharge Signature of HOD

8. ACTIVITY BASED LEARNING

1) Write an essay on the safety principles followed by a multinational

software company. (K4, CO4)

2) Tabulate the patents granted in the field of computer science by

exploring the web. (K4, CO4)

3) What do you think about gender discrimination in IT companies? Do you

think it can be eradicated? (K4, CO4)
Case Study 2.

A junior member of staff has just returned to work after taking special leave to care
for her elderly mother. For financial reasons she needs to work full-time. She has
been having difficulties with her mother’s home care arrangements, causing her to
miss a number of team meetings (which usually take place at the beginning of each
day) and to leave work early. She is very competent in her work but her absences
are putting pressure on her and her overworked colleagues. You are her manager,
and you are aware that the flow of work through the practice is coming under
pressure. One of her male colleagues is beginning to make comments such as “a
woman’s place is in the home”, and is undermining her at every opportunity, putting
her under even greater stress.

How should you proceed so as not to discredit yourself, your profession or the
practice for which you work and at the same time maintaining integrity and
confidentiality in your actions?
9. LECTURE NOTES
UNIT IV SAFTEY RESPONSIBILITIES AND
RIGHTS
OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this course on ‘Professional Ethics and Human Values’ are:
(a)to understand the moral values that ought to guide the Engineering
profession,
(b)resolve the moral issues in the profession, and
(c)justify the moral judgment concerning the profession. It is intended to
develop a set of beliefs, attitudes, and habits that engineers should display
concerning morality.
The prime objective is to increase one’s ability to deal effectively with moral
complexity in engineering practice.
The objectives of the study on Professional Ethics may be listed as:
A)Improvement of the cognitive skills (skills of the intellect in thinking clearly)
1. Moral awareness (proficiency in recognizing moral problems
in
engineering)
2. Cogent moral reasoning (comprehending, assessing different
views)
3. Moral coherence (forming consistent viewpoints based on
facts)
4. Moral imagination (searching beyond obvious the alternative
responses to issues and being receptive to creative
solutions)
5. Moral communication, to express and support one’s views to
others.
A)To act in morally desirable ways, towards moral commitment and
responsible conduct
1.Moral reasonableness i.e., willing and able to be morally responsible.
2.Respect for persons, which means showing concern for the well-being of
others, besides oneself.
3.Tolerance of diversity i.e., respect for ethnic and religious differences, and
acceptance of reasonable differences in moral perspectives.
4.Moral hope i.e., believe in using rational dialogue for resolving moral
conflicts.
5.Integrity, which means moral integrity, and integrating one’s professional
life and personal convictions.
SAFETY AND RISK

• Safety was defined as the risk that is known and judged as acceptable.
• But, risk is a potential that something unwanted and harmful may occur.
• It is the result of an unsafe situation, sometimes unanticipated, during
its use.
• Probability of safety = 1 – Probability of risk
• Risk = Probability of occurrence × Consequence in magnitude
• Different methods are available to determine the risk (testing for safety)
• Testing on the functions of the safety-system components.
• Destructive testing: In this approach, testing is done till the component
fails. It is too expensive, but very realistic and useful.
• Prototype testing: In this approach, the testing is done on a proportional
scale model with all vital components fixed in the system. Dimensional
analysis could be used to project the results at the actual conditions.
• Safety must be an integral part of any engineering design.
• In other words of William W.Lawrence, A thing is safe if its risks are
justified to be acceptable”.
• So a design or thing is said be safe, if for the person who judges, the
perceived risk is high. In short, safety means an acceptable risk.
• But, the drawbacks of definition of Lawrence are
• Under estimation of risks
• Over estimation of risks
• No estimation of risks
• A modified version of Lawrence definition is
• “A thing is safe if, were its risks fully known, those risks would be judged
acceptable in light of settled principles. More fully, a thing is safe (to a
certain degree) with respect to a given person or group at a given time
if, were they fully aware of its risks and expressing their most settled
values, they would judge those risks to be acceptable (to that certain
degree)”
• The difficulties in Lawrence definition are overcome by
• Knowledge and Settled value principles – helps to rule out the irrelevant
judgments
• Safety is frequently thought in terms of degrees and comparisons.
• The degree to which a person or group, judging on the basis of their
settled values, would decide that the risks of something are more or less
acceptable in comparison with the risks of some other thing.
Risk
• When a thing or product is proved to be dangerous or hazardous then it is
unsafe.
• A risk is a potential that something unwanted and harmful may occur”. A risk the
possibility of suffering harm or loss.
• Risk is defined as the probability of a specified level of hazardous consequence
being realized. Risk (R) is thus a product of probability (P) and consequence (C)
which is given by the equation R = P X C.
• On the basis of technology, risk includes the dangers of bodily harms or
economic laws or environmental degradation.
• Good engineering practice has always been concerned with safety. Whenever the
society is more influenced by technology there is more possibility of facing risks
not only by the users but also by the producers. It causes ecological imbalance.
So safety demand will be higher in degree
• A risk may fall into one of the following categories
• Low consequence, Low probability (can be ignored)
• High consequence, High probability
• Low consequence, High probability
• High consequence, Low probability
• Obviously we need to concentrate on the third and fourth categories of risk. The
third category of events, the so-called “learning incidents” is precursor to high
consequence of major events. The fourth category comes under the major
hazards control and requires special attention. The risk analysis is mandatory for
this category of “major events”.
• A disaster = A serious continued event; A state of unpreparedness.
Acceptability of risk

William D. Rowe says “A risk is acceptable when those affected are generally no
longer (or not) apprehensive about it. Doubtfulness depends mainly on how the
people take the risk or how people perceive it. This perception of risk is mostly
influenced by the following factors.
Voluntarism and control
Though people know that their actions are unsafe, their involvement of risk is called
voluntary risk. They take up these kinds of risky actions for thrill, amusement and
fun
 •ii) Effect of information on risk assessments
•The ways in which the information necessary for taking a decision has a great
influence on how risks are perceived. Many experiments have proved that the
manner in which information about a danger is presented can lead to reverse
preferences about how to deal with that danger.
•iii) Job - Related risks / Job – Related Pressures
•It depends upon the nature of the job. In most of the cases of employees in high
risk jobs, don’t have any options but to undertake them merely because of
compulsion. They rarely use the available safety equipment.
•Ex: working in a steel plant or chemical plant.
•So, while designing and equaling the work stations, the engineers must consider
the above said nonchalant attitude of the employers towards safety, particularly
when their pay is on a piecework basis.
iv) Magnitude and proximity
Our reaction to risk may be affected by the magnification or the personal
identification or relationship of victims. Misperceptions of numbers can easily make
us overlook losses that are far greater than the numbers reveal by themselves.
Lessons for the engineers
Regarding the public conceptions for safety, engineers have to face two problems.
First one is the optimistic attitude, i.e the things or actions are familiar to them,
they never hurt them, and these actions can be controlled by them and present no
real risk. Second one is pessimistic attitude. This attitude comes when the public
feel that an accident kills may people, affects their inmates, they consider those
risks as high ones.
The risk communication and the risk management efforts must be structured as a
two way process.
Lay people ↔ Experts
• It is very difficult to attain hundred percent absolute safety. In an engineering
product, if there is any improvement in safety, it often goes with an increase in the
cost of the product. On the other side, the products which are not safe always
increase the secondary costs to the producer such as warranty expenses, loss of
customer’s good will and down time in the production process etc.
• An engineer must know the safety measures before assessing a risk of any product.
The factors may be like:
• Does the engineer have the right data?
• Is he satisfied with the present design?
• How does he test the safety of a product? And
• How does he measure and weigh the risks with benefits for a product?
• A stress on high safety and low risks leads to high primary costs and low secondary
cost and vice-versa.
Knowledge of risks

•It is the data in designing a product. Though past experience and historical data
give better information about the safety of products designing, it is still inadequate.
•The reasons for the inadequacies are:
•The information is not freely shared among industries and
•There are also new applications of old technologies that provide available data
which are less useful.
Uncertainties in design
Risk in a product arises due to so many uncertainties faced by all kinds of
engineers such as the design engineer, the manufacturing engineer and also the
sales and application engineer. This is also the knowledge required to assess the
risk of a product. So, in order to minimize the risk involved in any product an
engineer has to investigate the following criteria:
i) Purpose of designing
The purpose of designing a product has lot of uncertainties in its design itself.
ii) Application of the product
Uncertainties may also be based on the type of loading on that design and the
uses of that design. In history, there is a best example to prove this. When
Napoleon’s army crossed a wooden bridge by marching in step, the bridge had
collapsed. The design of that bridge could not bear that heavy load.
iii) Materials and the skill used for producing the product
There are also uncertainties regarding the materials and the level of skills used in
designing and producing the product. For example, changing economic
conditions, types of materials and also unfamiliar environmental conditions can
affect the design of a product.
TESTING FOR SAFETY
Once a product is designed, both the prototypes and finished product must be
thoroughly checked and tested. This testing is to determine whether the product
meets out the specifications and also to see whether the products are safe. The
importance of proper testing can be explained by the disaster of a Russian
submarine named “Kursk”. It sank in August 2000 and everyone in the ship was
killed. The sinking had been caused by an explosion in the “torpedo room” which
made a large hole in the body of the submarine. Many of the crew members
survived the initial explosion, but died because they were unable to escape from
the submarine and no efforts at the rescue by other ships were successful.
The Russian naval Engineers told the “Krusk” was equipped with a rescue capsule
that was designed to allow the crew members to float safely to the surface in an
emergency. But due to some reasons, this safety system was never tested. So, it
is essential that in any engineering design, all the safety systems should be
tested properly to ensure that they work as intended.
SAFETY AND RISK ANALYSIS

•Recent occurrences of large scale accidents in which many lives were lost or in
which great damage was caused to the environment has lead to more attention
being paid to safety within industrial plants or installations.
• As a result of this attention, risk analysis techniques have come to play an
ever-increasing role.
• Risk reduction can take place at different levels viz by implementing the
inherent safety provisions during the designing stage, applying safety measures,
preventing or limiting damage, providing safety zones around industrial plants
and by emergency planning.
•Each of these applications demands a specific approach for the risk analysis.
RISK ANALYSIS
• Risk analysis is used for the assessment of the hazards associated with an
industrial or commercial activity and can be summarized by 3 questions given
below:
• What can go wrong? – Hazard Identification
• What are the effects and consequences?- consequence Analysis
• How often it will happen? - Probability estimation

Analytical Methods
Several analytical methods are adopted in testing for safety of a product/project.
Scenario Analysis :This is the most common method of analysis. Starting from an
event, different consequences are studied. This is more a qualitative method.
Failure mode and effect analysis : In this method various parts and components of
the system and their modes of failure are studied.

SAFE EXIT
In the study of safety, the ‘safe exit’ principles are recommended. The conditions
referred to as ‘safe exit’ are:
1 The product, when it fails, should fail safely
2 The product, when it fails, can be abandoned safely (it does not harm others by
explosion or radiation)
3 The user can safely escape the product (e.g., ships need sufficient number of
lifeboats for all passengers and crew; multi-storied buildings need usable fire
escapes)
RISK-BENEFIT ANALYSIS

•Risk- benefit analysis is a method that helps the engineers to analyze the risk in a
project and to determine whether a project should be implemented or not. It is very
much closer to cost-benefit analysis.
•Risk – benefit analysis is being conducted for finding out answers for the following
questions:
1.Is the product worth applying the risk-benefit analysis?
2.What are the benefits?
3.Do they over weigh the risks?
•The major reasons for the analysis of the risk benefit are:
1.To know risks and benefits and weigh them each
2.To decide on designs, advisability of product/project
3.To suggest and modify the design so that the risks are eliminated or reduced

THREE-MILE ISLAND CASE STUDY

On March 28, 1979, there was a partial meltdown of the core in the number 2 reactor
at Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station (TMI-2) near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
This incident remains the worst accident in the history of U.S. commercial nuclear
power. No one was injured and there was no significant release of nuclear radiation,
but there was the real potential for a major disaster. The accident also stoked concerns
about the safety of nuclear power and led to a drop in public support for nuclear
power.

Getting to the root of the problem

Like nearly all accidents, a number of factors contributed to the accident at TMI-2. In
order to understand what occurred at TM1-2, it is useful to know the basic plant
design. TMI-2 had a closed primary loop where primary coolant was heated as it
flowed through the reactor core and cooled as it transferred heat through the steam
generator to the secondary loop. The heat that was transferred to the secondary loop
was then used to turn a turbine connected to a generator to produce electricity.
With something as complicated as the accident at TMI-2, it can help to have a simple
method to organize the information. A Cause Map, an intuitive method for performing
a root cause analysis, can be built to visually layout the cause-and-effect relationships
of the causes that contributed to the accident. The first step in Cause Mapping it
to define the problem by filling in an Outline which includes listing the impacts to the
organizational goals. The Cause Map is built by starting at one of the impacted goals
and asking “why” questions. Each answer to a “why” question is added as a box to the
Cause Map. An example of a filled in Outline for TMI-2 is below.
So WHY was there a potential for a significant nuclear release? There was a partial
meltdown of the reactor core because the core was uncovered, meaning it didn’t have
coolant on it to help transfer energy away from the core and it melted when the
temperature increased significantly. The reactor was uncovered because a large
volume of primary coolant was lost through a pressure relief valve. The Cause Map can
continue to be expanded by asking “why” questions. To view a high-level Cause Map of
this incident,

Stuck open relief valve

The accident began with failures in the secondary loop that resulted in a loss of feed
water to the secondary side of the steam generators, meaning that heat and pressure
increased in the closed primary loop. The plant was designed to withstand a loss of
feed water, but an additional failure of a primary pressure relief valve magnified the
problem.
The pressure relief valve (the safety valve labeled in the simplified system diagram
above) was designed to open when the primary plant pressure increased above a set
limit. The relief valve lifted as a result of the increased pressure after the loss of feed
water as intended, but it failed to reseat as designed after pressure decreased. The
valve remained open as coolant continued to flow out of it until a manual block valve
was closed to isolate it.

Operators unaware valve was open

As mentioned above, there was a block valve that could have been shut to stop the
loss of coolant, but operators were unaware of the fact that the valve was stuck open.
They did not take action to mitigate the situation until it was too late to prevent the
partial meltdown of the core.
It is easy to see what was occurring in TMI-2 with the benefit of hindsight, but it wasn’t
clear as the incident played out. The control room at the plant was huge and had
hundreds of indications. When this incident occurred, operators received dozens of
alarms, both audible and flashing lights, in a short period of time without any obvious
priority.
In addition, operators had false indication that the pressure relief valve was closed.
There was a light that operators assumed indicated valve position and it showed that
the pressure relief valve was closed. The indication actually showed the status of the
solenoid that operated the pressure relief valve and only indicated whether the solenoid
was powered or not, not whether the valve was actually closed. The solenoid had
operated as it was expected to close the valve, but the valve had failed to reseat so the
light indicated that the pressure relief was closed when it was not. Operators had not
been trained on the fact that the valve indicator only showed solenoid status nor where
they could look for alternative confirmation that the valve was closed.
Alarms continued throughout the incident and the sheer volume of information made it
difficult to interpret the situation accurately. Add in the indication that falsely led
operators to believe the valve was closed and an extremely high stressful environment
and it is much easier to understand why it took them so long to isolate the leaking
pressure relief valve than it may have at first glance.

CHERNOBYL CASE STUDY

The Chernobyl disaster was nuclear accident that occurred at Chernobyl Nuclear Power
Plant on April 26, 1986. A nuclear meltdown in one of the reactors caused a fire that
sent a plume of radioactive fallout that eventually spread all over Europe.
Chernobyl nuclear reactor plant, built at the banks of Pripyat river of Ukraine, had four
reactors, each capable of producing 1,000 MWs of electric power.
On the evening of April 25th 1986, a group of engineers, planned an electrical
engineering experiment on the Number 4 Reactor. With their little knowledge on Nuclear
physics, they thought of experimenting how long turbines would spin and supply power
to the main circulating pumps following a loss of main electrical power supply.
Let us now see what led to the disaster.
The reactor unit 4 was to be shut down for routine maintenance on 25 April 1986. But, it
was decided to take advantage of this shutdown to determine whether, in the event of a
loss of station power, the slowing turbine could provide enough electrical power to
operate the main core cooling water circulating pumps, until the diesel emergency
power supply became operative. The aim of this test was to determine whether cooling
of the core could continue in the event of a loss of power.
Due to the misconception that this experiment belongs to the non-nuclear part of the
power plant, it was carried out without a proper exchange of information between the
testing department and the safety department. Hence the test started with inadequate
safety precautions and the operating personnel were not alerted to the nuclear safety
implications of the electrical test and its potential danger.
The Experiment
According to the test planned, the Emergency Core Cooling System (ECCS) of the
reactor, which provides water for cooling the reactor core, was shut down deliberately.
For the test to be conducted, the reactor has to be stabilized at about 700-1000 MW
prior to shut down, but it fell down to 5000 MW due to some operational
phenomenon. Later, the operator working in the night shift committed an error, by
inserting the reactor control rods so far. This caused the reactor to go into a near-
shutdown state, dropping the power output to around 30 MW.
Since this low power was not sufficient to make the test and will make the reactor
unstable, it was decided to restore the power by extracting the control rods, which
made the power stabilize at 200 MW. This was actually a violation to safety law, due
to the positive void co-efficiency of the reactor. Positive void coefficient is the
increasing number of reactivity in a reactor that changes into steam. The test was
decided to be carried out at this power level.
Actually, the reactors were highly unstable at the low power level, primarily owing to
the control rod design and the positive void coefficient factors that accelerated nuclear
chain reaction and the power output if the reactors lost cooling water.
At 1:23, on April 26th 1986, the engineers continued with their experiment and shut
down the turbine engine to see if its inertial spinning would power the reactor’s water
pumps. In fact, it did not adequately power the water pumps and without the cooling
water the power level in the reactor got surged.
The water pumps started pumping water at a slower rate and they together with the
entry to the core of slightly warmer feed water, may have caused boiling (void
formation) at the bottom of the core. This, along with xenon burn out, might have
increased the power level at the core. The power level was then increased to 530 MW
and continued to rise. The fuel elements were ruptured and lead to steam generation,
which increased the positive void coefficient resulting in high power output.
The high power output alarmed the engineers who tried to insert all the 200 control
rods, which is a conventional procedure done in order to control the core
temperature. But these rods got blocked half the way, because of their graphite tip
design. So, before the control rods with their five-meter absorbent material, could
penetrate the core, 200 graphite tips simultaneously entered the core which facilitated
the reaction to increase, causing an explosion that blew off the 1,000-ton heavy steel
and concrete lid of the reactor, consequently jamming the control rods, which were
halfway down the reactor. As the channel pipes begin to rupture, mass steam
generation occurred as a result of depressurization of the reactor cooling circuit.
As a result, two explosions were reported. The first one was the initial steam
explosion. Eventually, after two to three seconds, a second explosion took place,
which could be possibly from the build-up of hydrogen due to zirconium-steam
reactions.
All the materials such as Fuel, Moderator and Structural materials were ejected,
starting a number of fires and the destroyed core was exposed to the atmosphere. In
the explosion and ensuing fire, more than 50 tons of radioactive material were
released into the atmosphere, where it was carried by air currents. This was 400
times to the amount of radioactive materials released at the time of Hiroshima
bombing.
Fatal Effects of the Disaster
The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant disaster in Ukraine, is the only accident in the
history of commercial nuclear power to cause fatalities from radiation.
There were many fatal effects due to the radiation released. A few of the effects
are listed below −
Two workers had died. One immediately got burnt to ashes after the accident, while
the other was declared dead at the hospital within few hours of admission.
28 emergency workers and staff died within 4 months of the accident due to the
thermal burns and the radiation effect on their bodies.
This accident created 7,000 cases of thyroid cancer.
Acute radiation syndrome (ARS) was diagnosed in 237 people, who were on-site
and involved in cleaning up
The land, air and ground water were all contaminated to a great extent.
The direct and indirect exposure to radiation led to many severe health problems
such as Downs Syndrome, Chromosomal Aberrations, Mutations, Leukemia, Thyroid
Cancer and Congenital Malfunctions, etc.
A number of plants and animal faced destruction as after-effect.

Bhopal Gas Tragedy CASE STUDY

Bhopal’s Gas tragedy is the world’s worst industrial disaster that occurred in 1984,
due to the gas leakage from a pesticide production plant, The Union Carbide India
Limited (UCIL) located in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh.
It was believed that slack management and deferred maintenance together created
a situation where routine pipe maintenance caused a backflow of water into the
MIC tank, triggering the disaster.
What Led to The Disaster?
In the early hours of December 3rd, 1984, a rolling wind carried a poisonous gray
cloud from the Union Carbide Plant in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh of India. The
poisonous gas released was 40tons of Methyl Iso Cyanate (MIC). This particular gas
is very toxic that leaked and spread throughout the city.
The residents of the city, woke up to the clouds of suffocating gas and struggled to
breath. They started running desperately through the dark streets. The victims
arrived at hospitals, breathless and blind.
The people who survived had their lungs, brain, eyes, muscles affected severely.
Their gastro intestinal system, neurological, reproductive and immune systems were
also dangerously affected. By the morning, when the sun rose clearly, the roads
were all filled with dead bodies of humans and animals, the trees turned black and
the air filled with foul smell.
Cause of The Accident
The Union Carbide Corporation (UCC) team and also the CBI (Central Bureau of
Investigation) team conducted separate investigations on the cause of the incident
and came to the same conclusion. It was understood that a large volume of water
had been released into the MIC tank and this further caused a chemical reaction
that forced the pressure release valve to open and allowed the gas to leak.
UCC’s investigation proved with virtual certainty that the disaster was caused by the
direct entry of water into Tank 610 through a hose connected to the tank.
The documentary evidence gathered after the incident reveals that the valve near the
plant’s water-washing section was fully closed and leak-proof. Based on several
investigations, the safety system in place could not have prevented a chemical reaction
of this magnitude from causing a leak.
The safety systems are designed in such a way that water cannot enter unless it is
deliberately switched and the water flow is allowed forcefully. The causes and the
persons responsible for this deliberate operation are not known.
The Fatal Effects
As per government’s announcement, a total of 3,787 deaths occurred immediately.
Around 8,000 of the survivors died within two weeks and other 8,000 or more died from
acute diseases caused due to the gas later.
A government affidavit in 2006 stated that the gas leak incident
caused 5,58,125 injuries, including 38,478 temporary partial injuries and
approximately 3,900 severely and permanently disabling injuries. None can say if future
generations will not be affected.
Initial effects of exposure were −
•Coughing
•Severe eye irritation
•Feeling of suffocation
•Burning sensation in the respiratory tract
•Blepharospasm
•Breathlessness
•Stomach pains
•Vomiting
The staff at the nearby hospitals lacked the knowhow required to treat the casualties in
such situations. To add to this, there is no antidote known for MIC. Hence, even after
running to the hospitals, the survivors could not be cured and most of them had to face
death eventually.
Primary causes of deaths were −
•Choking
•Reflex genic Circulatory Collapse
•Pulmonary Edema
•Cerebral Edema
•Tubular Necrosis
•Fatty Degeneration of the Liver
•Necrotizing Enteritis
As an after effect of this disaster, the rate of stillbirths increased by 300% and the
neonatal mortality rate by around 200%. This came to be known as the world’s worst
disaster in the industrial sector.
Respect for Authority

•Decisions can be taken by a few people, but putting into action requires larger
participation from different groups of people, such as operation, purchase, sales,
accounts, maintenance, finance etc.
•In effectively-and efficiently-transferring decisions to actions, the authority comes
into play a great role. Otherwise the individual discretions may ruin the activities.
•Further the authority fixes the personal responsibility and accountability uniquely on
each person. This is necessary to ensure progress in action.

Institutional Authority

• It is the authority exercised within the organization. It is the right given to the
employees to exercise power, to complete the task and force them to achieve their
goals.
• Duties such as resource allocation, policy dissemination, recommendation,
supervision, issue orders (empower) or directions on subordinates are vested to
institutional authority, e.g., Line Managers and Project Managers have the institutional
duty to make sure that the products/projects are completed successfully.
• The characteristics features of institutional authority are that they allocate money
and other resources and have liberty in execution.

Expert Authority

•On the other hand, the Expert Authority is

(a) the possession of special knowledge, skills and competence to perform a job
thoroughly (expertise),
(b) the advice on jobs, and
(c) is a staff function.
•It is also known as ‘authority of leadership’.
•These experts direct others in effective manner, e.g., advisers, experts, and
consultants are engaged in an organization for a specific term.

COLLECTIVE BARGAINING

It is the bargain by the trade union for improving the economic interests of the
worker members.
The process includes negotiation, threatening verbally, and declaration of “strike”
It is impossible to endorse fully the collective bargaining of unions or to condemn
There exist always conflicting views between the professionalism and unionism.
 CONFIDENTIALITY

•Confidentiality means keeping the information on the employer and clients, as

secrets. It is one of the important aspects of team work.
Justification for Confidentiality
•Confidentiality can be justified by various ethical theories. According to Rights-based
theory, rights of the stakeholders, right to the intellectual property of the company are
protected by this practice. Based on Duty theory, employees and employers have duty
to keep up mutual trust. The Utilitarian theory holds good, only when confidentiality
produce most good to most people. Act utilitarian theory focuses on each situation,
when the employer decides on some matters as confidential.
• Further, the following moral principles also justify the concept of ‘confidentiality’:
1. Respect for Autonomy
It means respecting the freedom and self-determination of individuals and
organizations to identify their legitimate control over the personal information of
themselves. In the absence of this, they cannot keep their privacy and protect their
self-interest.
2. Respect for Promises
3. Trustworthiness
4. Respect for Public welfare.

Types of confidential information 1. Privileged information 2.Proprietary information

Conflict of Interests

A conflict of interest (COI) is a situation in which a person or organization is involved

in multiple interests, financial or otherwise, one of which could possibly corrupt the
motivation or decision-making of that individual or organization.

OCCUPATIONAL CRIME

•An occupational crime may be committed by

•(1) wrong actions of a person through one’s lawful employment or
•(2) crime by an employee to promote ones own or employer’s interest or
•(3) theft or
•(4) Pilferage of employee or
•(5) Damage to properties or an employees own organization
•Tease are also called white collared crimes
•Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series, OHAS-18001 Certification has
been adopted in many Indian Industries. As per the Annual report of RIL10, an
initiative called Project CASH, Change Agent for Safety and Health, had been formed
to bring about a positive change and continual improvement in occupational health
practices at the work place, besides attitudinal and behavior changes.
•This is claimed to have prevented work-related diseases, injuries, reduced
absenteeism, and ultimately increased the productivity level.

HUMAN RIGHTS
•Human rights are defined as moral entitlements that place obligations on other
people to treat one with dignity and respect.
•Organizations and engineers are to be familiar with the minimum provisions under
the human rights, so that the engineers and organizations for a firm base for
understanding and productivity. Provisions under ‘human rights’ are as follows:
1. Right to pursue legitimate personal interest
2. Right to make a living
3. Right to privacy
4. Right to property
5. Right of non-discrimination
6. No sexual harassment

Professional Rights

Under professional rights, the following provisions are protected:

1. Right to form and express professional judgment:
2. Right to refuse to participate in unethical activities:
3. Right to fair recognition and to receive remuneration for professional services:
4. Right to Due Process from Employer
5. Right to Equal Opportunity—Non-discrimination
6. Right to Equal Opportunity—Sexual Harassment in the Workplace
7. Right to Equal Opportunity—Affirmative Action or Preferential Treatment
Intellectual property rights (IPRs)

•Intellectual property rights (IPRs) are the protections granted to the creators of IP,
and include trademarks, copyright, patents, industrial design rights, and in some
jurisdictions trade secrets.
•IP permits people to have fully independent ownership for their innovation and
creativity, like that of own physical property.
•This encourages the IP owners towards innovation and benefit to the society. It is an
asset that can be bought or sold, licensed, and exchanged. It is intangible i.e., it
cannot be identified by specific parameters.

•The agreements with World Trade Organization (WTO) and Trade-Related aspects of
Intellectual Property System (TRIPS) have been adopted effective from January
2005.
•The global IPR system strengthens protection, increases the incentives for
innovation, and raises returns on international technology transfer.
• However, it could raise the costs of acquiring new technology and products,
shifting the global terms of trade in favor of technology producers.

Need for Protection of IP

•IP plays an essential role to stabilize and develop the economy of a nation. This
protection actually stimulates creativity, research, and innovation by ensuring freedom
to individuals and organizations to benefit from their creative intellectual investments.
The IP serves many purposes, namely
(a) it prevents others using it,
(b) prevent using it for financial gain,
(c) prevent plagiarism
(d) fulfill obligation to funding agency. ICICI Bank has advanced loan against IP as
security to Shopper’s Stoppe, New Delhi, and
(e) provides a strategy to generate steady income.
•Some of the challenges in the acquisition of IP are:
(a) Shortage of manpower in the industry. Educational institutions can play a vital role
in providing the same.
(b) High cost of patenting and lengthy procedure. This was being considered by the
Government and a simpler and faster procedure is expected, and
(c) Lack of strong enforcement mechanism.
Types and Norms

1.Patents
• Patent is a contract between the individual (inventor) and the society (all others).
Patents protect legally the specific products from being manufactured or sold by others,
without permission of the patent holder. Patent holder has the legally-protected
monopoly power as one’s own property. The validity is 20 years from the date filing the
application for the patent. It is a territorial right and needs registration. The Patent
(Amendment) Act 2002 guarantees such provisions.
2. Copyright
• The copyright is a specific and exclusive right, describing rights given to creators for
their literary and artistic works.
• This protects literary material, aesthetic material, music, film, sound recording,
broadcasting, software, multimedia, paintings, sculptures, and drawings including maps,
diagrams, engravings or photographs.
• There is no need for registration and no need to seek lawyer’s help for settlement.
The life of the copyright protection is the life of the inventor or author plus 50 years.
Copyright gives protection to particular expression and not for the idea.
• Copyright is effective in (a) preventing others from copying or reproducing or
storing the work, (b) publishing and selling the copies, (c) performing the work in public,
commercially (d) to make film (e) to make translation of the work, and (f) to make any
adaptation of the work. Copying the idea is called ‘plagiarism’ and it is dealt with
separately.
3. Trademark
Trademark is a wide identity of specific good and services, permitting differences to be
made among different trades. It is a territorial right, which needs registration.
Registration is valid initially for 10 years, and renewable. The trademark or service mark
may be registered in the form of a device, a heading, a label, a ticket, a letter, a word or
words, a numeral or any combination of these, logos, designs, sounds, and symbols.
Trademark should not be mistaken for a design, e.g., the shape of a bottle in which a
product is marketed, can not be registered as a trademark. Trademarks Act 1999 made in
compliance with TRIPS agreement, provides further details. There are three functions of
trademark:
1. Just as we are identified by our names, good are identified by their trademarks. For
example, the customer goes to the shop and asks for Lux soap. The word ‘Lux’ is a trade
mark. In other words it shows the origin or source of the goods.
2. The trademark carries with it an inherent indication or impression on the quality of
goods, which indirectly demonstrates that it receives the customer’s satisfaction. 3. The
trademark serves as silent sales promoter. Without a trademark, there can be no
advertisement.

Discrimination
Discrimination means morally unjustified treatment of people on arbitrary or irrelevant
grounds.
Discrimination because of caste, sex, religion, creed, and language are regressive
actions.
Lecture Notes PPT LINK

https://www.slideshare.net/drgst/ge6075-professional-ethics-in-engineeringunit-4
10.ASSIGNMENT

1. Explain about the Intellectual Property Rights in India?

Conduct a survey and find out how a patent can be filed by an
individual.

Course Outcome : CO4, K3

Program Outcome :PO6, PO8, PO9, PO10, PO12

2. Describe the process of risk benefit analysis? Conduct a survey how a

small scale industry near your residence performs risk benefit analysis.

Course Outcome: CO4, K3

Program Outcome : PO6, PO8, PO9, PO10, PO12

11. Part A Question & Answer
Unit 4

S.No Question and Answers CO K

1 What are employee rights? CO4 K1

Employee rights are the rights that apply or refer to the status
or position or employee. Employee rights also include
fundamental human rights relevant to the employee situation.

2 Define the term Risk CO4 K1

The term ̳risk‘ is synonymously used with adverse effect or
harm. The term h ̳ arm‘ may be defined as an invasion or
limitation of a person‘s freedom of well-being.
3 What is the difference between bribe and gift? CO4 K1
Gifts from clients, customers, suppliers and bidders are
particularly sticky issues because they are sometimes part of
accepted practice and it is expected that token gifts may be
exchanged. Bribe could be loosely defined as anything of value
given with intent to extract a favorable action from an
individual. Bribes are made in secret.
4 What do you mean by risk reduction? CO4 K1
Risk reduction refers to the reduction or elimination of all
aspect of accidental loss that lead to wastage of an
organization‘s assets.
5 Define risk-benefit analysis . CO4 K1
Risk –benefit analysis is a technique, similar to cost-benefit
analysis‖, used to- analyze the risk in a project and to
determine whether the project should be carried out or not.
Risk-benefit analysis answers the following questions:
What are the benefits of the project /product?
Is the project/product worth the risks connected with its use?
And
Do benefits outweigh the risks?
6 What is meant by whistle blowing? CO4 K1
Whistle blowing is alerting relevant persons to some moral or
legal corruption, where r̳ elevant person’s are those in a position
to act in response, if only by registering protest.

7 Differentiate Copyright and Patent. CO4 K1

A copyright is the right to copy and make use of literary,
dramatic, musical , artistic works, cinematographic films,
records and broadcasts. The copyrights protect the expression
of the idea, not the idea themselves. Patents are the legal
rights approved for new investments involving scientific and
technical knowledge.
S.N Question and Answers CO K
o
8 What is Discrimination? CO4 K1
Discrimination is the unequal treatment of an individual
intentionally on unintentionally. Discrimination refers to treating
people unfairly because of one‘s sex, race, skin color, age or
religious outlook.
9 Define co-operation. CO4 K1
Co-operation means extending help to others, for a good
cause. Co-operation may be through an idea, a suggestion, an
assistance or physical work which extends to others for
common benefit
10 What is meant by collective Bargaining? CO4 K1
Collective bargaining is a process of negotiations between
employers and a group of employees aimed at reaching
agreements to regulate working conditions. The interests of the
employees are commonly presented by representatives of a to
which the employees belong. The collective agreements reached
by these negotiations usually set out wage scales, working
hours, training, health and safety, overtime, grievance
mechanisms, and rights to participate in workplace or company
affairs
11 What is Utilitarianism? CO4 K1
Utilitarianism will justify the right of professional conscience by
referring to the Basic goal of producing the most good for the
greatest number of people the public good is certain to observed
by allowing professionals to meet their obligations to the public.
12 What is Duty Ethics? CO4 K1
Duty ethics rights are not the ultimate moral appeal .
Engineers have a right to do something it is only because other
have duties or obligations to allow him to do it . No employer
has the right to threat engineers with loss of the jobs for
refusing to work on project they see as likely to lead to the
death or injury of unsuspecting victims.
13 State the specific right. CO4 K1
Specific rights can be stated as a particular professional
obligation to apply Professional rights according to specific
circumstances.
14 What do you meant by employee rights and lists its categories? CO4 K1
Employee rights are rights, moral or legal, that involve the status
of being an employee. They include some professional rights
that apply to the employer-employee relationship.
S.No Question and Answers CO K

15 What is informed consent? CO4 K1

Informed consent is the process by which the treating health
care provider discloses appropriate information to a competent
patient so that the patient may make a voluntary choice to
accept or refuse treatment. It originates from the legal and
ethical right the patient has to direct what happens to her body
and from the ethical duty of the physician to involve the patient
in her health care.
16 What are the positive uncertainties in determining risks? CO4 K1
Purpose of designing
Application of the product
Materials and the skill used for producing the product

17 Give the reasons for the Three Mile Island disaster? CO4 K1
In adequate training to the operators.
Use of B&W reactors.

18 What are the safety measures an engineer must know before CO4 K1
assessing a risk of any product?(MAY/JUNE 2009)
The factors are:
•Does the engineer have the right data?
•Is he satisfied with the present design?
•How does he test the safety of a product?
•How does he measure and weight he risks with benefits for a
product

19 What is the use of knowledge of risk acceptance to engineers? CO4 K1

Though past experience and historical data give better
information about safety of products designing there are still
inadequate .The reasons are
The information is not freely shared among industries
There also new applications of old technologies that provides
available data, which are less useful.
So, in order to access the risk of a product, the engineers must
share their knowledge and information with others in a free
manner.
 12. PART – B QUESTIONS

S.No Question and Answers CO K

1 Describe the concept of Risk Benefit Analysis CO4 K1

2 Discuss the concept of safe exit in the Chernobyl case study CO4 K1

3 What are occupational crimes? Explain anyone in detail. CO4 K1

4 What is Intellectual Property Rights? Explain the various CO4 K1

elements of IPR in detail.

5 Define Collective bargaining. Explain the roles of collective CO4 K1

bargaining in workplace rights and responsibilities.

6 Explain the concept of safety. How the same differs with the CO4 K1
standard of living of countries.
7 Write a Brief note on Discrimination CO4 K1

8 Discuss the notion of safe exit using evacuation plans for CO4 K1
communities near power plants or Chemical processing
plants?
9 What is r i s k -benefit analysis? Explain the different CO4 K1
analytical method used when testing is inappropriate ?

10 State the necessity of risk benefit analysis CO1 K1

 13. SUPPORTIVE ONLINE CERTIFICATION COURSES
Sl.No Name of the Name of the Website Link
. Institute Course

1. UDEMY Complete Health https://www.udemy.com/cours

and Safety e/health-and-safety-executive/
Executive Training
Course
Supervisor https://www.udemy.com/cours
2. UDEMY e/supervisor-leadership-skills-
Leadership Skills for-a-safe-workplace/
for a Safe
Workplace
Ethical Leadership https://www.coursera.org/learn
3. COURSERA /uva-darden-giving-voice-to-
Through Giving values
Voice to Values
14.REAL TIME APPLICATIONS IN DAY TO DAY LIFE AND
TO INDUSTRY

1. A case study of ethical issue at Gucci in Shenzhen, China

Source https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13
520-012-0024-6/
Course Outcome : CO4

Program Outcome : PO6, PO8

Gucci is a multinational company with over 270 directly operated stores

worldwide, serving customers of elite goods, and generating billions of
dollars revenue per year. It has an iconic, even noble, luxury brand image in
the Greater China region, where its revenue increased by 35.6% in the first
half of year 2011. Gucci has expressed its intention to accelerate the process
of opening stores on the Chinese mainland. Recently, however, the company
came under fire after five former employees from its flagship store in
Shenzhen revealed information online about inhumane working conditions
and labor mistreatment in the company. This paper focuses on events that
took place in a Gucci flagship store located in Shenzhen, China.
This paper has two main research objectives. The first is to analyze why
labor abuses (as exemplified in the Gucci case) are allowed to occur and
persist in foreign-invested firms that are located in the People’s Republic of
China (PRC). The second is to develop a multi-stakeholder approach to
preventing further abuses of this kind. The next section provides a
description of the case, focusing on the ethically problematic labor
management practices and arrangements and noting some legal violations.
We shall then present three propositions regarding why some foreign firms
operating in the PRC and host local governments ignore and/or tolerate labor
abuses of this kind.
14.REAL TIME APPLICATIONS IN DAY TO DAY LIFE AND
TO INDUSTRY

1. A case study of ethical issue at Gucci in Shenzhen, China

Source https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13
520-012-0024-6/
Course Outcome : CO4

Program Outcome : PO6, PO8

We follow this with a section in which we apply two different approaches,
traditional Confucian ethics on the one hand and modern labor rights theory on the
other, to provide a robust ethical basis for stakeholders to argue from, while taking
action to persuade others that such malpractices are ethically unacceptable. Next,
after identifying four stakeholders for the Gucci case, we suggest how each of
them may play a role in discontinuing and/or preventing future labor abuses. We
conclude with some further theoretical and managerial implications.
The employees’ complaints
On 8 October 2011, an open letter—<A Public Letter to the Top Management of
Gucci from Former Employees who resigned collectively> was spread on the
Internet. This letter was written by five former employees of the Gucci Shenzhen
Flagship Store. In the letter, they alleged that employees caught an occupational
disease, that there was one miscarriage attributable to excessive working hours
and that there was no compensation for these hardships. Moreover, they stated
that there were excessive restrictions on employees’ behavior, including the need
to obtain permission before getting a drink or a snack, and strict limitations on
toilet time. They stated that, while the restrictions were applied strictly to all
frontline employees, including one who was pregnant, they were not applied to the
managers. The letter also claimed that the employees had to pay compensation for
any product that was stolen or went missing, even though these luxury products
had already been insured. They also criticized Gucci’s goods exchange policies
which appeared to be arbitrary and dependent on the manager’s mood. All in all,
they accused Gucci of lacking systematic and humane management and
complained that their rights and dignity were being violated.
14.REAL TIME APPLICATIONS IN DAY TO DAY LIFE AND
TO INDUSTRY

1. A case study of ethical issue at Gucci in Shenzhen, China

Source https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13
520-012-0024-6/
Course Outcome : CO4

Program Outcome : PO6, PO8

We follow this with a section in which we apply two different approaches,
traditional Confucian ethics on the one hand and modern labor rights theory on the
other, to provide a robust ethical basis for stakeholders to argue from, while taking
action to persuade others that such malpractices are ethically unacceptable. Next,
after identifying four stakeholders for the Gucci case, we suggest how each of
them may play a role in discontinuing and/or preventing future labor abuses. We
conclude with some further theoretical and managerial implications.
The employees’ complaints
On 8 October 2011, an open letter—<A Public Letter to the Top Management of
Gucci from Former Employees who resigned collectively> was spread on the
Internet. This letter was written by five former employees of the Gucci Shenzhen
Flagship Store. In the letter, they alleged that employees caught an occupational
disease, that there was one miscarriage attributable to excessive working hours
and that there was no compensation for these hardships. Moreover, they stated
that there were excessive restrictions on employees’ behavior, including the need
to obtain permission before getting a drink or a snack, and strict limitations on
toilet time. They stated that, while the restrictions were applied strictly to all
frontline employees, including one who was pregnant, they were not applied to the
managers. The letter also claimed that the employees had to pay compensation for
any product that was stolen or went missing, even though these luxury products
had already been insured. They also criticized Gucci’s goods exchange policies
which appeared to be arbitrary and dependent on the manager’s mood. All in all,
they accused Gucci of lacking systematic and humane management and
complained that their rights and dignity were being violated.
14.REAL TIME APPLICATIONS IN DAY TO DAY LIFE AND
TO INDUSTRY

1. A case study of ethical issue at Gucci in Shenzhen, China

Once revealed online, this report aroused widespread discussion among Internet
users. Further information emerged, suggesting that the case also involved
falsification of records about working hours, and the imposition of forced, unpaid
overtime work. Gucci implemented a system of working one full day, followed by a
day off. Officially, 1 day’s work was about 10 h. But the workers complained that,
on their working days, they were required to clock off at a certain time to establish
a false electronic record, and then continue their work, counting goods until two or
three o’clock in the morning without compensation.
Some netizens labeled Gucci as a “sweatshop.” Many opined that the labor
management practices of some multinational companies and brand owners failed
to match their international status. Several days later, the Gucci headquarters in
China issued a statement, saying that “Gucci does not and will not endorse or
tolerate the alleged malpractices.” Gucci also stated that that the company had
conducted thorough investigations and had implemented a series of measures,
including the replacement of the store manager and assistant store manager.
Meanwhile, the Human Resources Bureau within the Legal Department of
Shenzhen’s Luohu District said they would further investigate the case. On 26
October 2011, Gucci and the former employees eventually arrived at a settlement
in conjunction with Shenzhen Federation of Trade Unions.
15. Content Beyond Syllabus
1. Discuss the Types of Whistle Blowing.
External Whistle blowing: The act of passing on information outside the
organization. Internal Whistle blowing: The act of passing on information to
someone within the organization but outside the approved channels. Either type is
likely to be considered as disloyalty, but the second one is often seen as less serious
than the latter. From corporations‟ point of view both are serious because it leads to
distrust, disharmony, and inability of the employees to work together. Open Whistle
blowing: Individuals openly revealing their identity as they convey the information.
Anonymous Whistle blowing: Individual conveying the information conceals his/her
identity
2. Explain about Employee Rights.
Employee rights are any rights, moral or legal, that involve the status of being an
employee. Employee rights are: There should be no discrimination against an
employee for criticizing ethical, moral or legal policies and practices of the
organization. The organization will not also discriminate against an employee for
engaging in outside activities or for objecting to an organization directive that
violates common norms of morality. The employee will not be deprived of any
enjoyment of reasonable privacy in his/her workplace. No personal information
about employees will be collected or kept other than what is necessary to manage
the organization efficiently and to meet the legal requirements. No employee who
alleges that her/his rights have been violated will be discharged or penalized without
a fair hearing by the employer organization. Some clear examples: falsifying data,
avoidance on the safety of a product
16. ASSESSMENT SCHEDULE

Assessment Proposed Actual

Tools Date Date
I ASSESSMENT 22.03.2021 22.03.20
21
II ASSESSMENT 31.03.2021 31.03.2
1
MODEL 10.05.2021
17.PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOKS &REFERENCE BOOKS

TEXT BOOKS:
1.Mike W. Martin and Roland Schinzinger, ―Ethics in Engineering‖, Tata McGraw
Hill, New Delhi, 2003.
2.Govindarajan M, Natarajan S, Senthil Kumar V. S, ―Engineering Ethics‖, Prentice
Hall of India, New Delhi, 2004.
REFERENCES:
1.Charles B. Fleddermann, ―Engineering Ethics‖, Pearson Prentice Hall, New
Jersey, 2004.
2.Charles E. Harris, Michael S. Pritchard and Michael J. Rabins, ―Engineering
Ethics – Concepts and Cases‖, Cengage Learning, 2009.
3.John R Boatright, ―Ethics and the Conduct of Business‖, Pearson Education,
New Delhi, 2003
4.Edmund G Seebauer and Robert L Barry, ―Fundamentals of Ethics for Scientists
and Engineers‖, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2001.
5.Laura P. Hartman and Joe Desjardins, ―Business Ethics: Decision Making for
Personal Integrity and Social Responsibility‖ Mc Graw Hill education, India
Pvt.Ltd.,New Delhi, 2013.
6.World Community Service Centre, ‗ Value Education‘, Vethathiri publications,
Erode, 2011.
18. Mini Project Suggestion

Consider how the patent is to be filed for your innovative idea

Consider the project for Some of the challenges in the acquisition of

IP are:
(a) Shortage of manpower in the industry. Educational institutions
can play a vital role in providing the same.
(b) (b) High cost of patenting and lengthy procedure.
 Thankyou

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