New Era University

College of Engineering and Architecture

Civil Engineering Department

PRINCIPLES OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

(CE 325-18)

INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION
PLANNING AND ENGINEERING
BY:
Fababaer, Charlotte Abigail D.
Roy, Jonathan
Maglaya, Jeremy C.
Tuble, Arniel Luigi
Gacho, Kierjohn

ENGR. MARCO T. NELMIDA

INSTRUCTOR
 New Era University
College Of Engineering and Architecture
Civil Engineering Department

HISTORY OF TRANSPORTATION

I. First Form of Transport

The first form of transport was walking! Before humans learned how to
domesticate animals like horses and donkeys, people's only mode of travel was to walk.

II. Four Modes of Transportation

The three modes of transport are:

a. Land

b. Air

c. Water

d. Pipes

III. The History of Land Transport

a. 4000 BC: The Domestication of Horses, Camels, and Donkeys

Around 4000 BC, humans learned to domesticate animals and, use them
for transport and trade. Capable of traveling long distances and carrying
heavier loads, the use of animals made travel and trade easier and more
efficient, leading to trails and tracks in the land. This was the first significant
development in the history of transport.

b. 3500 BC: The Invention of the Wheel

First made from wood, the wheel was a simple but extremely important
invention in the history of transport. Invented in Iraq, the wheel was used to
create animal-drawn vehicles like horses and carriages. The invention of the
wheel allowed for the first-ever

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vehicles of transport to be invented, like the chariot in 2000 BC, allowing

for longer travel and more developed trade.

c. Who created the First Roads?

In Britain, it was the Romans who created the very first road network over
2,000 years ago! The Romans required roads to develop their empire in Britain,
and these same roads are still used today.However, the Romans were not the
first to invent roads. Roads in Mesopotamia (now known as Iraq) have been
discovered that date back to around 4000 BC.

d. The Industrial Revolution: Cars, Trains, and Trams

During the 18th and 19th centuries, there were significant developments in
transportation due to the Industrial Revolution. Beginning in Britain, the
Industrial Revolution saw the development of advanced machinery and
manufacturing that changed the way the world produced and traded goods.
Alongside these industrial developments, more advanced modes of transport
were also created to cater to the developing world.

During the Industrial Revolution, the first bicycle was made, the first
motorways were invented, and the first car was built.

e. First Car Invented

The first car with a gas engine was made in 1886 by Carl Benz. Cars
continued to develop around the world, and in 1908, the first Ford cars were
manufactured in America.

Now, there are over 70 million cars produced across the globe that run on
petrol, battery and hydrogen.

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Civil Engineering Department

f. First Train Invented

Early forms of trains date back thousands of years. But, the first train with
a steam engine was invented in 1814. Initially, trains were used to transport
coal from mines. In the 1820s, the first modern trains were built using steam
locomotives, and trains became a common mode of transport for many.
Developed railway networks allowed people and goods to travel and be
transported at greater distances at a quicker speed.

IV. The History of Water Transport

a. 4000 BC - 3500 BC: The First River Boats

Archaeological discoveries lead us to believe the first riverboats were

invented in Ancient Egypt in 3500 BC. Ancient Egypt, Ancient Sumer, the
Indus Valley and Mesopotamia used began using river boats, which they made
out of wood, around 4000 - 3000 BC to trade.

These early riverboats continued to change and develop, with later

civilizations creating stronger boats that could tackle the rougher seas and
allow them to travel greater distances.

b. The Industrial Revolution: Steamboats and Ships

Large sailing ships and boats allowed people to travel the seas, but it was
during the Industrial Revolution that the first steamboats and motor motor-
powered ships were invented. The first steamboat was built in 1807 in America.

The invention of large steam-powered boats was a significant

development in the history of transportation as it allowed people to travel and
trade longer distances with greater ease. The first motor-powered ship was
invented in the early 1900s, these ships became essential to trading around
the globe.

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V. The History of Air Transport

a. 1783: The First Hot Air Balloon

Using heated air, a large balloon and a large basket, the first hot air
balloon was invented in 1783 in Paris, France, and was the world's first human
flight technology.

b. The Invention of the Aeroplane

In 1902, the Wright Brothers invented the world's first controlled, powered
aircraft, named the Wright Flyer. The Wright Brothers' invention is known as
one of the most significant events in the history of transportation.

Aircraft continued to develop, with World War II advancing the speed of

aircraft production. An essential part of military operations, bomber aircraft,
such as the Lancaster, was invented.

After the war ended, people began developing commercial flights. The first
commercial flight and aeroplane were flown by De Havilland Comet in 1952.

VI. The History of Pipeline Transportation

Pipeline transportation is a method of transportation which involves movement of

solid, liquid or gaseous products over long distances through pipelines. This mode of
transportation is mostly used for transport of crude and refined petroleum products such
as oil and natural gas.Pipelines have been the preferred mode of transportation for
liquid and gas over competing modes such as truck and rail for several reasons: they
are less damaging to the environment, less susceptible to theft, and more economical,
safe, convenient, and reliable than other modes.

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Although transporting solids by pipeline is more difficult and more costly than
transporting liquid and gas by pipeline, in many situations pipelines have been chosen
to transport solids ranging from coal and other minerals over long distances or to
transport grain, rocks, cement, concrete, solid wastes, pulp, machine parts, books, and
hundreds of other products over short distances. The list of solid cargoes transported by
pipelines has been expanding steadily.

a. Bamboo (400 BCE)

For thousands of years, pipelines have been constructed in various parts

of the world to convey water for drinking and irrigation. This includes ancient
use in China of pipe made of hollow bamboo and the use of aqueducts by the
Romans and Persians. The Chinese even used bamboo pipe to transmit
natural gas to light their capital, Peking, as early as 400 BCE.

b. 18th Century

when cast-iron pipes were used commercially.

c. 19th Century

Century of steel pipe, which greatly increased the strength of pipes of all
sizes. The development of high-strength steel pipes made it possible to
transport natural gas and oil over long distances. Initially, all steel pipes had to
be threaded together. This was difficult to do for large pipes, and they were apt
to leak under high pressure. The application of welding to join pipes in the
1920s made it possible to construct leak-proof, high-pressure, large-diameter
pipelines. Today, most high-pressure piping consists of steel pipe with welded
joints.

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d. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) pipe for sewers

Use of “pigs” to clean the interior of pipelines and to perform other duties;
“batching” of different petroleum products in a common pipeline; application of
cathodic protection to reduce corrosion and extend pipeline life; use of space-
age technologies such as computers to control pipelines and microwave
stations and satellites to communicate between headquarters and the field;
and new technologies and extensive measures to prevent and detect pipeline
leaks. Furthermore, many new devices have been invented or produced to
facilitate pipeline construction. These include large side booms to lay pipes,
machines to drill under rivers and roads for crossing, machines to bend large
pipes in the field, and X rays to detect welding flaws.

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

“defined as consisting of the fixed facilities, the flow entities, and the control
systems that permit people and goods to overcome the friction of geographical space
efficiently in order to participate in a timely manner in some desired activity.”

According to the ITE (Institute of Transportation Engineers), it is defined as the

application of technology and scientific principles to the planning, functional design,
operation and management of facilities for any mode of transportation to provide safe,
rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical, and environmentally compatible movement
of people and goods.

I. COMPONENTS OF A TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

a. Fixed Facilities

The physical components of the system that are fixed in space and
constitute the network of links and nodes.

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The design includes the use of soil and foundation engineering, structural
design, the design of drainage systems, and geometric design

b. Flow Entities

The components that travel through the fixed facilities which includes
vehicles, container units, railroad cars, and so on.

c. Control System

It consists of vehicle control and flow control

1. Vehicle Control

The technological way in which the vehicles are guided either

automatically or manually.

2. Flow Control

It consists of the means that permit the efficient and smooth

operation of streams of vehicles and the reduction of conflicts between
them.

ROLE OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM IN SOCIETY

A society is incomplete without transportation. Transportation has been an

important factor in the growth of communities ever since the beginning of civilization. In
order to save time and energy, people used animals like horses, camels, and donkeys
for transportation.The development of transportation over time and the revolutionary
stages represented by ships, trains, buses, and airplanes. Because it makes it easier to
travel and exchange ideas, transportation is crucial. In point of fact, a society's level of
development can be measured by how well-developed its transportation system is.
People's quality of life has significantly improved as a result of advancements in
transportation. The following is a summary of the impact of transportation:

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a. Economic Role

The economic aspect of a society is developed in large part because of

transportation. Economics involves the production, distribution, and
consumption of goods and services that can't be done without a way to get
them there. An efficient mode of transportation can always be beneficial to
Nepal's economic development in a nation like that, which has a significant gap
between production and consumption. Apples from Humla and Jumla must be
brought up to the terai, and rice from terai must be transported to the hills.

b. Social Role

The formation of urban society is influenced by the development of the

transportation system. It connects rural and urban areas and moves goods
between them, ultimately contributing to overall development. Additionally,
transportation encourages social and cultural exchange. It provides
opportunities for employment.

c. Political Role

The transportation of both people and goods via various modes connects
the world that is divided into various political units for mutual protection,
economic advantages, and the development of a common culture. These
political subdivisions can't function without transportation.

d. Environmental Role

The transport system has a significant impact on the environment. Its

negative aspects outweigh its positive aspects. Noise pollution, air pollution,
excessive energy use from non-renewable sources, etc. are a few of its
environmental effects. Safety in transportation, particularly on the roads, is a
major concern.

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TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM CLASSIFICATION

a. Classification Schemes

Transportation systems can be categorized in several ways. For instance,

they could be categorized based on the technology they use, the purpose, or
the kind of service they provide.

The transportation system is further categorized into four major

subsystems according to the medium on which the flow elements are
supported. These subsystems are commonly referred to as modes. It should
be understood that this term is also used to make finer distinctions among the
various means of travel.

b. Private and Public Transportation

Transportation services are also classified as either for-hire or not-for-hire

services. These categories are also known, respectively, as public and private
transportation, but these terms refer to their availability to the general public
and to private parties, respectively, not to their ownership. For-hire systems
are further classified into contract carriers and common carriers.

c. Modes of Transportation

1. Primary Mode

i. Land Transportation (Highway, Railway)

ii. Air Transportation

iii. Water Transportation

2. Secondary Mode

i. Ropeway

ii. Belt Conveyors

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iii. Canal

ROLE OF GOVERNMENT

I. GOVERNMENTAL PARTICIPATION

A feature of human social organizations is the creation of a "government," which

in an objective sense may be characterized as consisting of the rules of conduct such
as laws, procedures for making decisions collectively, and tools for enforcing the rules
that aim to instill social and economic order and to preserve a society's cohesiveness.

A transportation system provides the necessary connectivity that enhances the

interaction between people. Advances in transportation technology have historically
played a significant role in the development of civilization as we know it by allowing the
mobility of people and the dissemination of ideas. Cities have historically grown in areas
that benefited from the accessibility of transit routes, such as rivers and safe harbors.

Transportation was the key to industrialization. Unless raw materials could be

brought to the factories and finished products distributed to market areas, the industrial
revolution could not happen.

II. INSTRUMENTS OF GOVERNMENTAL INVOLVEMENT

In general, the government finds that the public is the most effective way to
represent it when it intervenes in the market to achieve its goals. promotion, regulation,
and investment are all of interest. In addition, the definition of the word "public interest"
is constantly changing because it is largely implied in the specific activities that the
government performs. Additionally, disagreements over what is in the general interest
regularly occur.

Promotion describes efforts made by the government to promote or discourage

specific actions without making them legally necessary.

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Promotional strategies include marketing campaigns that encourage carpooling

as a means of cutting down on rush-hour traffic, avoiding the need for expensive
highway expansion, or as a method to conserve energy.

Regulation refers to those government actions that place legal requirements on

individuals and firms to satisfy the public interest. Transportation-related examples of
regulation include the establishment of automobile bumper standards to reduce fatalities,
automobile air-pollution-emission standards to improve environmental quality, and
reduced freeway speed limits to conserve energy. Other examples are the regulation of
airline route structures to ensure the availability of service to all and the regulation of the
rates that trucking companies can charge their customers.

III. DPWH ROAD CLASSIFICATION

The Philippine highway network is a network of national roads owned and

maintained by the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) and organized
into three classifications according to their function or purpose.

IV. NATIONAL PRIMARY

The national primary roads are roads which form parts of the main trunkline
system and directly connect three or more major cities and metropolitan areas with a
population of at least 100,000. They are further classified into the north–south backbone,
east–west lateral, and other roads of strategic importance. The north–south backbone
refers to the main trunkline, the Pan-Philippine Highway (N1, also designated as Asian
Highway 26), which runs from Laoag in the northernmost parts of Luzon to Zamboanga
City in western Mindanao, interconnecting the country's major islands.

V. NATIONAL SECONDARY

The national secondary roads are roads that complement the primary roads and
provide access to other major population centers. They directly link smaller cities and
provincial capitals, airports, seaports, and tourist centers to the primary roads

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VI. NATIONAL TERTIARY

The third classification was introduced in 2014 known as national tertiary roads.
They include other existing roads administered by the DPWH which perform a local
function.

VII. NUMBERING SYSTEM

The national roads in the Philippines are labeled with pentagonal black-on-white
highway shields, based on the shields used in Australian highways. Under the route
numbering system of the Department of Public Works and Highways, highways
numbered from N1 to N11 are the main routes or priority corridors, such as the national
primary roads that connect three or more cities. The other primary roads that link two
cities and municipalities with 100,000 people or less are numbered N51 to N83.

The national secondary roads are assigned with three-digit numbers where the
first digit usually corresponds to the number of the primary road it links to. In the case
where the secondary road connects to more than one primary road, its first digit is the
lower numbered primary route

VIII. AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE OF HIERARCHY

The economy of the Philippines and the people of the Philippines are severely
harmed by traffic and transportation issues. When I go to the main streets of Metro
Manila at five in the morning and see how many people are already walking or waiting in
line for transportation to get to work on time, it always saddens me. I'm not referring only
to Quiapo or Caloocan; But even places like Bonifacio Global City, which is supposed to
be an excellent illustration of a well-planned urban area, fall into this category.

As a result, I found the Draft Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of the
National Transport Policy, which the National Economic and Development Authority
(NEDA) recently made available for public discussion, to be extremely intriguing to read.
The paper makes a lot of good points.

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When it says, "...," it is correct. Analyses of the state of the Philippine

transportation system reveal frequent problems like: a lack of a coordinated and
integrated transportation system; b) transportation agencies' functions that overlap and
conflict; c) concerns about transport safety and security; and, "d) inadequate public
transportation, particularly in rural and conflict-affected areas."

Even though I am aware that this is not a Transportation Master Plan but rather a
policy paper, I still believe that the NEDA did not adequately address three crucial
issues. The first is that land use policy and transportation policy cannot be separated.
Without an integrated land use policy and plan, there can be no integrated
transportation system. Second, despite the fact that the paper mentions that
transportation agencies have functions that overlap and conflict, I did not find the critical
issue adequately addressed. Thirdly, local government units (LGUs) have a lot on their
plates. However, in the event that LGUs are unable or unwilling to fulfill their obligations,
there is a policy alternative.

TYPES OF PLANNING

The process of analyzing the region's current transportation situation, planning

for its future transportation requirements, and incorporating budgets, objectives, and
policies are all components of transportation planning. By evaluating everything from
cargo ships to public transportation and bike lanes to streets and highways, it helps to
shape how a community or city grows. It can have an impact on everything from
business to leisure to life satisfaction. Transportation planning can be divided into short
term, medium term and long-term planning

Planning for the short-term (1-3 years) and medium-term (3-5 years) can be
roughly defined in the same way. They require less capital investment, are less complex,
do not place a significant demand on construction activities, and Transportation System
Management (TSM) is a part of it.

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Planning for the long term (more than five years) is a complicated issue that
necessitates significant financial investment and large and extensive construction
programs that have an impact on the natural, social, and economic environments.

I. BASIC ELEMENTS OF TRANSPORTATION PLANNING

It compromises seven basic elements, which are interrelated and not necessarily
carried out sequentially. The elements in the process are:

a. Situation Definition

It involves all of the activities required to understand the situation that

gave rise to the perceived need for a transportation improvement. In this part,
basic factors that created the present situation are described. Also, the scope
of the system to be studied is delineated. The present system is analyzed and
its characteristics are described. Information about the surrounding are, its
people, and their travel habits may be obtained. Previous reports and studies
that may be relevant to the present situation may be reviewed and summarized.
And both the scope of the study and the domain of the system to be
investigated are delineated.

b. Problem Definition

It describes the problem in terms of the objectives to be accomplished by

the project and to translate those objectives into criteria that can be quantified.
For example, the objective “to reduce traffic congestion” might use “travel time”
as the measure of effectiveness. The characteristics of an acceptable system
should be identified, and specific limitations and requirements should be noted.
Any pertinent standards and restrictions that the proposed transportation
project must conform to should be understood.

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c. Search for Solutions

In this part, consideration is given to a variety of ideas, designs, locations

and system configurations that might provide solutions to the problem.
Alternatives can be proposed by any group or organization. Also includes
preliminary feasibility studies, which might narrow the range of choices to
those that appear most promising. Data gathering, field testing, and cost
estimating may be necessary at this stage to determine th practicality and
financial feasibility of the alternatives being proposed.

d. Analysis of Performance

This is to estimate how each of the proposed alternatives would perform

under present and future conditions. Included in this is the determination of the
investment cost of building the transportation project, as well as annual costs
for maintenance and operation. Also involves the use of vehicles that will use
the system is determined, and these results, expressed in vehicles or
persons/hour, serve as the basis for project design. Non-user impacts are
calculated in situations where the transportation project could have significant
impacts on the community or as required by law. It is a system analysis
process that integrates system supply on a network with travel demand
forecasts to show equilibrium travel flows.

e. Evaluation of Alternatives

This is to determine how well each alternative will achieve the objectives
of the project as defined by the criteria. Performance data produced in the
analysis phase are used to compute the benefits and costs that will result if the
project is selected. When the results can’t be reduced to a single monetary
value, a weighted ranking for each alternative might be produced and
compared with other proposed projects. If those effects can be described in

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monetary term, the benefit-cost ratio for each project is calculated to show the
extent to which the project would be a sound investment.

In an environmental analysis, results can be shown in a cost-effectiveness

matrix that will furnish a better understanding as to how each alternative
performs for each of the criteria and at what cost. Results can be plotted to
provide a visual comparison of each alternative and its performance.

f. Choice of Project

It is made after considering all the factors involved. When a project has
been authorized and is in the design phase, a single criterion, such as cost,
might be used and the chose project would be the one with the lowest cost. It
is possible that none of the alternatives will meet the criteria or standards, and
additional investigations will be necessary. In the engineer is acting
professionally and ethically, he or she will perform the task such that the
appropriate information is provided to make an informed choice that every
feasible alternative has been considered.

g. Specification and Construction

Once the project is selected, it moves into a detailed design phase in

which each of the components of the facility is specified. It involves its physical
location, geometric dimensions, and structural configuration. Design plans
would then be used by contractors to estimate the cost of building the project.

SYSTEM APPROACH

a decision-making process for complex problem solving composed of:

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a. System Analysis

Clear evaluation of the combination of all the elements that structure the
problem and those forces and strategies needed for the achievement of an
objective

b. System Engineering

Organizing and Scheduling complex strategies for problem-solving

includes:

1. Identifying the Problem

2. Tackling the problem considering all facets

3. Use of scientific methods

4. Working as predetermined sequence

5. Scientific Decision

In dealing with long term transportation planning, three basic elements should be
considered.

a. Forecasting Demand

b. Description of economic, social, and environmental changes

c. An evaluation of the system in terms of benefits and dis-benefits

For Planner,

a. Operator is concerned with capital costs, operating revenues and the viability
of the plan.

b. User is concerned with monetary cost, journey time, safety and security,
reliability, comfort and convenience

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c. Large number of people who neither travel nor cause goods or people to move
are also affected by the proposals of the transportation planner. Such non-users are
affected by land use changes, social disruption, and economic effects.

HIGHWAY PLANNING

OBJECTIVES OF ROAD PLANNING

I. TO ESTABLISH AN INTEGRATED NETWORK OF ROAD:

It is necessary to have an integrated road network capable of handling all

highway travel in an orderly, safe, efficient, and affordable manner. As a result, highway
development plans are an integral component of national transportation plans.

For that to happen it is necessary that the following should be followed:

a. Project the number of roadways that will be required in the future.

b. Set priorities and time frames for the building and renewal programs based on
available resources.

c. Financial management and planning

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II. TO FULFILL THE NEEDS OF THE SOCIETY

Road planning is generally a result of societal requirements as the society

develops. The initial stage in planning is to determine all of the society's current and
future needs. These requirements will be met in the second stage of planning.

III. RELATED TO THIS; ROAD PLANNING CAN BE GROUPED AS:

a. National Road Network Planning

which covers any roads that are met in the National Contexts such as:

1. National Highways

2. Collector Roads

b. Urban Road Network Planning

Urban areas must be built in a sustainable manner in order for the

development to last for many years. As a result, urban road network design is
an essential aspect of Transportation Engineering.

c. Mitigation

Transportation presents a substantial and growing worldwide greenhouse

gas (GHG) emission challenge. GHG mitigation strategies can be grouped into
five categories:

1. Vehicle Technology and Improvements (i.e. low emission vehicle

standards, add-on technologies, etc.);

2. Low Carbon Fuel Alternatives (i.e. low carbon fuel standard (LCFS),
biofuel procurement, etc.) and

3. Location and Land-use efficiency (i.e. smart growth and transit

measures);

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4. Transportation System Efficiency (i.e. intermodal freight initiatives, pay-

as-you-drive (PAYD) insurance, etc.); and

5. Other: Climate Change action plans not only have the potential to
mitigate the impacts of global warming , they also can save the economy
billions of dollars and could greatly impact how we plan transportation projects
in the future.

d. Future of PH Transportation

Transportation infrastructure in the Philippines has gradually improved

over the years with more road projects cutting travel time from one city to
another. This is beneficial to Filipinos as many consider accessibility as one of
the main factors in choosing a place to live, especially professionals who need
to consider their travel time from home to office and vice versa.

In the next few years, more road projects will pave the way to accessible
cities and communities both for commuters and motorists, especially those
who are planning to start a family and have their own space.

1. Metro Manila Subway

The Department of Transportation shared that starting partial

operations in 2025 and full operations in 2027, the Metro Manila
Subway Project will house 17 stations and connect cities in the National
Capital Regional (NCR) from Valenzuela City to Food Terminal Inc.

(FTI) in Taguig City, Parañaque City, and Ninoy Aquino

International Airport (NAIA) Terminal 3 in Pasay City. It will extend to the
north and south of NCR and shorten the travel time between Quezon
City and NAIA to 35 minutes.

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Once fully operational, this should ease the travel-related stress of

the residents of New Manila in Quezon City, including the unit owners of
The Magnolia Residences, which will become more accessible through
the Quezon City station.

2. Southeast Metro Manila Expressway

Expected to open this year, the Department of Public Works and

Highways aims to ease transportation for residents in the East through
the Southeast Metro Manila Expressway. The 34-km expressway will
start from Skyway in FTI in Taguig and will end at the Batasang
Pambansa Complex in Quezon City. It will also connect to the North
Luzon Expressway (NLEX) in Balagtas, Bulacan.

Residents in Taguig such as The Trion Towers in Bonifacio Global

City can soon enjoy faster and more convenient travel to the north,
especially those who are planning for trips with family and friends.

3. PAREX

The Pasig River Expressway (PAREX) will serve as a faster link

between the western and eastern cities of Metro Manila through an
elevated expressway traversing the entirety of Pasig River. In the
ground break of the project, San Miguel Corporation shared that in 2023,
it is set to provide connectivity among toll roads and freeways, easing
the traffic along R-10, EDSA, and C-5.

Shortening the travel time from Manila to Rizal to 15 minutes,

people who travel to their offices in the Makati Business District, Ortigas
Center, and Bonifacio Global City will benefit from this once it is
completed. This will also provide the Manileños residents of The

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Radiance Manila Bay with easy mobility through R-10 Road near
Intramuros.

Along with the continuing development of infrastructure in the

Philippines, RLC Residences’ ready-for-occupancy (RFO) properties
aim to raise the quality of living of Filipino families, professionals who
are starting to build their lives, and those who are looking for a place
they can call home.

4. Malolos-Clark Railway Project (MCRP)

It is a proposed 53.1km-long railway line being constructed to

connect Malolos to Clark economic zone and Clark International Airport
(CIA) in central Luzon, Phillipines.

The elevated railway line will be developed by the Department of

Transportation (DOTr) and Japan International Cooperation Agency
(JICA). It will be the first airport express railway service in the country.

The project is a part of the 163km-long North-South Commuter

Railway project (NSCR), which aims to connect New Clark City to
Calamba by 2025. NSCR is a flagship project of the government’s ‘Build,
Build, Build’ infrastructure development programme aimed at reducing
traffic congestion in Metro Manila and boosting economic growth.

MCRP is expected to reduce the travel time to less than one hour,
upon completion in 2025.

5. Malolos-Clark Railway Project Details

MCRP will be constructed as two rail segments, including a

51.2km section connecting Malolos City to Clark regional growth centre
and a 1.9km extension connecting the NSCR to the Blumentritt Station
in Manila.

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The project will include the construction of an underground station

at the CIA, which will offer short connections. It will also include bridges
and viaducts for the elevated part of the railway line.

MCRP will have a total of seven elevated stations featuring two

separate platforms with a right-of-way (ROW) width of 60m.

Stations will feature elevators and escalators for easy passenger

movement, and automatic fare control systems, including ticket vending
machines, gates, fare adjustment machines, data collecting machines,
and office booking machines.

6. New Manila International Airport

The New Manila International Airport, also referred to as the

Bulacan International Airport, is a new international airport currently
being built near the coast of Bulakan, Bulacan, which is located 35 km
north of Manila. The project is initiated by the San Miguel Corporation
with the aim of reducing the congestion at Ninoy Aquino International
Airport, the primary airport serving Manila. The construction of this
airport is part of the "Build! Build! Build!" infrastructure program
launched by the Rodrigo Duterte administration.

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The construction of the new airport officially commenced on

October 14, 2020 with a groundbreaking ceremony. On March 18, 2022,
the building of the first phase started, which includes the two runways
and the terminal buildings. The project is scheduled to be completed by
2026.

7. New Cebu International Container Port

The New Cebu International Container Port is a project of the

Department of Transportation with the objective of expanding the
current capacity of the Cebu International Port from 7,373 twenty-foot
equivalent units (TEUs) to 14,400 TEUs. The new port will be situated
on a 25-hectare piece of reclaimed land in Barangay Tayud,
Municipality of Consolacion, Cebu and will feature a 500-meter long
berth capable of accommodating two vessels with 2,000 TEUs each. It
will also have 4 quay cranes, an operation building, a gate complex, a
weigh bridge, a maintenance factory, and a 1,450-meter long in-land
access road and a 300-meter offshore bridge.

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Civil Engineering Department

8. Mindanao Railway Project (Tagum-Davao-Digos)

The Mindanao Railway Project aims to revolutionize the

transportation network on the island of Mindanao in the Philippines. It
proposes to link the major cities via a circumferential railway and extend
connectivity to smaller cities through spur lines. This project will be
executed in a phased approach, starting with the 105-kilometer route
connecting Tagum, Davao, and Digos. This first segment is projected to
significantly reduce the current 3.5-hour road trip between Tagum and
Digos to just 1.3 hours, providing a faster and more efficient mode of
transportation.

The phase 1 of the project involves the building of a 102-kilometer

non-electrified single-track railway that will pass through Digos, Davao
City and Tagum in Region 11.

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LAND-USE TRANSPORTATION MODEL

The land use transportation model is a useful tool for investigating and
constructing transportation systems, it can be classified into two approaches: traditional
and integrated. Traditional transportation models rely on static projections of
socioeconomic data, which depict the most likely future distribution of houses,
employment, and other zonal data. The allocation of growth in the following year is
established exogenously and is unaffected by endogenous information derived in the
model, such as accessibility. To evaluate a different allocation, additional growth
scenarios are sometimes introduced to the travel modeling process (such as a high-
growth scenario).

I. TRANSPORTATION FEEDBACK CYCLE

There are 2 stages which come after another which are: First the calibration and
then projection. Calibration phase models are produced and assessed using data from
a base period. The projection phase is used to forecast future transportation design
based on socioeconomic forecasts for a certain design year

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Civil Engineering Department

Beginning at the bottom of the cycle (Land Use), population and employment
areas dictate the origins and destinations of most journeys in travel models (Activities).
Accessibilities can be calculated once the Transportation Model has been run and trip
times have been adjusted.

Accessibilities explain how accessible all other zones are for each zone.
Accessibility influences land use since both families and companies choose places that
are easily accessible, among other location characteristics.

COMPUTER SOFTWARES

I. TRAFFIC RELATED (SIMULATIONS) SOFTWARES

a. Synchro

b. Vissim

c. TransModeler

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II. GIS (GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS)

a. ArcGIS

b. QGIS

c. MapInfo GIS

III. DRAFTING/RENDERING SOFTWARES

a. AutoCAD

b. MicroStation

c. SketchUp

IV. PROJECT MANAGEMENT SOFTWARES

a. Primavera P6

b. MS Project

c. Valispace

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Civil Engineering Department

REFERENCES

Travel Forecasting Resource. (2020). Tfresource.org.

https://tfresource.org/topics/Land_use_transport_modeling.html#fn4

N.A. (n.d.). Introduction to Transportation Planning and Engineering.

Papacostas, C. S., & Prevedouros, P. D. (2012). Introduction and Background. In

Transportation Engineering and Planning (3rd ed.). Introduction, PHI Learning.
Retrieved from Introduction to Transport Engineering.

The Best Civil Engineering Software: Top Applications Used by Civil Engineers |
Valispace. (2023, January 25). Valispace. https://www.valispace.com/the-best-civil-
engineering-software-top-applications-used-by-civil-engineers/

ASCE (2008): Transportation Strategies to Mitigate Climate

Change :https://ascelibrary.org/doi/full/10.1061/(ASCE)1532-6748(2008)8%3A3(124)

Malaya Business Insight (July 19, 2022):Transportation infra will change

the future of mobility in the Philippines:
https://malaya.com.ph/news_special_feature/transportation-infra-will-change-the-future-
of-mobility-in-the-philippines/

Twinkl: What Is The History Of

Transportation?:https://www.twinkl.com.ph/teaching-wiki/transportation

Department of Public Works and Highways Atlas 2019". Department of Public

Works and Highways. Retrieved December 30, 2020.

Clark, J. (2020, July 21). Mindanao Railway Project – The proposed 2000km
railway on the second-largest island in the Philippines. Future Southeast Asia.
https://futuresoutheastasia.com/mindanao-railway/

"Government's Build Build Build program embodied in PDP 2017-2022 –

AmBisyon Natin 2040". National Economic and Development Authority. April 24, 2017.

Parrocha, Azer (November 22, 2021). "PRRD pleased with completed airport,
seaport projects in GenSan". Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on
March 7, 2022. Retrieved March 7, 2022.

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