EE 582 SOLAR PV SYSTEM

UT: 17:20-18:35, Room: 59-2015

1st Lecture
January 22nd, 2023

Instructor: Dr. Bandar Jubran Alqahtani

Department of Electrical Engineering, KFUPM
E-mail: Bandar.qahtani@kfupm.edu.sa
Office Hours: UT: 16:15-17:15; and by appointment (email)
 Class & Course introduction

Important definitions

Classifications of energy
Today’s topics
Electricity generation statistics

Fossil fuel overview

Class Introduction
 • Fundamentals of solar energy,
• Photovoltaic (PV) cell physics and working principle,
• Architecture and characteristics of solar PV
technologies (single- and multicrystalline silicon,
amorphous silicon, CdTe, CIGS, CPV, and pre-
commercial technologies such as organics, organic/
Course inorganic hybrid & nanostructure-based solar cells),
• Solar PV modules, PV system design and application,
Description • Balance of solar PV systems (Batteries, DC – DC
converters, charge controllers, DC – AC inverters),
• Solar PV electricity generation systems (grid-
connected PV systems, off-grid PV systems),
• Economic analysis, environmental impact and future
of solar PV systems.
 Course Objectives

01 02 03 04 05
Demonstrate good Address current and Apply the learnings
Analyze & evaluate the
understanding of the Understand the emerging issues to outcomes to real world
performance of
device physics and potential role and integrate large scale cases and situations,
commercialized solar PV
operating principles of contributions of solar PV solar PV system into evaluating complex
technologies from
solar cells, PV module in future energy systems modern power systems trade-offs between
technical, environmental
parameters and and identify possible technology, economics,
and economical
applications of the solar enabling strategies and policy, and
perspectives
PV technologies technologies environmental aspects
Course Material
Main Reference/Textbook:
C.B. Honsberg and S.G. Bowden, “Photovoltaics Education Website,” www.pveducation.org,
2019. [A free online resource.]

Other useful references:

- Wenham, S., M. Green, et al., eds. Applied Photovoltaics. 2nd ed. Routledge, 2006. ISBN:
9781844074013.
- Luque, A., and S. Hegedus, eds. Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering. John
Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2003. ISBN: 9780471491965.
- Nelson, J. The Physics of Solar Cells. Imperial College Press, 2003. ISBN: 9781860943409.
- Yu, P., and M. Cardona. Fundamentals of Semiconductors: Physics and Materials Properties.
3rd ed. Springer, 2004. ISBN: 9783540413233
 Week Topic
1 Energy Resources and Energy Systems
Course Topics & 2 Fundamentals of Solar Energy
Schedule 3 Photovoltaic (PV) Cell: Basics and Semiconductor Physics
Classification, Architecture and Characteristics of Solar PV
4-6
Technologies
7 Characterization Methods for Photovoltaics
8 Solar PV Modules & System Design
9 Midterm + Guest Speaker
Balance of Solar PV Systems (Batteries, DC–DC converters,
10
charge controllers, DC–AC inverters)
Solar PV Electricity Generation Systems ( grid-connected &
11-12
off-grid PV systems, hybrid systems)
13 Integration, Sizing and Modeling of Solar PV System
Solar PV Technologies: Economic Analysis, System’s
14 Reliability and Environmental Impact, KSA Policy &
Regulations
15 Projects’ Presentations
Assessment & Grading System
Class Participation (10%) Class Participation (10%) Class Participation (10%)

Assignments (10%) Assignments (15%) Assignments (15%)

Midterm exam (25%) Midterm exam (30%) Midterm exam (30%)

Team Project (25%) Team Project (30%) Team Project (30%)

Final exam (30%) Individual Project (15%) Quizzes (15%)

 Assessment & Grading System

• Class Participation (10%)

• Assignments (3 total) (15%)
• Midterm Exam (30%)
• Individual Project (Report) (15%)
• Team Project’s (Report & Presentation) (30%)

All assignments are on the posted due date and time. Assignments submitted
in less than 24 hours after the posted due time will lose 25 points;
assignments submitted after that will receive a grade of zero. If you are ill or
have a family emergency that prevents you from being able to complete the
assignment on time, please notify me via e-mail prior to the due date.
Make-up exams will only be granted through the approval of the course
instructor for legitimate and officially excused absences. Personal excuses are
not accepted.
 Energy and energy services

• Energy is an intermediate good that is combined with capital to produce energy services
(e.g., heat, cooling, light)
• which are directly consumed (e.g., in houses, cars)
• used to produce higher-quality energy (e.g., electricity, refined petroleum products)
• or used as an input to produce other goods and services (e.g., aluminum, glass,
cement)

• Implication: you can provide the same level of energy services, with different types or
amounts of energy
 • At one time it was not selected as the best choice...
• Use of an alternative energy source would make sense
only if some condition has changed such as:
• nonavailability of the original choice of an energy
source
ALTERNATIVE • Change in the relative cost of the present and the
ENERGY alternative energy
• Improved reliability of the alternative energy source
• Environmental, legal or political considerations
 • Development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs (UN Commission on Environment
and Development, 1987)
SUSTAINABLE
ENERGY • A dynamic harmony between the equitable availability of
energy-intensive goods and services to all people and the
preservation of the earth for future generations (Tester
et. Al, 2012)
Classification of Energy: Primary and Secondary Energy

Primary energy sources are those that are either found or stored in nature.

• Common Examples: coal, oil, natural gas, and biomass (such as wood).
• Other Examples: nuclear energy from radioactive substance, thermal energy stored in earth’s
interior, and potential energy due to earth’s gravity.

• Primary energy can be used directly or converted to another form of energy.

Primary energy sources are usually converted in industrial utilities into secondary energy
sources.
converted to
• Example: coal, oil or gas steam and electricity.

16
Classification of Energy: Renewable and Non-renewable Energy
Renewable energy is obtained from sources that
are essentially inexhaustible.
• Energy from sources that are naturally
replenishing but flow-limited; renewable
resources are virtually inexhaustible in duration
but limited in the amount of energy that is
available per unit of time (US Energy Information
Administration)
• Examples: wind power, solar power, geothermal,
tidal power and hydropower, as well as carbon-
neutral technologies such as biomass
• Most important feature: Renewable energy can
be harnessed without the release of harmful
pollutants.

Non-renewable energy is the conventional fossil

fuels such as coal, oil and gas.
• These are likely to deplete with time.
Source: Environmental Science, W.H. Freeman and Company
17
Classification of Energy: Conventional and Non-conventional Energy
Conventional Energy: resources which are being traditionally used for many decades and were
in common use around oil crisis of 1973 are called conventional energy resources,
Examples: fossil fuel, nuclear and hydro resources.

Non-conventional Energy: resources which are considered for large-scale use after oil crisis of
1973, are called non-conventional energy resources,
Examples: solar, wind, biomass, etc.

18
Energy Conversion Stages
Primary Energy: Original energy, not yet processed
Examples: crude oil, coal, uranium, solar radiation, wind

Secondary Energy: Derived form of energy.

Examples: electricity, hot water or steam

Final Energy: Energy in the form that reaches the end user
Examples: gas, fuel oil, petrol, electricity, hot water or steam

Effective/Useful Energy: Energy in the form used by the end user.

Examples: light, heat, driving force of machines and vehicles

19
Energy Sources & Conversion Process

20
 Electricity Generation by Fuel

Sources
IEA, Electricity Information, 2020.
Notes: Electricity generation excludes electricity generation from pumped storage. Non-hydro renewables and waste includes geothermal, solar, wind, tide/wave/ocean, biofuels, waste, heat and other. Peat
and oil shale are aggregated with coal.
 Electricity Generation by Fuel Sources

Sources
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2022.
https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html.
 Electricity Generation by Sources & Producers
Coal TWh Oil TWh Natural Gas TWh
No. Country TWh % of world
China 4,918 Saudi Arabia 133 US 1,738
India 1,125 Iran 82 Russian Federation 486
1 China 8,537 31.8%
US 844 Japan 42 Japan 354
Japan 299 Mexico 34 China 247 United
South Korea 209 Egypt 26 Iran 220 2 4,381 16.3%
States
South Africa 202 US 19 Saudi Arabia 207
Indonesia 181 China 11 Mexico 183 3 India 1,669 6.2%
Russian Federation 152 Russian Federation 11 South Korea 153
Australia 143 Spain 11 Egypt 150 4 Russia 1,157 4.3%
Germany 135 Italy 10 Italy 136
World Total 9,421 World Total 758 World Total 6,268 5 Japan 1,030 3.8%

Renewable TWh Hydro TWh Nuclear TWh 6 Brazil 680 2.5%

China 863 China 1,322 US 831
US 552 Brazil 397 China 366 7 Canada 633 2.4%
Germany 232 Canada 385 France 361
India 151 US 289 Russian Federation 216 South
8 595 2.2%
United Kingdom 128 Russian Federation 212 South Korea 160 Korea
Japan 126 India 164 Canada 98 9 Germany 584 2.2%
Brazil 120 Turkey 78 Ukraine 76
Spain 81 Japan 78 Germany 64 10 France 555 2.1%
Italy 70 Vietnam 69 Spain 58
Canada 51 Italy 47 United Kingdom 50 Saudi
11 403 1.5%
World Total 3,147 World Total 4,297 World Total 2,700 Arabia

Sources: BP Statistical Review of World Energy July 2021.

Renewable electricity net capacity additions

Sources: IEA, World Energy Balances, 2021. IEA, Electricity Information, 2021.
 World electricity generation by fuel, 1971-2019

Renewables

Sources: IEA, World Energy Balances, 2021. IEA, Electricity Information, 2021. Renewables includes geothermal, solar, wind, tide/wave/ocean, biofuels, and waste
Electricity generation by source, Saudi Arabia 1990-2018

Sources: IEA, Electricity Information, 2020.

Electricity generation from renewables, Saudi Arabia 1990-2018

Sources: IEA, Electricity Information, 2020.

Homework
Assigned reading:

http://www.pveducation.org/
sections 2.1-2.4