CHAPTER II

Related literature
Canarium ovatum belongs to the family Burseraceae. This family
consists of 16 genera and about 550 species in the tropical regions both
hemispheres (Leenhouts 1956). In the Philippines, the family is represented by
five genera, namely Canarium, Dacroydes, Garuga, Protium and Santiria. The
genus Canarium (derived from the Malay name ‘kanari’, the local name for one
of the species), contains about 75 species
The edible nut of any Canarium tree (family Burseraceae), particularly
the edible nut of the Philippine tree Canarium Ovatum taste like almond. The
Canarium Ovatum nut is a major source of fat and protein in the South Pacific
diet. The densely foliated tropical tree can reach a height of 20 meters (65 feet)
and produces up to 32 kilograms (70 pounds) of nuts per year. The fruit
measures 6-7 centimeters (2 1/4-3 inches) in length and has a hard, thick-
shelled triangular nut surrounded by a small amount of pulp. When cooked,
the pulp is edible, but the main food source is the roasted nut, which looks
and tastes like an almond. Uncooked nuts are used as a laxative. By dipping
the nut in hot water, the shell is removed. The nuts of Canarium Ovatum have
a high fat content and are easily digestible. The sweet oil is used in
confectionaries. Canarium Ovatum nuts, both roasted and powdered are
sometimes used to extend the life of chocolate. ("Pili nut", 2015).

The trees has spread across the provinces of Catanduanes, Masbate, and
Southern Quezon (Stuart, 2019). The Philippines is the only country capable of
producing and processing pili-based foods and by products, with Bicol
accounting for 80% of total output. The pili nut and its derivatives have
steadily grown around the global market. (Pham and Dumandan, 2015).
Traditionally pili nuts are used as oriental desserts like "bibingka," a Christmas
cake, and mooncake, which is made during the moon festival in the middle of
autumn. It has been used to treat human skin diseases like scabies. It is also
employed in the deworming of livestock. The main ingredient in the moon
cakes is the Canarium Ovatum nut (Pili nut), which is a very important and is
the traditional symbol of Chinese around the world, for nearly 2 billion. The
amino acids in the Canarium Ovatum help with healthy blood sugar levels,
muscle tissue development, hormone production, energy regulation, healthy
bones and skin, nerve-cell health, detoxification, and brain balance.
Magnesium promotes healthy nerves in the liver, bones, and muscles. In
addition to healthier skin, omega fatty acids support immune functions and aid
in disease prevention, including cardiovascular diseases, by preventing
cholesterol from forming plaque. The Canarium Ovatum nut contains 302 mg
of magnesium per 100gm, which had more magnesium than any other nut.
Although its composition is similar to olive oil, the nut contains more beta
carotene, making it more nutritious. It also has a purgative effect, which helps
people who are detoxifying. Latex can also be obtained from the tree bark of
Canarium Ovatum nuts. (Martinez, 2013).
Canarium Ovatum nuts have the following health benefits when produced
organically and processed using the most recent healthy methods:
a. A good source of heart-healthy omega-3 fatty acids, which play an important
role in brain function and may help prevent cardiovascular disease.
b. All 8 essential amino acids (externally sourced protein) have been found to
support healthy blood sugar levels, muscle tissue development, hormone
production, energy regulation, healthy bones and skin, brain balance, liver
detoxification, and nerve cell health.
c. There are many bio-available minerals in this nut, including the highest
magnesium content of any nut. Magnesium promotes healthy nerves, muscles,
and bones.
d. It contains more vitamin E than any other nut. Because of its antioxidant
properties, Vitamin E promotes healthy skin, immune function, and protection
against a variety of diseases. Vitamin E also protects against cholesterol plaque
formation, which aids in the prevention of cardiovascular and thrombotic
diseases.
According to the DTI-Bicol, the only known commercially important fruit oils in
the world market today are olive and palm oils, but the pili kernel is another oil
source with a large market potential for use in the manufacture of soaps,
pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Pili is explored and used in services such as
facials, body scrubs, and body wraps at Nurture Spa. The one-hour "El Ray
Malumoy Facial" is a natural relaxing facial of honey, pili, and yogurt capped
with a soothing mask of cucumber aloe vera and an acupressure facial
massage. Brillantes-Turvill describes it as ideal for softening and moisturizing
sun-burned and wind-hissed skin. Another spa treatment is the one-hour
Daraga Pili Polish, which includes an exfoliating pili scrub that removes dead
skin followed by a mini massage with rich moisturizing aloe vera and coco-
butter base. The Magayon Coco Pili Body Cocoon, a one-hour nourishing wrap
made with freshly squeezed virgin coconut milk and mashed Canarium
Ovatum bursting with vitamins and minerals, has also been introduced.
Canarium Ovatum has a high export potential due to its importance in the spa
industry. Canarium Ovatum is in high demand, but supply is scarce. This is
due to some post-production operation and processing limitations. In this
regard, the presence of Bicol Pili Board, Inc. in the region acts as a bridge
connecting various key commodity players to ensure the industry's long-term
viability. This is supported by the existence of organized pili growers' and pili
processors' associations, which can be tapped to produce and supply
Canarium Ovatum in fresh, semi-processed, or processed form. With the
combined efforts of the private sectors and the government, state-of-the-art
processing equipment such as depulping machines, shellers, and oil extractors,
as well as the establishment of collection and processing centers in major
producing areas, were realized. We already know that Canarium Ovatum can
be further processed into a variety of well-known confectioneries, baked goods,
and other delicacies. On the other hand, its promising future in the spa
industry is still relatively "new," which bodes well for Canarium Ovatum
growers and processors.
According to gardeners, the stony outer shells of the pili nut can be used as
fuel or as growing material for some orchids. That means that all the fruit has
some value, even if it is not being used to its full potential now, which may or
may not be good for the preservation of the pili nut tree.

Related studies
Rapeseed Oil Properties for Use as a Diesel Fuel Extender. Based on their
findings, the researchers concluded that semi-refined Rapeseed Oil (SRO) fuel
is a low-sulfur, high-oxygen fuel with a better emissions profile than pure
diesel fuel. Pili (Canarium Ovatum Engl.) Genetic Characterization Using
Isozyme Analysis from Albay, Camarines Norte, and Camarines Sur.
Furthermore, plant extract-mediated reduction of silver salts to AgNPs
provides stability capping. Furthermore, AgNPs synthesized from plant extract
have been reported to lack aggregate formation ability and tend to remain
dispersed even when aggregation is forced by any agent. Numerous studies
have looked into plant extracts for AgNP biosynthesis, including Cinnamon
zeylancum bark, Coleus amboinicus Lour, Medicago sativa, Panax ginseng,
Weissella oryza, Citrus sinensis peel, and Terminalia arjuna.
In this paper, a very gentle and effective technique for the biosynthesis of
AgNPs using C is described. extracts from Ovatum leaves. Here, several
variables that are crucial for the synthesis of AgNPs were optimized. The
findings suggested that when 1.5 mM AgNO3 was reduced with a 1:20 ratio of
extract to AgNO3 for 40 min at 25°C, an effective synthesis of CO-AgNPs
occurred. Against P. aeruginosa, these nanoparticles also demonstrated strong
antibacterial activity. AgNPs were found to have strong antibacterial activity.
This work indicates that AgNPs made with C were synthesized. Antibacterial
agents can be made from Canarium Ovatum leaf extract.

Theoretical Framework
Canarium Ovatum provides a wide range of advantages, according to the study
of the researchers. It can be utilized in daily life as an antibacterial agent and
to power automobiles. Canarium Ovatum was used as a fuel extender because
its essential oils and hydrosols were extracted, evaluated using gas
chromatography, and then distilled. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus
aureus were used as test organisms for the antibacterial activity of oils and
hydrosols, which both demonstrated MIC90s of less than 5 and 0.5 mg/mL of
total volatiles, respectively.

Conceptual paradigm

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

•How do we adress the -Making the Canaruim Canarium Ovatum as a

problem in the non-stop Ovatum (pili) into fuel fuel extender could
oil price hike? extender possibly adress the non-
 •What is the difference -Preparing the stop increase of the oil
of the Canaruim Canaruim Ovatum(pili) price in the country.
Ovatum as an as an alternative fuel
Canarium ovatum as an
alternative fuel extender extender
alternative fuel extender
to the commercial ones?
is an environmental
What is it's benefits?
friendly fuel extender,
•How long will this -Testing the using this fuel extender
product last? effectiveness and in vehicles lessens the
efficiency of the emmission of carbon
Canaruim Ovatum (pili) dioxide.
fuel extender in terms of
time on how long will it
last? And the quality of
the product