Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 41 views

    Lec2 PDF

    Uploaded by

    Arwa Farid
    This document discusses different methods for organizing fields and records in files. It describes: 1) Four methods for organizing fields: using fixed-length fields, including a length indicator, delimiters, or keyword-value pairs. 2) Five methods for organizing records: with fixed-length records, a fixed number of fields, including a length indicator, delimiters, or an index to track records. 3) Examples of C++ code for basic file operations like opening, reading, writing, seeking, and closing files.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Lec2 PDF

    Uploaded by

    Arwa Farid
    41 views38 pages
    This document discusses different methods for organizing fields and records in files. It describes: 1) Four methods for organizing fields: using fixed-length fields, including a length indicator, delimiters, or keyword-value pairs. 2) Five methods for organizing records: with fixed-length records, a fixed number of fields, including a length indicator, delimiters, or an index to track records. 3) Examples of C++ code for basic file operations like opening, reading, writing, seeking, and closing files.

    Original Title

    lec2.pdf

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document discusses different methods for organizing fields and records in files. It describes: 1) Four methods for organizing fields: using fixed-length fields, including a length indicator, delimiters, or keyword-value pairs. 2) Five methods for organizing records: with fixed-length records, a fixed number of fields, including a length indicator, delimiters, or an index to track records. 3) Examples of C++ code for basic file operations like opening, reading, writing, seeking, and closing files.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    41 views38 pages

    Lec2 PDF

    Uploaded by

    Arwa Farid
    This document discusses different methods for organizing fields and records in files. It describes: 1) Four methods for organizing fields: using fixed-length fields, including a length indicator, delimiters, or keyword-value pairs. 2) Five methods for organizing records: with fixed-length records, a fixed number of fields, including a length indicator, delimiters, or an index to track records. 3) Examples of C++ code for basic file operations like opening, reading, writing, seeking, and closing files.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 38

    File Structure

    CS 316

    Methods of field/record
    organization
    Chapter 4
    LEC2

    Reham Adel

    1
    Contents

    ► Methods of field organization

    ► Methods of record organization

    ► CPP code examples


    File types
    A file can be treated as
    ◦ a stream of bytes , ex: image file , sound
    files
    ◦ a collection of records with fields ..
    Sequential access vs Direct Access
    Sequential Search
    – Look at records sequentially until matching
    record is found.
    – Time is in O(n) for n records.
    – Appropriate for Pattern matching, file with few
    records
    Direct Access
    – Being able to seek directly to the beginning of the
    record.
    – Time is in O(1) for n records.
    – Possible when we know the Relative Record
    Number (RRN):
    – First record has RRN 0, the next has RRN 1, etc.
    Direct access using RRN
    Requires records of fixed length.
    – RRN=30 (31st record)
    – Record length = 101 bytes
    – Byte offset = 30 × 101 = 3030

    ►Now, how to go directly to the byte


    3030 in the file
    – By seeking  f.seekg(3030, ios::beg)
    Methods of field organization
     Field: a data value, smallest unit of data with logical
    meaning

    ► Record: A group of fields that forms a logical unit

    ►Key: a subset of the fields in a record used to


    uniquely identify the record
    Field
    key Record
    87358CARROLL ALICE IN WONDERLAND
    03818FOLK FILE STRUCTURES Each line of the file
    is a record.
    79733KNUTH THE ART OF COMPUTER
    ►Fields in each
    record:
    PROGRAMMING – ISBN Number,
    86683KNUTH SURREAL NUMBERS– Author Name,
    – Book Title
    18395TOLKIEN THE HOBITT
    Method of field organization
    1. Fixed length
    2. Begin each field with its Length
    indicator
    3. Delimiters to separate fields
    4. “keyword=value” identifies each field
    and its content
    Methods of field organization
    1- Fixed length fields
     Like in our file of books (field lengths are 5,7, and 25

     87358CARROLL ALICE IN WONDERLAND----


     03818FOLK - - - FILE STRUCTURES--------------
     86683KNUTH- - SURREAL NUMBERS------------
     18395TOLKIEN THE HOBITT------------------------
    Methods of field organization
    2-Length indicator
    Filed
    length Record
     058735807CARROLL19ALICE IN
    WONDERLAND
     050381804FOLK15FILE STRUCTURES
     058668305KNUTH15SURREAL
    NUMBERS
     051839507TOLKIEN10THE HOBITT
    Methods of field organization
    3-using delimiters
     Add delimiter at the end of each
    field

     87358|CARROLL|ALICE IN
    WONDERLAND|
     03818|FOLK|FILE STRUCTURES|
     86683|KNUTH|SURREAL
    NUMBERS|
     18395|TOLKIEN|THE HOBITT|
    Methods of field organization
    4-using (key=value)

     ISBN=87358|AU=CARROLL|TI=ALICE
    IN WONDERLAND|
     ISBN=03818|AU=FOLK|TI=FILE
    STRUCTURES|
     ISBN=86683|AU=KNUTH|TI=SURREA
    L NUMBERS|
     ISBN=18395|AU=TOLKIEN|TI=THE
    HOBITT|
    Field structures: advantages and
    disadvantages
    Type Advantages Disadvantages

    Fixed Easy to Waste space with


    Read/Store padding

    Width length Easy to jump Long fields require


    indicator ahead to more
    the end of the than 1 byte to store
    field length
    (Max is 255)
    Field structures: advantages and
    disadvantages
    Type Advantages Disadvanta
    ges
    Delimited Fields May waste less Have to check
    space every byte
    than with length- of field against
    based the
    delimiter
    Keyword Fields are self Waste space with
    describing allows keywords
    for
    missing fields
    Methods of record organization
    Fixed
    Record Organization length
    record
    1. Fixed length record
    2. Records with fixed number of fields
    3. Begin record field with its Length
    indicator
    4. Using Delimiters to separate records
    5. Use an index to keep records addresses
    Variable
    length record
    Record Organization
    1-Fixed length record
     Internal organization using
    ◦ Fixed length field

    ◦ Delimited fields

    ◦ Using length indicator

    ◦ Note:
    ◦ Deleting any record will create an empty block which may occur
    waste of memory space.
    Record Organization
    1-Fixed length record
    • So to overcome this problem we must fill this block with
    records of the file, or we must have way of marking
    deleted records so that it can be ignored.
    Record Organization
    1-Fixed length record
    Record Organization
    2-Fixed number of fields
     Internal organization may be
    ◦ Delimited fields

    ◦ Using length indicator


    Record Organization
    3-Begin record with its Length
    indicator
     Internal organization may be
    ◦ Delimited fields

    ◦ Using length indicator

    33
    Record Organization
    4- Using Delimiters to separate
    records

    • The common delimiter in the end of line,


    as it make the file readable

    *any other character can be used as a delimiter.


    Record Organization
    5-using index to keep track of
    records.

    Keys are
    sorted
    Fixed length vs. variable length
    records
    CPP code examples
    Simple file
    Output to File test.txt
    ----------------------------------------------------
    ---- This is how the
    file will look
    Jones
    like
    Smith
    Willis
    Davis
    Int eof();
    -It returns non-zero when the end of file is
    reached otherwise, it returns zero.
    Opening files

    Openin
    (modes
    Closing file
    Closing file (Cont.)
    File seek operation
     A fstream has 2 file pointers:
    ◦ get pointer (for input)
    ◦ put pointer (for output)
     file1.seekg ( byte_offset, origin); //moves
    get pointer
     file1.seekp ( byte_offset, origin); //moves
    put pointer
    ios::beg (beginning of
    file)
    origin can be ios::cur (current
    position)
    ios::end (end of file)
    File seek operation
    How it Affects the
    Statement
    Read/Write Position
    Sets the write position to the 33rd byte (byte 32) from the
    File.seekp(32L, ios::beg);
    beginning of the file.
    Sets the write position to the 11th byte (byte 10) from the end
    file.seekp(-10L, ios::end);
    of the file.
    Sets the write position to the 121st byte (byte 120) from the
    file.seekp(120L, ios::cur);
    current position.
    Sets the read position to the 3rd byte (byte 2) from the
    file.seekg(2L, ios::beg);
    beginning of the file.
    Sets the read position to the 101st byte (byte 100) from the end
    file.seekg(-100L, ios::end);
    of the file.
    Sets the read position to the 41st byte (byte 40) from the
    file.seekg(40L, ios::cur);
    current position.
    file.seekg(0L, ios::end); Sets the read position to the end of the file.
    Example
    #include <iostream.h>
    #include <fstream.h>
    void main(void)
    { File contents:
    fstream file(“d:\\letters.txt",
    ios::in); abcdefghijk
    char ch; f
    file.seekg(5L, ios::beg);
    file.get(ch);
    cout << "Byte 5 from beginning: " <<
    ch << endl; g
    file.seekg(-5L, ios::end);
    file.get(ch);
    cout << "Byte 10 from end: " << ch k
    << endl;

    file.seekg(3L, ios::cur);
    file.get(ch);
    cout << "Byte 3 from current: " <<
    ch << endl;
    The tellp and tellg Member
    Functions
     tellp returns a long integer that is the
    current byte number of the file’s write
    position.

     tellg returns a long integer that is the


    current byte number of the file’s read
    position.
    Example1
    write a C++ program, with no loops, to copy the
    contents of the file d:\\source.txt to the file d:\\destination.txt,
    assume that destination file is empty, don’t use any loops.
    int main ()
    {
    ifstream infile ("source.txt",ios::binary);
    ofstream outfile
    ("destination.txt",ios::binary);
    infile.seekg (0,infile.end);
    long size = infile.tellg();

    infile.seekg (0);//by default seeks from


    beginning
    char* buffer = new char[size];
    infile.read (buffer,size);
    outfile.write (buffer,size);

    delete[] buffer; outfile.close();


    Cin vs. cin.get() vs. cin.getline()
    #include <iostream>
    using namespace std; Output
    int main() --------------------
    {
    char ch;
    Enter a number: 100
    int number; 100
    Enter a character: A
    cout << "Enter a number: "; A
    cin >> number;
    cout << number;
    Thank You!
    cin.ignore(); // Skip the newline
    character
    cout << “\nEnter a character: ";
    ch = cin.get();
    cout << ch;

    cout << “\nThank You!\n";


    system("pause");
    return 0;
    }
    getline Example cont.

    cin.clear(); //clear the eof flag setted by ctrl+Z

    char data[100];
    cin.getline(data,100, '#');
    cout<<data; will continue
    reading till
    find ‘#’, or
    reach 100
    } char, \n will
    be read as a
    regular char.

    You might also like