S - 8 - CH 16 - Ho 16.3 - Light

SUBJECT: SCIENCE
CLASS VIII
SESSION 2021-22
CH 16: LIGHT
HANDOUT – 16.3
General Instructions:
• The questions given herewith are for self-practice and are to be done in school notebook.
Recapitulation:
Discussion
At the end of the handout, you will be able to
Elaborate on defects of eyes.
Methodology:
Flipped classroom
SUBTOPIC: Internal Structure of Eye
• The human eye is a light-sensitive organ, which enables us to see the beautiful world around us.
• The eyes absorb the light rays and form a visual image and transform this information of the image to the
brain.
• The eye has a spherical structure which is called the eyeballs. The eyeballs are attached in the eye socket
and various muscles are connected to them called the eye muscles. These are muscles allow the movement
of the eyeballs.
• The eyes are protected with eyelids. The eyelids act as the shutters of the eyes and protect them from
shocks, injuries bright light and save the eyes from any outer objects.
Let’s find how our eyes enables us to see things.
The parts of the human eye & their working
Cornea –
• It is a transparent covering present on the outer side of the
eyes. It consists of 6 layers.
• Lacrimal glands covers cornea, It secretes tear fluid to wash
away the dust particles etc. out of the eyes.
Iris
• It is a dark coloured muscular structure in the center of the
cornea.
• The Iris gives the eye its distinctive colours like grey, blue,
black, green, brown etc.
• The iris has a hole at its center which is called pupil. Pupil
appears like a dark spot in the center of iris because no light is
reflected from it.
• Iris controls the amount of light entering the eye by adjusting
the size of the pupil with the help of the muscles.
• The adjustment of the size of pupil takes time.
Lens –
• The eye lens is located behind the Pupil.
• The eye-lens is a convex lens made of a transparent, flexible,
living cells which allows light to converge through them and this
helps in the formation of a real and inverted image in the eye.
GURUKUL THE SCHOOL, GHAZIABAD 1

• A thin eye-lens has less converging power whereas a thick
eye-lens has greater converging power on the rays of light Flow of Light Inside the Eyes
coming from an object.
Ciliary muscles- Light enters
• The eye-lens is held in position by ciliary muscles whose Cornea
one side is attached to the eye-lens and the other side is
Iris
attached to the eye-ball.
• When the eye is looking at a distant object, the ciliary Pupil
muscles are relaxed due to which the eye-lens is thin (or less Lens controlled by cilliary muscles
convex). The thin eye-lens has smaller converging power
which is sufficient to converge the parallel rays of light Light falls on Retina
coming from a distant object to form its image on the retina. Activation of sensory cells (rods & cones)
• When the same eye is looking at a nearby object, the ciliary
muscles get stretched due to which the eye-lens becomes Formation of image on retina
thick (or more convex). The thick eye-lens has greater Electrical impulse generated
converging power which is required to converge the
Optic nerve sends impulse to brain
diverging rays of light coming from a nearby object to form
its image on the retina.
Retina-
• The retina is behind the eye-lens, at the back part of the eye.
• The eye-lens focusses the image of an object on the retina. The retina is a screen on which the image is
formed.
• The retina has a large number of light sensitive cells to generate electrical signals.
• There are two types of vision cells in the retina are:
Rods - They get activated in darkness or dim-light and the responsible for dark vision.
Cones - They react to bright light hence responsible for light vision and they can sense colour of an
object.
Optic nerve-
• The retina is attached to optic nerve. The optic nerve carries the image formed on retina to the brain in the
form of electrical signals and we are able to see the object. The image of the object formed is inverted.
Aqueous humour- The space between cornea and eye-lens is filled with a viscous liquid called aqueous humour.
Vitreous humour- The space between eye-lens and retina is filled with another liquid called vitreous humour.
Blind spot - There is a point in the eye located at the junction of the retina and the optic nerve where no sensory
cells are present. This spot is therefore called the blind spot as it does not support any vision.
Read Activity 16.9 given in NCERT Pg. No. 206 related to blind spot.
Persistence of Image on the Retina

• The image that is formed on the retina persists for 1/16th of a second.
• Therefore, if one tries to move 16 still images per second of a moving object in front of our eye it appears
as if the object is moving. This is how animation films and movies work. They are a collection of separate
pictures which are moved in a sequence.
• However, this movement is so fast, around 24 pictures in a second, that it appears as if they are moving.
Range of Vision of a Normal Human Eye

• The farthest point from the eye at which an object can be seen clearly is known as the “far point” of the
eye. The far point of a normal human eye is at infinity.

• The nearest point up to which the eye can see an object clearly without any Strain, is called the “near point”
of the eye. The near point of a normal human eye is at a distance of 25 centimeters from the eye. It is also
known by another name as the least distance of distinct vision.
Defects of Eyes
• Sometimes with old age, the lens of the
eye can become cloudy or foggy as the
proteins gets collected. This condition
is called cataract with results in loss of
vision.
• However, this defect can be rectified by
removing the old lens from the eye and
inserting an artificial lens at that place
The Braille system

• Braille is a tactual aid for visually challenged people that allow them to read and write. It was developed by
a visually challenged person called Louis Braille.
• In the Braille code, there are 63 Dots or 63 Characters.
• These are arranged in a cell of two vertical rows having three dots each.
• The patterns are embossed on a Braille Sheet that allows a person to read by touching the pattern. Each
character in the Braille system can represent: a letter, a combination of letters or a word a grammatical sign.
How to take care of the eyes?

• One should go for a regular eye check-up.
• Wear spectacles if the eyesight is found weak.
• Always study or watch TV in a sufficient light. Excess or insufficient light both can lead to problems.
Insufficient light can cause strain and leads to a headache.
• Do not look at the sharp source of light like the sun directly. Excess of light can damage the eyes.
• If dust enters into the eye one should not rub them and rather wash them straightway.
• Maintain a normal distance while reading or watching TV. Keep at least 5 times the distance from the
screen as the screen is wide. For example, if your television is 32 inches wide, the optimal viewing distance
is 160 inches or about 13 feet.
• Take a balanced diet to ensure that you get the right nutrients.
NOTEBOOK WORK:
A. Answer the following questions in 30-50 words:

8. What are the roles of ciliary muscles in the eyes?
9. People find difficulty in seeing when they move from dark to enlighten room. Give reason for the same.
B. Answer the following questions in 50-80 words:
10. Elaborate on any three defects of eyes and also mention how can they be corrected?
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SUBJECT: SCIENCE

GURUKUL THE SCHOOL, GHAZIABAD 1

Persistence of Image on the Retina

Range of Vision of a Normal Human Eye

GURUKUL THE SCHOOL, GHAZIABAD 2

The Braille system

How to take care of the eyes?

A. Answer the following questions in 30-50 words:

GURUKUL THE SCHOOL, GHAZIABAD 3

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