01 Traffic Engineering - Traffic Parameters PDF
01 Traffic Engineering - Traffic Parameters PDF
01 Traffic Engineering - Traffic Parameters PDF
VOLUME AND RATE OF FLOW
2. TRAFFIC FLOW – SUB‐HOURLY VOLUMES
This represents a flow that exists for a period of less than one hour, but expressed as the hourly flow
(i.e. expressed in the units of veh/h)
Volume varies considerably over the 24 hours of the day having periods of maximum flow, which tend to
occur during the morning and evening rush hours
Daily volumes therefore are not appropriate for the purposes of design or operational analysis
The hour of the day that has the highest hourly volume is called the PEAK HOUR
Traffic volume within this hour is of greatest interest to traffic engineers for use in design and operational
analysis
The peak‐hour volume is generally stated as a directional volume
(i.e. each direction of flow is counted separately)
15
14
13
MORNING PEAK HOUR
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 HOUR OF THE DAY
Most operational analysis must address conditions existing during periods of peak traffic volume
Peak‐hour volumes can sometimes be estimated by projecting the AADT
The projected volume is referred to as the Directional Design Hour Volume (DDHV), calculated from;
DDHV = AADT x K x D
where:
K – proportion of daily traffic occurring during the peak hour
D – proportion of peak hour traffic traveling in the peak direction of flow
D factors are more variable than K and are influenced by two main factors
Development density
Type of route (radial routes or circumferential routes)
These factors are used for several transportation analyses:
Functional classification of roads
Design of geometric characteristics of highways (e.g. decision on the number of lanes)
Capacity analysis
Development of programmes related to traffic operations
Development of parking regulations
However, the variation of traffic within a given hour is also of considerable interest in traffic engineering
These variations or fluctuations reflect the quality of the flow along the road
That is to say, the quality of traffic flow is often related to short‐ term fluctuations in the traffic demand
A facility may have sufficient capacity to serve the peak‐hour demand, but short‐term peaks of flow within the
hour may exceed capacity and create a breakdown
The volume of traffic, which is observed for a period of less than one hour are generally expressed as
equivalent hourly rates of flow (q)
Number of vehicles during observation
Flow Rate = q = (in veh/h)
Observation time
In recent years, however, the use of five‐minute rates of flow has increased, and there is some thought that
these might be sufficiently stable for use in design and analysis
TFE611S TRAFFIC ENGINEERING TOMEKA C. L. T. G.
SUB‐HOURLY VOLUMES AND FLOW RATES
2 200 The 5 min Flow Rates
Flow Rate (veh/h)
2 000
FOR EACH 15 MINUTES
1800 FIRST 5 MINS
SECOND 5 MINS
1 600 THIRD 5 MINS
1 400
1 200
1 000
800
. . .
0
07:00 07:15 07:30 07:45 08:00 08:15 08:30 08:45 09:00 . . . Time Period
TFE611S TRAFFIC ENGINEERING TOMEKA C. L. T. G.
SUB‐HOURLY VOLUMES AND FLOW RATES
2 200
Flow Rate (veh/h)
2 000
1800
1 600
1 400
The 15 min Flow Rates
1 200
1 000
800
. . .
0
07:00 07:15 07:30 07:45 08:00 08:15 08:30 08:45 09:00 . . . Time Period
TFE611S TRAFFIC ENGINEERING TOMEKA C. L. T. G.
SUB‐HOURLY VOLUMES AND FLOW RATES
2 200
Flow Rate (veh/h)
2 000
1800
1 600
1 400
The 15 min Flow Rates
1 200
Peak Hourly Rate
(Based on 15 min Time Intervals)
1 000
800
. . .
0
07:00 07:15 07:30 07:45 08:00 08:15 08:30 08:45 09:00 . . . Time Period
TFE611S TRAFFIC ENGINEERING TOMEKA C. L. T. G.
THE PEAK HOUR FACTOR – PHF
This is a factor used to define the relationship between the hourly volume and the maximum rate of flow within
the hour
That is: It is the ratio of the volume occurring during the peak hour to a maximum rate of flow during a given
time period within the peak hour
Hourly Volume HV
PHF = =
Maximum Rate of Flow VMax
For standard 15‐minute analysis period, this becomes;
Hourly Volume HV
PHF = =
4 x Maximum 15 min volume within the hour 4 x V15,max
VOLUME RATE OF FLOW
TIME INTERVAL For the Time Interval For the Time Interval
(veh) (veh/h)
17:00 – 17:15 950 950 x 4 = 3 800
17:15 – 17:30 1 150 1 150 x 4 = 4 600
17:30 – 17:45 1 250 1 250 x 4 = 5 000
17:45 – 18:00 1 000 1 000 x 4 = 4 000
17:00 – 18:00 4 350
4 350
Hourly Volume between 17:00 and 18:00 Capacity = = 1 088
4
EXAMPLE: Calculate the value of PHF for the given data;
Hourly Volume HV = 4 350 veh Maximum 15 min Volume V15 = 1250 veh
HV NOTE: 0.25 PHF 1.00,
PHF = Normal range lies between 0.70 and 0.98
4 x V15
Lower PHF indicates a greater degree of
variation in flow during the peak‐hour
4 350
PHF = = 0.87 PHF ≈ 0.70 for rural roadways
4 x 1 250 PHF ≈ 0.98 in dense urban roadways
TFE611S TRAFFIC ENGINEERING TOMEKA C. L. T. G.
TRAFFIC DENSITY
Density (k) is defined as the number of vehicles (n) that occupies a given length (d) of a lane or a roadway
at a given time
n IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGIES
k =
d 1. TRAFFIC DENSITY
It is measured in the number of vehicles per unit length (veh/km) 2. CONCENTRATION
It is also referred to as CONCENTRATION. 3. OCCUPANCY
Density is a direct indication of the traffic demand on a facility
It indicates the closeness of the vehicles on the road, which has an influence on both;
The freedom for the drivers to manoeuvre, and
The psychological comfort of the drivers
For this reason, density is an important measure of the quality of traffic flow
Higher densities indicate individual vehicles are closer to each other
When density is highest (maximum) on a facility, vehicles remain at standstill (i.e. traffic speed is reduced to 0)
TFE611S TRAFFIC ENGINEERING TOMEKA C. L. T. G.
This maximum traffic density is referred to as JAM density (the traffic stream comes under jam conditions)
At jam density, traffic flow approaches zero
Density is a parameter that is difficult to measure directly, and hence it is either
Calculated from other measurements (speed and flow), or
Estimated
An alternative measure for the density is defined as the OCCUPANCY, which can be measured directly using
traffic detectors
This measure is used to indicate and (also) calculate the traffic density
Occupancy is the percent (or proportion or fraction) of the time that a traffic detector is covered (or occupied)
by vehicles in a given (or defined) time period
It can be defined (and used) in two slightly different ways;
As an apparent occupancy
As an actual occupancy
TFE611S TRAFFIC ENGINEERING TOMEKA C. L. T. G.
ANALYSIS OF OCCUPANCY LE
L vi Ld
n
A Ld B Lv
T ui Detection Zone
O o i1
Direction of Travel
T T Detector
n n
1 L vi 1 Ld n 1 1 1 1
But since q Then
T i1
ui T i1
ui T h T n h
1 1 L vi L d
n n 1 1
1 You will note later is a reciprocal of speed us
n
i=1
ui
h n i1
ui T i1
ui To simplify calculations, assume a uniform vehicle length, L
1 1
q 1
n
n 1
q L L d L L d q
us T n i1
ui us us
O qck
k L k L d k L L d ckk k us
L L d
And From which
O
TFE611S TRAFFIC ENGINEERING TOMEKA C. L. T. G.
SUMMARISING THE TWO PARAMETERS
TRAFFIC FLOW TRAFFIC DENSITY
Measured as number of vehicles per hour (veh/h) Measured as number of vehicles per km (veh/km)
Can be measured with a point detector Can be measured with an aerial photo
Different units can be used but for the purposes of traffic analysis km/h is used
In a traffic stream each vehicle travels at a different speed, v
To describe the traffic stream, average speed is used, which can be expressed in two ways;
Time Mean Speed ‐ TMS
Space Mean Speed ‐ SMS
It is an arithmetic mean of instantaneous vehicle speeds at a given point (spot) on a roadway section
passing for a given time period
TFE611S TRAFFIC ENGINEERING TOMEKA C. L. T. G.
n
1 This calculates the average speed of vehicles that pass at a specific
ut = n ui
i=1
point in space over a specific time period
The mean travel speed (at an instant) of vehicles traversing a roadway segment of a known distance (d)
This speed is difficult to measure, but can be calculated as the harmonic mean of the spot speeds
1
us = n This speed calculates the time necessary for a vehicle to travel a given
1 1 length of roadway segment
n ui
i=1
L L 1L
us = = n = n
t
1 ti 1 1L
n n ui
i=1 i=1
SMS is a more useful average speed for applications in traffic analysis (used in traffic models)
1. A vehicle travelled a total of 10 km at speeds as follows;
40 km/h for the first 5 km
60 km/h for the remaining 5 km
Calculate its average speed over the time spent traveling the 10 km
2. Three vehicles travel a length L at speeds v1 = 20 km/h, v2 = 40 km/h and v3 = 60 km/h.
Calculate their TMS and the SMS
3. A vehicle travelled a distance of 20 km from A to B at 80 km/h. It then travelled from B to A at 40 km/h.
Find the TMS and SMS of the vehicle over the 40 km distance and the time it spent travelling from A to B
To A again.
4. Five vehicles took 1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 0.75 and 1.0 minutes to travel a section of 1 km length
Calculate the average speed of the vehicles over that distance
Calculate the average speed at a point of exit of the section
At Speed 1 t1 = 7.5 min
At Speed 2 t2 = 5.0 min
Total time tT = 12.5 min
L T 10.0km 60min
Average Speed is calculated as 48km/h
t T 12.5min h
7.5 5.0
Weighted Mean Speed is 40 60 48km/h
12.5 12.5
1 1
Space mean Speed is 48km/h
1 1 1 1 1
1
n u1 u2 2 40 60
TFE611S TRAFFIC ENGINEERING TOMEKA C. L. T. G.
HEADWAY AND SPACING ‐ MICROSCOPIC PARAMETERS
Headway is the distance measured between two successive vehicles from a common reference point
(e.g. front bumpers or front wheels)
X
X
nth ith (i‐1)th
hi or si Headway/Spacing
TFE611S TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
X TOMEKA C. L. T. G.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN FLOW, SPEED AND DENSITY
q = u x k
Flow = Speed x Density
n d n
= x
t t d
Example; Given,
Flow, q = 1 200 veh/h
Speed, u = 30 km/h
Then;
q 1 200 veh/h
Density, k = =
u 30 km/h
= 40 veh/km
Time t
X
nth ith (i‐1)th
hi Time Headway
n X
t = hi
i = 1
n n 1 3600
q = = n = and h = sec/veh
t h q
hi
i = 1
SPACE HEADWAY – s
The distance (m) measured between successive vehicles as their reference points (like the front
bumpers) pass a given point along a lane
Distance d
nth ith (i‐1)th
si Space Headway
n
d = si
i = 1
n n 1 1000
k = = n = and s = m/veh
d s k
si
i = 1