INSTITUTO SUPERIOR PEDAGÓGICO PÚBLICO HUARAZ- ISEP

CULTURE AND CIVILIZATION OF THE ANGLOPHONE

COUNTRIES I
IDIOMA EXTRANJERO: INGLÉS PREPARED
BY LIC. MOISÉS TOLEDO

The 1900s
This decade opened the century with some amazing feats like the first
flight by the Wright brothers, Henry Ford's first Model-T, and Einstein's
Theory of Relativity. It also had hardships like the Boxer Rebellion and
the San Francisco Earthquake. The 1900s also saw the introduction of the
first silent movie and teddy bear. Plus, don't miss out in discovering more
about the mysterious explosion in Siberia. Learn more about the this
"humdinger" decade through the 1900-1909

- The Wright brothers, Orville (August 19, 1871 – January 30, 1948)

and Wilbur (April 16, 1867 – May 30, 1912), were two American
brothers, inventors, and aviation pioneers who are credited with
inventing and building the world's first successful airplane. 
- Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947) was an
American industrialist, the founder of the Ford Motor Company, and
sponsor of the development of the assembly line technique of mass
production.
- The Boxer Rebellion, Boxer Uprising or Yihetuan Movement was
an anti-imperialist uprising which took place in Chinatowards the end
of the Qing dynasty between 1899 and 1901.
The 1910s
This decade was unfortunately dominated by the first "total war" -- World
War I. It also saw other huge changes during the Russian Revolution and
the beginning of Prohibition. Tragedy struck when a fire rampaged
through Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, the "unsinkable" Titanic hit an
iceberg and the Spanish flu killed millions around the world. On a more
positive note, people in the 1910s got their first taste of an Oreo cookie
and could fill out their first crossword. Take a "gander" at this decade
through the 1910-1919

The 1920s
The Roaring '20s were a time of speakeasies, short skirts, the Charleston
dance, and jazz music. The 1920s also showed great strides in Women's
Suffrage and archaeology hit the mainstream with the discovery of King
Tut's Tomb. There were an amazing number of cultural firsts in the 1920s,
including the first talking film, Babe Ruth hitting his home-run record, and
the first Mickey Mouse cartoon. Learn more about this "nifty" decade
through the 1920-1929

- The Roaring 20's is an American drama television series that aired

on ABC from October 15, 1960 until January 20, 1962.
- Women's suffrage (also known as woman suffrage or woman's
right to vote) is the right of women to vote and to stand for electoral
office. 
The 1930s
The Great Depression hit the world hard in the 1930s. The Nazis took
advantage of this situation and were able to come to power in Germany,
establish their first concentration camp, and begin a systematic persecution
of Jews in Europe. Other news in the 1930s included the disappearance of
Amelia Earhart, a wild and murderous crime spree by Bonnie and Clyde,
and the imprisonment of Al Capone for income tax evasion. Learn more
about this "snazzy" decade through the 1930-1939 
- The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic
depression in the 1930s. The timing of the Great Depression varied
across nations; however, in most countries it started in 1929 and
lasted until the late 1930s.It was the longest, deepest, and most
widespread depression of the 20th century.
 - Amelia Mary Earhart (/ˈɛərhɑrt/; July 24, 1897 – disappeared July
2, 1937) was an American aviation pioneer and author. Earhart was
the first female aviator to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean.
- Bonnie Elizabeth Parker (October 1, 1910 – May 23, 1934)
and Clyde Chestnut Barrow a.k.a. Clyde Champion Barrow
(March 24, 1909 – May 23, 1934) were American outlaws and
robbers from the Dallas area who traveled the central United States
with their gang during the Great Depression.
- Alphonse Gabriel "Al" Capone (/æl kəˈpoʊn/; January 17, 1899 –
January 25, 1947) was an American gangster who attained fame
during the Prohibition era as the co-founder and boss of the Chicago
Outfit. His seven-year reign as crime boss ended when he was 33
years old.
The 1940s
World War II was already underway by the time the 1940s began and it
was definitely the big event of the first half of the decade. Plus, the Nazis
established death camps in their effort to murder millions of Jews during
the Holocaust. When World War II ended, the Cold War began. The 1940s
also witnessed the assassination of Gandhi and the beginning of
Apartheid. So you should, "you know," learn more about this decade
through the 1940-1949.
- World War II (WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World
War (after the recent Great War), was a global war that lasted from
1939 to 1945, though related conflicts began earlier. It involved the
vast majority of the world's nations—including all of the great
powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances:
the Allies and the Axis.
- The Cold War was a state of political and military tension after
World War II between powers in the Western Bloc (theUnited States,
its NATO allies and others) and powers in the Eastern
Bloc (the Soviet Union and its allies in the Warsaw Pact).
The 1950s
The 1950s are sometimes referred to as the Golden Age. Color TV was
invented; the polio vaccine was discovered; Disneyland opened; and Elvis
gyrated his hips on The Ed Sullivan Show. The Cold War continued as the
Space Race between the United States and the Soviet Union began. The
1950s also saw segregation ruled illegal in the U.S. and the beginning of
the Civil Rights movement. Learn more about this "cool" decade through
the 1950-1959
- The term Golden Age (Greek: Χρυσὸν Γένος Chryson Genos) comes
from Greek mythology and legend and refers to the first in a
sequence of four or five (or more) Ages of Man, in which the Golden
Age is first, followed in sequence, by the Silver,Bronze, Heroic, and
then the present (Iron), which is a period of decline, sometimes
followed by the leaden age.
- Color television is a television transmission technology that includes
information on the color of the picture, so the video image can be
displayed in color on the television screen. It is an improvement on
the earliest television technology. John Logie Baird (August 13, 1888
- June 14, 1946) Scottish engineer and inventor of the world's first
working television system in Hastings, England in 1923. In 1939, he
showed color television using a cathode ray tube in front of which
revolved a disc fitted with color filters.
- The Space Race was a 20th-century (1955–1972) competition
between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and
the United States (US), for supremacy in spaceflight capability.
- The African-American Civil Rights Movement or 1960s Civil
Rights Movement encompasses social movements in the United
States whose goals were to end racial segregation and
discrimination against black Americans and to secure legal
recognition and federal protection of the citizenship rights
enumerated in the Constitution and federal law. 
The 1960s
To many, the 1960s can be summed up as the Vietnam War, hippies,
drugs, protests, and rock and roll. (A common joke goes "If you remember
the sixties, you weren't there.") Although those were important aspects of
this decade, other events occurred as well. For instance, the Berlin Wall
was built, the Soviets launched the first man into space, President John F.
Kennedy was assassinated, the Beatles become popular, Dr. Martin Luther
King Jr. made his "I Have a Dream" speech, and so much more! Learn
more about this "groovy" decade through the 1960-1969
- The Vietnam War (Vietnamese: Chiến tranh Việt Nam), also known
as the Second Indochina War,[36] and also known in Vietnam
as Resistance War Against America (Vietnamese: Kháng chiến
chống Mỹ) or simply the American War, was aCold War-era proxy
war[37] that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1
November 1955[A 1] to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. This war
followed the First Indochina War (1946–54) and was fought
between North Vietnam—supported by the Soviet Union, China and
other communist allies—and the government of South Vietnam—
supported by the United States and other anti-communist allies.
- The Berlin Wall (German: Berliner Mauer) was a barrier that
divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989,[1] constructed by the German
Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) starting on 13 August
1961, that completely cut off (by land) West Berlin from
surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin until it was opened
in November 1989.
- Martin Luther King, Jr. (January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968), was an
American Baptist minister, activist, humanitarian, and leader in
the African-American Civil Rights Movement. He is best known for
his role in the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil
disobedience based on his Christian beliefs.
The 1970s
The Vietnam War was still a major event in the beginning of the 1970s.
There were other tragic events this decade as well, including the deadliest
earthquake of the century, the Jonestown massacre, the Munich Olympics
massacre, and the nuclear accident at Three Mile Island. Culturally, disco
became extremely popular and Star Wars hit theaters. Learn more about
this "far out" decade through the 1970-1979
- "Jonestown" was the informal name for the Peoples Temple
Agricultural Project formed by the Peoples Temple,
an American religious organization under the leadership of Jim Jones,
 in northwestern Guyana. It became internationally notorious when on
November 18, 1978, over 900 people died in the remote commune, at
the nearby airstrip in Port Kaituma, and in Georgetown, Guyana's
capital city. The name of the settlement became synonymous with the
incidents at those locations.
- The Munich massacre was an attack during the 1972 Summer
Olympics in Munich, West Germany, on eleven Israeli Olympic
teammembers, who were taken hostage and eventually killed, along
with a German police officer, by the Palestinian group Black
September.
The 1980s
Mikhail Gorbachev's policies of glasnost and perestroika began the end of
the Cold War. This was soon followed by the surprising fall of the Berlin
Wall. There were also some disasters this decade, including the eruption
of Mt. St. Helens, the oil spill of the Exxon Valdez, the Ethiopian Famine,
a huge poison gas leak in Bhopal, and the discovery of AIDS. Culturally,
the 1980s saw the introduction of the mesmerizing Rubik's Cube toy, Pac-
Man video game, and Michael Jackson's Thriller video.
- On May 18, 1980 a major volcanic eruption occurred at Mount St.
Helens, a volcano located in the state of Washington, United States.
The eruption (a VEI 5 event) was the only significant one to occur in
the contiguous 48 U.S. states since the 1915 eruption ofLassen
Peak in California.[1] The eruption was preceded by a two-month
series of earthquakes and steam-venting episodes, caused by an
injection of magma at shallow depth below the volcano that created a
huge bulge and a fracture system on the mountain's north slope.
- The Exxon Valdez oil spill occurred in Prince William
Sound, Alaska, on March 24, 1989, when Exxon Valdez, an oil
tanker bound for Long Beach, California, struck Prince William
Sound's Bligh Reef at 12:04 a.m. local time and spilled 11 to
38 million US gallons (260,000 to 900,000 bbl; 42,000 to
144,000 m3) of crude oil over the next few days. It is considered to be
one of the most devastating human-caused environmental disasters.
The 1990s
The Cold War end, Nelson Mandela is released from prison, the Internet
becomes popular - in many ways the 1990s seemed a decade of both hope
and relief. Unfortunately, the decade also saw its fair share of tragedy,
including the Oklahoma City bombing, Columbine High School massacre,
and the Rwandan genocide. 
- Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (/mænˈdɛlə/;[1] Xhosa
pronunciation: [xoˈliːɬaɬa manˈdeːla]; 18 July 1918 – 5 December
2013) was a South African anti-apartheid
revolutionary, politician and philanthropist who served as President
of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was South Africa's first black
chief executive, and the first elected in a fully
representative democratic election. His government focused on
dismantling the legacy of apartheid through tackling
institutionalised racism, poverty and inequality, and fostering racial
reconciliation.
- The Oklahoma City bombing was a domestic terrorist bomb attack
on the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in downtown Oklahoma
City on April 19, 1995. Carried out by Timothy McVeigh and Terry
Nichols, the bombing killed 168 people and injured more than 680
others.[2] The blast destroyed or damaged 324 buildings within a 16-
block radius, destroyed or burned 86 cars, and shattered glass in
258 nearby buildings, causing at least an estimated $652 million
worth of damage.
- The Rwandan Genocide was a genocidal mass
slaughter of Tutsi and moderate Hutu in Rwanda by members of the
Hutu majority. During the approximate 100-day period from April 7,
1994, to mid-July, an estimated 500,000–1,000,000 Rwandans were
killed,[1] constituting as much as 20% of the country's total population
and 70% of the Tutsi then living in Rwanda. The genocide was
planned by members of the core political elite known as the akazu,
many of whom occupied positions at top levels of the national
government. Perpetrators came from the ranks of the Rwandan army,
the National Police.
 1998–2002 – The Second Congo War continued into the early 21st
century. A 1999 ceasefire quickly broke down and a UN peacekeeping
mission, MONUC, was unable to control the fighting. Troops
from Rwanda and Uganda continued to support rebel groups against
the Democratic Republic of the Congo and rifts also grew between
Rwanda and Uganda as they accused each other of supporting rival
rebel groups as well. Laurent Kabila, president of the DRC, was
assassinated in January 2001 and his son, Joseph Kabila, took power.
Throughout 2002 steps were made towards peace and Rwanda and
Uganda both removed their troops from the country. On December 17,
2002, a massive treaty officially ended the war. However, the DRC
only holds power in less than half of the country, with most of the
eastern and northern portions still controlled by rebel groups, where
there is still significant infighting. In addition, Rwanda still supports
anti-DRC rebels and anti-Rwandan rebels continue to operate from the
DRC. The war killed an estimated 3.9 million people, displaced nearly
5.5 million, and led to a widespread and ongoing famine that continues
to result in deaths. Severe human rights violations continue to be
reported.
 2001 – George W. Bush became the second president of the United
States to be the son of a former president when he was inaugurated
on January 20, 2001.
 2001 – Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (aka GMA) becomes the second
woman President of the Philippines and the first to be the child of a
previous President, Diosdado Macapagal.
 2001 – More than 200,000 Anti-globalization protesters marched
in Genoa, during the 27th G8 summit. Two demonstrators were killed
by the Italian police. On 21 July a group of Carabinieri attacked the
school Armando Diaz, seriously injuring many peaceful protesters.
Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi insisted that police used the minimum
amount of force necessary to achieve their goals.
 2001 – Al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked four commercial
airliners and crashed two of them into the World Trade Center, one
into the Pentagon and one into a field in Shanksville, Pennsylvania of
 the United States on September 11, killing nearly 3,000 people. The
United States subsequently declared a War on Terrorism.
 2001–present – The U.S. and NATO invaded Afghanistan on October
7, 2001, and overthrew the Al-Qaeda-supportive Talibangovernment.
Troops remained to install a democratic government, fight a slowly
escalating insurgency, and to hunt for Al Qaeda leader Osama bin
Laden who was killed by American troops nearly 10 years later, on
May 2, 2011.
 2002 – The International Criminal Court (ICC) was established on July
1.
 2002 – on 10 September Switzerland becomes a member of the United
Nations.
 2003–present – In February 2003, a conflict in Darfur, Sudan, began
and soon escalated into full-scale war. By 2008 it was believed that up
to 400,000 people had been killed and over 2.5 million displaced. In
2005, the ICC decided that Darfur war criminals would be tried, and
on July 14, 2008, Sudanese president Omar al-Bashir was charged with
5 accounts of crimes against humanity and 2 accounts of war crimes,
although the ICC has no power to enforce these charges.
 2003–2010 – The U.S.-led coalition invaded Iraq on March 20, 2003,
and overthrew the government of Saddam Hussein (who was executed
by the Iraqi government on December 30, 2006). Coalition troops
remain in the country to install a democratic government and fight an
escalating insurgency. In addition to an insurgency against the
American presence, Iraq also suffered from a civil war for several
years. The war was soon seen as the central front of the War on Terror
by many governments, despite growing international dissatisfaction
with the war. The total death toll has been estimated at near 150,000 but
these estimations are highly disputed, with one highly disputed study
guessing even over 1 million.[24] After the U.S.-led coalition initiated
a troop surge in 2007, casualty numbers have decreased significantly.
Combat ended, at least officially, in August 2010.
 2003–2005 – A series of nonviolent revolutions known as the colour
revolutions overthrew governments in Georgia, Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan,
and Lebanon.
 2004 – The European Union expanded by 10 countries, including 8
former communist countries, plus Malta and Cyprus.
 2004 – Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo gets re-elected as President of the
Philippines, marking the first time that a woman was re-elected to the
highest position in the country.
 2005 – Pope John Paul II dies and Joseph Ratzinger is elected as Pope
Benedict XVI.
 2006–2008 – The dismantling of former Yugoslavia continued
after Montenegro gained independence on June 3, 2006,
and Kosovodeclared independence on February 17, 2008. However,
Kosovo's independence was disputed by Russia and many of its allies
and was only partially recognized.
 2006 – On July 12, Hezbollah crossed the border of Lebanon and
captured two Israeli soldiers. Israel responded by sending troops across
the border and bombing Hezbollah strongholds, while Hezbollah fired
missiles on towns in northern Israel, approximately 6 each day. At the
end of the war 1,200 Lebanese civilians, 500 Hezbollah fighteres, 44
Israeli civilians and 121 Israeli soldiers died. A ceasefire was signed
on August 14, after which Israeli troops withdrew from Lebanon. Many
military sources in Israel have warned about the danger of a new
Israeli-Lebanese conflict back in the year 2000, when Israel has
withdrawn from Lebanon.
 2006 – North Korea conducted its first nuclear test on October 9.
[25]
 This was preceded by years of political wrangling with the U.S. over
the status of their nuclear program.
 2007–2008 – Nepal's centuries-old monarchy is overthrown, and the
country becomes a republic.
 2007 – A civil war escalated in the Gaza Strip throughout June, which
resulted in Hamas eventually driving most Fatah-loyal forces from the
Strip. In reaction, Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas dismissed
 Hamas prime minister Ismail Haniyeh and dissolved the Hamas-ruled
parliament. Scattered conflict continues.
 2007 – Pratibha Patil becomes the first woman to be elected President
of India.
 2007-2008 – Crisis follows the Kenyan presidential election of 2007,
leading to the formation of a coalition government, with Mwai
Kibaki as president and Raila Odinga as prime minister.
 2008 – Armed conflict broke out in August 2008 between Georgia on
one side, and the Russian Federation together
with Ossetiansand Abkhazians on the other. Russia officially
recognized independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
 2008 – Barack Obama was elected as the first African-
American President of the United States. He was sworn into office in
January 2009.
 2010 – Julia Gillard becomes the first female elected Prime Minister of
Australia
 2010 – Benigno Simeon Aquino III (aka P-Noy) is the first
bachelor President of the Philippines and the second to be the child of a
previous president, Cory Aquino (who also happened to be the first
woman president in the country).
 2010 – The birth of the Arab Spring, on December 17, when several
people begin protesting against the Tunisian government.
 2011 – Norway is the victim of twin terror attacks, the first being a
bomb blast which targeted government buildings in central Oslo, the
second being a massacre at a youth camp on the island of Utøya.
 2011 – Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden, who was responsible for the
development of the plans for the September 11 attacks, is killed in a
raid on his compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan by the U.S. Navy's
SEAL Team 6 (DEVGRU) on May 2, 2011.
 2011 – The shutdown of the largest UK tabloid News of the World after
168 years in print due to the 2009 phone hacking scandal.
 2011 – On July 14 South Sudan becomes a member of the United
Nations.
 2011 – On October 20 deposed dictator Muammar Gaddafi was
captured and killed by the National Liberation Army of Libya.
 2011 – On December 15, the Iraq War was declared formally over.
 2011 – The death of the supreme leader of North Korea (DPRK), Kim
Jong-il, on December 17 during a train journey.
 2013 – France intervenes with its army in Mali defeating the Islamists
who had took control of the country.
 2013 – Pope Benedict XVI resigns on February 28 and Cardinal Jorge
Mario Bergoglio of Argentina is elected pope on March 13, taking the
name of Pope Francis.
 2013 – President of Venezuela Hugo Chavez dies due to prostate cancer
and is replaced by Nicolas Maduro.
 2013 – Convicted Kurdish leader Abdullah Ocalan puts an end to the
armed revolt against Turkey
 2013 – Park Geun-hye is elected President of South Korea, the first
woman to hold the position.
 2013 – Rebels seize power in Central African Republic ousting the
President and government.
 2013 – Iran allows international inspections on its nuclear policy in
exchange of the removal of the sanctions and the right to produce a
small amount of low-grade enriched uranium, thus marking an apparent
new policy towards the United Nations under Hassan Rohani's
presidency.
 2013 – Syria avoids an American intervention on its soil during
the Syrian Civil War, accepting to destroy all chemical weapons stocks
owned.
 2013 – China declares unilaterally a fly recognition area over Senkaku
Islands, stating that every flight on the area has to be authorized.
 2013 – South Africa political and civil leader Nelson Rolihlahla
Mandela died at the age of 95 from natural causes.
 2014 – Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovic is ousted amidst riots.
The action starts a "low intensity" civil war between the regular
government and Russian-backed separatists. Crimea secedes and
becomes part of the Russian Federation.
 2014 – In Syria, amidst the rampant civil war, the terrorist
group Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant rises and seizes territories in
northern Iraq and Syria, near the border with Turkey. The United
States lead a coalition of more than 50 countries to destroy ISIL.
 2014 – Scotland, with a referendum, decides to remain part of
the United Kingdom.
 2014 – Israel, in the hardest conflict to date, conducts airstrikes on
the Gaza strip for more than a month, killing over 1000 Palestinian
terrorists.
 2014 – In Burkina Faso, President Blaise Compaoré resigns amidst
widespread protests ending 27 years of leadership.