Contoh: Radiographic Testing Procedure

1. SCOPE:
1.1 This Procedure describes the general requirements for radiography examination (RT) according to
related approved weld map for the metallic welding as may be required by the specification or
under which component is being designed and manufactured.
1.2 This radiographic testing procedure provides the material, equipment, calibration, personnel
qualification, examination process, evaluation, records and acceptance standards.

2 SURFACE CONDITION
2.1 According to T.222.2, the weld ripples or weld surface irregularities on the both the inside (where
accessible) and outside shall be removed by any suitable process to such a degree that the resulting
radiographic testing image due to any surface irregularities cannot mask or be confused with the
image of any discontinuity. the finished surface of all butt welded joints mat be flush with the
base material or may have reasonably uniform crowns, with reinforcement not to exceed that
specified in the referencing code section.

3 RADIATION SOURCE
3.1 X-Radiation:
The radiography testing techniques shall demonstrate that the required radiography sensitivity has
been obtained. Maximum x- ray voltage is 300 KV.
3.2 Gamma radiation:
The recommended minimum thickness for which Radio-active isotopes may be used as follow:

Table - 1

Material Iridium 192

Steel 0.75 in

The maximum thickness for the use of radioactive isotopes is primarily dictated by exposure time,
therefore; upper limits are not shown. The minimum Recommended thickness limitation may be
reduced when the radiography techniques are used to demonstrate that the required radiographic
testing sensitivity have been obtained, by purchaser approval.

4 RADIGRAPHIC FILMS
4.1 Any commercially available industrial radiography films may be used in accordance with SE 1815
(ASTM) standard test method for film system in industrial radiography. Radiography film shall be
fine grain high definition, high contrast film (Kodak type AA 400, or AGFA D7).

5 SCREENS
5.1 Any commercially available intensifying screen, except those of the fluorescent type, may be used.
Intensifying screen for x-ray or Gama ray method divided in two categories: 1-front screen 2-back
screen. Commonly lead screens use with 27 microns thickness. (Front screen)

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6 PENETRAMETER (I.Q.I)
6.1 Penetrameters shall be either the whole type or the wire type and shall be manufactured and
identified in accordance with the requirements or alternatives allowed in SE 142 or SE 1025 (for
whole type) and SE-747 (for wire type), and appending. ASME V 2017 EDITION & ASME Sec
VIII Division I, EDITION 2017.
Penetrameters shall consist of those in table 233.1 for hole type and those in table 233.2 for wire
type. (Wire type IQI shall be used for welds.)

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7 SELECTION OF PENETRAMETER (I.Q.I)
7.1 Material. IQIs shall be selected from either the same alloy material group or grade as identified
inSE-1025, or SE-747, as applicable, or from an alloy material Group or grade with less radiation
absorption than the material being radiographed.
7.2 Size. The designated hole IQI or essential wire listed in Table T- 276 provided an equivalent IQI
sensitivity is maintained. See T- 283.2. shall be as specified in Table T-276. A thinner or thicker
hole-type IQI may be substituted for any section thickness
(a). Welds with Reinforcements. The thickness on which the IQI is based is the nominal single-
wall thickness plus the estimated weld reinforcement not to exceed the maximum permitted by
the referencing Code Section. Backing rings or strips shall not be considered as part of the
thickness in IQI selection. The actual measurement of the weld reinforcement is not required.
(b). Welds Without Reinforcements. The thickness on which the IQI is based is the nominal single-
wall thickness. Backing rings or strips shall not be considered as part of the weld thickness in
IQI selection.
7.3 Welds Joining Dissimilar Materials or Welds with Dissimilar Filler Metal. When the weld metal
is of an alloy group or grade that has a radiation attenuation that differs from the base material, the
IQI material selection shall be based on the weld metal and be in accordance with T-276.1. When
the density limits of T-282.2 cannot be met with one IQI and the exceptional density area is at the
interface of the weld metal and the base metal, the material selection for the additional IQIs shall
be based on the base material and is in accordance with T- 276.1

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8 PLACEMENT OF RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING
PENETRAMETER (I.Q.I)
8.1 Source side penetrameters:
The penetrameters shall be placed on the source side of the part being examined, except for the
condition described in chapter 8.2.
8.2 Film side penetrameters:
Sensitivity:
The sensitivity required using wire type IQI shall be 2%.
Sensitivity:
(Diameter of thinnest wire visible on radiograph / Part thickness at IQI location) xioo
Where inaccessibility prevents hand placing the penetrameter (s) on the source side, it shall be
placed on the film side in contact with the part being examined. A lead letter “F” shall be placed
adjacent to or on the penetrameter (s).

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9 NUMBER OF PENETRAMETER (I.Q.I)
9.1 When one or more film holders are used for an exposure, at least one penetrameter image shall
appear on each radiograph.
If the requirements of T-282 are met by using more than one penetrameter, one shall be
representative of the lightest area of interest and the other the darkest area of interest.
The intervening densities, on the radiograph, shall be considered as having acceptable density.
Number of I.Q.I shall be according to ASME SEC V.T.277.2.

10 RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING TECHNIQUE

A single-wall exposure technique shall be used for radiography whenever practical. When it is not
practical to use a single-wall radiographic testing technique, a double-wall technique shall be used.
An adequate number of exposures shall be made to demonstrate that the required coverage has been
obtained.
10.1 Single-Wall Technique. In the single-wall radiographic testing technique, the radiation passes
through only one wall of the weld (material), which is viewed for acceptance on the
radiograph.
10.2 Double-Wall Technique. When it is not practical to use a single-wall technique, one of the
following double-wall techniques shall be used.
(a). Single-Wall Viewing. For materials and for welds in components, a technique may be used
in which the radiation passes through two walls and only the weld (material) on the film-
side wall is viewed for acceptance on the radiograph. When complete coverage is required
for circumferential welds (materials), a minimum of three exposures taken 120 deg to each
other shall be made.

(b). Double-Wall Viewing. For materials and for welds in components 31S in. (89 mm) or less
in nominal outside diameter, a technique may be used in which the radiation passes through
two walls and the weld (material) in both walls is viewed for acceptance on the same
radiograph. For double-wall viewing, only a source-side IQI shall be used. Care should be
exercised to ensure that the required geometric unsharpness is not exceeded. If the geometric
unsharpness requirement cannot be met, then single-wall viewing shall be used.
(1) For welds, the radiation beam may be offset from the plane of the weld at an angle
sufficient to separate the images of the source-side and film-side portions of the weld
so that there is no overlap of the areas to be interpreted. When complete coverage is
required, a minimum of two exposures taken 90 deg to each other shall be made for
each joint.
(2) As an alternative, the weld may be radio graphed with the radiation beam positioned
so that the images of both walls are superimposed. When complete coverage is
required, a minimum of three exposures taken at either 60 deg or 120 deg to each
other shall be made for each joint.
11 SOURCE TO OBJECT AND OBJECT TO FILM DISTANCE (SOD & OFD)
11.1 According to geometric unsharpness formula (Ug = f*OFD/FOD) for minimizing the Ug value,
OFD value shall be minimizing therefore object to film distance shall be minimum.
Source to object distance (SOD) shall be set according radiographic technique, object shape and
strength of source.

12 RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM

12.1 The method shall be used to produce permanent identification to the radiographies traceable to
the contract, components, welds or weld seams, or part numbers, as appropriate. This
identification mark shall not obscure the area of interest.

13 RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING ACCEPTANCE STANDARD

13.1 Refer to ASME Section VIII, Div. I
a) Butt welded joints surfaces shall be sufficiently free from coarse ripples, grooves, overlaps
 and abrupt ridges and valleys to permit proper interpretation of radiographic and the
required non-destructive examinations.
If there is a question regarding the surface condition of the weld when interpreting a
radiographic film, the film shall be compared to the actual weld surface for determination
of acceptability.
b) Indications shown on the radiographies of welds and characterized as imperfections are
un-acceptable under the following condition:
1) Any indications characterized as a crack or zone of incomplete fusion or penetration.
2) Any other elongated indication at radiography, which has length greater than:
(a) 1/4 in. (6mm) for t up to 3/4 in. (19mm)
(b) 1/3 t for t from 3/4 in. (19mm) to 2 1/4 in. (57mm)
(c) 3/4 t (19mm) for t over 2 1/4 in. (57mm)
Where: t= thickness of weld excluding any allowable reinforcement.
c) Any group of aligned indications that have an aggregate length greater than t in a length
of 12t, except when the distance between the successive imperfections exceed 6L where L
is the length of the longest imperfection in the group.
d) Rounded indications in excess of that specified by the acceptance standards given in
ASME sec. VIII, DIV I, appendix 4 fig. 4-2 to 4-8
Note: spot RT shall be done as per ASME Sec. VIII, Div. 1 UW-52; however the acceptance
criteria shall be according to UW-51 (as specification).

14 DEFECT REMOVAL
14.1 Repair area shall be located on the weld line after evaluation & interpretation of radiograph
defects shall be removed by suitable method such as grinding, chipping or gouging (if
permitted). Welding of the repair area shall meet the requirement of related WPS,PQR.

15 CERTIFICATION AND PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION IN RADIOGRAPHIC

TESTING.
15.1 Personnel performing radiography examination to this procedure shall be qualified and certified
by Company also shall meet the requirements of ASNT-SNT-TC-1A-2016 EDITION at least
level II. Film interpreter shall have level II as a minimum.