Dokumen - Tips - The Penetrant Discipline Rev 2 Asnt Personnel Training Publications PTP Liquid

The Penetrant Discipline
Danny N Marks, Marks & Associates, Level III

(Showing the different approaches industry has in applying the
penetrant method of examination)
The original presentation of this paper was published in Materials Evaluation in October 1994. I
have updated this paper to include current information regarding each response to each
question. I have also added some additional sources that were not included in the 1994 paper.
Some observations:
 Errors in information presented (source documents) - could be classified as "typo errors"?

 Differences in how scientific notations (both digit and exponential terms) are presented
between sources.
 Use of the terms shall, should and recommended.
 Differences between temperatures, times, pressures and intensities associated with the
Liquid Penetrant Process.
This paper was developed for personnel in the NDT field. It is the intent of this paper to help
NDT personnel identify, and obtain a better understanding of the many approaches industry has
in developing guidelines for the penetrant discipline. This paper does not address all the
possible issues associated with the Liquid Penetrant Process nor does it address all the possible
responses, especially from sources that contain hundreds of pages of data.
There are numerous sources (i.e., specifications, papers, books, etc.) that address the specifics
of the Liquid Penetrant Discipline. This paper provides a sampling of these sources.
1
Penetrant Inspection Discipline
The responses from the 1994 document are in black and current responses are in blue print.
By Danny N Marks
Question Answer Source
1. What temperature range #1: The temperature of the penetrant ASTM E 165-95 Liquid
(°F) should the penetrant materials and the surface of the part to Penetrant Inspection Method.
and part be before be processed should be between 50 Note: AWS D1.1-92 (Chapter 6 –
applying the penetrant? and 100°F (10and 38°C) (8.2). Note: Inspection and API Standard
Item “A” from table 2 states, for 1104 (Section 8.3) States that E
temperature range from 50 to 100°F 165 shall be used for PT
for fluorescent penetrants and 50 to application/procedure.
125°F for visible penetrants.
#1: 8.2 Temperature Limits – The ASTM E165/E165M-12

temperature of the penetrant materials Standard Practice for Liquid
and the surface of the part to be Penetrant Examination for
processed shall be between 40° and General Industry
125°F [4° and 52°C] or the procedure
must be qualified at the temperature
used as described in 10.2 (Procedure
Qualification).
#2: The penetrant materials and ASTM E 1219-94 Standard Test

surface of the part shall be between Method for Fluorescent Liquid
50 to 125°F (10° and 38°C) Penetrant Examination Using the
(Fluorescent Method) (7.1.1). Solvent-Removable Process
#2: 7.1.1 Temperature Limits – The ASTM E1219-16 Standard

temperature of the penetrant materials Practice for Fluorescent Liquid
and the surface of the part to be Penetrant Testing Using the
processed should be from 40 and Solvent-Removable Process
125°F (4° and 52°C). Where it is not
practical to comply with these
temperature limitations, the procedure
must be qualified at the temperature of
intended use as described in 9.2.
#3: The penetrant materials and ASTM E 1220-92 Standard Test

surface of part should be between 50 Method for Visible Liquid
to 125°F (10 and 38°C) (Visible Penetrant Examination Using the
Method) (7.1.1) Solvent-Removable Process
2
#3: 7.1.1 Temperature Limits: Same ASTM E1220-16 Standard
statement as per ASTM E1219-16. Practice for Visible Penetrant
Testing Using Solvent-
Removable Process
#4: The component, penetrant, and ASTM E 1417-95a Practice for

ambient temperatures shall be in the Liquid Penetrant Examination
range of 40 to 120°F (Type I
Penetrants) and in the range of 60 to
125°F (16 to 52°C) Type II
Penetrants. (7.2)
#4: 7.2 The component, penetrant, and ASTM E1417/E1417M-16

ambient temperatures shall all be in Standard Practice for Liquid
the range from 40 to 125°F [4 to Penetrant Testing
52°C] unless otherwise specified.
#5: The component, penetrant, and MIL-STD-6866 (1985) Military

ambient temperatures shall be in the Standard – Inspection, Liquid
range of 40 to 120°F unless otherwise Penetrant
specified.
MIL-STD-6866 (1985) Canceled

and replaced by ASTM E1417-
95a (Notice 2 dated 1996)
#6: The penetrant and surface of part, ASME (1992) Boiler and
to be processed, shall not be below Pressure Vessel Code; Section V;
60°F nor above 125°F throughout the Article 6 – Liquid Penetrant
examination period. Examination
#6: As a standard technique, the 2010 ASME Boiler & Pressure

temperature of the penetrant and the Vessel Code, 2011a Addenda,
surface of the part to be processed July 1, 2011 - V Nondestructive
shall not be below 40°F (5°C) nor Examination - Article 6 - Liquid
above 125°F (52°C) throughout the Penetrant Examination
examination period. (T-652)
#7: The operating range for T.O. 33B-1-1 Air Force

conventional penetrants is 40°F to Technical Manual (change 2,
120°F – Test part temperatures shall 1990) -- Nondestructive
not be less than 40°F. (6-215) (6-216) Inspection Methods – Chapter 6
#7: Temperature Limitations. - TO 33B-1-1

Penetrants may be applied over a NAVAIR 01-1A-16-1
range of ambient temperatures; TM 1-1500-335-23
however, certain limits must not be Technical Manual --
exceeded as the inspection process Nondestructive Inspection
may be degraded. The operating range Methods, Basic Theory - 15
for conventional penetrants is 40°F October 2016
(4°C) to 125°F (52°C). There are
3
special penetrants formulated for hot
applications exceeding these limits.
Special purpose penetrants are
discussed in (paragraph 2.7). (2.4.6)
Penetrant inspection SHALL NOT be
performed when the test part
temperature is less than 40°F (4°C).
(2.4.6.1)
NOTE: When temperatures are
between 40°F (4°C) and 60°F
(15.6°C), the penetration dwell time
SHALL be increased in accordance
with (paragraph 2.4.7.4.2, Table 2-2)
due to the increased viscosity.
(2.4.6.1.4)
#8: The normal temperatures of PI-4-2 Nondestructive Testing

penetrant and article being tested are Liquid Penetrant Handbook by
between 60 and 125°F. General Dynamics (fourth
edition)
#8: Effects of Temperature (pg 60) - ASNT Personnel Training

The standard temperature range for Publications (PTP) - Liquid
penetrant testing is 10 to 38 °C (50 to Penetrant Testing Classroom
100 °F). Colder temperatures will Training Book - First Printing
increase the viscosity of the penetrant January 2005
and slow the capillary action. Some
specifications allow temperatures of
4.4 to 65.5 °C (40 to 150 °F), but
require doubling the dwell time for
temperatures below 10 °C (50 °F).
Note: Book does not address
temperature of component or ambient
temperature.
#9: In any case, parts subject to MIL-HDBK-728/3 (1985)

penetrant inspection should not be Military handbook – Liquid
processed at temperatures exceeding Penetrant Testing
100°F.
#9: No Change - same as above. MIL-HDBK-728/3 (NOTICE 1),

MILITARY HANDBOOK:
LIQUID PENETRANT
TESTING (01 JUL 1992), MIL-
HDBK-728/3, dated 16 December
1985, has been reviewed and
determined to be valid for use in
acquisition.
4
#10: Prior to processing allow parts to P.S. 21202 Rev R (1993)
attain a temperature of 40 to 120°F, McDonnell Douglas Liquid
also penetrant and ambient air Penetrant Process Specification
temperature must be between 40 and
120°F for penetrant application. (6.4)
#10: For penetrant application, the BSS7039, Rev. C - March 2015

temperature of the component, Boeing Specification Support
penetrant and ambient air shall all be Standard - Liquid Penetrant
in the range of 50 to 125 F (10 to 50 Inspection
C) unless otherwise specified. (7.2.1
{d})
#11: Temperatures around 80°F to ASNT Nondestructive Testing

120°F produce optimum results (8-7). Handbook (Vol I, Section 6) –
If dye-penetrant materials are used Edited by Robert C. McMaster -
from pressurized spray cans, the Copyright 1959
temperature of the test area should
not be lower than 60°F (6-21).
Penetrants operate satisfactorily at
temperatures as low as 40°F, but
operation much below this
temperature can result in
unsatisfactory test. In open tanks up to
100°F (7-34).
#11: Effects of Temperature of Part ASNT Nondestructive Testing

or Liquid Penetrant on Indications Handbook, Third Edition,
(pg 138)- Material temperatures from Volume Two Liquid Penetrant
10 to 52 °C (50 to 125 °F) produce Testing - Editor - Patrick O.
optimum results with conventional Moore - Copyright 2000
liquid penetrants.
Page 383 (Aerospace) - The part and
liquid penetrant shall both be in the
range from 4 to 49 °C (40 to 120 °F)
for fluorescent (Type 1) liquid
penetrants unless otherwise specified.
4.3.5.2: A requirement that Nadcap Audit Criteria

components, penetrant, and ambient AC7114/1 Audit Criteria for
temperatures shall be maintained Nondestructive Testing Facility
within the range of 50 °F (10°C) to Penetrant Survey - To be used
125 °F (52°C). Also see 6.7.1. on audits starting on or after 31-
Dec-2017.
2. What intensity level (fc) #1: Visible ambient light should not ASTM E 165-95 Liquid
should visible light be at exceed 2 ft candles when examining Penetrant Inspection Method.
the examination site? fluorescent penetrant indications Note: AWS D1.1-92 (Chapter 6 –
under black light in a darken area. For Inspection) and API Standard
visible penetrant indications, a 1104 (Section 8.3) states that E
5
minimum visible light intensity at the 165 shall be used for PT
examination site of 100 fc is applications/procedure.
recommended.
#1: Visible Light Examination - A ASTM E165/E165M-12

minimum light intensity at the Standard Practice for Liquid
examination surface of 100 fc [1076 Penetrant Examination for
lx] is required (see Guide E2297 for General Industry
more information). (8.9.2)
Ultraviolet Light Examination -
Ambient light shall not exceed 2 fc
[21.5 lx]. *8.9.1)
#2: Visible ambient light should not ASTM E 1219-94 Standard Test
exceed 2 fc when examining Method for Fluorescent Liquid
fluorescent penetrant indications Penetrant Examination Using the
under black light in a darken area. Solvent-Removable Process
(7.1.8.1)
#2: Visible Ambient Light—Visible ASTM E1219-16 Standard

ambient light shall not exceed 2 fc Practice for Fluorescent Liquid
(21.5 lux). The measurement should Penetrant Testing Using the
be made with a visible light meter on Solvent-Removable Process
the surface being examined. (7.1.8.3)
#3: A minimum light intensity at the ASTM E 1220-92 Standard Test

examination site of 100 fc is Method for Visible Liquid
recommended. (7.1.8.1) Penetrant Examination Using the
Solvent-Removable Process
#3: Visible Illuminance - A minimum ASTM E1220-16 Standard

illuminance at the examination site of Practice for Visible Penetrant
100 fc (1076 lux) is recommended. Testing Using Solvent-
(7.1.8.1) Removable Process
#4: For visible dye examination, Type ASTM E 1417-95a Practice for
II, the lighting system shall provide at Liquid Penetrant Examination
least 100 fc of visible light when
measured at the examination surface.
For stationary fluorescent dye
examination, Type I, the ambient
visible light background shall not
exceed 2 fc at the examination
surface.
#4: Visible Lights - For Type II ASTM E1417/E1417M-16

visible dye examinations, the lighting Standard Practice for Liquid
systems shall be checked at intervals Penetrant Testing
specified in Table 1 to ensure a
minimum of 100 fc [1076 lx] when
measure at the examination surface.
6
(7.8.4.3)…it is recommended that a
visible light contamination be taken at
the viewing surface, when the UV-A
lamp is on and is held at the angle and
distance used for interpretation. The
white light reading shall not exceed 2
fc [21.5 lx]. (7.8.4.1)
#5: For visible dye inspection, Type MIL-STD-6866 (1985) Military

II, the lighting system shall provide at Standard – Inspection, Liquid
least 200 foot-candles of white light at Penetrant
the surface of the component being
inspected. For stationary fluorescent
dye inspection, Type I, the ambient
white light background shall not
exceed 2 fc.

#6: For color contrast penetrants ASME (1992) Boiler and

(visible) adequate illumination is Pressure Vessel Code; Section V;
required to ensure adequate sensitivity Article 6 – Liquid Penetrant
during the examination and evaluation Examination
of indications (T-647.3).
#6: For color contrast penetrants 2010 ASME Boiler & Pressure
(visible) A minimum light intensity of Vessel Code, 2011a Addenda,
100 fc (1000 lx) is required on the July 1, 2011 - V Nondestructive
surface to be examined to Examination - Article 6 - Liquid
ensure adequate sensitivity during the Penetrant Examination
examination and
evaluation of indications. (T-676.3)
#7: The ambient light levels within the T.O. 33B-1-1 Air Force
inspection station of the fluorescent Technical Manual (change 2,
penetrant inspection unit shall not 1990) – Nondestructive
exceed 2 lumens per square foot (1 Inspection Methods, Chapter 6
lumen per sq foot equals 1 foot
candle). The visible penetrant
requirements are not addressed (6-
374).
#7: Ambient Visible Light - TO 33B-1-1

Inspection of a part for fluorescent NAVAIR 01-1A-16-1
penetrant indications with UV-A TM 1-1500-335-23
lamps SHALL always be performed Technical Manual --
under the lowest possible level of Nondestructive Inspection
ambient light. Ambient light in Methods, Basic Theory - 15
stationary inspection system booths October 2016
7
SHALL NOT exceed 2 foot-candles.
If a stationary inspection booth is not
adequate or appropriate, other
provisions SHALL be made.
(2.5.4.2.1)
Ambient white light SHALL be
measured with a white light meter
with the UV-A lamps on. (2.5.4.1.3)
For inspecting parts that have been
processed with visible-dye penetrant
(Type II), the lighting system in the
viewing area SHALL provide at least
100-foot-candles (1000 lux) of visible
white light at the examination surface.
(2.5.4.2.3)
#8: The lighting when viewing visible PI-4-2 Nondestructive Testing

dye indications should be at least Liquid Penetrant Handbook by
sufficient to ensure no loss of General Dynamics (fourth
sensitivity. As a minimum, the edition)
lighting at the test surface should
measure at least 32.5 foot candles (pg.
6-1). There is no reference to ambient
white light levels in darken
fluorescent penetrant inspection
booths.
#8: Lighting (pg 60) - The standard ASNT Personnel Training

lighting for viewing and evaluating Publications (PTP) - Liquid
visible dye penetrant indications is a Penetrant Testing Classroom
minimum of 1000 lx (100 fc) of white Training Book - First Printing
light at the test surface. January 2005
#9: For visible – dye penetrants, a MIL-HDBK-728/3 (1985)

bright white light should be provided. Military Handbook – Liquid
For fluorescent penetrants, a low level Penetrant Testing
of white light intensity (less than two
foot candles is important).

MILITARY HANDBOOK:
LIQUID PENETRANT
acquisition.
#10: For inspection with non- P.S. 21202 Rev R (1993)

fluorescent methods, the white light McDonnel Douglas Liquid
intensity is as least 100 foot candles Penetrant Process Specification
8
at the working distance (7.1.8). For
fluorescent penetrant method
(inspection booth), a darkened booth
or darken area where ambient white
light does not exceed 2 foot-candles
(4.4.1). The ambient white light
intensity in the inspection booth
(normal method) or inspection area
(ultrahigh sensitivity method) shall be
no more than 2 foot-candles (5.6.2).
#10: At least 100 fc (1,000 lx) of BSS7039, Rev. C - March 2015

white light shall be available at the Boeing Specification Support
inspection surface for interpretation Standard - Liquid Penetrant
and evaluation of indications. (5.4.1, Inspection
b, 2,b)
Type I Inspections - (7.3) Table IV -
Darkened Inspection Area with
Developer - 0 to 2 fc (o to 20 lx);
Subdued Lighting with Developer >2
to 10 fc (>20 to 100 lx)
#11: The proper intensity of ASNT Nondestructive Testing

illumination is determined by the Handbook (Vol I, Section 6) –
nature of the inspection being carried Edited by Robert C. McMaster -
out. For gross defects where Copyright 1959
indications are large, 30 to 50 foot-
candles. For extremely critical
inspection, 50 to 100 foot-candles or
possibly higher (7-11)
#11: Aerospace - The intensity of ASNT Nondestructive Testing

white light at the visual test level shall Handbook, Third Edition,
be equivalent to at least 750 lx (70ftc). Volume Two Liquid Penetrant
Fluorescent liquid penetrant testing Testing - Editor - Patrick O.
shall be ….background illumination Moore - Copyright 2000
preferably not exceeding 20 lx (2.0
ftc). {Page 155}
#12: Visible penetrant… ASM Handbook, Volume 17,

Lighting intensity should be adequate Nondestructive Evaluation and
to ensure proper inspection; 320 to Quality Control
540 lx (30 to 50 ftc) is recommended.
(pg 83)
Table 2 states that White light should
be checked weekly and the
requirement is minimum 2200 lx (200
ftc) {pg 85}
9
5.14.2.1: Is the ambient light level in Nadcap Audit Criteria
the inspection area controlled not to AC7114/1 Audit Criteria for
exceed 2 ft candles (20 lux)? Nondestructive Testing Facility
Compliance Assessment Guidance: Penetrant Survey - To be used
This measurement is taken in the on audits starting on or after 31-
darkened inspection area to include Dec-2017.
the examination surface with the UV-
A lights operating at a distance of 15
inches (38 cm).
5.14.3.1: Is 100 ft-candles/1000 lux,
or more, available at the part surface
for visual verification of penetrant
indications? Compliance Assessment
Guidance: This question shall be
applicable where accept/reject
decisions rely on the use of white
light.
3. What intensity level #1: A minimum of 1000 ASTM E 165-95 Liquid

(µW/cm2) should black µW/cm2 should be measured on the Penetrant Inspection Method.
light be (measured) at surface being examined (general Note: AWS D1.1-92 (Chapter 6 –
the inspection surface of usage). Note 21 – For critical Inspection) and API Standard
the part? examinations, higher intensity levels 1104 (Section 8.3) states that E
may be required. 165 shall be used for PT
applications/procedure.
#1: Black lights shall provide a ASTM E165/E165M-12

minimum light intensity of 1000 Standard Practice for Liquid
µW/cm2, at a distance of 15 in. [38.1 Penetrant Examination for
cm]. (8.9.1.1) General Industry
#2: Black light intensity, ASTM E 1219-94 Standard Test

(recommended minimum of 1000 Method for Fluorescent Liquid
µW/cm2) should be measured on the Penetrant Examination Using the
surface being examined. (7.1.8.2) Solvent-Removable Process
#2: UV-A Irradiation - UV-A ASTM E1219-16 Standard

irradiance shall be measured with a Practice for Fluorescent Liquid
UV-A radiometer on the surface to be Penetrant Testing Using the
examined. A minimum of 1000 Solvent-Removable Process
µW/cm2 is recommended. (7.1.8.1)
#3: The black lights shall provide a ASTM E 1417-95a Practice for
minimum of 1000 µW/cm2 at the Liquid Penetrant Examination
examination surface. Minimum
acceptable intensity is 1000 µW/cm2
at 15 inches from the front of the bulb
or filter.
10
#3: Black Lights—Portable, hand- ASTM E1417/E1417M-16
held, permanently mounted or fixed Standard Practice for Liquid
black lights used to inspect parts shall Penetrant Testing
be checked for intensity as specified in
Table 1 or prior to use, and after bulb
replacement… The minimum
acceptable intensity is 1000 µW/cm2
(10 W/m2) at 15 in. [38.1 cm] from
the front of the filter to the face of the
sensor. (7.8.4.1)
#4: Minimum acceptable intensity is MIL-STD-6866 (1985) Military

800 micro watts/cm2 measured at a Standard – Inspection, Liquid
distance of at least 15 inches from the Penetrant
front of the bulb or filter (5.8.1) and
shall provide a minimum of 1200
micro watts/cm2 at the component
surface (5.6.1).

#5: A minimum of 800 µW/cm2 on ASME (1992) Boiler and

the surface of the part being examined Pressure Vessel Code; Section V;
shall be required. Article 6 – Liquid Penetrant
Examination
#5: For fluorescent penetrants, the 2010 ASME Boiler & Pressure
process is essentially the same as in T- Vessel Code, 2011a Addenda,
676.3, with the exception that the July 1, 2011 - V Nondestructive
examination is performed using an Examination - Article 6 - Liquid
ultraviolet light, called black light. Penetrant Examination
Black lights shall achieve a minimum
of 1000 µW/cm2 on the surface of the
part being examined throughout the
examination. (T-676.4)
#6: Measure the intensity of the black T.O. 33B-1-1 Air Force
light at a distance of 15 inches from Technical Manual (change 2,
the front or out-side surface of the 1990) – Nondestructive
black light source filter. This intensity Inspection Methods, Chapter 6
shall be a least 1000 µW/cm2 and
sources providing less than this
intensity shall not be utilized. (6-373)
#6: The minimum UV-A output for a TO 33B-1-1

UV-A lamp SHALL be 1000 mW/cm NAVAIR 01-1A-16-1
2 over a 5-inch diameter circle TM 1-1500-335-23
(minimum) for mercury vapor, gas- Technical Manual --
11
discharge lamps and Type A and B Nondestructive Inspection
LED lamps when measured at a Methods, Basic Theory - 15
distance of 15-inches from the outside October 2016
face of the filter. Type C LED lamps
(single LED torch lamps) SHALL
have a minimum UV-A output of
1000 mW/cm 2 over a 3-inch diameter
circle when measured at a distance of
15-inches from the outside face of the
filter. (2.5.4.1.4.2.1.1)
#7: Black light intensity should PI-4-2 Nondestructive Testing

measure at least 800 microwatts per Liquid Penetrant Handbook by
square centimeter at the test surface. General Dynamics (fourth
edition)
#7: Lighting (pg 60) - For fluorescent ASNT Personnel Training

penetrant indications, the standard Publications (PTP) - Liquid
lighting is a minimum of 1000 Penetrant Testing Classroom
µW/cm2 ultraviolet radiation at the Training Book - First Printing
test surface, and a darkened test area January 2005
of less than 20 lx (2 fc).
Ultraviolet Radiation (pg 45) For
correct test results, the lamp should
produce an intensity of at least 800
µW/cm2 at the test surface, and most
specifications require the output to be
1000 µW/cm2 measured at 38 cm (15
in.).-
#8: For correct test results the lamp MIL-HDBK-728/3 (1985)

should produce an intensity of at least Military Handbook – Liquid
800 microwatt/cm2 at the test surface. Penetrant Testing

MILITARY HANDBOOK:
LIQUID PENETRANT
acquisition.
#9: The ultraviolet light intensity is P.S. 21202 Rev R (1993)

required to be at least 1200 McDonnel Douglas Liquid
microwatts per cm2 at the normal Penetrant Process Specification
working distance or 15 inches,
whichever is greater (normal method).
(5.6.2) The ultraviolet light intensity
is required to be at least 5,000
microwatt/cm2 at 6 inches from the
12
ultraviolet filter or bulb (ultrahigh
sensitivity method). (5.6.2) During
inspection with fluorescent penetrants,
position the ultraviolet light at a
distance from the test part surface
such that the ultraviolet light intensity
is a minimum of 1200 microwatts per
cm2 at the test part surface (normal
method) (6.7) During inspection, …
the ultraviolet light intensity is a
minimum of 5,000 microwatts per cm2
at the test part surface (ultrahigh
sensitivity method) (6.7) The
ultraviolet light intensity shall
measure at least 1200 microwatts per
cm2 at a distance of 15 inches from
the front of the ultraviolet filter or
bulb with an ultraviolet light meter
(normal method) (7.1.8.1) … except
the ultraviolet light intensity shall
measure at least 5,000 microwatts/cm2
at 6 inches from the front of the
ultraviolet filter or bulb (7.1.8.1)
#9: Minimum acceptable output at a BSS7039, Rev. C - March 2015

minimum distance of 15 inches (38 Boeing Specification Support
cm) is 1000 µW/cm2. (5.5, d, 3) Standard - Liquid Penetrant
Type I Inspection, Table IV (7.3) - Inspection
Darkened Inspection Area with
Developer 1,000 µW/cm2 or Subdued
Lighting with Developer 5,000
µW/cm2 - Notes: (FL1) - Light
intensity at the inspection surface. (FL
2) If possible, reduce ambient light to
less than 2 fc (20 lx). (FL 3) - Do not
conduct inspections with white light
levels exceeding 10 fc (100 lx)
#10: The amount of black light ASNT Nondestructive Testing

necessary for any job depends on the Handbook (Vol I, Section 6) –
particular application. Examples are Edited by Robert C. McMaster -
50 foot-candles for gross porosity to Copyright 1959
90 foot-candles where inspection is
extremely critical (7-15).
#10: Aerospace (pg 155) - ASNT Nondestructive Testing

Fluorescent liquid penetrant testing Handbook, Third Edition,
shall be conducted in a suitable darken Volume Two Liquid Penetrant
area with an ultraviolet radiation Testing - Editor - Patrick O.
intensity of at least 10 Wꞏm-2 (1000 Moore - Copyright 2000
µWꞏcm-2).
13
Page 237 - As an example, an
ultraviolet radiation illumination level
of about 8 to 10 Wꞏm-2 (800 to 1000
µWꞏcm-2) is sufficient to reveal most
anomaly indications.
Page 70 - …measurements are taken
at distances of 380 mm (15 in.) from
the face of the filter on the ultraviolet
lamp, in the center of the ultraviolet
light beam. Various specifications call
for minimum ultraviolet radiation
intensities of 8.6 to 10.2 Wꞏm-2 (865
to 1020 µWꞏcm-2).
#11: Inspections: Recommended ASM Handbook, Volume 17,

black light intensity is 1000 to 1600 Nondestructive Evaluation and
µW/cm2. (pg 83) Quality Control
Table 2 states Black Lights checked
daily and requirement is minimum
1000 µW/cm2 at 381 mm (15 in.) {pg
85}
5.13.10: Is the minimum acceptable Nadcap Audit Criteria

limit 1200 µW/cm2 and the maximum AC7114/1 Audit Criteria for
10,000 µW/cm2 at 15 inches (380 Nondestructive Testing Facility
mm)? Compliance Assessment Penetrant Survey - To be used
Guidance: Borescope intensity shall on audits starting on or after 31-
be a minimum of 1000 µW/cm2 at the Dec-2017.
inspection surface as measured from
the inspection distance.
4. How long do you let a #1: Allow the black light to warm up ASTM E 165-95 Liquid
black light warm up for a minimum of 10 min. prior to its Penetrant Inspection Method.
prior to use? (Mercury use or measurement of the intensity of Note: AWS D1.1-92 (Chapter 6 –
Vapor Lamp) the ultraviolet light emitted. (8.9.1.3) Inspection) and API Standard
& (7.1.8.3) 1104 (Section 8.3) states that E
165 shall be used for PT
ASTM E 1219-94 Standard Test
Method for Fluorescent Liquid
Penetrant Examination Using the
#1: Black Light Warm-Up - Unless ASTM E165/E165M-12

otherwise specified by the Standard Practice for Liquid
manufacture, allow the black light to Penetrant Examination for
warm up for a minimum of five General Industry
minutes prior to use or measurement
of its intensity. (8.9.1.2)
14
#2: Not addressed ASTM E 1417-95a Practice for
Liquid Penetrant Examination
MIL-STD-6866 (1985) Military
Standard – Inspection, Liquid
Penetrant
#2: Not Addressed: [Author's Note] ASTM E1417/E1417M-16

"A specific warm up time for a typical Standard Practice for Liquid
Mercury Vapor style UV-A lamp is Penetrant Testing
not addressed because of the
assumption that if a lamp meets MIL-STD-6866 (1985) Canceled
minimum intensity value, then the and replaced by ASTM E1417-
lamp has warmed up to the point of 95a (Notice 2 dated 1996)
usage."
#3: The black light shall be allowed to ASME (1992) Boiler and
warm up for a minimum of 5 min. Pressure Vessel Code; Section V;
prior to use or measurement of the Article 6 – Liquid Penetrant
intensity of the ultraviolet light Examination
emitted.
#3: Does not address a specific time in 2010 ASME Boiler & Pressure
Article 6 regarding time that a black Vessel Code, 2011a Addenda,
light (UV-A source) is to be on before July 1, 2011 - V Nondestructive
evaluation of intensity. Examination - Article 6 - Liquid
Penetrant Examination
#4: Black lights shall be energized for T.O. 33B-1-1 Air Force
15 minutes before inspection is Technical Manual (change 2,
performed. (6-369) 1990) – Nondestructive
Inspection Methods, Chapter 6
#4: Does not specify a specific on TO 33B-1-1

time but provides a general statement NAVAIR 01-1A-16-1
for bulb life -- "Mercury vapor arc TM 1-1500-335-23
lamps that will be used periodically Technical Manual --
during the day SHOULD be allowed Nondestructive Inspection
to remain on until their last use of the Methods, Basic Theory - 15
day." (2.5.4.1.5) October 2016
Some UV-A lamps may be warmed-
up in 2-3 minutes, refer to the owner’s
manual of the light you are using.
(2.3.6.1.3.1)
#5: You should also allow at least 5 PI-4-2 Nondestructive Testing

minutes for the light to warm up -- Liquid Penetrant Handbook by
General Dynamics (fourth
edition)
15
#5: Ultraviolet Radiation (pg 45) - ASNT Personnel Training
When using mercury vapor lamps, the Publications (PTP) - Liquid
full intensity of the lamp is not Penetrant Testing Classroom
attained until the mercury arc is Training Book - First Printing
sufficiently heated. At least 5 min January 2005
warm up is required to reach the
required arc temperature.
#6: At least five minutes warm-up is MIL-HDBK-728/3 (1985)

required to reach the required arc Military Handbook – Liquid
temperature. Penetrant Testing

MILITARY HANDBOOK:
LIQUID PENETRANT
acquisition.
#7: When black light is used during P.S. 21202 Rev R (1993)
inspection, allow the bulb to warm up McDonnel Douglas Liquid
for a minimum of 5 minutes prior to Penetrant Process Specification
its use – (6.7)
#7: Document does not reference a BSS7039, Rev. C - March 2015

specific warm up time for black light Boeing Specification Support
(100 watt, medium pressure, mercury Standard - Liquid Penetrant
vapor type) Inspection
#8: Lamp Starting: The heating and ASNT Nondestructive Testing

ionization process requires about 5 Handbook (Vol I, Section 6) –
minutes of starting time when the Edited by Robert C. McMaster -
lamp is first turned on (7-13). Copyright 1959
#8: Ultraviolet Lamp Warmup and ASNT Nondestructive Testing

Restart Times: When the current to Handbook, Third Edition,
an ultraviolet lamp bulb of the Volume Two Liquid Penetrant
mercury arc type is first turned on, it Testing - Editor - Patrick O.
takes 300 s (5 minutes) or more for Moore - Copyright 2000
the bulb to warm up to its full output.
No test should be started until this
time has elapsed. (pg 237)
#9: Inspections: The intensity of the ASM Handbook, Volume 17,

black light should be allowed to warm Nondestructive Evaluation and
up prior to use - generally for about 10 Quality Control
min. (pg 83)
16
5. How long do you let your #1: The examiner should be in the ASTM E 165-95 Liquid
eyes adapt to darkness darkened area for at least 1 minute Penetrant Inspection Method.
(less than 2 fc visible before examining parts. (8.9.1.4) & Note: AWS D1.1-92 (Chapter 6 –
light) prior to inspecting (7.1.8.4) Inspection) and API Standard
a part under black light? 1104 (Section 8.3) states that E
#1: Visual Adaption - Personnel ASTM E165/E165M-12

examining parts after penetrant Standard Practice for Liquid
processing shall be in the darkened Penetrant Examination for
area for at least one minute before General Industry
examining parts. Longer times may be
necessary under some circumstances.
#2: The inspector’s vision shall be ASTM E 1417-95a Practice for

dark adapted for a minimum of 1 min Liquid Penetrant Examination
prior to inspecting components.
(7.6.1)
#2: Type I Processes—Inspector’s ASTM E1417/E1417M-16

vision shall be dark adapted for a Standard Practice for Liquid
minimum of 1 min prior to examining Penetrant Testing
components. Longer times for more
complete adaptation should be used if
necessary. (7.6.1)
#3: Type I processes – personnel shall MIL-STD-6866 (1985) Military

be dark adapted for a minimum of 1 Standard – Inspection, Liquid
minute prior to inspecting components Penetrant
and shall not wear photo chromic or
permanently darken lenses.

#4: The examiner shall be in the ASME (1992) Boiler and

darkened area for at least 5 min prior Pressure Vessel Code; Section V;
to performing the examination – If Article 6 – Liquid Penetrant
examiner wears glasses or lenses, they Examination
shall not be photosensitive.
17
#4: Examiners shall be in a darkened 2010 ASME Boiler & Pressure
area for at least Vessel Code, 2011a Addenda,
5 min prior to performing July 1, 2011 - V Nondestructive
examinations to enable their Examination - Article 6 - Liquid
eyes to adapt to dark viewing. Glasses Penetrant Examination
or lenses worn by
examiners shall not be photosensitive.
(T-676.4[b])
#5: An inspector entering a darkened T.O. 33B-1-1 Air Force

area shall allow at least 5 minutes for Technical Manual (change 2,
dark adaption before examining parts. 1990) – Nondestructive
(6-386) Inspection Methods, Chapter 6
#5: Dark Adaptation. - An inspector TO 33B-1-1

entering a darkened area SHALL NAVAIR 01-1A-16-1
allow at least 5-minutes for dark TM 1-1500-335-23
adaptation before examining parts. Technical Manual --
Furthermore, wearing clothing which Nondestructive Inspection
fluorescences under ultraviolet light Methods, Basic Theory - 15
SHALL NOT be permitted during the October 2016
performance of fluorescent penetrant
inspection as it may raise the ambient
white light in the inspection area to an
unacceptable level. (2.5.5.1)
#6: You should allow at least 5 PI-4-2 Nondestructive Testing

minutes for your eyes to become Liquid Penetrant Handbook by
accustomed to the dark. General Dynamics (fourth
edition)
#6: The subject of eye adaption is not ASNT Personnel Training

specifically covered in this Publications (PTP) - Liquid
publication. Penetrant Testing Classroom
Training Book - First Printing
January 2005
#7: Not addressed MIL-HDBK-728/3 (1985)

Military Handbook – Liquid
Penetrant Testing

MILITARY HANDBOOK:
LIQUID PENETRANT
acquisition.
18
#8: Allow a minimum of 1 minute for P.S. 21202 Rev R (1993)
dark adaption of the eyes when McDonnel Douglas Liquid
inspecting with fluorescent penetrant. Penetrant Process Specification
(6.7)
#8: Type 1 Processes - After exposure BSS7039, Rev. C - March 2015

to visible light, the inspector's vision Boeing Specification Support
shall be dark adapted for a minimum Standard - Liquid Penetrant
of 1 minute before inspecting Inspection
components.
#9: The inspector should become ASNT Nondestructive Testing

accustomed to the darkened area Handbook (Vol I, Section 6) –
before looking for indications and Edited by Robert C. McMaster -
should avoid going from the dark to Copyright 1959
the light, and back, without allowing
sufficient time for his eyes to become
“dark-adapted”. (7-12)
#9: The time required for dark ASNT Nondestructive Testing

adaptation before testing can be Handbook, Third Edition,
performed varies with the individual Volume Two Liquid Penetrant
and depends on the overall health and Testing - Editor - Patrick O.
age of the individual operator. A dark Moore - Copyright 2000
adaptation time of 1 min is usually
sufficient for fluorescent liquid
penetrant testing with satisfactory
ultraviolet radiation illumination.
Complete dark adaptation may take as
long as 20 min. (pg 229)
#10: Inspections: The inspector ASM Handbook, Volume 17,

should allow time for adapting to Nondestructive Evaluation and
darkness; a 1-min period is usually Quality Control
adequate. (pg 83)
6.15.1: Did inspectors allow at least 1 Nadcap Audit Criteria

minute to condition their eyes to the AC7114/1 Audit Criteria for
darkness before conducting the Nondestructive Testing Facility
inspection? Penetrant Survey - To be used
on audits starting on or after 31-
Dec-2017.
6. How long do you let a #1: The length of time the developer ASTM E 165-95 Liquid
developer (after drying) is to remain on the part prior to Penetrant Inspection Method.
dwell on part prior to examination should be not less than Note: AWS D1.1-92 (Chapter 6 –
inspection? 10 min. The maximum permitted Inspection) and API Standard
developing times are 2 hr for aqueous 1104 (Section 8.3) states that E
developers and 1 hr for nonaqueous 165 shall be used for PT
developers. (8.8.6) (7.1.7.6) (7.1.7.2) applications/procedure.
19
Method for Visible Liquid
Solvent-Removable Process.
#1: Developing Time: - The length of ASTM E165/E165M-12

time the developer is to remain on the Standard Practice for Liquid
part prior to inspection shall be not Penetrant Examination for
less than ten minutes. Developing General Industry
time begins immediately after the
application of dry power developer or
as soon as the wet (aqueous or
nonaqueous) developer coating is
dry…The maximum permitted
developing times shall be four hours
for dry power developer (Form A),
two hours for aqueous developer
(Form B and C), and one hour for
nonaqueous developer (Forms D and
E). (8.8.5)
#2: Dry Developers – Development ASTM E 1417-95a Practice for

time shall be between 10 min. Liquid Penetrant Examination
minimum and up to 4 h maximum,
and shall not be used with Type II
penetrants. (7.5.1).
Nonaqueous Developers – After
drying, unless otherwise specified, the
minimum and maximum dwell times
are 10 minutes and 1 hour
respectively. (7.5.2)
Aqueous Developers – Aqueous
soluble developers shall not be used
with Type II penetrants or Type I,
Method A penetrants. Aqueous
suspendable developers can be used
with both Type I and Type II
penetrants. Minimum and maximum
dwell times, after the component is
dry, are 10 minutes and 2 hours.
(7.5.3)
#2: Dry Developers - Minimum and ASTM E1417/E1417M-16

maximum developer dwell times shall Standard Practice for Liquid
be 10 min and 4 h, respectively. Dry Penetrant Testing
developers shall not be used with
Type II penetrants. (7.5.1)
20
Nonaqueous Developers - Unless
otherwise specified, the minimum and
maximum development times for
nonaqueous developers are 10 min
and 1 h respectively. For nonaqueous
suspendable developer, the developer
container shall be frequently agitated
between applications. (7.5.2)
Aqueous Developer - Aqueous
soluble developers shall not be used
with Type II penetrants or Type I,
Method A penetrants. Aqueous
suspendable developers can be used
with both Type I and Type II
penetrants. Minimum and maximum
development times, after the
component is dry, are 10 min and 2 h.
(7.5.3)
#3: Dry Developers – Minimum dwell MIL-STD-6866 (1985) Military

shall be 10 minutes, the maximum Standard – Inspection, Liquid
dwell shall be 4 hours. Penetrant
Nonaqueous Developers (after
drying) – The minimum and
maximum dwell times are 10 minutes
and 1 hour respectively.
Aqueous Developers (after drying) –
Not used with Type II and Type I,
Method A penetrants. Minimum and
maximum dwell times are 10 minutes
and 2 hours.

#4: Final interpretation shall be made ASME (1992) Boiler and

within 7 to 30 minutes after the Pressure Vessel Code; Section V;
developer is applied and is dry. Article 6 – Liquid Penetrant
Examination
#4: Final Interpretation: shall 2010 ASME Boiler & Pressure

be made not less than 10 min nor Vessel Code, 2011a Addenda,
more than 60 min after the July 1, 2011 - V Nondestructive
requirements of T-675.3 are satisfied. Examination - Article 6 - Liquid
(T-676) Penetrant Examination
#5: The development time should be T.O. 33B-1-1 Air Force

at least one-half of the penetrant dwell Technical Manual (change 2,
time, and shall not start until part is 1990) – Nondestructive
completely free of moisture. Inspection Methods, Chapter 6
21
Maximum developer dwell times are:
Nonaqueous developer – 30 minutes;
Aqueous developer – 1 hour; and Dry
developer – 2 hours. (6-350)
#5: Table 2-4 (page 2-82): TO 33B-1-1

The developer dwell time SHALL NAVAIR 01-1A-16-1
NOT start until part is completely free TM 1-1500-335-23
of moisture or solvent. The dwell time Technical Manual --
for form a (dry developers) begins Nondestructive Inspection
immediately after developer Methods, Basic Theory - 15
application. The dwell time for form October 2016
b, c, d and e developers begins
immediately after the developer is
completely dry. (2.4.11.5)
The minimum and maximum
developer dwell times
SHOULD be specified in the
technical directives or part specific
procedures mandating the inspection.
Both the minimum and maximum
developer dwell times that SHALL be
used in the absence of specific
technical directives or procedures are
listed in (Table 2-4). These dwell
times are based on the developer
form, the ambient temperature, and
the expected flaw condition.
(2.4.11.5.1)
#6: With dry or nonaqueous wet PI-4-2 Nondestructive Testing

developers, the accepted norm is 7 to Liquid Penetrant Handbook by
30 minutes (a “rule of thumb” is to General Dynamics (fourth
use a time equal to one-half the edition)
penetrant or dwell time used) pg. 5-
28.
#6: Development Time (pg 18/19) - ASNT Personnel Training

With a nonaqueous wet developer, the Publications (PTP) - Liquid
normal time until evaluation is 10 min Penetrant Testing Classroom
to 1 h. With an aqueous developer, the Training Book - First Printing
normal time until evaluation is 10 min January 2005
to 2 h. With a dry developer, the
normal time until evaluation is 10 min
to 4 h.
#7: No specific times given – “After MIL-HDBK-728/3 (1985)

the developer is applied, time must be Military Handbook – Liquid
allowed for the penetrant to be drawn Penetrant Testing
out of flaws by the developer”. (3.2-3)
22
MILITARY HANDBOOK:
LIQUID PENETRANT
acquisition.
#8: Apply dry and nonaqueous wet P.S. 21202 Rev R (1993)
developers within 1 hour after the McDonnel Douglas Liquid
completion of the drying operation Penetrant Process Specification
that follows removal of excess (Amendment No. 1 – Issued 04
penetrant. (6.6.1 & 6.6.2)…Times are May, 1994)
given in Table V (page 21). The
minimum time is 10 minutes and a
maximum time of 60 minutes, except
dry developer, a maximum time of 4
hours.
#8: Minimum and maximum BSS7039, Rev. C - March 2015

development times are specified in Boeing Specification Support
Table III (7.2.6.6) Standard - Liquid Penetrant
Examples: Inspection
Form a 10 minutes to 4 hours
Form b 10 minutes to 2 hours
Form c 10 minutes to 2 hours
Form d 10 minutes to 1 hour
Note (FL2) Reprocess parts exceeding
the maximum development time.
#9: A good rule of thumb is that the ASNT Nondestructive Testing

developing time should not be less Handbook (Vol I, Section 6) –
than the minimum dwell time for the Edited by Robert C. McMaster -
penetrant. (6-15) Copyright 1959
#9: Note that following drying of ASNT Nondestructive Testing

developer coatings or after applying Handbook, Third Edition,
dry developer to dried test parts, a Volume Two Liquid Penetrant
sufficient period of time is required Testing - Editor - Patrick O.
for liquid penetrant indications to Moore - Copyright 2000
develop. This time period is often
known as the developer dwell time.
(pg 205)
The optimum indications are typically
reached with developing times in the
range from 2 to 10 min. Excessive
bleedout of entrapped liquid penetrant
may take 30 min or longer. (pg 59)
23
#10: Developing Time: In general, 10 ASM Handbook, Volume 17,
min is the recommended minimum Nondestructive Evaluation and
developing time regardless of the Quality Control
developer form used. (pg 83)
6.10.5: Are dwell times (in minutes) Nadcap Audit Criteria

used by the supplier within the ranges AC7114/1 Audit Criteria for
noted below? Form a - 10 minutes Nondestructive Testing Facility
minimum and 240 minutes maximum; Penetrant Survey - To be used
Form b - 10 minutes minimum and on audits starting on or after 31-
120 minutes maximum; Form c - 10 Dec-2017.
minutes minimum and 120 minutes
maximum and Form d - 10 minutes
minimum and 60 minutes maximum.
7. What are the dimensions #1: Not Addressed ASTM E 165-95 Liquid
and material composition Penetrant Inspection Method.
of penetrant test Note: AWS D1.1-92 (Chapter 6 –
panels/blocks and their Inspection) and API Standard
purpose? 1104 (Section 8.3) states that E
Method for Visible Liquid
Solvent-Removable Process.
#1: Not Addressed ASTM E165/E165M-12

Standard Practice for Liquid
Penetrant Examination for
General Industry
#2: System performance (7.8.3) – The ASTM E 1417-95a Practice for

penetrant system shall be checked Liquid Penetrant Examination
daily for performance. The check
shall be made with known defect
standards – System checks. (7.8.4)
#2: Penetrant System Performance - ASTM E1417/E1417M-16

(7.8.3) - The penetrant system’s Standard Practice for Liquid
overall performance shall be checked Penetrant Testing
as specified in Table 1. [Daily] The
check shall be performed by
processing a known defect standard
through the system using in-use
penetrant, emulsifier (if used) and
24
developer and appropriate processing
parameters. The resulting indications
will then be compared to the
indications obtained using unused
penetrant, emulsifier (if used) and
developer.
Known Defect Standard - The
known defect standard used shall be
approved by the cognizant
engineering organization. (7.8.3.1)
#3: System performance (5.8.3) – The MIL-STD-6866 (1985) Military

penetrant system shall be checked Standard – Inspection, Liquid
daily for performance. The check Penetrant
shall be made with known defect
standards. – Known defect standards
(5.8.3.1) – The selection and
procedures for the maintenance of
know defect standards shall be
approved by the contracting agency. --

#4: Sensitivity panels not addressed – ASME (1992) Boiler and

Other – Liquid Penetrant Comparator Pressure Vessel Code; Section V;
Block (T-648.1 thru T-648.3) shall be Article 6 – Liquid Penetrant
made of aluminum, Type 2024, 3/8 Examination
inch thick, and should have
approximate face dimensions of 2 in
X 3 in. NOTE: A liquid penetrant
comparator block is use to qualify a
procedure when it is not practical to
conduct a liquid penetrant
examination within the temperature
range 60°F to 125°F.
#4: Appendix III - Qualification 2010 ASME Boiler & Pressure

Techniques for Examinations at Vessel Code, 2011a Addenda,
Nonstandard Temperatures: Addresses July 1, 2011 - V Nondestructive
the use of an comparator block (Type Examination - Article 6 - Liquid
2024 material, 3/8 inch thick and face Penetrant Examination
dimensions of 2 in. x 3 in.) (1) For
temperature less than 40° F (5°C) and
(2) Temperature greater than 125°F
(52°C). (III-641)
25
#5: System performance testing (6- T.O. 33B-1-1 Air Force
469) – The test panels used by the Air Technical Manual (change 2,
Force are made from 0.079 inch thick 1990) – Nondestructive
brass plate 3.94 inches long and 2.80 Inspection Methods, Chapter 6
inches wide. A nickel plating is
applied to the brass plate to a
predetermined thickness, then flashed
or plated with a thin layer of
chromium to protect it against
tarnishing.
Sensitivity (6-196) – The test panels
for penetrants of sensitivity Level I –
Low, are thermally cracked aluminum
blocks. The test panels for the rest of
the sensitivity levels are a series of
Titanium and Nickel alloy panels. –
Therefore, non-qualification
comparison tests are accomplished
with cracked chrome plated panels.
#5: Penetrant System Monitor TO 33B-1-1

(PSM), also known as the “star burst” NAVAIR 01-1A-16-1
panel. The PSM is alternatively TM 1-1500-335-23
specified as Pratt and Whitney TAM Technical Manual --
Panel 146040, Sherwin Company P/N Nondestructive Inspection
PSM-5 and Magnaflux Company P/N Methods, Basic Theory - 15
198055. The PSM is especially October 2016
suitable for high volume, semi-
automated, and fully automated depot
systems. It is intended for use as a
daily or weekly monitor of the entire
penetrant process. The PSM panel
SHALL NOT be used as a substitute
for the cracked-chrome plate panels.
The PSM panels are authorized for
use with automatic and semi-
automatic spray systems used in some
depot laboratories when directed by
the Depot NDI Manager. (2.6.7.1)
The cracked-chrome panel is made

by burnishing a 2.80-inch wide brass
or copper plate to a mirror finish, then
electroplating a thin layer of chrome
on this surface.
After the plate is chrome plated and
cracked, it is cut in half, lengthwise to
produce two panels containing
symmetrical crack patterns in each
panel. Since the cracks
extend across the original panel, the
26
two panels are provided as a set with
each panel measuring 3.94-inches
(100 mm) long and 1.38-inches (35
mm) wide. Panels are typically
available with cracks of 10, 20, 30,
and 50 microns. The 30 and 50-
micron panels are most often used
with low and medium sensitivity
penetrants. The 10 and 20-micron
panels are usually used with high and
ultra-high sensitivity penetrants. The
standard panel is the 20-micron panel.
(2.6.7.2)
#6: Process control, page 7-12, PI-4-2 Nondestructive Testing

mentions the use of artificially Liquid Penetrant Handbook by
cracked test blocks. General Dynamics (fourth
edition)
#6: System Monitor Panels (pg 68) - ASNT Personnel Training

Normally processed at the beginning Publications (PTP) - Liquid
of each shift to verify system Penetrant Testing Classroom
performance. The panel is stainless Training Book - First Printing
steel, about 0.25 cm (0.1 in.) thick and January 2005
10 by 15 cm (4 by 6 in.).
Aluminum Reference Blocks (pg 69)
- This type of block is widely used for
comparing the performance of
penetrants in field conditions. Blocks
measure about 5 by 7.5 cm (2 by 3
in.), and are cut from 0.8 cm (0.3 in.)
thick bare 2024-T3 aluminum alloy
plate, with the 7.5 cm (3 in.)
dimension in the direction of rolling.
Anodized and Plated Test Panels
(pg 71) - Stress cracked anodized
aluminum and chrome plated nickel
test panels are frequently used for
comparing penetrant sensitivity and
washability.
Twin NiCr Sensitivity Panels (pg
72) - A set of two NiCr panels, each
measuring 10 by 3.5 cm (3.9 by 1.4
inches) is sheared from the same
stock. The panels come in sets having
crack depths of 1 cm (0.4 in.), 2 cm
(0.8 in.), 3 cm (1.2 in.) and 5 cm (2.0
in.).
Note the discrepancy (typo error?) in
this document regarding crack depths
of Ni-Cr Panels. Panels are normally
27
available in 10, 20, 30 and 50 microns
(0.0004, 0.0008, 0.0012, 0.002 inch)
flaw depth.
#7: System qualification Methods MIL-HDBK-728/3 (1985)

(3.4.4) – Cracked aluminum block, Military Handbook – Liquid
2024-T3 aluminum alloy, 3- by 2- Penetrant Testing
inch panels from 5/16 to 3/8- inch
thick. These panels, when first
cracked, are satisfactory for
evaluating fluorescent penetrants
only. When re-cracked these panels
provide a better pattern for evaluating
visible penetrants. Chrome Nickel
Test Panels provides a quantitative
bases of comparison.

MILITARY HANDBOOK:
LIQUID PENETRANT
acquisition.
#8: Test panels for measuring wash- P.S. 21202 Rev R (1993)
ability shall be in accordance with McDonnel Douglas Liquid
MIL-I-25135. Test panels for Penetrant Process
determining sensitivity shall be in
accordance with MIL-I-25135 and
shall be chrome plated test panels
containing fine crack pattern suitable
for evaluation of penetrant sensitivity.
Cracks may be in a starburst or
parallel line pattern. (Commercial
sources) (3.3)
#8: System Performance Tests - BSS7039, Rev. C - March 2015

Perform daily performance checks Boeing Specification Support
using a known defect standard. (6.3.2) Standard - Liquid Penetrant
The following standards are Inspection
acceptable: (1) Actual or simulated
production parts with known
indications representative of
anticipated defects; (2) Tesco cracked
twin nickel-chrome panels in 10, 20,
or 0 to 50 microns. (3) Pratt and
Whitney TAM 146040 (PSM-5)
panels or equivalent and (4) Sherwin
Twin KDS Panels.
28
Note: No specific dimensions or
material compositions of standards are
specified.
#9: Sensitivity (4.5.18) – Type II MIL-I-25135E (1989) Military

penetrant systems (4.5.18.1) – Specification – Inspection
Preparation of test panels (4.5.18.1.1) Materials, Penetrants
– Aluminum panels 3 inches X 2
inches shall be cut from 5/16 inch
thick 2024 aluminum alloy in the T3
condition … Type I penetrant systems
(4.5.18.2) – Test Panels (4.5.18.2.1) –
Test panels are 1 inch X 6 inches X ¼
inch thick bars, some of which are Ti
6 AL-4V alloy and the remainder are
IN 718 alloy. NOTE: Quality
assurance provisions (4) –
Responsibility for inspection (4.1) –
Unless otherwise specified in the
contract or purchase order, the
supplier is responsible for the
performance of all inspection
requirements as specified herein.
#9: Type 1 Penetrant Systems Aerospace Material

(4.4.5.1) - Crack Specimens: The Specification AMS2644, Rev. F -
crack specimens shall have a Revised 2013-10
sufficient number of cracks with
varying size to provide a good
baseline for comparison. A minimum
of five cracks shall be used. The
cracks shall produce indications with
at least a five to one brightness ratio
from the smallest to the largest when
tested with a Level 4 sensitivity
reference penetrant system.
Type 2 Penetrant Systems (4.4.5.2) -
These specimens are commercially
available as cracked aluminum blocks,
or they may be produced by a user as
follows: Aluminum panels,
approximately 3 x 2 inches (76 x 51
mm), shall be cut from 5/16 inch (7.9
mm) thick 2014 aluminum alloy
conforming to AMS4035 in the T3
condition. The 3-inch (76 mm)
dimension shall be parallel with the
direction of rolling of the sheet. The
panels …
29
#10: Three-inch lengths are cut from a ASNT Nondestructive Testing
3/8 X 2 inch bar of 2024 aluminum Handbook (Vol I, Section 6) –
alloy. The block is heated at least 4 Edited by Robert C. McMaster -
minutes to obtain a temperature of Copyright 1959
525°C (977°F), then quenched in cold
water (50°F or under), thus producing
cracks I the aluminum alloy (7-26).
Use cracked aluminum-alloy blocks in
controlling the uniformity of a
penetrant-materials system, used
materials are supplied to half the
block and control materials are
applied to the other half for direct
visual comparison of crack pattern
results. (7-27)
#10: Chapter 8 Comparators and ASNT Nondestructive Testing

Reference Panels: Handbook, Third Edition,
Specimen with Low Cycle Fatigue Volume Two Liquid Penetrant
Cracks - materials of choice are high Testing - Editor - Patrick O.
strength nickel and titanium Moore - Copyright 2000
alloys…The approximate size of each
specimen, 150 x 25 x 6 mm (6.0 x 1.0
x 0.25 in.). (pages 246 & 247)
Quench Cracked Aluminum
Comparator Blocks - It is important
to note that quench cracks rarely
provide discrimination necessary for
modern liquid penetrant materials and
are not referenced in fracture control
specifications. …discussion of quench
crack panels is included primarily for
historical reference. …made from as-
rolled 2024-T3 aluminum…example
reference is AMS 2644. (pg 248)
Cracked Chrome Plated Panel was
developed for the USAF under
contract study programs. This type of
panel is made by burnishing a brass or
copper panel to mirror finish, then
electroplating a thin layer of nickel
followed by a layer of chrome on this
polished surface.
Variations in the composition of the
plating baths and plating techniques
determine the type and size of
cracking in the nickel-chrome test
panels: (1) coarse crack panel with
cracks measuring about 10 µm
(0.0004 in.) wide and 50 µm (0.002
in.) deep; (2) medium crack panels
30
with cracks about 2 to 3 µm (8 x 10-5
in. to 1.2 x 10-4 in.) wide and 40 µm
(0.0016 in.) deep; and fine crack
panel with cracks about 0.5 µm (2 x
10-5 in.) in width. (pg 254)
5.9: Penetrant System Performance. Nadcap Audit Criteria

5.9.1: Has the supplier performed an AC7114/1 Audit Criteria for
initial check to establish a baseline for Nondestructive Testing Facility
each known defect standard and Penetrant Survey - To be used
material in use? Document implies the on audits starting on or after 31-
use of TAM panels and/or NiCr Dec-2017.
Panels.
8. How are penetrants #1: Type I – Fluorescent Penetrant ASTM E 165-95 Liquid
classified? Examination Penetrant Inspection Method.
Method A – Water-washable Note: AWS D1.1-92 (Chapter 6 –
Method B – Post-emulsifiable, Inspection) and API Standard
Lipophilic 1104 (Section 8.3) states that E
Method C – Solvent removable 165 shall be used for PT
Method D – Post-emulsifiable, applications/procedure.
hydrophilic
Type II – Visible Penetrant
Examination
Method A – Water-washable
Method C – Solvent Removable
#1: Table 1 - Classification of ASTM E165/E165M-12

Penetrant Examination Types and Standard Practice for Liquid
Methods. (Basically the same as Penetrant Examination for
identified above) General Industry
#2: Not addressed – (Only identifies ASTM E 1219-94

type associated with standard) ASTM E 1220-92
#3: Types: ASTM E 1417-95a Practice for

Liquid Penetrant Examination
Type I – Fluorescent dye
Type II – Visible dye
Methods:
Method A – Water washable

Method B – Post emulsifiable,
lipophilic
Method C – Solvent removable
Method D – Post emulsifiable,
hydrophilic
31
Sensitivity:
Sensitivity Level ½ - Very Low
Sensitivity Level 1 – Low
Sensitivity Level 2 – Medium
Sensitivity Level 3 – High
Sensitivity Level 4 – Ultrahigh
Note: Sensitivity levels apply to Type

I penetrant systems only. Type II
penetrant systems have only a single
sensitivity and is not represented by
any of these levels.
#3: Classification: (5) ASTM E1417/E1417M-16

5.1 Penetrant examination processes Standard Practice for Liquid
and materials are classified in Penetrant Testing
accordance with the material
classification contained in AMS 2644.
Penetrant systems covered by this
practice shall be of the following
types, methods, and sensitivity levels:
Type:
Type I—Fluorescent dye.
Type II—Visible dye.
Method:
Method A—Water washable.
Method B—Post-emulsifiable,
lipophilic.
Method C—Solvent-removable.
Method D—Post-emulsifiable,
hydrophilic.
Sensitivity—(These levels apply to

Type I penetrant systems only. Type
II penetrant systems have only a
single sensitivity and it is not
represented by any of the levels listed
as follows):
Sensitivity Level 1∕2 —Very low.
Sensitivity Level 1—Low.
Sensitivity Level 2—Medium.
Sensitivity Level 3—High.
Sensitivity Level 4—Ultrahigh.
Developers shall be of the following

forms:
Form a—Dry powder.
Form b—Water-soluble.
Form c—Water-suspendable.
32
Form d—Nonaqueous for Type I
fluorescent penetrant.
Form e—Nonaqueous for Type II
visible dye.
Form f—Specific application.
Solvent removers shall be of the

following classes:
Class 1—Halogenated.
Class 2—Nonhalogenated.
Class 3—Specific application
#4: Types: MIL-STD-6866 (1985) Military

Standard – Inspection, Liquid
Type I – Fluorescent dye Penetrant
Type II – Visible dye
Type III – Visible and fluorescent

dye (dual mode)
Methods:
lipophilic
hydrophilic
Sensitivity:
Sensitivity Level 4 - Ultrahigh

#5: Techniques (T-622) ASME (1992) Boiler and

Pressure Vessel Code; Section V;
Fluorescent water washable Article 6 – Liquid Penetrant
Visible water washable Examination
Fluorescent post-emulsifying
Visible post-emulsifying
Fluorescent solvent removable
Visible solvent removable
33
#5: Equipment - The term penetrant 2010 ASME Boiler & Pressure
materials, as used in this Article, is Vessel Code, 2011a Addenda,
intended to include all penetrants, July 1, 2011 - V Nondestructive
emulsifiers, solvents or Examination - Article 6 - Liquid
cleaning agents, developers, etc., used Penetrant Examination
in the examination
process. The descriptions of the liquid
penetrant classifications and material
types are provided in SE-165 of
Article 24. SE-165 is basically a copy
of ASTM E 165-09.
#6: Same as MIL-STD-25135 (C&D), T.O. 33B-1-1 Air Force

also addresses MIL-I-6866B & ASTM Technical Manual (change 2,
E 165 (Gives examples of each) 1990) – Nondestructive
Inspection Methods, Chapter 6
#6: The aerospace materials TO 33B-1-1

specification SAE AMS 2644 defines NAVAIR 01-1A-16-1
the categories universally used for TM 1-1500-335-23
classifying penetrant inspection Technical Manual --
materials. The categories are defined Nondestructive Inspection
as follows and are further defined in Methods, Basic Theory - 15
(Table 2-1). October 2016
#7: Type I – Fluorescent Penetrant P.S. 21202 Rev R (1993)

Type II – Color Contrast Dye McDonnel Douglas Liquid
Penetrant (9.1) Penetrant Process
Group I – Type II, Level 1, Method C

Group II – Type II, Level 1, Method B
Group III – Type II, Level 1, Method
A
Group IV – Type I, Level 1, Method
A
Group V – Type I, Level 2, Method B
Group VI – Type I, Level 3, Method
B
Group VIA – Type I, Level 3, Method
D
Group VIB – Type I, Level 4, Method
D
Group VII – Type I, Level 3, Method
C
#7: Classification (1.2): BSS7039, Rev. C - March 2015

Type Boeing Specification Support
Type 1 - Fluorescent Dye Standard - Liquid Penetrant
Type 2 - Visible Dye Inspection
Method
Method A - Water Washable
34
Method B - Post Emulsifiable,
Lipophilic
Method C - Solvent Removable
Method D - Post Emulsifiable,
hydrophilic
Method E - Water-Washable, Water
Based
Sensitivity Level
Sensitivity Level 1/2 - Ultra Low
Sensitivity Level 1 - Low
Sensitivity Level 2 - Medium
Sensitivity Level 3 - High
Sensitivity Level 4 - Ultrahigh
Note: Sensitivity levels established for
Type 1 penetrants only
Developers
Form a - Dry Developer
Form b - Water Suspendable
Developer
Form c - Water Suspendable
Developer
Form d - Non aqueous Type 1
Developer Fluorescent
Form e - Non Aqueous Type 2
Developer
Form f - Special Applications
Form g - No Developer
Solvent Removers
Class 1 - Halogenated
Class 2 - Non-halogenated
Class 3 - Special Application
#8: Type I – Fluorescent dye MIL-I-25135E (1989) Military

Type II – Visible dye Specification – Inspection
Type III – Visible and fluorescent Materials, Penetrants
dye (dual mode)

lipophilic
hydrophilic
Sensitivity Level ½
Sensitivity Level 4 – Ultrahigh
Note: There are no sensitivity level
35
classifications for types II and III
systems. Sensitivity level ½ applies
only to some Method A, Type I
systems.
#8: Classification (1.4) Aerospace Material

Penetrants shall be of the following Specification AMS2644, Rev. F -
types, methods, and sensitivity levels. Revised 2013-10
Type 1 Fluorescent Dye
Type 2 Visible Dye
Method A - Water washable
Method B - Post emulsifiable,
lipophilic
Method C - Solvent removable
Method D - Post emulsifiable,
hydrophilic
Sensitivity level 1/2 - Ultra low
Sensitivity level 1 - Low
Sensitivity level 2 - Medium
Sensitivity level 3 - High
Sensitivity level 4 - Ultra high
Sensitivity level 1/2 applies to Type 1,
Method A penetrants only. There is no
sensitivity level classification for
Type 2 penetrants.
Developers shall be of the following
forms:
Form a - Dry power
Form b - Water soluble
Form c - Water suspendable
Form d - Nonaqueous Type 1
Fluorescent (solvent based)
Form e - Nonaqueous Type 2 Visible
Dye (solvent based)
Form f - Special Application
Solvent Removers shall be of the
following classes:
Class 1 - Halogenated
Class 2 - Nonhalogenated
Class 3 - Special application
#9: Penetrants are ordinarily classified ASNT Nondestructive Testing

in various groups. One major Handbook (Vol I, Section 6) –
subdivision is the type of dye used, Edited by Robert C. McMaster -
that is, whether (1) the fluoresces Copyright 1959
under black light, or (2) is highly
contrasting under white light. A
second major division of penetrant is
determined by the manner in which
they may be removed from the surface
of parts (example: water-washable,
36
special solvents and post-
emulsification penetrants.) (6-2_
#9: Commercially Available Liquid ASNT Nondestructive Testing

Penetrant Materials (pg 6) - The Handbook, Third Edition,
basic classification system remains Volume Two Liquid Penetrant
fairly uniform and classifies the Testing - Editor - Patrick O.
penetrant dye by type: fluorescent dye Moore - Copyright 2000
which is Type I, or visible dye which
is Type II. Reference Table 1.1.
(Types and methods of liquid
penetrant testing).
Page 380 Aerospace: All materials
used for liquid penetrant testing shall
conform to and be qualified per SAE
AMS 2644 and appear on its qualified
products list except ….
9. What are the dwell times #1: The length of time the penetrant ASTM E 165-95 Liquid
for penetrant after it has must remain on the part to allow Penetrant Inspection Method.
been applied? proper penetration should be as Note: AWS D1.1-92 (Chapter 6 –
recommended by the penetrant Inspection) and API Standard
manufacture. Table 2 (a guide) gives 1104 (Section 8.3) states that E
minimum penetrant dwell times for 165 shall be used for PT
different materials from 5 minutes to applications/procedure.
10 minutes (8.5.2)
#1: Penetrant Dwell Time (8.5.1) - ASTM E165/E165M-12

Basically the same as stated above. Standard Practice for Liquid
Penetrant Examination for
General Industry
#2: Same as #1, except note “B” to ASTM E 1219-94

table 1 states that maximum penetrant ASTM E 1220-92
dwell time 60 in accordance with
7.1.4.2.
#2: Table 1 Recommended ASTM E1219-16

Minimum Dwell Times - range from Standard Practice for Fluorescent
5 to 10 minutes depending on Liquid Penetrant Testing Using
material. (7.1.4.2) the Solvent-Removable Process
ASTM E1209-10
Standard Practice for Fluorescent
Liquid Penetrant Testing Using
the Water-Washable Process
#3: The dwell time, unless otherwise ASTM E 1417-95a Practice for
specified, shall be a minimum of 10 Liquid Penetrant Examination
minutes. For dwell times greater than
2 hours, the penetrant shall be
37
reapplied as required to prevent
drying. (7.2.1)
#3: Penetrant Dwell Time - The ASTM E1417/E1417M-16

dwell time, unless otherwise specified, Standard Practice for Liquid
shall be a minimum of 10 min. For Penetrant Testing
temperatures between 40 and 50°F
(4.4 and 10°C) dwell time shall be a
minimum of 20 min. For dwell times
greater than two hours, the penetrant
shall be reapplied as required.(7.2.1)
#4: The dwell time, unless otherwise MIL-STD-6866 (1985) Military

specified, shall be a minimum of 10 Standard – Inspection, Liquid
minutes. For dwell times greater than Penetrant
2 hours, the penetrant shall be
reapplied as required to prevent
drying. The component shall be
immersed in penetrant, if that is the
application method, no more than ½
the total dwell time.

#5: The minimum penetration time ASME (1992) Boiler and

shall be as recommended in SE Pressure Vessel Code; Section V;
Standards referenced in T-610 or as Article 6 – Liquid Penetrant
qualified by demonstration for Examination
specific applications. SE-165; SE-
1209; SE-1220; & SE-1219 (T-643)
#5: The minimum penetration 2010 ASME Boiler & Pressure

time shall be as required in Table T- Vessel Code, 2011a Addenda,
672 or as qualified by demonstration July 1, 2011 - V Nondestructive
for specific applications. Table list Examination - Article 6 - Liquid
dwell times from 5 to 10 minutes for Penetrant Examination
different materials.
#6: The minimum dwell time for T.O. 33B-1-1 Air Force
service-induced defects shall not be Technical Manual (change 2,
less than 30 minutes. There is one 1990) – Nondestructive
exception to this requirement. When Inspection Methods, Chapter 6
stress corrosion is suspected the
minimum dwell time shall not be less
than 240 minutes. These established
dwell times are based on parts having
a temperature of 60°F to 100°F.
38
#6: The minimum dwell time for TO 33B-1-1
service-induced defects SHALL NOT NAVAIR 01-1A-16-1
be less than 30-minutes, unless TM 1-1500-335-23
otherwise specified by a specific part Technical Manual --
procedure. Nondestructive Inspection
Most dwell times are based on past Methods, Basic Theory - 15
experience with similar parts, October 2016
materials and potential flaws. The
minimum penetrant
dwell time that SHALL be used is
provided in (Table 2-2). Minimum
penetrant dwell times for
manufacturing induced defects
SHALL be as specified by ASTM E
1417 or as specified by specific
technical directive or procedures.
(2.4.7.4.2)
#7: The minimum dwell times are PI-4-2 Nondestructive Testing

from 5 to 20 minutes for a Liquid Penetrant Handbook by
temperature range from 60 to 125°F General Dynamics (fourth
and different types of materials. (pg. edition)
3-16)
#7: Document does not address a ASNT Personnel Training

specific dwell time for penetrant. Publications (PTP) - Liquid
Dwell Time (pg 14) - The penetrant Penetrant Testing Classroom
dwell time is the length of time that Training Book - First Printing
the penetrant is allowed to wet the January 2005
surface and soak into discontinuities.
#8: Step 3. After the liquid penetrant MIL-HDBK-728/3 (1985)

has been applied, sufficient time must Military Handbook – Liquid
be given to allow the penetrant to Penetrant Testing
enter any flaws that are present.
(general statement)

MILITARY HANDBOOK:
LIQUID PENETRANT
acquisition.
39
#9: 6.4 – Use the applicable P.S. 21202 Rev R (1993)
minimum penetrant dwell time listed McDonnel Douglas Liquid
in Table V (the maximum dwell time Penetrant Process
is 75 minutes for steel weldments and (Amendment No. 1 – Issued 04
60 minutes for all other cases). Table May, 1994)
V states minimum dwell times to be
between 2 and 30 minutes with
applicable notes #1 - #6. (page 3 –
amendment1)
#9: Penetrant Dwell Time (7.2.3): BSS7039, Rev. C - March 2015

(1) Unless otherwise specified, allow Boeing Specification Support
10 minutes minimum for penetrant Standard - Liquid Penetrant
dwell time. (2) Type 1 and 2 Method Inspection
C inspections may be conducted at
temperatures as low as 40 F (4.4 C)
provided a minimum dwell time of 20
minutes is used. (3) The component
shall not be immersed in penetrant for
more than one half the total dwell
time.
#10: The recommended dwell or ASNT Nondestructive Testing

application times are approximate and Handbook (Vol I, Section 6) –
may vary with local conditions. Edited by Robert C. McMaster -
Application time in minutes: (1) parts Copyright 1959
& material with temperature range of
60°F - 90°F (3 to 5), (7 to 10) & (7 to
20); (2) parts & material with
temperature range of 35°F - 60°F (10
to 15), (10 to 20), & (15 to 20).
(section 6-14)
#10: Part 2. Liquid Penetrant ASNT Nondestructive Testing

Testing Processes: Basically states Handbook, Third Edition,
for Method A, B & D - Allow Volume Two Liquid Penetrant
sufficient time (termed dwell time) for Testing - Editor - Patrick O.
the surface liquid penetrant to enter Moore - Copyright 2000
the discontinuities … (pg 42 & 43)
Note: No specific time tables are
given for this section.
Chapter 14, Aerospace (pg 383) -
The liquid penetrant dwell time,
unless otherwise specified, shall be a
minimum of 10 min. For dwell times
greater than 2 h, the liquid penetrant
shall be reapplied to prevent drying.
#11: Dwell Time: In most cases, ASM Handbook, Volume 17,

however, a minimum of 10 min and a Nondestructive Evaluation and
maximum of 30 min is adequate for Quality Control
40
both fluorescent and visible penetrants
types. (pg 82)
6.7.7: Was the correct penetrant dwell Nadcap Audit Criteria

time utilized as specified by customer AC7114/1 Audit Criteria for
requirements? 6.7.8: If parts exceeded Nondestructive Testing Facility
the maximum dwell time, was Penetrant Survey - To be used
penetrant reapplied? No specific times on audits starting on or after 31-
are identified, do not confuse the Dec-2017.
requirements outline in 6.10.5
(developer dwell times) for penetrant
dwell times.
10. When removing excess #1: Method A: The temperature of the ASTM E 165-95 Liquid
penetrant (Method A, B water should be relatively constant Penetrant Inspection Method.
& D) with a manual and should be maintained with the Note: AWS D1.1-92 (Chapter 6 –
water spray procedure, range of 50 to 100°F. The rinse time Inspection) and API Standard
what parameters should not exceed 120 seconds unless 1104 (Section 8.3) states that E
(temperature, pressure, otherwise specified by part or material 165 shall be used for PT
distance, etc.) should be specification. The spray-rinse water applications/procedure.
observed? pressure should not be greater than 40
PSI. (8.6.1.1)
Method B (Lipophilic): Post rinsing

following emulsification. Control
rinse water temperature within the
range of 50 to 100°F. Spray rinse
water pressure should be in
accordance with manufacturer’s
recommendations. The maximum
spray rinse time should not exceed
120 s unless otherwise
specified…(8.6.2.5)
Method D (Hydrophilic): Pre-rinsing

prior to emulsification (8.6.3.1). Spray
rinse at a water pressure of 25 to 40
PSI and pre-rinse time should be the
least possible time (nominally 60 s
maximum) (8.6.3.2)
#1: Method A - …the excess ASTM E165/E165M-12

penetrant on the surface being Standard Practice for Liquid
examined must be removed with Penetrant Examination for
water. The temperature of the water General Industry
shall be maintained within the range
of 50° to 100°F [10° to 38°C]. Spray-
rinse water pressure shall not exceed
40 psi [275 kPa]. When hydro-air
pressure spray guns are used, the air
pressure should not exceed 25 psi
41
[172 kPa]. (8.6.1.1)
#2: The excess penetrant on the ASTM E 1209-94 Fluorescent

surface being examined must be Liquid Penetrant Examination
removed by water, usually a washing Using the Water-Washable
operation. (7.1.5) Immersion Rinsing Process
(7.1.5.1)… (a) rinse time should not
exceed 120 s unless… (b) temperature
of the water should be relatively
constant and should be maintained
within the range of 50° to 100°F…(c)
spray rinse water pressure should not
be greater than 30 PSI.
#2: Perform the rinsing operation ASTM E1209-10

under black light so that it can be Standard Practice for Fluorescent
determined when the surface penetrant Liquid Penetrant Testing Using
has been adequately removed. (7.1.5) the Water-Washable Process
(a) Rinse time - Maximum should be
specified by part or material
specification.
(b) The temperature of the water
should be relatively constant and
should be maintained within the range
of 50° to 100°F (10° to 38°C).
(c) Spray rinse water pressure should
not be greater than 40 psi (275 kPa).
(7.1.5.1)
#3: The maximum spray rinse time ASTM E 1208-94 Fluorescent

should not exceed 120 seconds unless Liquid Penetrant Examination
otherwise specified by part or Using the Lipophilic Post-
materials specification. Control rinse Emulsification Process
water temperature within the range
from 50 to 100°F. Spray rinse water
pressure should be 40 PSI max or in
accordance with the manufacturer’s
instructions. (7.1.6.2)
#3: Spray Post Rinsing - ASTM E1208-16

(a) The maximum spray rinse time Standard Practice for Fluorescent
should not exceed 120 s unless Liquid Penetrant Testing Using
otherwise specified y part or material the Lipophilic Post-
specification. Emulsification Process
(b) The temperature of the water
should be relatively constant and
should be maintained within the range
of 50 to 100°F (10 to 38°C)
(c) Spray rinse water pressure should
be 40 psi max (275 kPa max) or in
accordance with the manufacturer's
42
instructions.
#4: Pre-rinsing (7.1.5.1)…(a) control ASTM E 1210-92 Fluorescent

water temperature within the range of Liquid Penetrant Examination
50 to 100°F…(b) spray rinse at water Using the Hydrophilic Post-
pressure of 25 to 40PSI…(c) pre-rinse Emulsification Process
time…, nominally 60 s maximum…
#4: Pre-rinsing when using a ASTM E1210-16

hydrophilic emulsifier bath but not Standard Practice for Fluorescent
necessary for a spray application of Liquid Penetrant Testing Using
hydrophilic emulsifier: the Hydrophilic Post-
(a) Control water temperature within Emulsification Process
the range of 50 to 100°F (10 to 38°C)
(b) Spray rinse at water pressure of 25
to 40 psi (172 to 275 kPa).
(c) Pre-rinse time should be
maintained at the least possible time
to provide a consistent residue of
penetrant on parts, nominally 60 s
maximum wash time to be as
specified by the part or material
specification. (7.1.5.1)
Spray Post-Rinsing
(a) Spray rinse water pressure shall
not exceed 40 psi (275 kPa) when
manual, automated, or hydro-air spray
guns are used. When hydro-air
pressure spray guns are used, the air
pressure shall not exceed 25 psi (172
kPa).
(b) The maximum spray rinse time
should not exceed 120 s unless
otherwise specified by part or
materials specification.
(c) Control rinse water temperature
within the range of 50 to 100°F (10 to
38°C). (7.1.7.1)
#5: Method A, B & D: (7.3.1.1) ASTM E 1417-95a Practice for

Water pressure adequate to remove Liquid Penetrant Examination
the penetrant shall be used but shall
not exceed 40 PSI. The water
temperature shall be between 50 to
100°F. When Hydro-air nozzles are
used the air pressure shall not exceed
25 PSI. A coarse spray shall be used
with a minimum distance of 12 inches
when possible between the spray
nozzle and the part.
43
#5: Method A Process—Water- ASTM E1417/E1417M-16
washable penetrants shall be removed Standard Practice for Liquid
with a manual or automated water Penetrant Testing
spray, or a manual wipe, or an air
agitated immersion wash. (7.3.1)
Manual Spray—For handheld spray
guns water pressure adequate to
remove the penetrant shall be used but
shall not exceed 40 psi [275 kPa].
Water temperature shall be between
50 to 100°F [10 to 38°C]. When
hydro-air nozzles are used the air
pressure shall not exceed 25 psi [172
kPa]. A coarse spray shall be used
with a minimum distance of 12 in. [30
cm], when possible between the spray
nozzle and the part. (7.3.1.1)
Automated Spray - For automated
spray systems, the wash parameters
shall be such that the requirements of
7.8.3 are met. Water temperature shall
be maintained between 50 to 100°F
[10 to 38°C]. (7.3.1.2)
Immersion - Immersion wash may be
utilized if the water is air agitated and
good circulation is maintained
throughout the wash operation. Water
temperature shall be maintained
between 50 and 100°F [10 and 38°C].
(7.3.1.4)
Method B Process—Lipophilic post-
emulsifiable penetrant shall be
removed by air agitated water
immersion or with a water spray or
hydro-air spray rinse after application
of an emulsifier and an appropriate
emulsifier dwell time. Water pressure
and temperature and air pressure shall
meet the requirements specified in
7.3.1.1, 7.3.1.2, and 7.3.1.4. (7.3.2)
Method D Process—Hydrophilic
post emulsifiable penetrant shall be
removed with a water prerinse,
application of the hydrophilic
emulsifier and then a postrinse.
Rinse—The water prerinse shall be
applied for the minimum amount of
time required to achieve removal of
the bulk surface penetrant. The rinse
parameters of 7.3.1.1 or 7.3.1.2 shall
apply. (7.3.4.1)
44
Postrinse—After the application and
dwell of the hydrophilic emulsifier,
the component being examined shall
be rinsed with water. The spray rinse
parameters of 7.3.1.1, 7.3.1.2, and
7.3.1.4 shall apply. (7.3.4.3)
#6: Method A, B & D: Maximum MIL-STD-6866 (1985) Military

water pressure shall be 40 PSI. Water Standard – Inspection, Liquid
temperature shall be between 50° - Penetrant
100°F. A course spray shall be used
with a minimum of 12 inches, when
possible between the spray nozzle and
part. Hydro-air nozzles shall be
permitted only for Level 1 or Level 2
sensitivity processes with a maximum
of 25 PSI added air pressure.

#7: Method A, B & D: Water ASME (1992) Boiler and

pressure shall not exceed 50 PSI and Pressure Vessel Code; Section V;
water temperature shall not exceed Article 6 – Liquid Penetrant
110°F. (T-644.1) Examination
#7: Water-Washable Penetrants - 2010 ASME Boiler & Pressure

Excess water-washable penetrant shall Vessel Code, 2011a Addenda,
be removed with a water spray. July 1, 2011 - V Nondestructive
The water pressure shall not exceed Examination - Article 6 - Liquid
50 psi (350 kPa), and Penetrant Examination
the water temperature shall not
exceed 110°F (43°C).
Post-Emulsification Penetrants -
The temperature and pressure of the
water shall be as recommended by the
manufacturer. (T-673.2)
#8: Method A & B: Normal line T.O. 33B-1-1 Air Force

pressure, approximately 10 to 35 PSI, Technical Manual (change 2,
is acceptable and is generally used. 1990) – Nondestructive
Water pressure in excess of 40 PSIG Inspection Methods, Chapter 6
or injection of compressed gases or air
into the water system, shall not be
used. (6-263) Penetrant – emulsifier
combinations meeting specification
requirements are washable in the
temperature range of 60°F to 100°F.
45
Hot water, 120°F or above shall not
be used. (6-264) A spray angle,
generally of 45 degrees to 70 degrees
is most effective. (6-265) Washing of
fluorescent penetrant shall be done
under a black light in a semi-darkened
area and the washing stopped when a
low background level is reached. (6-
266)
Method D: Pre-Rinse – The cycle
shall be a coarse spray of plain water
for 30 to 120 seconds, at a pressure as
low as practically possible not to
exceed 40 PSIG, with a water
temperature of 55°F to 100°F. (6-293)
Post-Rinse – The cycle shall be a
plain water spray of 30 to 60 seconds
duration, at a line pressure of 10 to 35
PSIG, and with the water at ambient
temperature of 55°F to 100°F. Rinsing
of fluorescent penetrants shall be
accomplished under black light. (6-
305)
#8: Water washing or spray rinsing is TO 33B-1-1

usually accomplished in a stationary NAVAIR 01-1A-16-1
rinse tank, which is provided with a TM 1-1500-335-23
hose, nozzle, drain, and in the case of Technical Manual --
fluorescent penetrant, UV-A Nondestructive Inspection
illumination. Rinsing procedures used Methods, Basic Theory - 15
for removal of water-washable October 2016
penetrant, Method ''A'', and
postemulsifiable penetrant, Method
''B'' (after
emulsification), and Method ''D'' (after
remover application) are nearly
identical. (2.4.9)
Water Pressure: Normal line
pressure, approximately 10 to 40 psig,
is acceptable and is generally used.
Water pressures in excess of 40 psig
SHALL NOT be used. If hydro-air
nozzles are used, air pressure shall not
exceed 25 psi.
Water Temperature: Penetrant-
emulsifier combinations meeting
specification requirements are
washable in the temperature range of
50 F (10 C) to 100 F (38 C).
Therefore, the rinse water temperature
SHALL be maintained between 50 F
46
(10 C) to 100 F (38 C).
Where possible, the spray nozzle
SHALL be held a minimum of 12
inches from the part surface. The total
rinse time SHALL NOT exceed 120-
seconds.
#9: Method A: A course forceful PI-4-2 Nondestructive Testing

water spray is found to work best – Liquid Penetrant Handbook by
the action being limited to the time it General Dynamics (fourth
takes to remove only the surface edition)
penetrant. The temperature of the
water should be held between 60 and
110°F. If penetrant is fluorescent, the
wash is conducted under black light.
(pg. 4-8)
Method B & D: Not specifically
addressed in any detail.
#9: Water Rinse (Method A, B and ASNT Personnel Training

D) page 15 - The water rinse should Publications (PTP) - Liquid
be coarse droplets normally applied at Penetrant Testing Classroom
an oblique angle from a distance of Training Book - First Printing
about 30 cm (12 in.). The preset January 2005
pressure should not exceed 40 psi
(275 kPa), and the temperature should
be between 10 to 38 °C (50 to 100
°F). When hydro-air nozzles are used,
the air pressure should not exceed 25
psi (172 kPa).
#10: Not specifically addressed in MIL-HDBK-728/3 (1985)

any detail. Military Handbook – Liquid
Penetrant Testing

MILITARY HANDBOOK:
LIQUID PENETRANT
acquisition.
#11: Method A: Remove excessive P.S. 21202 Rev R (1993)

penetrant using water spray. When McDonnel Douglas Liquid
spray rinse facilities are not Penetrant Process
available…, rinsing may be performed
by swabbing with a clean, lint free
cloth saturated with clear water.
(6.5.1)
47
Method B: Remove the emulsifier
with water spray or immersion
equipment. Effective rinsing has been
accomplished when black light are
used – (6.5.2.1)
Method D: May be rinsed with a clear
water spray prior to emulsification to
remove part of the penetrant. The
water temperature must be between
50°F and 100°F and the pressure must
be 40 PSI or less. The rinse time shall
not exceed one minute. (6.5.2.1 note)
#11: Removal Station (5.1): Water BSS7039, Rev. C - March 2015

pressure and temperature gauge Boeing Specification Support
viewable by operator: Standard - Liquid Penetrant
(1) Water pressure shall not exceed 40 Inspection
psi (276 kPa)
(2) Range of water temperature is 50
to 100 F (10 to 38 C)
(3) Hydro-air nozzles shall not exceed
a maximum air pressure of 25 psi (172
kPa)
#12: Water-Emulsifiable Dye- ASNT Nondestructive Testing

Penetrant Process: The water- Handbook (Vol I, Section 6) –
removable combination can then be Edited by Robert C. McMaster -
flushed from the surface of the part by Copyright 1959
using a heavy volume of water or a
water spray.
Water-Washable Dye-Penetrant
Process: A wide, fan-shaped spray is
best, and means should be available
for practically atomizing the water
droplets to achieve faster
emulsification. Water at 60°F to 90°F
is recommended. (6-16)
#12: Water Rinse Removal of ASNT Nondestructive Testing

Excess Surface Self-Emulsifiable Handbook, Third Edition,
Liquid Penetrant (Method A): Volume Two Liquid Penetrant
Excessively high water pressures Testing - Editor - Patrick O.
greater than 275 kPa (40 lbf in.-2) or Moore - Copyright 2000
extended rinse times greater than 120
s (2 min) should be avoided to guard
against over rinsing, particularly
where surface discontinuities may be
wide and shallow. Rinse water
temperature around 20°C (70°F) is
adequate when rinsing… Low
temperature rinse water (below 10°C
48
or 50°F) may reduce the ease with
which penetrants can be rinsed off the
test parts. Some manufacturers of
liquid penetrants recommend elevated
rinse temperatures of 30 to 45°C (or
90 to 110°F).[Page 50]
Aerospace: (Method A) - Water
pressure adequate to remove the liquid
penetrant shall be used but shall not
exceed 275 kPa (40 lbf in.-2). Water
temperature shall be between 10 to
38°C (50 to 100°F). When hydro air
nozzles are used the air pressure shall
not exceed 172 kPa (25 lbf in.-2). A
coarse spray shall be used with a
minimum distance of 300 mm (12 in.),
when possible between the spray
nozzle and the part. (page 383)
#13: Rinsing - For all ASM Handbook, Volume 17,

methods….Rinse time should be Nondestructive Evaluation and
determined experimentally for Quality Control
specific workpieces; it usually varies
from 10 s to 2 min. For spray rinsing,
water pressure should be constant. A
pressure of about 275 kPa (40 psi) is
desirable. Most penetrants can be
removed effectively with water in a
range of 10 to 40°C (50 to 100°F). (pg
83)
6.9: Penetrant Removal: 6.9.1: Is the Nadcap Audit Criteria

rinse water controlled to provide a AC7114/1 Audit Criteria for
coarse spray?; 6.9.2: Is the rinse water Nondestructive Testing Facility
temperature controlled within the Penetrant Survey - To be used
range of 50 °F (10 °C) to 100 °F (38 on audits starting on or after 31-
°C)?; 6.9.3: Is the rinse water pressure Dec-2017.
controlled to 40 psi (275 kPa)
maximum?; 6.9.7: If used, is the air
pressure on the hydro air nozzle
controlled to 25 psi (170 kPa)
maximum and monitored at least daily
or prior to use?
11. What personnel safety #1: Scope: (1.5) This standard does ASTM E 165-95 Liquid
equipment (if any) is not purport to address all of the safety Penetrant Inspection Method.
required when problems, if any, associated with its Note: AWS D1.1-92 (Chapter 6 –
performing the penetrant use. It is the responsibility of the user Inspection) and API Standard
method of inspection? of this standard to establish 1104 (Section 8.3) states that E
appropriate safety and health practices 165 shall be used for PT
and determine the applicability of applications/procedure.
49
regulatory limitations prior to use. For
specific hazard statements, see
notes…
NOTE: There is no direct reference to
using safety equipment (i.e., neoprene
gloves, apron, eye protection) when
handing penetrant materials.
#1: Scope: (1.5) This standard does ASTM E165/E165M-12

not purport to address all of the safety Standard Practice for Liquid
problems, if any, associated with its Penetrant Examination for
use. It is the responsibility of the user General Industry
of this standard to establish
appropriate safety and health practices
and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
#2: Same general statement as for E ASTM E 1219-94 Standard Test

165 response, plus notes. Method for Fluorescent Liquid
#3: Same general statement as for E ASTM E 1220-92 Standard Test

165 response, plus notes. Method for Visible Liquid
#4: Same general statement as for E ASTM E 1417-95a Practice for

165 response, plus notes. Liquid Penetrant Examination
#4: This standard does not purport to ASTM E1417/E1417M-16

address all of the safety concerns, if Standard Practice for Liquid
any, associated with its use. It is the Penetrant Testing
responsibility of the user of this
standard to establish appropriate
safety and health practices and
determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use. (the
term problems was replaced with the
term concerns) (1.6)
#5: Safety equipment (i.e., eye MIL-STD-6866 (1985) Military

protection, gloves, apron) are not Standard – Inspection, Liquid
addressed – nor is there a general Penetrant
safety statement.

50
#6: Same as MIL-STD-6866 ASME (1992) Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code; Section V;
Article 6 – Liquid Penetrant
Examination
#6: States conformance to SE-165 2010 ASME Boiler & Pressure

[Standard Practice for Liquid Vessel Code, 2011a Addenda,
Penetrant Examination for General July 1, 2011 - V Nondestructive
Industry] which is basically a copy of Examination - Article 6 - Liquid
ASTM E-165-09. (T-610) Penetrant Examination
#7: AFOSH STD 127-110 provides T.O. 33B-1-1 Air Force

safety requirements for penetrant Technical Manual (change 2,
inspection. These requirements are 1990) – Nondestructive
mandatory for all Air Force activities. Inspection Methods, Chapter 6
Also, see Safety Summary section for
Warnings, Cautions, and other
applicable statements.
#7: Section VIII Liquid Penetrant TO 33B-1-1

Inspection Safety: Sections (2.8) thru NAVAIR 01-1A-16-1
(2.8.7.2) addresses specific TM 1-1500-335-23
requirements, precautions and Technical Manual --
equipment. Air Force Instruction 91- Nondestructive Inspection
203 or appropriate service directive Methods, Basic Theory - 15
SHALL be consulted for additional October 2016
safety requirements.
#8: For protection, oil-resistant gloves PI-4-2 Nondestructive Testing

and apron should be worn. Face and Liquid Penetrant Handbook by
eyes should be protected by wearing a General Dynamics (fourth
face shield. (7-16) edition)
#8: Safety Precautions (pg 8&9) - ASNT Personnel Training

Subjects of Fire, Skin Irritation, Air Publications (PTP) - Liquid
Pollution and Ultraviolet Radiation Penetrant Testing Classroom
are discussed. Training Book - First Printing
January 2005
#9: (3.0) Safety Notice…(3.8)…the MIL-HDBK-728/3 (1985)

use of dust masks, goggles, face Military Handbook – Liquid
shields, water proof aprons and/or Penetrant Testing
clothing is strongly encouraged. Many
times hand creams and/or rubber
gloves are found to be useful,…
#9: No changes - same as above. MIL-HDBK-728/3 (NOTICE 1),

MILITARY HANDBOOK:
LIQUID PENETRANT
51
acquisition.
#10: (8.) Safety…personnel shall P.S. 21202 Rev R (1993)

refer to the applicable manufacturing McDonnel Douglas Liquid
procedure or the Component Safety Penetrant Process
Manual for appropriate personal
protective equipment and safe work
procedures. (8.1.2)…subcontractors
will provide their employees with the
necessary training, procedures and
personal protective
equipment…(8.1.3) Neoprene gloves
shall be worn when handling cleaning
and penetrant liquids to prevent skin
irritation. (8.2.3 [a])
#10: WARNING notes are included BSS7039, Rev. C - March 2015

throughout the document - Do not Boeing Specification Support
take these WARNING(s) to be all Standard - Liquid Penetrant
inclusive, nor to completely describe Inspection
hazards or precautionary measures
applicable to specific procedures or
operating environments. Non-Boeing
personnel must refer to their
employer's safety instructions for
information concerning hazards which
may occur during operations
described in this specification.
#11: Penetrant Handling (7-35) – ASNT Nondestructive Testing

Penetrants will often cause skin Handbook (Vol I, Section 6) –
irritation in some people if the skin is Edited by Robert C. McMaster -
continually exposed to the penetrant. Copyright 1959
The following suggestions will greatly
reduce irritation by the penetrant:
1. Avoid Contact…wear neoprene
gloves.
2. Keep interior of gloves clean.
3. Keep penetrant off clothes.
4. Wash any penetrant from skin with
soap and water as soon as possible.
5. Check periodically for traces of
fluorescent penetrant on skin, clothes,
and inside of gloves by examining
under black light.
#11: Part 8. Health and Safety ASNT Nondestructive Testing

Precautions - Pages 71 -80 provide Handbook, Third Edition,
input on a mutable of issues regarding Volume Two Liquid Penetrant
52
health and
a safety. T
Testing - Editor - Patrickk O.
M
Moore - Copyyright 2000
53
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The Penetrant Discipline

Danny N Marks, Marks & Associates, Level III

 Errors in information presented (source documents) - could be classified as "typo errors"?

Question Answer Source

#1: 8.2 Temperature Limits – The ASTM E165/E165M-12

#2: The penetrant materials and ASTM E 1219-94 Standard Test

#2: 7.1.1 Temperature Limits – The ASTM E1219-16 Standard

#3: The penetrant materials and ASTM E 1220-92 Standard Test

#4: The component, penetrant, and ASTM E 1417-95a Practice for

#4: 7.2 The component, penetrant, and ASTM E1417/E1417M-16

#5: The component, penetrant, and MIL-STD-6866 (1985) Military

MIL-STD-6866 (1985) Canceled

#6: As a standard technique, the 2010 ASME Boiler & Pressure

#7: The operating range for T.O. 33B-1-1 Air Force

#7: Temperature Limitations. - TO 33B-1-1

#8: The normal temperatures of PI-4-2 Nondestructive Testing

#8: Effects of Temperature (pg 60) - ASNT Personnel Training

#9: In any case, parts subject to MIL-HDBK-728/3 (1985)

#9: No Change - same as above. MIL-HDBK-728/3 (NOTICE 1),

#10: For penetrant application, the BSS7039, Rev. C - March 2015

#11: Temperatures around 80°F to ASNT Nondestructive Testing

#11: Effects of Temperature of Part ASNT Nondestructive Testing

4.3.5.2: A requirement that Nadcap Audit Criteria

#1: Visible Light Examination - A ASTM E165/E165M-12

#2: Visible Ambient Light—Visible ASTM E1219-16 Standard

#3: A minimum light intensity at the ASTM E 1220-92 Standard Test

#3: Visible Illuminance - A minimum ASTM E1220-16 Standard

#4: Visible Lights - For Type II ASTM E1417/E1417M-16

#5: For visible dye inspection, Type MIL-STD-6866 (1985) Military

MIL-STD-6866 (1985) Canceled

#6: For color contrast penetrants ASME (1992) Boiler and

#7: Ambient Visible Light - TO 33B-1-1

#8: The lighting when viewing visible PI-4-2 Nondestructive Testing

#8: Lighting (pg 60) - The standard ASNT Personnel Training

#9: For visible – dye penetrants, a MIL-HDBK-728/3 (1985)

#9: No Change - same as above. MIL-HDBK-728/3 (NOTICE 1),

#10: For inspection with non- P.S. 21202 Rev R (1993)

#10: At least 100 fc (1,000 lx) of BSS7039, Rev. C - March 2015

#11: The proper intensity of ASNT Nondestructive Testing

#11: Aerospace - The intensity of ASNT Nondestructive Testing

#12: Visible penetrant… ASM Handbook, Volume 17,

3. What intensity level #1: A minimum of 1000 ASTM E 165-95 Liquid

#1: Black lights shall provide a ASTM E165/E165M-12

#2: Black light intensity, ASTM E 1219-94 Standard Test

#2: UV-A Irradiation - UV-A ASTM E1219-16 Standard

#4: Minimum acceptable intensity is MIL-STD-6866 (1985) Military

MIL-STD-6866 (1985) Canceled

#5: A minimum of 800 µW/cm2 on ASME (1992) Boiler and

#6: The minimum UV-A output for a TO 33B-1-1

#7: Black light intensity should PI-4-2 Nondestructive Testing

#7: Lighting (pg 60) - For fluorescent ASNT Personnel Training

#8: For correct test results the lamp MIL-HDBK-728/3 (1985)

#8: No Change - same as above. MIL-HDBK-728/3 (NOTICE 1),

#9: The ultraviolet light intensity is P.S. 21202 Rev R (1993)

#9: Minimum acceptable output at a BSS7039, Rev. C - March 2015

#10: The amount of black light ASNT Nondestructive Testing

#10: Aerospace (pg 155) - ASNT Nondestructive Testing

#11: Inspections: Recommended ASM Handbook, Volume 17,

5.13.10: Is the minimum acceptable Nadcap Audit Criteria