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Fundamentals of CSS - Learn CSS - Selectors and Visual Rules Cheatsheet - Codecademy PDF

The document discusses various CSS fundamentals including how to link external CSS files using <link> tags, writing CSS in separate files or inline in HTML, using different CSS selectors like classes, IDs, type selectors and descendant selectors, CSS declarations with property-value pairs, and common CSS properties to control text, background, opacity, font styles.

Uploaded by

Juan Esteban Rivera Cobo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
74 views

Fundamentals of CSS - Learn CSS - Selectors and Visual Rules Cheatsheet - Codecademy PDF

The document discusses various CSS fundamentals including how to link external CSS files using <link> tags, writing CSS in separate files or inline in HTML, using different CSS selectors like classes, IDs, type selectors and descendant selectors, CSS declarations with property-value pairs, and common CSS properties to control text, background, opacity, font styles.

Uploaded by

Juan Esteban Rivera Cobo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cheatsheets / Fundamentals of CSS

Learn CSS: Selectors and Visual Rules

<link> Link Element


The <link> element is used to link HTML documents to <!-- How to link an external stylesheet with
external resources like CSS files. It commonly uses:
href, rel, and type attributes -->
href attribute to specify the URL to the external
resource
rel attribute to specify the relationship of the <link href="./path/to/stylesheet/style.css"
linked document to the current document rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
type attribute to define the type of content
being linked

Purpose of CSS
CSS, or Cascading Style Sheets, is a language that is used
in combination with HTML that customizes how HTML
elements will appear. CSS can define styles and change
the layout and design of a sheet.

Write CSS in Separate Files


CSS code can be written in its own files to keep it <head>
separate from the HTML code. The extension for CSS
<link href="style.css" type="text/css"
files is .css. These can be linked to an HTML file using a
<link> tag in the <head> section. rel="stylesheet">
</head>

Write CSS in HTML File


CSS code can be written in an HTML file by enclosing the <head>
code in <style> tags. Code surrounded by <style>
<style>
tags will be interpreted as CSS syntax.
h1 {
color: blue;
}
</style>
</head>
Inline Styles
CSS styles can be directly added to HTML elements by <h2 style="text-align: center;">Centered
using the style attribute in the element’s opening tag.
text</h2>
Each style declaration is ended with a semicolon. Styles
added in this manner are known as inline styles.
<p style="color: blue; font-size:
18px;">Blue, 18-point text</p>

Separating HTML code from CSS code


It is common practice to separate content code in HTML
files from styling code in CSS files. This can help make
the code easier to maintain, by keeping the syntax for
each file separate, and any changes to the content or
styling can be made in their respective files.

Class and ID Selectors


CSS classes can be reusable and applied to many /* Selects all elements with class="column"
elements. Class selectors are denoted with a period .
*/
followed by the class name. CSS ID selectors should be
unique and used to style only a single element. ID .column {
selectors are denoted with a hash sign # followed by }
the id name.

/* Selects element with id="first-item" */


#first-item {
}

Groups of CSS Selectors


Match multiple selectors to the same CSS rule, using a h1, h2 {
comma-separated list. In this example, the text for both
color: red;
h1 and h2 is set to red.
}

Selector Chaining
CSS selectors define the set of elements to which a CSS
rule set applies. For instance, to select all <p>
elements, the p selector can be used to create style
rules.
Chaining Selectors
CSS selectors can be chained so that rule sets apply only /* Select h3 elements with the section-
to elements that match all criteria. For instance, to
heading class */
select <h3> elements that also have the section-
heading class, the selector h3.section-heading can be h3.section-heading {
used. color: blue;
}

/* Select elements with the section-heading


and button class */
.section-heading.button {
cursor: pointer;
}

CSS Type Selectors


CSS type selectors are used to match all elements of a /* Selects all <p> tags */
given type or tag name. Unlike for HTML syntax, we do
p {
not include the angle brackets when using type
selectors for tag names. When using type selectors, }
elements are matched regardless of their nesting level
in the HTML.

CSS class selectors


The CSS class selector matches elements based on the .calendar-cell {
contents of their class attribute. For selecting
color: #fff;
elements having calendar-cell as the value of the
}
class attribute, a . needs to be prepended.

HTML attributes with multiple values


Some HTML attributes can have multiple attribute values. <div class="value1 value2 value3"></div>
Multiple attribute values are separated by a space
between each attribute.
Selector Specificity
Specificity is a ranking system that is used when there h1#header {
are multiple conflicting property values that point to the
color: blue;
same element. When determining which rule to apply,
the selector with the highest specificity wins out. The } /* implemented */
most specific selector type is the ID selector, followed by
class selectors, followed by type selectors. In this
h1 {
example, only color: blue will be implemented as it has
an ID selector whereas color: red has a type selector. color: red;
} /* Not implemented */

CSS ID selectors
The CSS ID selector matches elements based on the #job-title {
contents of their id attribute. The values of id
font-weight: bold;
attribute should be unique in the entire DOM. For
selecting the element having job-title as the value of }
the id attribute, a # needs to be prepended.

CSS descendant selector


The CSS descendant selector combinator is used to div p { }
match elements that are descended from another
matched selector. They are denoted by a single space
between each selector and the descended selector. All section ol li { }
matching elements are selected regardless of the
nesting level in the HTML.

CSS declarations
In CSS, a declaration is the key-value pair of a CSS /*
property and its value. CSS declarations are used to set
CSS declaration format:
style properties and construct rules to apply to
individual or groups of elements. The property name property-name: value;
and value are separated by a colon, and the entire */
declaration must be terminated by a semi-colon.

/* CSS declarations */
text-align: center;
color: purple;
width: 100px;

Font Size
The font-size CSS property is used to set text sizes. font-size: 30px;
Font size values can be many different units or types
such as pixels.
Background Color
The background-color CSS property controls the background-color: blue;
background color of elements.

!important Rule
The CSS !important rule is used on declarations to #column-one {
override any other declarations for a property and
width: 200px !important;
ignore selector specificity. !important rules will ensure
that a specific declaration always applies to the matched }
elements. However, generally it is good to avoid using
!important as bad practice. .post-title {
color: blue !important;
}

Opacity
The opacity CSS property can be used to control the opacity: 0.5;
transparency of an element. The value of this property
ranges from 0 (transparent) to 1 (opaque).

Font Weight
The font-weight CSS property can be used to set the font-weight: bold;
weight (boldness) of text. The provided value can be a
keyword such as bold or normal .

Text Align
The text-align CSS property can be used to set the text text-align: right;
alignment of inline contents. This property can be set to
these values: left , right , or center .

CSS Rule Sets


A CSS rule set contains one or more selectors and one h1 {
or more declarations. The selector(s), which in this
color: blue;
example is h1 , points to an HTML element. The
declaration(s), which in this example are color: blue text-align: center;
and text-align: center style the element with a }
property and value. The rule set is the main building
block of a CSS sheet.
Setting foreground text color in CSS
Using the color property, foreground text color of an p {
element can be set in CSS. The value can be a valid color
color : #2a2aff ;
name supported in CSS like green or blue . Also, 3 digit
}
or 6 digit color code like #22f or #2a2aff can be used
to set the color.
span {
color : green ;
}

Resource URLs
In CSS, the url() function is used to wrap resource background-image:
URLs. These can be applied to several properties such as
url("../resources/image.png");
the background-image .

Background Image
The background-image CSS property sets the background-image: url("nyan-cat.gif");
background image of an element. An image URL should
be provided in the syntax url("moon.jpg") as the value
of the property.

Font Family
The font-family CSS property is used to specify the h2 {
typeface in a rule set. Fonts must be available to the
font-family: Verdana;
browser to display correctly, either on the computer or
linked as a web font. If a font value is not available, }
browsers will display their default font. When using a
multi-word font name, it is best practice to wrap them in
#page-title {
quotes.
font-family: "Courier New";
}

Color Name Keywords


Color name keywords can be used to set color property h1 {
values for elements in CSS.
color: aqua;
}

li {
color: khaki;
}
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