AST AV A: Indus Valley Civilization
AST AV A: Indus Valley Civilization
AST AV A: Indus Valley Civilization
VA
storage of food and other agricultural
Indus Valley Civilization products.
Indus Valley Civilization, their discoverers,
TA
● What was the material used for
and important products associated with
the construction of buildings in
them:
Harappa?
● Harappa - Where is the Harappa
● Answer: The buildings in Harappa
site located?
AS
● Answer: The Harappa site is located
in present-day Pakistan, near the
city of Sahiwal in Punjab province.
were constructed using baked
bricks.
IV
● Which metal was not known to the
people of Harappa?
● Which river flows near the ancient
● Answer: The people of Harappa
city of Harappa?
SR
Harappa?
● What was the most important
● Answer: The humped bull was
public place in Harappa?
commonly depicted in the seals
● Answer: The most important public
found in Harappa.
place in Harappa was the Great
AM
Granary.
● Who discovered Harappa?
● Answer: Harappa was discovered in
● What was the script used by the
1921 by R. D. Banerji, an officer of
people of Harappa?
the Archaeological Survey of India.
● Answer: The script used by the
people of Harappa is still
● Which civilization is associated
undeciphered.
with Harappa?
● Answer: Harappa is associated with
● What was the purpose of the
the Indus Valley Civilization.
Great Granary in Harappa?
● Answer: The purpose of the Great
Granary in Harappa was for the
Page No.: 1
● Mohenjo-daro - What was the ● Answer: The buildings in
principal occupation of the people Mohenjodaro were constructed using
VA
of Mohenjodaro? baked bricks.
● Answer: Agriculture was the principal
occupation of the people of ● Which metal was not known to the
Mohenjodaro. people of Mohenjo Daro?
TA
● Answer: The people of Mohenjodaro
● Which river flows near the ancient were not familiar with iron.
city of Mohenjodaro? ● Which animal was commonly
● Answer: The ancient city of
place in Mohenjodaro was the Great ● Answer: Sir John Marshall was not
Bath. the discoverer of Mohenjodaro, but
he was the director-general of the
● What was the script used by the Archaeological Survey of India who
AN
Survey of India.
● What was the purpose of the
Great Bath in Mohenjo Daro? ● Which civilization is associated
● Answer: The purpose of the Great with Mohenjodaro?
Bath in Mohenjodaro is believed to ● Answer: Mohenjodaro is associated
have been for religious or with the Indus Valley Civilization.
ceremonial purposes, or for public
bathing. ● Dholavira- known for its impressive
fortifications and trade in copper,
● What was the material used for ivory, and shells.Dholavira was a
the construction of buildings in well-planned city with impressive
Mohenjo Daro? fortifications and water management
Page No.: 2
systems. It also had rain water Vedic Era
harvesting systems.
VA
● Lothal- known for its well-developed ● The Vedas are a collection of sacred
dockyard and trade in beads, gems, hymns and texts in Sanskrit that
and shell objects. The city had a were passed down through oral
well-planned dockyard. The city of tradition before being written down.
TA
Lothal was a major center of trade The Rigveda
and commerce, especially for the ● the oldest and most important of the
export of beads, shells, and ivory. Vedas, contains hymns in praise of
the gods and descriptions of their
●
AS
Kalibangan- Discovered by B.B. Lal
in 1953, known for its fire altars and
trade in beads, pottery, and shell
objects.The city of Kalibangan had a
deeds.
● The Rigveda is divided into ten
books or mandalas, which contain a
IV
unique and sophisticated water total of 1,028 hymns.
management system, which included ● The Rig Veda contains hymns
a dam, reservoirs, and underground dedicated to various gods and
SR
agricultural fields and trade in pottery were used in sacrificial rituals, and
and beads. also contains instructions on the
● Banawali- Discovered by Suraj performance of various rituals.
Bhan in 1974, known for its ● The Yajur Veda is named after the
AM
Page No.: 3
● The Samaveda is also known as the of teachings and writings that were
Veda of Melodies, or the Veda of passed down orally before being
VA
Music, because of its emphasis on written down.
the musical aspects of the hymns ● Buddhism has three main branches:
and verses. Theravada, Mahayana, and
● The Samaveda contains 1,549 Vajrayana, each with their own
TA
verses, which are organized into two traditions, practices, and beliefs.
main parts: the Purvarchika and the
Uttararchika. About Gautama Buddha
The Atharvaveda
AS
● The Atharvaveda is named after the
Atharvan, a group of ancient Indian
● Gautama Buddha, also known as
Siddhartha Gautama, was a spiritual
leader and founder of Buddhism.
● He was born in Lumbini, Nepal in the
IV
priests who specialized in magical 5th century BCE into a royal family.
and medicinal practices. ● According to Buddhist tradition, at
● The Atharvaveda contains 730 the age of 29, he left his palace and
SR
hymns, which are organized into 20 all his worldly possessions in search
books or chapters. of enlightenment.
● It contains hymns and verses related .
to healing, protection, and magical There are several important places related
AN
Page No.: 4
sermon after attaining known as Vikramaditya, who ruled
enlightenment. It is located near from 375 CE to 415 CE.
VA
Varanasi, India and is now a major ● Chandragupta II was a patron of the
pilgrimage site for Buddhists. arts and literature, and his court was
● Kushinagar: This is the site where a center of learning and culture.
Gautama Buddha passed away and ● The Gupta Empire was a golden age
TA
attained Nirvana. It is located in of Indian culture and saw the
present-day Uttar Pradesh, India and development of classical Sanskrit
is now a major pilgrimage site for literature, including the plays of
Buddhists.
● Shravasti: This is the site where ● The Gupta kings issued gold coins,
Gautama Buddha spent several known as dinars, which were widely
rainy seasons and gave many used in trade and commerce.
teachings. It is located in ● Construction of magnificent
AN
present-day Uttar Pradesh, India and rock-cut temples: The Gupta kings
is now a popular pilgrimage site for built a number of rock-cut temples,
Buddhists. including the Udayagiri caves near
Vidisha, which contain some of the
AM
Page No.: 5
● Kama Sutra by Vatsyayana: This is a ● He conquered the kingdoms of
famous Sanskrit text on human Kalinga, which resulted in a
VA
sexual behavior, written in the Gupta devastating war, after which he
period. renounced violence and
embraced Buddhism.
● Ashoka's concept of Ahimsa,
Maurya period
TA
or non-violence, influenced his
● Chandragupta Maurya policies on animal rights and
founded the Maurya Empire in his promotion of
322 BCE.
● He defeated the Nanda
emperor of the
AS
dynasty to become the first
Maurya
vegetarianism.
● Ashoka's reign is known for its
numerous edicts, which were
inscriptions that he had carved
IV
dynasty. on rocks and pillars throughout
● He was a disciple of his empire.
Chanakya, also known as ● The edicts, which were written
SR
dynasty. to follow.
● Bindusara expanded the
Mauryan Empire by defeating
the Kalinga kingdom in the
Gurjar- Pratihar Dynasty
AM
Page No.: 6
late 8th century. He successfully ● Gopala II: Gopala II was the last
repelled the Arab invasion of India. ruler of the Pala Dynasty and ruled
VA
● Mihira Bhoja: Mihira Bhoja was from 1155 to 1162.
another important ruler who lived in
the 9th century. He is remembered
Chola Dynasty
for his military campaigns, including
TA
his successful defense of Kannauj ● The Chola Dynasty was one of the
against the Pratihara ruler most prominent dynasties in the
Mahendrapala. history of South India. It ruled over a
large part of southern India between
ruler who expanded
AS
● Mahendrapala I was a 9th century
temples in India.
● The Pala Dynasty was a prominent ● Rajendra Chola I: He was the son
Buddhist dynasty that ruled over a of Rajaraja Chola I and ruled from
large part of eastern India from the 1012 CE to 1044 CE. He also built
AM
Page No.: 7
● Rajendra Chola III: He ruled from from the 3rd century CE to the
1248 CE to 1279 CE and is credited 9th century CE.
VA
with building the Kampahareswarar ● The Pallava Dynasty was
Temple in the town of founded by Simhavishnu in the
Thirubhuvanam. 3rd century CE. He
● This temple is known for its established his capital at
TA
elaborate carvings and intricate Kanchipuram.
stonework. ● Some of the important kings of
● It is considered one of the finest the Pallava Dynasty were
examples of Chola architecture.
● The Chola Dynasty
AS
had
well-organized local self-government
system in place. The administration
a
Mahendravarman
Narasimhavarman
Rajasimha,
Narasimhavarman II.
I,
I,
and
IV
was decentralized, and power was ● Architectural work: The Pallava
vested in the hands of local bodies. Dynasty is known for its
● The village was the basic unit of architectural achievements.
SR
Page No.: 8
➔ Kailasanatha Temple: This temple ● Dantidurga was the founder of the
is located in Kanchipuram and was Rashtrakuta dynasty.
VA
built by Narasimhavarman II in the ● He was a local chieftain who
8th century CE. It is a structural overthrew his Chalukya overlords
temple built in the Dravidian style of and established his own kingdom in
architecture. the Deccan.
TA
➔ Vaikuntha Perumal Temple: This ● Amoghavarsha (ruled from 814 to
temple is located in Kanchipuram 878 CE) - He was one of the
and was built by Nandivarman II in greatest kings of the dynasty and is
architecture. AS
the 8th century CE. It is a structural
temple built in the Dravidian style of
known for his patronage of literature
and the arts.
● Architectural
Rashtrakuta Dynasty
Work of the
IV
➔ Kailasanatha Temple at
Ellora - This is one of the most
impressive rock-cut temples in
SR
Page No.: 9
Pandyas Dynasty ● Vaigai Dam: This dam is located in
Madurai, Tamil Nadu, and was built
VA
● The Pandyas were one of the by the Pandyas to regulate the flow
ancient Tamil dynasties that ruled of the Vaigai River.
the southern region of India,
particularly present-day Tamil Nadu
TA
and Kerala.
● According to legend, the dynasty
was founded by a fisherman named
Kulaśēkhara.
AS
IV
Main Kings of the Dynasty
● Nedunjeliyan I: He was the most
SR
Architectural Works
● Meenakshi Amman Temple: It is
one of the most famous temples in
India, located in Madurai, Tamil
AM