Dawood University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electronics Engineering

Analog and Digital Communication

Submitted by:
D-19F-ES-14 -------- Javeria Shariq
D-19F-ES-90 -------- Huma Asif
 Introduction
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of interconnected computing devices, mechanical and
digital machines, objects, animals, or people with unique identifiers and the ability to transfer
data without the need for human contact, man to man or man to a computer.
It is the interconnection of physical objects with electronics inherent in their architecture to
communicate and detect interactions among themselves and with the external environment. This
refers to objects that have been issued an IP address and may collect and transmit data through a
network. Embedded technology allows objects to interact with the outside world, enabling them
in making decisions. Since these gadgets may now digitally express themselves.
It is built on machine-to-machine communication, cloud computing, and a network of data
collection sensors. The core premise of IoT is that it will transform everything from a clock to
bus stations "smart." Here comes the most important and widely used phrase in IoT, 'Smart,'
which signifies Automation - the process of reducing human intervention or participation while
enhancing machine intelligence to do every action that IoT could handle on its own.
IoT creates an interconnected network of artificial objects such as physical gadgets, automobiles,
household appliances, and even natural living organisms such as plants, animals, and so on.
Wireless microchips are used to automatically identify anything by tagging it with them. You've
seen it on credit cards, car ignition keys, and so on.
Because the connectivity of objects is the primary purpose of IoT, RFID tags are hand-shaken
with IoT technology and are employed to offer a unique identifier for the networked "things" in
IoT.
RFID ( Radio Frequency Identification):
RFID is a self-regulating technology that is employed in a variety of systems to assist them in
carrying out the tasks depending on object identification, data analysis, and object control. RFID
systems are made up of two parts: tags and readers. The tag contains a chip that is affixed to an
object that is being tracked and operates as the object's identifier. RFID readers, on the other
hand, use radio waves to exchange information with RFID tags regularly.
 Applications of RFID in the Internet of Things (IoT)
(Research Paper I)

A radio frequency identification system (RFID) is an automated technology that uses radio
waves to let machines or computers detect objects, record metadata, or control objectives.
RFID systems are generally made up of tags (transmitters/responders) and readers
(transmitters/receivers). The tag is a small chip coupled to an antenna that may be applied to
an object as the object's identification. Electromagnetic radiations are employed by the RFID
reader to interact with the RFID tag.
When RFID readers that follow adequate communication protocols are connected to an
Internet terminal, readers across the globe may identify, track, and monitor the things
associated with tags worldwide, remotely, and instantaneously, if necessary. This is considered
to be the Internet of Things (IoT).
The perception layer, the network layer, and the service layer are the three levels of an IoT
system architecture.
Perception Layer: It is the source of information and the foundation of IoT. In this layer,
sensors, wireless sensor networks (WSN), tags and reader-writers, RFID systems, cameras,
global positioning systems (GPS), intelligent terminals, electronic data interface (EDI), objects,
and other technologies perceive and retrieve information from the physical environment.
Network Layer: This layer also referred to as the transport layer, incorporates the access
network and core network, allows for efficient data transmission. Simultaneously, this layer
delivers an efficient, reliable, and recognized network infrastructure base to the upper layer
and large-scale industry applications.
Service layer: This layer, generally referred to as the application layer, contains the data
management sub-layer as well as the application service sub-layer.
RFID system operations generally encompass three aspects: monitoring, tracking, and
supervising. RFID applications are diversified and broad. Supply chain management, industrial
process control, and object tracking management are among the most intriguing and practical
applications. RFID is now being employed progressively and extensively.
RFID, while promising, is not without its obstacles, which emerge from both a technological and
a practical perspective.
Electromagnetic interference is inherent in the interaction between tags and readers. Because
RFID readers and tags often use the same wireless channel, simultaneous transmissions lead to
collisions. RFID tag security and privacy concerns can affect both enterprises and individuals.
Unprotected tags are prone to spying, network monitoring, spoofing, and denial of service,
among other things. [1]
Health Care Monitoring System In Internet Of Things (IoT) By Using RFID:
(Research paper II)

The healthcare business has always been at the forefront of adopting and implementing
information and communication technologies (ICT) for effective healthcare administration and
treatment. The rise of the Internet of Things (IoT) and recent breakthroughs in ICT have opened
up new opportunities for research and inquiry in a variety of disciplines, including the medical
and healthcare business. Hospitals have begun to employ cell instruments for communication
purposes, and the internet of things (IoT) has been used and fused with wi-fi sensor nodes
resembling RFID, NFC tags, and tiny sensor nodes for this purpose.
In this work, we describe an innovative way to use the Internet of Things (IoT) in the realm of
scientific and creative wellness care. The majority of the poll is focused on various IoT-based
healthcare approaches, such as wireless health monitoring, U-healthcare, E-healthcare, and
age-friendly healthcare strategies.
Using IoT and RFID tags, this study discusses and offers a full monitoring existence cycle and
effective healthcare monitoring system. The findings of this study's experiments reveal that the
output is reliable in the face of a variety of medical situations. The combination of
microcontroller and sensors is provided in this system to obtain accurate assessment findings,
supervise and weigh the health state of the patient, and boost the power of IoT.
The different sensors are attached to the patient's body to measure the different parameters
like EEG, blood pressure, Body temperature, Blood Glucose, ECG, and Motion. The signals
generated from these sensors are in analog form making it necessary to be converted into the
digital form for which ADC is used. These digitalized signals from the ADC are forwarded to the
RFID/Bluetooth device through microcontrollers. RFID/B1uetooth devices wirelessly transmit
these signals to the mobile phone for the transmission of data through the internet to a specific
destination. The internet either uses the base station or internet for the transmission purpose.
All these operations can be done into four different layers and provide different services to
each other for combined functioning. [2]

Innovative RFID Sensors for the Internet of Things Applications

RFID devices and sensors have been among the most significant advancements in recent years,
having a significant influence on the physical communication layer of the Internet of Things
(IoT), as well as logistics and robotics.
An RFID system is made up of a set of tags and readers that use radio waves to identify tagged
items. RFID technology primarily employs four frequency bands:
 low frequency (LF) (125/134 kHz),
 high frequency (HF) (13.56 MHz),
 ultra-high frequency (UHF) (860 960 MHz),
 microwaves (2.4 GHz).
SMART BUTTON COMBINING NFC AND UHF RFID TRANSPONDERS FOR FASHION
SUPPLY CHAIN TRACKING:
In the fashion industry, there is a significant need for transponders that can not only identify a
specific piece of clothing for inventory purposes, but also offer extra details to clients, such as
its origin, washing instructions, and so on.
A dual standard smart button is being developed for this purpose. An NFC and a UHF EPC Gen2
RFID transponder are both included in the proposed smart button. The UHF transponder, which
is based on the EPC Gen2 standard, is used for recognition and anti-theft, whilst the NFC
transponder enables clients to access information about the history of the purchased
commodity using their smartphones NFC readers.
RFID-BASED AUTONOMOUS LEAF-COMPATIBLE TEMPERATURE SENSING SYSTEM
FOR PRECISION AGRICULTURE
It is possible to correctly manage agricultural irrigation by analyzing the temperature gradient
between leaves and air, ensuring both plant well-being and energy savings. Some temperature
sensor nodes are placed on the back face of the leaves, while others are placed in the air,
ensuring that neither node is directly exposed to the sun's rays.
RFID readers are strategically placed across the field to cover the whole planted area. A wireless
link connects the readers to the irrigation system. The sensors in the air may be less in number
than the sensors on the leaves. This approach provides us with an instant view of the health of
the plants, allowing us to adequately water the plantation.
[3]

Design of Chipless RFID Tag-Based on Stepped Impedance Resonator for IoT

A new stepped impedance resonator design and analysis for a chipless radio frequency
identification (RFID) system is designed. In the frequency range of 2GHz to 2.6GHz, the
suggested architecture has a bit capacity of up to six bits. The tag is made up of two
orthogonally polarised ultra-wideband (UWB) antennas and graduated impedance resonator
structures. The UWB antennas are used to broadcast the interrogation signal and receive the
chipless RFID tag's response signal. The tag is made of a Taconic dielectric material with a
permittivity of 2.55 and a thickness of 0.5mm. The suggested tag is highly beneficial since it can
store up to six bits of information in a relatively limited frequency spectrum and is intended for
use in ambient intelligence applications.
This research presents and analyses a novel chipless RFID tag design based on the stepped
impedance resonator. For receiving the interrogating signal and retransmitting the response,
this tag includes six stepped impedance resonator resonators with two antennas. CST
microwave studio is used to create and simulate the proposed tag.
When compared to standard RFID tags, the biggest disadvantage of chipped RFID tags is their
high cost. As a result, as compared to other RFID tags, chipless RFID tags are quickly becoming a
highly significant instrument. Backscattered and retransmission-based chipless RFID tags are
separated into two kinds. We designed a retransmission tag based on our research.
A stepped impedance resonator (SIRs) is utilized as the chipless RFID tag structure. The main advantage
of the stepped impedance resonator is the design flexibility. The structure of the basic stepped
impedance resonator. The structure consists of cascaded elements of alternating high and low
impedances. The size and harmonic frequency can be controlled by choosing the impedance ratio (IR).

There are six stepped impedance resonator structures with six resonance frequencies printed on the top
view of the substrate. The multi-resonant circuit contains six stepped impedance resonators with six bits
capacity. Each resonator has a specific length to resonate at a specified frequency. The stepped
impedance resonators keep away from the 50Ω microstrip feed line with a distance gap equal to 0.3
mm.

[4]

IoT-Based Smart Shopping Cart Using Radio Frequency Identification

The Internet of Things (IoT)-based Smart Shopping Cart is presented, which includes RFID
sensors, an Arduino microcontroller, a Bluetooth module, and a mobile application. RFID
sensors rely on wireless connections to function. The RFID tag connected to each product is one
component, and the RFID reader effectively scans the product information is the other.
Following that, each product's information appears on the Mobile application. The consumer
may effortlessly manage his or her shopping list in the Mobile application based on his or her
preferences. The shopping information is then wirelessly transmitted to the server, which
creates invoices automatically. This experimental prototype is intended to minimize the time-
consuming shopping procedure as well as concerns with service quality.
When a buyer places a product in the shopping basket while purchasing. The embedded
electrical circuit, which encompasses the RFID reader, Arduino Uno, and Bluetooth modules,
then analyzes the data from the RFID tag and delivers it to the Smartphone application.
Customers may effortlessly engage with product specifications on mobile applications while
also completing their purchases.
By offering an Android mobile application, the suggested solution stops customers from
receiving expired or unwanted goods. Shopping items can be presented in a client's current
shopping list, assisting the user in maintaining its shopping list based on need or budget. In
addition, there is a server serving as the supermarket's data center, which is linked to the smart
shopping cart. When an Android mobile application wants to extract data from the server
based on the customer RFID card for login verification or extract product information based on
the product RFID tags, the mobile application can interact with the server wirelessly.
This characteristic of wireless information extraction allows customers to wander freely across
the store and readily interact with product information. These technologies are programmed to
collaborate to provide the best possible entertainment to the client. Customers may search for
and obtain the greatest quality goods by utilizing the offered technology. [5]

An IoT application service using mobile RFID technology

RFID is a wireless communication technology using an electromagnetic field, and it is one of the
core technologies in IoT application as a technology to acquire information without any physical
contact with a target device.
The
mobile RFID
network
service is
equipped with
an RFID
reader
function in a
terminal
capable of
accessing a
mobile
communication network and delivers EPC information acquired from a tag to a remote server
to provide an application service. Fig. 1

In the mobile RFID service, the user must be able to acquire the RFID tag information at an
arbitrary place by using his / her RFID terminal and obtain the desired result through
connection with the mobile communication network. To this end, additional service
information mapped with tag information should be stored in the service server. Fig. 1 shows
the configuration and procedure of the system for the history management and authentication
service of the objects using the RFID technology.
The RF tag is attached to the object used for the service, including the EPC (Electronic Product
Code) code. EPC information is stored in the application service server in conjunction with the
logistics management system at the production stage of the object.
A user who wants to use a mobile RFID service executes an application program in a
smartphone equipped with an RFID reader. When the application runs, the RFID reader is
activated and acquires EPC information from the tag. The EPC information obtained from the
tag is transmitted to the mobile communication network through the application of the
terminal and transmitted to the application service server. The application service server
transmits the history information of the object to the user terminal based on the EPC. The user
terminal displays the information on the screen and additionally starts a procedure to check
whether the object is authentic. [6]

References
[1] https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6201508
[2] https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7917920
[3] https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=9318750
[4] https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8855730
[5] https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=9060814
[6] https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/833068
https://www.digiteum.com/rfid-technology-internet-of-things/
https://internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.com/definition/RFID-radio-frequency-identification
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/internet-things-iot-2/?ref=lbp
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/internet-things-iot/?ref=lbp
https://www.guru99.com/iot-tutorial.html
https://electronics.howstuffworks.com/gadgets/high-tech-gadgets/rfid.htm