Cit-3 YOUWA

Countin rinciplea
Kelalio
7The ge hole inci pleTk a Dosite iteqes
Qndl k t ) or mo OhieelS axe plated into k
boves hen heve aTteast_one cox fotainina
two 07 MAPYE d 1he dbect.

EaAwppesehat a
fiak 4 bitgeons Ptie
t a pigechole to ao0 t._

o,he atLOatt one box havina

int .
ortleog Diaeens

k Awena on gyon 361

lea st a wit e SAme hirthday
þecble , there ust b e
because ere a
Dnly 366 po3sible birthday Y 36S dau

36 da
Gemaiscd Pigenhole bneiple
o b j e t av placed into k bomes he Nee u
Cttast_Dhe box Coutainung ateast N obiet
Ceiling unctie
 Ccil nctiom ngeNo
te

Floo unctin
T3-514
e7-1 L35]
32
lo
--21-11
Qhest Among
oorn M 0o_peohle , the ve a e
the Same wouth. ave ast
atleast people who
People whn
we
hes
llhat is the
na d M cls minimum wwper Stuceu qued
to lbe Sure nat
Yeteive the Samt stlea st xix equlnd
A grade ifheehere aave wiu
wil
cDand E) 2 onu
ly 5s qrade
grade
N

N:322,21, 24,2 G oet

O N E 26
The paineiple _e Twcluciv
Excusive
fA As An finite ets
A UA, U. An ALO A
Ailin
 AfO Aih Ax . (-1*AinA,.
w h e re cdendus Cordinality o7 ho
elbneutt
foT two *etss-

lA1lt lA.|-lA1Oa.|
A UA
For Fo0 Sets

A A AL0A4-A20Al
A A A0 A, Anl
4A A0A AAAyL
ALOA0Az0 An

Questow manuDusitiv inteqesho e1ceeung 1000 are

divixite o or 11?
Pos ltive iuteqey no1 exceeding 100o
aivisibte b
lo oo 2 ov t e

looo Looo 10
L
 W
Page No
Date:

YOUVA
AU A B=AOR|

tgo-1a

# Relatizn
Et A and betwo fnite sete.
A elatiev R is ubset aAAXE
ie RSAXL

A 2 3
b}
AX C),Cb,6a) ,6 b),42
b)
Subset a n : , a}, {7, jab}f
No. elemeutt i A KB f l A = m avd B]En: mn

NO Kubset 4AXBLit lal= m and IRn:2

Therefo mazimum possi ble r e tation
m Ket A to B:

nen & AXD ul elaho

E p t y velation

A Telation on et A wmeayi RE AXA

Tt'meaus it de hines tlation)
On AXA
A 231
R: ,611) , 6 9 j -
 Pa
OUA
A ) ¬R

aRb
1 R1 1 iy
rlaled to 1) atretatt dtob

a
1U ot yeloded to

A
A 7elatien Kon 6et A i defined
a divider b

a Aindes
and b is divided bya Ka
b

does not divides b alb

3
| L and b a then ab7 (Q) ERo}

Foulsk tor a 2
-2

EAL2 3 1
A Relation ROn&et A i defined as
R

b|adivides b}
 No
RES OF RE LATI ONN Date
Let R_
i_ielation cn&t A
1. Refleaivee 9f aRa for aU
atA_ey TheveCanbe
K.|Xuwmmetic: 9f_a Rb_then
S 9 mneIC duhen bRa b Ra -fo
for abeA
abe
Trausitive Sf aRb oK cleck (i Anti:o AS
Thausin
8tketon Set sC Then
al way aRC Y al
on sItive ab
b , eA
Antt- ymmetnics
9f aRb theu
TaRb bu b
a b ne ab_r b Ra han
hen a>b
bRa
a
b,b Aa aR
5. Ineflexive: ab, bRa
f a , pr eey
6. a¬A
ABYmmetic f_a R hen tb R ofledI
A
Dut not
vice Versa
Tf aaeR then not ass
e Not yn-em c
vefleni: 9f aRa for Soe a eA
* Consider he foltowing relation on
2,3,4
1 R ,Dl,1) ut), ) 1,a,D
Ra Ctu),n), 2D
3. R ,U,),á),(1D,r),(33), GD,42i

5.K Ct)1,t), C3), (1), 2,22, (3), (24),

(31 C3,t1) , CH,1)
 ate OuVA

Ref(3,1)

(81,b), Cy),(33),(44)}
Acflezivn
R K3Rs/R
Ta7-feiv Rq, R<, 3Cck fr NE
Not eftenive ( heuk fv IP
Ise

Anti KqwM
metm Ry, R5,a
Asymnetnu: R41 , R

Ther'SOneDorsible type rlationwhict is

m h c dua antI&mcmcl.eJdeutitu elation.
Only a a ) eR
Ldentity relAtion No ftun4 elte
R:layb_la=b j is FS
n eqm valance p elah.n hut ne
partial ondenné
(3

Tansib

COMPOS| TE OFRELATION

1
Ao

PEAXR CRXC
 Page
Dale

Lombosite rtelatiow ve latiov R and s

denoted by S R q0,), á, 1b) 7

Sand R R oS

A: 31 & B:1M23,4
t cleet terkiRand

R ( ,D,(3,21 CA
S: ),b,3 ,(zO,(7), eD}
Copoite c Rand s SoR

1,,u),2,02,,0
Compoite d saud R:RoS
For SoR Codomas dR
&oma'

A
 ag

RePRES A
TATION
OF RAPH

(), M),
On e t R443,4
R

AIxl
A

MATRIX
Lfrelation
Novelation

3
1 1 0
1
1

x I A C1RA PHICAL RE PRESEN TATtON

each elenenti spreseuted b node(1) o (11

eveny elatien is e e seulet by edge

Aelf loop
4
 M WI
Page ho
Date

MATRLX LElAU0NS
(D ReflexieAl_prmneible diagona e WT a
1s
(u) eflexir: AtU _pmnci ple cliagona)_elense.
elewents
u2 Symmeirik t M= M
1U) Antsummene: mij 1Lwh mji =O for t+
andwMii = 1 or O,
O aRb
bRa
t
aKb
(V)|Asqmmetmc: 9f mij: 1then mji-O_for i7
hd mil= O.

GRAPH CAL keATONS

1 Keflexive Eve node has a self loop
tt) Ireftexive : No self tonp in a qvehh
Symnnetn'c: If ttneve' an edqe o A sto twn
Ato, Hhen
Theve muet be an cdge fon Bto AA
Anh symnethc f the'sn cige fro A to Bt
the 8hould not be any eda fro to Alt
&elf toobs ar allowedd.
(V A symmet' Tf Hhe' a Cadae ev A fo B th
he should het be auy edge D , toA_LHA
self lors on hot allo wed.
 Pae N
0ate
YOuA

MR
M O

a nd R, o R
R,0R
Find RU R,

RU R MeV M
1 01L
Mp,u
11 1
110

MRAM
R

MR,ORE 1 1|

Do matix ma ltibuCah ou
2 wee l r nen- ero
R M)M wwbey eplate wit"1"

MAA 1 O 1
O1
1 1
EqeVALHNCE KELATLDN
et R t a velathion on Set A
hen R u bqnivalanceRelation f t i
C) vansitie
(A Retlenive _qwmme tric
 Page ho.
Date

#PARTLAL ORDERING YGUVA

et R Is a relahon on Aet A The R
Partia Ov deing if itt

Refle xive Ch Autzymmem C) Yansiti

XA set Stos ethey wit _barhal 0rdenug R

Calledparha0Cy ordeyed e t PoSEOT)
Tt denoted by S,e
Ov (S )
Z , =) Po sET
because a l lenent ro Set o nters, whiel
Are eqnal is
elexiv,Ant SmnhMe 2 tran sHste,
alb
*(Z,
Reilei aa

Anti sym alb flnen bfa

YAnine a b b l then ac
(Z,D sMot Autisuymne te
2 and -2 2
9 not a etPOSET

Z1)i a POCET

(Z,s
 Paye tNo

0ate 9UVA

Refeuve

A n nsym
eti0Eb_ ba
Tyctn gitve asbic
e n a SC

. T a PosET
Z2) 13 PosET

Poer 8e d coteethch d al ubsets dA

P.F2
Tuclucioh eloho

Retleu A CA

Anth s uwcti 4 CR bat B 9Z

Tranitie ASesc
he ASC

' 4 PoSET

e tA 3,4 S AXA
&is nelation de fined A
a Rb 9 ab s ezaetly divixible 2
0,1) (22) (3E G) t ) CI1) (C
 Date

Eg2 R is ezt melanou Du set inteqers

that a Rb a-b s a n iintegers ch
Ke-fleziv
aRa 7 aq - 0
OeZ

ymnnetm
R a- ez
a eZ

bRa

Yangihve
aRb % bRc

b-c k2 K, eZZ
o a-C a-btb-
Kt

a-C k2

+fence equivalance yelation

CoNN GRUENCE MoDULO m
a b (mod ) m St botit iute
i6 ma-b)

214-65 2(-2)
= 2(mod 3) 3/6-
 ge

1 od ( 6 )

Conjaueee
MOduu
Mob4
val4rnse relatho

R 1

el atno
e l A n n

Dn t d, itege
å E b mod m) wne re m t
aRb

Henu've
Refleni'e a Ra 9 aE a (mod m

mA-a

Hence R rfleive

O R b Z a =b mede
uw me om-b)

ab aM
-(h-a) 9 m
-)q
b-a = Ez

ma)
bEa (mod m)
7 bRa

tEwce K _84metr
rantitive: ifaRb and bRC
4b mod (m) bE Cmod (m)
mla-b mb-c
 Page No
Date

a-bea,
m
C

a-b ,m 2b- am
p Addi'ns both ech
S

a-b+b-c mta m
a-c m(,tq)

w-C
) a C mod (m)
-> a Rc

ftenceRis tyahstive
&aovALANCECASS
e t d be Cauvalance veloation on e t A
ARL elewenti ttnat àveyelated to ele
a S,when S it a Set Called 2quvlau
ala

[a]RS ateR
R
 Page No

oUVA

Rbe an cqnivalanee Telohon On

e t

These ta-femen tr eleents etA

aand b O Aa
euvalet

) aRb

u
T33 13
141
ARb aEb (mod4)
ve a=5 ( mod 4)

e t-3,1L S . .

1 k 1

.1,2,1,
eht

I 4kt3
T6 2
 age t
Date.

PARTI Ton OF A SET

7he celecnen subcet

AA A3, Pu,A?e
aled
parthhon da
Az
AS LD A
An (Mon- ewp
(u A Aj=¢ Di joi
.ubje=
CH A S
owbseh

E et S 3,
Tdeti f theartitn Set S
Ca) A {} A243} A1:{ 1,1} A
C) AF4 A { Az: c
A iusi A6,1 Ag:13
(a)
A:t A tis A
COmMPARAnLb he elehent a a and b_d Po
o
LSa)at COw arable i f eter a
baa
 PosET

and ConpaYble 1

21 ut 12
a e CODarable

a n d 7
an Cowpavable1
3
No

ar
T N C O M A R A A L C E

a and b PorE Ts,

1he elew-tn t
tocon-pavcde
neither d ab nor baa

TfS&) u Aot e r y Two eleneut

avable the it called a lsa
S' are Co
Ordered Set
aptally rdend se
Z,) not totl ovdeved
tut (zt1)
Aet

HASSG DAGRAM
JES ebreient Ation PoSET ef leriue, Anth s mmme
&Trancitive

CDnvert ab to hasse diajram

 W
Page No..
Date:

TEP 1 Kepesemt tne element pu dot L boint

Pout not cYe
22 Rewoe lelf leop
3 Kemoe taneitive eda 1ARb bR
9 4 Rb te lo'_appeans a v o v e a land
arOw

F A 4,S6, R: < On A

CEa,6), a4)
Yaph

STEP2

S TEP-3Penoe (16) L,2 (S9

 Page o

Relation
12

ea$2,) S a, b, c}
Ps) ial,ib3,ic?,a,b}, fbclla,c}

Pabe

lae

ia
 Pnge No
blaced a t Botto Cav be m
Ave
H Minmal eleent: YI minial , PostT (p
Z
Marlma 1 fo no

eastelemen: : i s
islenst Poce CP, .
reateKt 7 fpall 7E P

A
Minime a
keart

eAst ubper bound

pper bound4 i n Cde
deast oppe bopnd in A) c}
phe bound d b,c}h ()

Keast ubpev boOuncl c}

Louner bound h4c} in(&)

 Page No

ale

a9Ca test Owe bondf

LA TTICE

APOSET tn which evevy air elewat har both

G:LG : LCalcalLATTIC.

b
d
A

ake ouy oh0n-co arabl efmeut and Cheak

Non-ODarable elehet in a r e b t

UR:dej
u no 0.B