BWIM Manual

REFERENCE MANUAL Document Code : RM-MFI-ELC-007
MFI Revision No. : 1

Foundation, BUILDING WIRING INSTALLATION Date Effective : 2012
Inc.
AND MAINTENANCE Page No. : 1 of 181
Module 1
ELECTRICAL PRINCIPLES
At the end of the topic the student should be able to:

1. Understand the origin of electricity and how it is produced.
2. Have an idea of how electricity is transmitted.
3. Understand the importance and uses of electricity.
4. Distinguish the different materials in the electrical point of view
5. Compute the basic electrical parameters using ohm’s law.
6. Compute for electrical power and energy consumption.
Lightning
You may know that everything is made up of tiny little things called atoms. Atoms are usually
joined together in little clumps called molecules. (You could fit trillions of them in the sharp end
of a pin!)
When some atoms and molecules get moved around, the little electrons on their outside get
rubbed off (or extra get rubbed on). When that happens, the molecules have an electrical
charge. They go around all charged up, wanting to discharge and get back to normal.
Well, it's a bit like that with clouds especially big, moist clouds that are moving quickly in the
atmosphere. They 'rub' against the air and get a massive electrical charge.
When they get close enough to another cloud with an 'opposite' charge they can share electrons
to restore the balance and get back to normal. There's a big flash as the electricity goes from one
cloud to another (or from one part of a cloud to another part of a cloud). That's called sheet
lightning.
If there isn't another cloud nearby with the right charge then electrons can come up from the
ground to give the cloud the right number of electrons again. At first a little trickle of electrons
goes from a point on the earth to the cloud. This happens a few times very quickly, in a fraction
of a second.
Inc.
Why sparks fly?
When two objects that have opposite charges get near each other, the electrical field pulls them
together. What actually happens is that the negatively-charged (-) electrons are attracted to the
atoms in the other material that have an excess positive (+) charge. Things are much more stable
if all the atoms have an equal number of (+) and (-) charges.
The Origin of the Word Electricity

In the Bronze Age, about 3,000 B.C., the Teutons found on the Samland coast of the Baltic Sea in
Eastern Russia yellow stones which, when held into to the sunlight, sparkled like gold. The “Gold
of the North” showed peculiar properties. If the stone was thrown into the fire, it burnt with a
bright flame; it was a “burning stone”. In the course of the centuries, this word developed into a
German “Bernstein” (amber).
Amber becomes electric
Amber was processed into ornaments and combs and over the Amber street, an important trade
route; It came from the North to Greece, too. It was found that, when this stone was rubbed
with a woolen cloth, crackling sparks rustled in a mysterious ways and the comb attracted the
fine women hair and light objects such as feathers. A mysterious force seemed to be inherent in
the stone.
Electrons
This force seemed to be of divine origin and promised protection from evil spirits. Therefore,
amber came to be coveted very much and Greek of noble birth adorned themselves with it. They
called the stone electron. About 1600 A.D., the English Physicist Gilbert recalled this name and
this stone the mysterious force of electricity. He used the Greek word ελεκροη (electron) for
naming the force which he investigated. From this word was derived the concept of electricity,
the phenomenon acting in the entire physical world.
Inc.
Electricity
The movement of free electrons that will constitute electric current.
How is electricity Transmitted?

Inc.
There are six sources of external energy which are capable of separating the negative
electron from the positive nucleus of an atom. These are the following:
1. By Friction
Static Electricity
2.
3. By Chemical Conversion
4. By Heat
5. By Light
Inc.
5. By Induction (Cycle, Dynamo, Generator)
6. By Pressure
Inc.
Atomic Theory
All matter consists of minute particles called molecules which are themselves made up of still
minute particles known as atoms.
NEUTRON – inside the nucleus (a hard central core) which is electrically neutral
PROTON – inside the nucleus and carries a positive (+) charge
ELECTRON – it revolves around the relatively massive nucleus and carries a negative charge
Positive and Negative Charges

There are two kinds of electrical charge, Positive (+) and Negative (-). Basic law states that same
charges repel each other while dissimilar charges attract one another.
Free Electrons
These are the electrons that orbit in the outermost shell of the atom that can easily be forced
out of orbits.
Inc.
In a normal atom:
Atomic Number = number of protons in the nucleus
Atomic Mass = number of protons + number of neutrons
Atomic Weight = mass of protons + mass of neutrons (mass of proton is 1.66 x 10-27 kg;
mass of electron = 9.1 x 10-31 kg; neutron is as heavy as the proton)
One Coulomb (1 C) = 6.242 x 1018 electrons
Charge of electron = -1.602 x 10-19 C
Charge of proton = +1.602 x 10-19 C
Hence, a normal atom is “electrically neutral”.

The maximum number of electrons possible in one extra-nuclear orbit
S 1st 2 Electrons
S 2nd 2 Electrons
P 2nd 6 Electrons
S 3rd 2 Electrons
P 3rd 6 Electrons
D 3rd 10 Electrons
S 4th 2 Electrons
P 4th 6 Electrons
D 4th 10 Electrons
F 4th 14 Electrons
Example 1: COPPER (29Cu64) Example 2: ALUMINUM (13Cu27)

1st orbit : 2 1st orbit : 2
2nd orbit: 8 2nd orbit: 8
3rd orbit: 18 3rd orbit: 3
4th orbit: 1
Inc.
`The centripetal force necessary to keep electrons rotating in elliptical orbits around the nucleus
is supplied by the force of attraction between their charges as given by Coulomb’s Law
Coulomb’s Law:
Q1 Q2
F = k -------------
S2
Where F is the force between two-electrically-charged bodies, Q1 and Q2 are the respective
electric charges, s is the distance between charged bodies and k is a numerical constant.
It is obvious that nearer the electron is to the nucleus; greater is the force with which it is bound
to. The electrons in the outermost orbit experience a very weak force of attraction.
It is found that in metals, the outermost electrons are very loosely attached to the atom. In fact,
they freely move from one atom to another and behave very much like the molecules of a gas in
a draught-free room. They wander about with random motion between atoms continuously
colliding with one another but not moving in any particular direction. These free-moving and
unattached electrons form what is known as electron gas (cloud).
When some external force is applied to these atoms, the outermost one electron get easily
detached from the parent atom and start drifting along and so give rise to a flow of electrons.
Magnetism
Magnets Charges
Permanent Magnet Electromagnet

Inc.
Magnetism can be made to cause an electric current to flow when a certain conductor or coil is
moved in such a way that it will cut the magnetic flux in the magnetic field, In turn that when
current is made to flow through a conductor, around this current carrying conductor is the
presence of magnetic flux creating field.
Right hand rule

When your right hand grasp a conductor in such a way that the thumb points to the direction of
conventional current flow ,that is from positive to the negative side, the remaining four finger of
your right hand points to the direction of the flux.
Electrical point of view in matter
Conductors Insulators Semiconductors
1-3 valence electrons 5-8 valence electrons 4 valence electrons

Materials that easily facilitate Materials that hardly Materials which exhibit
the flow of electrons. Ex. facilitate the passage of free properties of both conductors
Gold, Silver, Copper, electrons. Ex. Paper, Plastic, and insulators. Ex. Silicon,
Aluminum etc. Glass, Porcelain etc. Germanium, Carbon etc.
Insulated electrical conductor/wire

Inc.
Current, Voltage and Resistance
Current
The flow or drift of electrical charge (electron) past a point in an electric circuit in a given time.
The basic unit of measurement for electric current is ampere is equal to the flow of 6.24 x 10 18
electrons per second past a given point in a conductor. The symbol used for current in equations
or mathematical formulas is I, from the French word “Intensité du courant”.
Current can be likened to the flow of water in a pipe.
Conventional Current Flow vs. Electron Flow

Electron flow follows the actual direction of flow of electrons (negative to positive) while the
conventional current flow is just the opposite (positive to negative).
Inc.
We will adopt the conventional current flow.
Electrical Parameter Symbol Unit of measurement

Current I Intensité du courant Amperes (A)
The unit for current is named after Andre Marie Ampere, a French Physicist 1775-1836.
Voltage
The potential, force, push, or pressure that cause electric charge to move. Voltage is a term
commonly used to mean electromotive force (emf), electrical potential and potential difference.
Voltage is really a difference of electric potential between two points. “Voltage must always be
referenced between two points.”
Two symbols are used for voltage in mathematical formulas: E-usually represent a voltage supply
such as batteries or generator. V-usually represent a voltage drop across a circuit element. These
symbols may also be interchangeable.
The Basic unit of measurement for electrical potential, emf, or potential difference (Voltage) is the volt.
Voltage V or E Volts (V)
The unit for voltage is named after Alessandro Volta, an Italian physicist 1745-1827.
Resistance
The property of an electrical circuit (or a circuit element) that dissipates electrical energy into
heat energy, also, Resistance is that property of an electrical circuit that offers opposition to the
flow of electric current. The symbol used for resistance in mathematical formulas is R. the basic
unit of measurement for electrical measurement is the ohm. The symbol that is used for ohm is
the Greek letter Ω (omega)
Inc.

Resistance R Ohms (Ώ)
The unit for Resistance is named after Georg Simon Ohm a German Physicist (1787-1854)
Laws of Resistance
The resistance (R) offered by a conductor depends on the following factors
1. it varies directly as its length
2. it varies inversely as the cross-sectional area varies
3. it depends on the nature of material
4. it also depends on the temperature of the conductor
Ohm’s Law
The current flowing in a circuit is directly proportional to the applied potential (voltage or emf.)
and inversely proportional to the resistance total of the circuit.
V
I R
Where:
V = Applied Potential (voltage or emf), volts
I = Current of the Circuit, Amperes
R = Resistance of the Circuits, Ohms
Visual explanation of Ohms law

Inc.
Sample computation using Ohm’s law:
Series Circuit
A circuit is said to be connected in series if the components are connected end to end that the
current flowing through each components is one and the same, and that if one component
becomes open or would give way, current of the circuit becomes Zero. Moreover the more
component you add and connect in series with one another current will drop because resistance
tends to go up. Since the same current is flowing in each resistance and the resistance of each
resistor or load varies, the amount of voltage drop in each load may also differ, that is, the
greater the resistance, the greater is the voltage drop across that particular component.
Summarizing, we have the following relationships considering the given circuit below:
Inc.
Parallel Circuit
This is the exact opposite of the series circuit. A circuit is said to be in parallel if the components
have the same voltage drop across each and that the loss or giving way of one component, the
remaining components still function effectively without any circuit interruption. In addition to
this, if we add more loads or resistances connected in parallel, current drawn from the supply
goes up because the equivalent total resistance goes up. On the other hand, the lesser are the
loads connected in parallel, the lesser will be the current drawn from the supply, summarizing,
we have the following relationships considering the given circuit below:
Electrical Power
Defined as the rate of doing work, force multiplied by distance and their product divided by the
time.
Force x Distance
Mechanical Power = ------------------------
Time
When voltage causes electron to move, work is done. The rate of work of moving electrons through a
conductor is called the electric Power. The power formula states that the power assumed in a resistor is
determined by the voltage across it multiplied by the current through it.
Inc.
P=VxI
Other power formula derived from ohm’s law is given
V2
P = I2R P = -----
R
Where:
P = electrical power in watts
I = current in amperes
V = voltage in volts
Another unit for power is horsepower or “hp”
1 horsepower = 550 foot – pound / sec = 746 watts
Summary of Ohm’s law
Electrical energy
Energy or work is done whenever power is used at a definite time. Energy dispatched is dependent on the
amount of power applied as well as the time consumed performing a certain task.
Energy = Power x Time
The unit for energy is watt-sec or watt-hour.
Since our electricity consumption per month usually reaches several thousand watt-hours, utility
companies use Kilowatt-hour (kwh) as a common unit of measurement. A utility company like
Meralco uses a Kilowatt-hour meter to measure our electrical energy consumption
Inc.
Efficiency
An electrical motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. In this process it
“generates “heat. From this fact we can conclude that only a part of the electrical energy input is
converted into the mechanical energy output.
Every machine which converts energy consumes more energy than the useful energy it produces
this due to energy losses.
Division of energy input into useful work and losses
Losses in an electric motor consist of mechanical losses (bearing friction and air resistance) and
electrical losses (copper windings and in the iron core).
Win = Wout + W1 Pin = Pout + P1
Among other things, the power rating the rated voltage and the motor current are specified on
the nameplate of the motor.
Nameplate of a motor
MOTOR 58603
TYPE – GM4382
220 V 12.5 A
2.2 Kw 60 Hz
1500 RPM
The power rating here implies Pout = 2.2 kW. The motor takes up 12.5 A at 220V (at the
maximum output of 2.2 kW). Its power consumption is therefore
Inc.
Pin = V x I
= 220V x 12.5 A
= 2750 W
Efficiency (η) - ratio of the power output over the power input
Pout Pout
η = -------- or % η = -------- x 100%
Pin Pin
2200 W 2200 W
η = ------------ or % η = ------------ x 100%
2750 W 2750 W
η = 0.8 %η = 80%
Module 2
ELECTRICAL SAFETY

1. Identify and reduce the risk of common electrical hazards.
2. Apply lock-out and tag-out procedures
3. Develop safe systems of work
4. Determine the seriousness of an electrical shock
5. Know how electric shock occurs
6. Know the effects of electric current on the human body
Inc.
7. Know the physiological effects of electricity

8. Identify different types of burns
9. Identify personal protective equipment
10. Determine the purpose and proper selection of overcurrent protective devices
11. Know the purpose and application of rounding
Introduction
Electricity is essential to modern life. Man work with electricity

directly and indirectly. As a power source, it is accepted without
much thought to the hazards encountered. Being familiar part of
the surrounding, it is often not treated with the respect it deserves.
Safety is a vital and important aspect of everything we do whether

it is on the job or in our private lives as we drive down the highways or work in our backyard.
Accident prevention in the electrical trade is largely a matter of education, Vigilance and
cooperation .no hard and fast rules can ensure 100% safety, various laws, regulations and
organizations govern us in the installation and use of the equipment we encounter in our
electrical trade even with rules, safety can only be secured by constant and careful attention on
the part of the foreman or supervisor and the cooperation of the workers. The foreman or
supervisor is usually held responsible for proper and safe methods of performing the work
assigned to his or her crew and for seeing that the employees adhere to his or her instruction
and to safety rules. Workers must learn to think safety and must not take unnecessary chances
to avoid accidents,
1. Be alert.
2. Be cautious
3. Know your job
4. Develop safety habits.
Our discussion in this chapter will focus on the job relating to such areas as general
housekeeping, personal protection and the safe use and care of tools and equipment.
Inc.
Common Electrical Hazards

1. Electrical shock
2. Electrocution
3. Burns
4. Fires
5. Explosions
Inc.
Ways to reduce hazards
1. Safe guarding
2. Lock-out and Tag-out
3. Personal Protective Equipment
4. Electrical Grounding
5. Circuit Protection Device
6. Good Safety Attitude

Inc.
Lock-out and Tag-out procedures

1. Place Lock & Tag on each disconnecting means used to de-energize circuits
2. Attach Lock so as to prevent operating the disconnecting means
3. Place Tag with Each Lock
If a Lock cannot be applied…

A tag used without a lock must be supplemented by at least one additional safety
measure that provides a level of safety equal to that of a lock.
Examples:
1. Removal of an isolating circuit element such as a fuse
2. Blocking of a controlling switch
3. Opening of an extra disconnecting device
How to develop Safe Systems of Work

Risk assessment steps
a. Identify the Hazards - Observe what actually happens in the workplace and then identify
the hazards which can reasonably be expected to be present. Attention should be
directed to significant hazards which can result in serious harm or affect a number of
people. Employees or their representatives may be aware of hazards which may not be
immediately obvious to the assessor and they should be asked for their views.
Regulations specific to certain industries may be helpful in identifying hazards.
b. Identify who can be harmed by hazards - All employees, whether in groups or singularly,
should be taken into consideration during the assessment, including people who may not
be present at the workplace at all times, such as cleaners, visitors, contractors,
maintenance personnel, etc. Members of the public should also be included if there is a
chance they may be injured in workplace activities. Groups of workers who may be
particularly at risk should also be identified, such as newcomers to the company, young,
inexperienced people and disabled staff.
c. Evaluate the risks arising from the hazards and decide if the precautions already in place
are adequate - The intention here is to assess the likelihood, the chance, that harm from
a particular hazard may happen, taking into account the precautions already in place. The
risk may vary from nil where there are no hazards (with no need to consider any
precautions) to a potential high risk process. If the evaluation reveals that existing
precautions are inadequate, determine if the hazard can be eliminated. If this is not
possible decide how the risks can be controlled so that the possibility of harm being done
to people is minimized. The intention should be to reduce risks to a low level by adding, if
necessary, to the precautions already in place.
d. Record significant findings - If 5 or more employees are employed; significant findings of
the assessment must be recorded by writing them down. Details on how the assessment
was made are unnecessary, provided it can be shown that a proper assessment was
carried out, all the significant hazards and groups of people identified as being affected by
these hazards were taken into account, the precautions were reasonably practicable and
any residual risk was low. In simple terms, show that the precautions are reasonable and
that a proper check was made. Written documents should be kept for future reference as
they may help to demonstrate that legal obligations have been met.
Inc.
e. Review assessment and revise if necessary - New processes or procedures introduced into
the workplace can lead to possible new hazards and significant changes in workplace
activities need to be included in the assessment. In any case, a review of all assessments
should be carried out at periodic intervals to keep them up to date with current practice.
2. Determine what can be done to remove the identified hazards and do it.
3. Should hazards remain, develop a safe system of work
4. In cases of extreme hazard, formalize these systems of work into procedures.
5. Include in the procedures where necessary the use of permits to work coupled with physical
lock-off systems.
6. Monitor the observance of all parts of the procedure.
7. Feed-back any information on weaknesses or failures in the system.
8. Rectify these by modifying the system.
9. Keep monitoring.
Electrical Shock
A person receives an electrical shock whenever any part of the body becomes part of an
electrical circuit. In such cases, the body is subject to injury in two ways: From nervous shock,
which if great enough, will cause stoppage of the heart or lungs or both, and from the heating
effect of current, which may cause severe burns chiefly where the current enters the body. For
any given voltage the injury depends on the amount of current flow, and the current flow will
depend on the voltage of the circuit contacted and the resistance of the circuits of which he
victim’s body is part. Offhand it would seem that a circuit of 10,000 V would be more deadly
than one of 120V. This is not so, as the amount of current and the resistance of the body are the
criteria for determining the degree of shock.
A mild sensation of shock can be realized with as little as 0.01A to 0.1A. The victim may
experience pain, inability to let go, muscular paralysis, and difficult to extreme breathing. A
current flow of between 0.1A to 0.2A can be fatal. As an example, the amount of current needed
to light an ordinary 50W 220V light bulb can cause death.
If shock occurs, quick and correct first aid should be applied to reduce injuries and save lives.
Turn off the power as soon as possible. If unable to do so, then separate the victim from the
source with anything that is non-conductor such as dry wood, rag or a rope, a blanket, or even a
piece of clothing. This may take considerable force as muscles have a tendency to “freeze”.
If the victim has stopped breathing, start mouth to mouth resuscitation immediately as a
short delay can be the difference between life and death.
Inc.
How to determine the seriousness of an electrical shock

1. Amount of current
2. Path of current
3. Duration of the contact
How Electric shock occurs.

1. Contact between both live wires.
2. Contact between one of the hot wires and the ground.
3. Contact between ground and the metallic part that has become hot.
Effects of Electric Current on the Human Body

Current Strength
Effects
(milliamperes)
Non –Lethal Range
1 or less No sensation –probably not even felt
Shock is felt but not painful. Individual can let go at will. Muscular control
>1 to 8
is not lost.
Painful shock. Individual can let go at will because muscular control is not
>8 to 15
lost.
Lethal Range
>15 to 20 Painful shock. Muscular control is lost, cannot let go.
>20 to 50 Painful, several Muscular contractions cannot let go.
Possible Ventricular Fibrillation. (A heart condition that results in death.
>50 to 200 No known emergency remedy available on the site yet) Muscular
contraction and nerve damage
Severe burns and severe muscular contractions - so severe that chest
>200 above
muscles clamp the heart and stop its beating for the duration of the shock.
Physiological effects of electricity

1. electrolysis
2. burns
3. muscle cramps
4. respiratory arrest
5. cardiac arrest
6. ventricular fibrillation
7. injuries from falls and loss of balance
Different types of burns

1. Electrical burns – result of electric current flowing through tissues or bones.
2. Arc or Flash burns – result of high temperatures near the body and are produced by arc
or explosion.
3. Thermal contact burns – experienced when the skin comes in contact with hot surfaces of
electric conductors, conduits or other energized equipment
Inc.
The procedure for mouth to mouth resuscitation
1. Clear foreign bodies from the victim’s mouth.

2. Open the airway by extending the neck and tilling the head “backward.”
3. Pinch the nose closed, using the hand that is on the forehead to keep the neck extended.
4. Take a deep breath.
5. Make a tight with your mouth around the patient’s mouth.
6. Blow air into the victim’s mouth until you see his or her chest expand.
7. Remove your mouth to allow exhalation: adult rate, 12 times per minute; child’s rate, 20
times per minute.
8. Continue until the victim start breathing normally.
9. Send for medical help as soon as possible.
Communities, local fire departments, and even the Red Cross offer first aid and
cardiopulmonary resuscitation classes, and it is advisable to attend one or more of these
seminars so you will be knowledgeable in these areas that someday may save a life or
prevent serious injury to a fellow worker or your family.
Removing a Person from a Live Circuit

Lift away live wires with a non-conductive material
1. If possible, shut off the current in the circuit in which the

victim is involved at the switch or circuit breaker. If the
circuit cannot be de-energized this way, attempt to remove
the victim from the circuit with a non-conductor such as a
dry board, dry coat, wooden handled tool, dry rope, rubber
gloves, or other insulated object.
2. If the bare wire or conductor is out, use a tool with a non-

conducting handle. Cut the wire on both sides of the victim,
if it is not certain from which end the wire is energized.
3. Never attempt to release a person from the current with

your bare hands- you may become a second victim.
Inc.
General Safety Precautions to Prevent Burns, Shocks and Flashes
“Before Starting a Job”

1. Perform only those jobs to which you have assigned.
2. Do not experiment with electrical equipment as “live” unless you are absolutely sure it is
“dead”.
3. Keep your sleeves rolled down as added protection against accidental shock. Wear safety
shoes with stitched rather than nailed soles.
4. Use only one hand at a time when working on electrical equipment to avoid a ”hand to hand”
shock or burn through the body.
5. Thoroughly familiarize yourself with all conditions of equipment or lines to work on before
making changes.
6. Watch your “clearance” or the space between you and “live” conductors.
7. Never use bare fingers or hands to determine whether a circuit is “live”.
8. Place yourself where you will not fall in live wires or moving machinery.
9. Promptly report any dangerous conditions of electrical equipment, tools, and protective
devices.
Electrical safety tips
1. electrical service cords should be in good condition

2. remove from service any equipment with frayed cords or exposed wires
3. all electrical equipment must be grounded, use 3-pronged plugs
4. use a single plug for each electrical connection
5. multiple plugs for additional connections should be avoided
6. do not overload circuits
7. Water can turn anything into an electrical conductor - don’t stand in water or have water
on your hands when using electrical equipment.
8. In case of an electrical fire, don’t douse the burning object with water. Turn off power if
possible. If it’s small, extinguish it with a fire extinguisher.
9. Never use temporary wiring.
10. Cords crossing vehicular or personnel passageways should be protected, sign posted, and
used temporarily or in an emergency
Inc.
Clothing / Personal Protective Equipment
Although the possibility of injuring any part of the body

varies with each job and the type of work being performed, the
proper clothing at construction site reduces the frequency of
some accidents. The clothing should protect the parts of the
body that are subject to cuts, abrasions, flying objects, and
welding rays. Without protective clothing, a worker may receive
injuries that incapacitate or maim him or her for life.
Headgear is usually mandatory at all constructions sites. Hard hats have protected many
workers form serious injury. Plastic hard hats are much safer than the metal type for the
electrical worker who is working around energized circuits as they are non conductive.
Wear goggles. You can get used to goggles but not to a glass eye. Safety glasses, face
shields, or goggles should be worn at all times whenever a job is being performed that may
cause chips to fly, such as threading pipe on a power threading machine, drilling on a drill press
or overhead with a portable drill, and grinding. Colored glasses should be worn when there is the
possibility of flashes such as arcing from welding.
Eye protection also protects from caustic splashes. When working around caustic
material, eye wash facilities with clean clear water should be provided, and if splashed, the eye
should be flushed immediately. The same treatment should be applied if the caustic material is
exposed to the skin.
As a draftsperson working with your hands, the greatest number of

injury is to the fingers. Many cuts, burns and bruises and injuries from
slivers of wood and metal can be prevented by wearing gloves of
suitable leather.
Loose clothing and cuffs on pants contribute to falls as

they can catch on protruding objects and object stored on the
floor area. There is also the possibility of loose clothing getting
caught in rotating machinery. Stout and well-fitting shoes will
help prevent injuries to the feet. The shoes should have non-
slip soles. When heavy objects are being handled, the shoes
should be equipped with steel toes.
Inc.
Overcurrent Protective Devices
Short Circuit
The term short circuit is used when a circuit path is shorter than normal. A short will
occur when a hot and a grounded neutral make accidental contact before they energize a
device.
Ground Fault
The term Ground Fault is different from short circuit. It may take place when two
different phases make contact either due to insulation breakdown or some metallic object
shorting the two phases. The ground can be the conduit that a conductor is pulled in, the armor
of type AC armored cable, or the equipment ground within nonmetallic sheathed cable. A
ground fault can also occur when a poorly spliced connection touches an outlet box.
When conductors are pulled through conduit, care must be taken with them so that the
insulation is not damaged.
Overcurrent Protective Devices are devices that open the wire from the load side when
the current in the wire reaches a predetermined number or amperes. It can be considered the
safety value of the electrical circuits.
Inc.
Short circuits are current ranging from tens to thousands of times nominal currents.
Unlike overloads, short circuits currents reach their peak damage potential almost
instantaneously. If not interrupted, short circuits can result in fire, extensive equipment damage,
or personal injury.
Inc.
Fuse
Basically a short length of metal ribbon made of an alloy with low melting point, and of a
size that will blow up when excessive currents flow through it.
Cartridge-type fuses
The cartridge-type fuses are the ferrule type and the knife blade
type. Cartridge-type fuses may be of the nonrenewable type, where the
complete fuse must be changed each time it opens, or the renewable
type, where only the fuse link must be changed. The renewable type is
cost efficient in the long run.
To check a cartridge-type fuse, make sure the fuse is de-energized, and use an ohmmeter
or continuity tester. If an ohmmeter is used, set the meter to the ohms scale, and if a reading is
observed by touching the two ends of the fuse, is still closed. If no reading is evident, then the
fuse is open. The same procedure can be followed with a continuity tester.
Circuit breakers
Circuit breakers may be used as

protection against overloads, and short
circuits. They are used in place of fuses
because of their reset capabilities. If a circuit
breaker trips, the procedure is to push the
breaker all the way to the off position and
then to the on position.
Each circuit breaker must be marked with an “off” visible on the handle. If the circuit
breaker is placed in the panel vertically, the off position must be when the circuit breaker
handled is down.
The basic difference between a circuit breaker and a switch is that the switch will not
open on short circuits or overloads. The ampacity of a circuit breaker must be visible if the
breaker is 100A or less and 600V or less. The ampacity rating must be molded, stamped, or
etched into the handle.
Manufacturers make their circuit breaker to correspond with their panels. Some
manufactured breakers are interchangeable. They come in variety of sizes and amperage.
There are basically three types of circuit breakers. There are Thermal Magnetic, and
Magnetic Circuit breakers.
Inc.
The Thermal Magnetic breaker operates due to heat and magnetism. A circuit breaker is
calibrated to open at its rated current. If the amperage is high, then heat is created in the circuit,
resulting in the thermal unit opening the circuit breaker. The thermal part of the part of the
breaker has a Bimetallic Strip within its molded case. The bimetal strip will expand and lengthen
as more heat is generated due to higher current. The two strips will expand but not at the sane
rate. The bimetallic strip bends more and more as the temperature increases, and it is calibrated
to open a set of contacts at a certain temperature rating. The Thermal Magnetic breaker also has
a magnet plate element. If an overload or short circuit occurs in this type of circuit breaker, a
magnetic action takes over and gives an immediate opening action to the circuit breaker. The
Thermal Magnetic breaker provides for two actions within the circuit breaker. One is the ability
of the breaker to provide momentary overloads such as the initial surge of high currents in
lighting loads but still provide instant tripping action on short circuits.
The Magnetic Type Circuit Breaker responds to current only. The operation of a magnetic-
type circuit breaker is accomplished by current passing through an electromagnet when an
overload occurs. The Electromagnet attracts an armature and releases a mechanism which trips
the circuit breaker.
A circuit breaker is a device designed to open and close by non-automatic means, and to
open the circuit automatically on a predetermined overload of current with injury to itself when
properly applied within its rating.
Cross Sectional View of a Circuit Breaker

Inc.
Getting 120V and 240V Power from the Bus Bars
Breaker Installation (Viewed from Above)

Inc.
Sample Electrical Distribution to loads

Inc.
Grounding
• Grounding creates a low - resistance path from a tool to the

earth to disperse unwanted current.
• When a Ground Fault occurs, energy flows to the ground,

protecting you from electrical shock, injury and death.
• Ground or earth in a mains (AC power) electrical wiring system

is a conductor that provides a low impedance path to the earth
to prevent hazardous voltages from appearing on equipment.
Normally a grounding conductor does not carry current.
• Metal parts of an electrical wiring system that we touch

(switch plates, ceiling light fixtures, conduit, etc.) should be at
zero volts relative to ground
• Housings of motors, appliances or tools that are plugged into

improperly grounded circuits may become energized
• If you come into contact with an improperly grounded

electrical device, YOU WILL RECEIVE AN “ELECTRIC SHOCK”
Grounding Path
• The path to ground from circuits, equipment, and enclosures

must be permanent and continuous.
• Violation shown here is an extension cord with a missing

grounding prong
Difference between ground and neutral
• Neutral is a circuit conductor that carries current in normal operation, which is connected
to earth (or ground) generally at the service panel with the main disconnecting switch or
breaker.
• Neutral represents a reference point within an electrical distribution system
• Neutral wires are usually connected together at a neutral bus (bar) within panelboards or
switchboards, and are "bonded" to Earth Ground at either the electrical service entrance,
or at transformers within the system
Inc.
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI)

The purpose of circuit breakers is to protect equipment and
circuit conductors. A 20-A circuit breaker will normally carry 16A when
fully loaded. A very small portion of this amperage can be fatal to a
human. Muscular freeze (preventing release of a conductor) can
happen at 15 mA.
Circuit breakers are not designed to protect personnel from low

stray currents. When a person becomes a ground path (a pathway for
electricity flowing to ground), as little as 0.015 A for prolonged time can
become lethal.
In the GFCI, current passes through both the hot and neutral
wires that pass through a differential current transformer that monitors the current. If the hot
and neutral are perfectly balanced, the circuit will operate normally. If stray currents start going
to ground (as small as 0.015 A), the current transformer will sense the difference, its solid-state
circuit will activate the ground trip solenoid, and the breaker will open. The ground will have to
be cleared before the GFCI will operate properly.
A Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) is a device to protect against electrocution

should someone come in contact with a live (Hot) wire and a path to ground which would result
in a current through his/her body. The GFCI operates by sensing the difference between the
currents in both the hot conductors. Under normal conditions, these should be equal. However,
if someone touches the Hot and a Ground such as a plumbing fixture or they are standing in
water, these currents will not be equal as the path is to Ground - a ground fault - and not to the
Neutral. This might occur if a short circuit developed inside an ungrounded appliance or if
someone was working on a live circuit and accidentally touched a live wire.
The GFCI will trip in a fraction of a second at currents (a few mA) well below those that
are considered dangerous. Note that a GFCI is NOT a substitute for a fuse or circuit breaker as
these devices are still required to protect equipment and property from overloads or short
circuits that can result in fire or other damage.
GFCIs can be installed in place of ordinary outlets in which case they protect that outlet
as well as any downstream from it. There are also GFCIs that install in the main service panel.
Ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCI) can be life-saving devices. New houses being
constructed must have GFCI’s for the bathroom, garage, outdoor outlets, and swimming pool or
hot tub. It’s also wise to use them wherever there might be both water and electricity, which
includes the kitchen and laundry room.
Inc.
GFCI Types
GFCI Operation (Normal Load)
`GFCI Operation (with Ground Fault)

Inc.
Hand Tool Safety
Large number of tools used by electricians in routine

jobs becomes unsafe. Following are the safety
precautions that should be observed in handling
some of these tools.
1. Do not toss or throw tools to fellow a worker.

2. Tools or material should not be left protruding from a vise or workbench; passing
workers can be injured. When absolutely necessary to do so, attach a flag or cloth
to the danger end so it can be easily seen.
3. Do not leave tools or material on top of ladders or scaffolds or anywhere they can
fall and injure someone.
4. Sharp pointed tools such as screw drivers, chisels, and files should not be carried
about carelessly or put in your pocket.
5. Do not strike two hardened pieces of metal together, such as punches with a hard
faced hammer, as they may cause chips to fly and strike you or some fellow
worker.
6. The mushroomed heads of chisels, punches, and similar tools should be ground
off before the tools are used. Flying particles loosened by a sudden shock on the
ragged edges of a mushroomed tool may cause painful hand injuries.
7. All files should be fitted with handles. The sharp tang can cause painful hand
injuries.
8. When using a knife or other sharpened tool, cut away from the body or hands
and be sure at a safe distance from others.
9. Extend the handle toward the person receiving the tools from you.
10. Keep the handles of tools free from oil or grease to prevent them from slipping
from your grasp and possibly striking somebody.
11. Work only with a hammer having its handles in good condition and wedged
tightly in place.
12. Use a screw driver only for its intended purposes. It was not intended to be used
as a chisel, hammer-driven tool, or pry bar.
13. Always turn an adjustable wrench. Do not hammer on the handle. If the nut will
not loosen, use a larger wrench, penetrating oil, or other materials. Do not use a
piece of pipe to extend handle for more leverage.
14. When using a non adjustable wrench, secure the wrench to the proper size so
that its jaws fit snugly over the entire nut without having to be driven on or
shimmed. Whenever possible, pull the wrench rather than the push it. If pushing
cannot be avoided, prevent skinned knuckles by pushing with the base of the
palm of your open hand.
15. Never run with sharp tools.
Inc.
Power Tool Safety
Electric drills, saws, grinders, wire pullers, and pipe threading

machines are examples of power tools used on construction
projects. These tools are tremendous labor-saving devices but
can be very dangerous if continually abused.
Electric shock is one of the most important hazards that can occur
with defective electric tools or the improper use. The National
Electric Code requires the use of ground fault circuit
interrupters at all construction sites. As an added precaution
the following safety rules should be observed when using
electric power tools.
1. Be familiar with the tool you are using and use it for its intended purpose only. If you don’t
know how to use it properly, then read the instruction or ask for direction. “There is no such
thing as a dumb question, only a dumb mistake”.
2. Be sure the tools are properly grounded or double-insulated. If the tool is double-insulated,
it should be clearly marked. If the tool has a three-prong plug, then it should be plugged to a
three prong outlet.
3. Do not use power tools in damp, wet locations or in an area that has an explosive
atmosphere.
4. Secure your work. Never hold the work freely in one hand when using a saw or drill.
5. Keep observers, especially children, away from the work area.
6. Do not force a tool to do a job it was not intended or designed to do.
7. When using extension cords with portable tools, be sure to select one that is the correct
American Wire Gauge (AWG) size for the job. The length of the cord and the load of the tool
will determine this.
Nameplate Cord length (ft.)

(A) 25 ft. 50 ft. 100 ft. 150 ft.
0-3 18 16 16 14
3-6 18 16 16 14
6-8 18 16 14 12
8-10 18 16 14 12
10-12 18 16 14 12
8. Inspect all tools for frayed cords, faulty switches, and repair broken parts before using.
9. Be sure to disconnect tools when servicing, changing accessories, adjusting, or storing.
10. Do not over reach when using a portable electric tool. Keep the proper footing and balance
at all times.
11. When transporting, do not carry a plugged-in tool with your finger on the trigger switch as
this may cause accidental starting.
12. With drill press and portable electric drills, do not leave the chuck key in the chuck.
Inc.
Electrical Connections
1. Make all cable and conductor connections electrically good, solid

and secured.
2. Insulate connections from surrounding conducting materials.
3. Use definite, follow-through motion when plugging into a live
source so as to minimize the possibility of arcing.
Switchboard Practices
1. Operate manually controlled switches and disconnect
with one hand in a single, definite, follow-through
motion. Hesitating at the point of contact will cause
arcing if the circuit is “live” and complete.
2. Always open circuit breakers or other switches
designed for operating under load before opening
manually controlled switches or disconnects.
Conversely always close a circuit with a circuit
breaker, if available, rather than with manually
operated switches.
3. Replace fuses with the same capacity elements as
those which were blown. Continual blowing of fuses
indicates a circuit or load defect rather than a faulty
fuse.
4. Pull fuses with a fuse puller-never with your bare hands.
5. Never bridge or shunt a fuse with a non-fusible material. This would remove all
protection from the circuit and defeat the very purpose of a fuse.
6. Be alert for possibilities of the feedback from an energized circuit into a circuit thought
to be “dead”.
7. Turn your head to one side during a switching operation to avoid the possibility of
flashed eyes.
8. be certain that you know what is being operated or controlled by the switch you are
about to operate. After a switch is opened or closed, there is no immediate stopping of
the sequence began.
Instrument Practices
1. Make instrument connections tight, secure and electrically sound. A loose connection
may burn, arc, or even explode if the current is high enough.
2. Always close the shunt or shorting switch on a current transformer when making any
change in the burden or load. An open-circuited secondary of a current transformer is a
source of dangerously high voltage.
3. Never attempt to make changes in instrument circuits while they are energized.
4. Arrange your instruments in a neat, craftsman like manner. This facilitates circuit
changes, tracing, and offers more working space.
5. Stand on insulated materials when operating an instrument table.
Inc.
Rotating Machineries
1. Make all connections tight, secure and electrically
sound.
2. Check lubricating system to all bearing before
starting machinery.
3. Before starting test, securely ground all
machinery frames, cases etc.
4. Never pass through, sit on, or lean against belts,
whether they are moving or not. All unguarded
belts must be blocked off.
5. Be especially sure field connections to DC motors are tight and secure. An open shunt
field on a shunt motor will cause it to run away and possibly explode.
6. Always connect a field discharge resistor across the shunt field of a DC motor to
dissipate the high field induced voltage and prevent serious arcing.
7. Series motor must always have a mechanical load. If they are run unloaded they may
run away and explode. Never belt a load to a series motor for this reason: Always use a
positive mechanical coupling.
Ladders and Scaffolding

Ladders are usually made from the wood, fiberglass, and
aluminum. As much as possible, electricians must not use
aluminum ladders because of the danger of shock.
Aluminum ladders can be a path to ground if the electrician
is a working on energized circuits; also it can become hot if
touched by an energized conductor.
Wooden ladders should never be painted. Enamel paints can

conceal hidden cracks. The best method for protecting the
ladder from weathering is with a clear shellac varnish or
linseed oil. Some safety reminders for ladders are the
following;
1. Do not stand on the top step of the ladder.

2. Work three steps below the top step of the ladder.
3. Work from ladder, not from chairs, boxes, sawhorses, or other improvised
working surfaces.
4. Open stepladders all the way and lock the spreader.
5. Do not use the planks on the top of stepladders.
6. Do not leave objects on the top of stepladders.
7. Obtain the assistance of a second person when raising or lowering very long or
heavy ladders.
8. Do not overreach while on the ladder.
9. Choose the right size and type of ladder for each job.
10. Inspect the ladder closely before using it.
Inc.
Extension ladders
1. Extension ladders should always be equipped with no
slip safety shoes. The purpose of the safety shoes is to
keep the ladder from slipping while the electrician is
working.
2. The ladder should always be checked prior to use.

The rungs and railing should be inspected
carefully. One method for checking the extension
ladder is to lay it horizontally on a flat surface and
step on each rung individually. If any rung is weak
or broken, do not use it.
3. When placing an extension ladder against a wall,

the base of the ladder should approximately have
an angle of 75º or 1 ft. from the wall for every 4 ft
of height.
4. When extension ladders create a hazard to the

worker on the ladder (an example is in front door),
he or she should have a helper to stand guard, or
the area should be roped off.
5. Portable ladders are a simple and effective means for safe climbing except that workers
find them so easy to the use they neglect normal safety precautions. Workers are
disabled and some even die in ladder accidents. Some safety reminders should be
needed:
a. No ladder is safe unless it is the proper ladder for the proper job.
b. A ladder is not safe if its rails are defective.
c. A ladder is not safe unless workers use it properly.
6. Extension ladders can be used for height up to 44 ft. After that height, scaffolding should
be used.
7. When climbing ladders, always face the rungs and grasp the railing or rungs as you move
and down.
8. Extension ladders are normally used by one worker at the time.
9. The worker must be extra careful when carrying ladders through aisles or doorway or
around corners.
10. Always keep the end ahead of you raised high enough to clear a person’s head when
approaching a blind corner.
11. When turning around with the ladder, make sure the ends of the ladder clear all objects
and persons.
Inc.
Inc.
Scaffolding
When working from a scaffold, be it a motorized or a push type, there are some rules
that should be followed.
1. Be sure to inspect the scaffold before

using it. Make sure that it is safe and
has the proper guardrails, wheels, kick
plates, and outriggers.
2. Always erect the scaffold to the proper

work heights. Do not stand on boxes
or the guardrails to reach work.
3. The scaffold should be level at the

times. When the scaffold is being
moved, always clear the path of debris
and make sure that there are no
potholes that the wheels may become
lodged in. The kick plate around the
bottom edge of the platform is for
safety to personnel on the floor. It is
to prevent tools, etc., from being
accidentally kicked from the platform
Following are safety rules to remember:
1. Lock all wheels before working on rolling scaffolds.

2. Keep the platform clear of tools and debris.
3. Lock all joints when erecting metal scaffolds.
4. Do not ride a moving scaffold except under specific conditions.
5. Do not allow platform planks on rolling scaffolds to overhang the support more than 18
in.
Lifting and Transporting

In the construction industry it is often necessary for the electrician to move or lift heavy
objects. He or she may have to handle objects of varying weights and sizes. Although there are
many pieces of equipment such as cranes, forklifts, and pallet jacks available, there are instances
that the space is limited where these equipment are not readily available or they cannot be used
or it may also happen that it is just a one-time operation where the cost of the equipment
cannot be justified.
It should be taken into consideration that the physical capabilities of people differ and
that each person should be judged of the amount he or she can safely handle.
Inc.
When lifting objects within the limits of your physical capabilities, you should observe the
following words.
1. Always be sure of a firm footing.
2. Bend the knees, keeping the back as nearly straight and upright as possible.
3. Lift with the legs.
4. Carry objects as close to you as possible and do not carry bulky objects in such a way that they
block your vision. Be sure you can see where you are going.
5. Determine the weight and size of the object with regard to the type of pathway which you will
be transporting the objects. The more uneven or obstructed the path, the smaller the object
that should be carried.
6. Whenever it becomes necessary to move or lift object that is beyond your limits, obtain
assistance from a co-worker or use some mechanical means. A block and tackle or lever will
multiply a person’s strength many times.
7. Under conditions where two or more workers are employed, it is essential that teamwork be
practiced for safety. The team has to perform each function in unison to prevent injury to one
another. One member of the team should act as the director of the operation and of each
action because if each has his or her own ideas, one may suddenly let go, injuring the other.
8. Advance preparation should be made for releasing and setting down of large objects in order
to prevent smashed fingers or toes. Whenever the floor area is such that the some type of
rollers may be used, they should be used for moving heavy objects in preference to lifting.
9. Long pieces of materials should be handled by two people whenever possible to prevent injury
to others. Whenever it is necessary to carry long material alone such as a pipe, it should be
carried with the front of end up. Do not carry items up and down ladders as both hands
should be used for climbing. Use ropes or hoists to transfer materials to a higher or lower
elevation.
Inc.
Housekeeping
There is a great deal of time lost on the job every year due to
trips and falls caused by poor housekeeping habits. A good job is a neat
and clean job. Keep areas picked up of all loose pieces of pipe, wire and
other material that may cause a fellow worker to trip or fall. Spills or
drippings of any liquids or grease should be cleaned up immediately as
they contribute to accidents and possible fire danger. Rags containing
oils, gasoline, paint, solvents, and combustibles should be put in
covered metal containers; otherwise fires can result from the
spontaneous combustion.
Bend or remove protruding nails, sharp objects, etc., and do not allow materials to
protrude so as to create additional hazards. Pipe should be laid down rather than leaned against
a structure as it may have a tendency to fall over and hit somebody.
If it becomes necessary to hang tools or store materials on walls or to suspend them

from the ceiling as in a shop situation, be provided so they do not become dislodged by
vibrations or other ordinary shop operations that may cause them to fall.
Inc.
Module 3
INSTRUMENTS AND MEASUREMENTS

1. Identify the different electrical measuring instruments.
2. Measure the basic electrical parameters using various instruments.
3. Determine electrical energy consumption.
4. Compare the computed electrical parameters to actual measured values.
Introduction:
Just like a doctor with his stethoscope, an electrician uses electrical measuring
instruments to determine if the circuit is working properly or not. In case of a fault, it also gives
the person the ability to point where the exact location of the fault is. Measuring instruments
give us the ability to periodically record electrical parameters for monitoring and maintenance
purposes.
Analog meters or instruments
Analog meters have a pointer moving across a calibrated scale.

They are the only choice when a general trend or variation in value is to
be observed. Hi-fi equipment often uses analogue displays to indicate
how power levels vary with time, which is more informative than a
specific value. Red or danger zones can be indicated on industrial
instruments. The fuel gauge on a car often indicates full, half full or
danger on an analogue display which is much more informative than an
indication of the exact number of liters of fuel remaining in the tank.
These meters are only accurate when used in the calibrated

position. Most meters using an analogue scale incorporate a mirror to
eliminate parallax error. The user must look straight at the pointer on
the scale when taking readings and the correct position is indicated
when the pointer image in the mirror is hidden behind the actual
pointer. That is the point at which a reading should be taken from the
appropriate scale of the instrument.
Inc.
Digital meters or instruments
Digital meters provide the same functions as analogue meters but

they display the indicated value using a seven-segment LED to give a
numerical value of the measurement. Having no moving parts, digital meters
tend to be more rugged; and since there is no needle pointer the level of
accuracy is higher since there is no more parallax error.
Multi-tester or VOM (Voltmeter, Ohmmeter, Milli-ammeter)
A VOM is an instrument that can measure voltage current, and resistance plus other
additional functions. The method of changing the measurement is shown through a selector
switch.
Set always the selector switch as to the right parameter to be measured and observe
carefully the precaution discussed for Ammeter, Voltmeter, and Ohmmeter.
Inc.
Ammeter
An ammeter is an instrument that measures electrical current.
Types of Ammeter
1. DC Ammeter - it measures direct currents.
2. AC Ammeter - it measures alternating currents.
Connection of Ammeter
- An ammeter should always be connected in series with the load.
- In using a DC ammeter, the positive terminal of the ammeter must always be connected to the
positive terminal of the supply
Precaution in using an Ammeter

- Proper type of ammeter should be selected for the purpose.
- If the current to be measured is uncertain, always set the ammeter to its highest range during
measurement.
- If the pointer deflects to less than the value of the next lower range, the ammeter can be set to
the next lower range.
- An ammeter should not be connected, by all means, in parallel with the load.
Voltmeter
A voltmeter is an instrument that measures voltages.
Types of Voltmeter
1. DC voltmeter –it measures DC voltage
2. AC voltmeter –it measures DC voltage
Connection of voltmeter
- A voltmeter is always connected across the load or parallel with the load.
- In using a dc voltmeter, the positive terminal of the voltmeter must always be connected to the
positive terminal of the supply
Inc.
Precaution in using a voltmeter
- Proper type of voltmeter should be selected for the purpose.

- If the voltage to be measured is uncertain always set the voltmeter to its highest range.
- During measurement, if the pointer deflects to less than the value of the next lower range, the
voltmeter can be set to the next lower range.
Ohmmeter
An ohmmeter is an instrument that measures resistances. It is also used for checking the
continuity of electrical circuits and devices etc.
When the measuring or testing with an ohmmeter, make sure that the device to be
tested is free from any voltage source.
Voltage Tester / Test Light

A voltage tester is a miniature electrical circuit. Power comes in
one wire, travels through the bulb, and goes out the other wire. Use it to
determine whether the voltage is live or dead for safety and electrical
continuity.
Inc.
Testing for power at an outlet

To test whether a wall receptacle is working or not, put one wire
in each slot. The glowing bulb indicates power is there. If you
plan to work on that receptacle, turn off the power to the circuit
by tripping the proper breaker or removing the correct fuse.
Check again with the voltage tester to make sure the power is off
and then remove the receptacles.
Testing for power at a switch

To check whether power is on at a wall switch, first remove
the wall plate. Put one probe on the metal box in the wall and the
other probe on each of the terminals in the switch. If the tester light
on any terminal, there is power to the switch. If the box is plastic,
touch one probe to the bare ground wire and the other probe to
each terminal. If the tester lights, the switch is live. Turn off the
power to that point before doing any further work.
Finding a hot wire

Once a switch or receptacle has been removed from the
box you may forget which of the two or more black wires is
carrying the current. To find out, bend the wires out so they are
not touching each other back on and put and one probe on the
metal box and the other on the exposed end of a black wire. The
wire that causes the voltage tester bulb to glow is the hot wire.
Turn the power off again and mark that wire with a piece of tape.
If the box is plastic, touch one tester probe against the bare
ground wire in the box and the other probe to a blank wire.
Checking for grounding

The voltage tester is also used to check if a receptacle is
grounded properly. To do this, put one probe in the live slot and
touch the other probe to the bare metal cover plate or the plate-
holding screw. (If the screw is painted, scrape away enough of the
paint until you can touch bare metal). If tester must light up to
determine that there is good or proper grounding
Many receptacles have third, U-shaped hole above or below the

two slots. In these three-prong plugs, the U-shaped slot is the
grounding slot. To test that this is working, insert one probe on the tester in the live slot and the
other probe in the grounding hole.
Important: the tester must light just as strongly in the ground test as it does when you
insert both probes in the slots. If it doesn’t, the receptacle is not properly grounded.
Inc.
Continuity Tester
A continuity tester is used to check that a circuit is complete or
continuous without having to turn on the house current. If the circuit is
complete, the small battery in the tester will light up the bulb. If the
circuit has been interrupted, the bulb will not light. Because it has its
own power system, this device must never be used where electrical
current is flowing. Use the continuity tester to check out any of the
following problems:
Since you can’t see when a fuse is blown, you must use a
continuity tester. Check it by putting the probe on one end and the
alligator clip on the other end. If the cartridge is good the bulb will
light.
Testing Lamp switches

1. Single pole switch
If you think the electrical problems lie in the switch, first turn off the power. Remove the
switch from the wall, put one terminal of the test light on one of the two terminal screws, and
touch the probe to the other terminal screw. Turn the switch on and off. The test light should go
on and off with the switch.
2. Three-way switch
A three way switch is used to control light from two
different points, has three terminal screws. To test this switch,
put one terminal of the test light on the terminal screw
marked “common” (it may be unmarked but of different
color). Hold the probe against one terminal screw on the
other side and flip the switch. The test light should go on and
off in the opposite sequence.
3. Four-way switch
A four-way switch, which is rare in most homes, is used in a circuit between two three-
way switches and controls power to either of them. To test this switch, put one terminal of the
test light to any one of the four terminal screws. Then touch the probe to the others in
succession. The test bulb should light on only one of them.
Inc.
Clamp Meter
A clamp meter is a handy ammeter that can measure AC current only without making any
disconnection to the circuit.
How a clamp meter operates
In general AC clamp meters operate on the principle of Instrument Current Transformer

(ICT) used to pick up magnetic flux generated as a result of current flowing through a conductor.
Assuming a current flowing through a conductor to be the primary current, you can obtain a
current proportional to the primary current by electromagnetic induction from the secondary
side (winding) of the transformer which is connected to a measuring circuit of the instrument
and thus permits you to take an AC current reading on the digital display as illustrated by the
block diagram.
Inc.
Wattmeter
A watt meter is an instrument that measures electrical power. The internal circuits of a
watt-meter consist to two coils. The first coil called “Potential Coil” which is to be connected in
parallel with the load while the second one is the “Current Coil” which is to be connected in
series with the load. The potential coil works like a voltmeter while the current coil works like an
ammeter. The product of the current in the current coil and the voltage in the potential coil is
the reading indicated by the watt meter.
Types of Watt meter

1. DC - Watt meter – it measures power in DC
2. AC – Watt meter – it measures power in AC
Instrument Current Transformer (ICT)

An ICT is actually a transformer whose purpose is to isolate an ammeter from a high
tension cable; it reduces large currents within the range of the ammeter.
Connection of an ICT isolating an ammeter from a high tension cable
A very high current can be measured with low range ammeter equipped with ICT. The ICT
consist only a secondary coil looped to form a round hole. The primary is actually the cable wire
of high tension line inserted through the hole of ICT.
ICT Ratio
The ratio of the secondary turn to the primary turn is called the ICT ratio. It is also the
ratio as to how much current in the primary can be reduced in the secondary. Thus if the reading
of ammeter is 2 and the ICT ratio is set at 10, then the current in the primary is
Current in the primary = ammeter reading x ICT ratio

= 2A x 10
= 20 A
Inc.
Instrument Potential Transformer (IPT)
An IPT is also a transformer but used solely

for isolating voltmeter from measuring high
voltages. Figure shows the connection of IPT and
voltmeter to a high voltage cable.
IPT Ratio
The ratio of the voltage in the primary to that of the secondary is the IPT ratio. Thus if the
voltmeter reading is 120V, and the IPT ratio is 115, the voltage between the high tension cable
is:
Voltage in the primary = voltmeter reading x IPT ratio
= 120V x 115
= 13,800V or 13.8 kV
Kilowatt-Hour Meter
A kilowatt-hour meter is an instrument that registers the

consumption of electric energy. When electricity is used, its power
produces energy in the form of light (lamps), heat (electrical stove,
heater), and sound (radio), work (pumping water to higher level).
Consumers pay the electrical supplier in the amount of energy
consumed by a device or equipment that is supplied by electricity
How do I read my meter?

You may sometimes think that the meter readers incorrectly
record the amount of electricity used. This is rarely the case. You can
check by learning to read your own meter. You can read an electric
meter accurately like reading a clock. With a trained eye, you can read
it even from a distance of 20 feet.
As electricity is used in your home, a disk in the meter revolves. This

disk moves the hand on the dials.
1. Stand directly in front of your meter. Starting with the rightmost dial, write down the lower
number, which the hand or pointer on the dial has just passed.
2. In the same right to left order, write down the number you read from the other dials. Note
that adjacent dials move in opposite directions.
3. Subtract the meter reading shown on your last bill from this reading and you get the number
of kilowatt-hours used since the last billing date.
Inc.
If the hand is pointing directly at a number, like "7", read it as "7",

by looking at the dial at its immediate right. The hand should have passed
0, or the hand is pointing to a lower number like 3.
Read it as "6" if the hand on the next dial has not passed 0 or the
dial is pointing to a high number like 8.
Insulation Tester / Mega-Ohmmeter
An Insulation tester is actually an ohmmeter that can measure a

very high resistance it is used to test the strength of insulation or
insulation resistance. When cranked, it generates DC voltages
from 500 to 1000 volts. The DC voltage is applied to terminal of
the equipment being tested for about one minute.
Why insulation test is necessary?
All live conductors of electrical appliances and installations must be insulated

to prevent electric shock hazards from accidental contact, life hazards from
short circuit and equipment damage. In addition, a low insulation resistance in
installation will result in a leakage current, and hence causes a waste of
energy which would increase the running costs of the installation. Insulation
resistance must be checked by applying appliances or installations a higher
voltage than its normal working voltage, because an insulation resistance is
lower at higher than at lower voltage. Periodical test is also important to
ensure that insulation of installations or appliances is not deteriorating.
Foreign matter and mechanical factors like wear or breakage may reduce
insulation resistance. Regular tests and data logs can detect possible fault in insulation.
Applications
1. Test the strength of insulation of wires and cables.
2. Measures the insulation resistance of wire.
3. Measure the insulation resistances between wires to ground.
Electrical Insulation Testing Methods

I. Spot Check – Insulation Resistance Spot Check
1. Apply the DC voltage using a Mega-Ohmmeter
2. Wait one minute for the capacitive and dielectric absorption currents, I C and IDA
respectively to decay.
3. After one minute read the insulation resistance in Mega-Ohms.
4. Compare to previous values or industry standards such as InterNational Electrical Testing
Association (NETA)
Inc.
II. The Polarization Index Test

1. Apply the DC voltage using a Mega-Ohmmeter.
2. Wait one minute for the capacitive and dielectric absorption currents, I C and IDA
respectively to decay. Read and record resistance R 1.
3. Wait nine minutes additional to ma a total of 10 minutes then read and record the
insulation resistance again (R10).
4. Calculate the Polarization Index, P.I. = R10/R1
Inc.
Module 4
SWITCHES
1. Connect switches observing proper ratings.
2. Install switches controlling from a number of locations.
3. Identify 3-way and 4-way switch terminals.
4. Learn the purpose and operation of different kinds of switches.
5. Be able to understand electrical plan layouts and make the equivalent schematic
diagrams and raceway layouts.
Introduction:
One of the most important advantages of electrical power is the fact that it can be controlled so
easily and conveniently. The switch is one of the devices that are responsible for a great deal of
convenience. Because of its importance in the control of electrical energy and the extent of its
use, the electrician should be familiar with the different types and design of switches the circuits
in which they are used.
Poles and Throws

The control provided by the switch is the changing of connections or the making and breaking of
a circuit. The numbers of wires in a circuit that a switch will control are referred to as the poles
of a switch; that is, a single-pole switch will make or break the only one conductor, while a
double-pole switch will make or break two wires of the circuit simultaneously. The switch may
make a completed circuit when it is only one position or when it is in either of two positions. This
operation is known as the throws of a switch. A single-throw switch operates only in one
position, and the double-throw operates in either of two positions.
Ratings and Description

The ratings of switches can be categorized as either AC or AC-DC. AC switches are the used only
with alternating current circuits and within the ampere and voltage rating indicated on the
switch. An AC switch only has one ampere rating but can have a dual voltage, such as 15A, 120
or 240 V. this indicates the switch can control a load of 15 A at either of the voltages.
A switch designed to operate either with alternating or direct current is an AC-DC switch. In
addition to voltage and ampere ratings, the AC-DC switch may also be “T-rated” which simply
means that the switch can only control a specific voltage and amperage. This rating is needed
because the initial flow of current in other loads is 8-10 times its normal current. An AC-DC
switch with a rating of 10 A, 125 V “T”, 5 A, 250 V indicates that the switch can be used to
control loads of 10 A in 125 V circuits or a current 5 A in 250V circuits.
Design referring to the enclosure or type of operation, are numerous. The type of operation can
be snap or toggle type, rocker, key operated, rotary, or push button. This operation may also be
maintained or be of momentary contact.
When selecting switches, a factor to be considered is the grade of the switch. Commonly used
terms are residential grade, intermediate grade, and specification grade. Specification grade, for
example, simply means that it is the highest-quality switch produced by the manufacturer.
Inc.
When discussing switches to control loads, the first type of load to come to mind probably is the
lighting load. Although switching can be used to control motors, receptacles, or any other types
of loads, the following switching circuits will be confined to lighting loads.
It is much better if the switch has an Underwriters Laboratories (UL) testing and approval for
safety standards. A switch without the UL Marking may be cheaper but may also be of lesser
quality.
Switches should not be used for amperage higher than that what is indicated on them. Most
lighting circuits use #14AWG wire, which has a maximum ampacity of 15 amps. If this is the case
in your house, then use a switch marked, “15 amps-220 volts”. You should still confirm that your
local codes permit this.
Single Pole Single Throw (SPST)
Single-pole switch controlling a light as indicated on Architectural Plans
Single-pole switch controlling a light as indicated on schematic diagram of

circuit
Single-pole switch controlling a light as indicated on wiring diagram.
Single-pole switching circuits are used extensively where one or more lights are to be controlled
from only one location.
Inc.
Double Pole Single Throw (DPST)
Double-pole switches are devices which incorporate two single-pole switches in one housing to
operate simultaneously. They are used when two conductors of a circuit, or two separate
circuits, need to be broken.
Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT) or Three Way
Sample use of a Three-Way Switch
The convenience of a lighting control can be made greater by providing a switch from
more than one location for a light or group of lights. When it is desired to control circuits from
two locations, a three-way switch is used at each location. An example of such a system is in a
hallway where the lights in the hall upstairs can be switched on and off from a switch
downstairs. Other examples are a room which has two doorways, with a light switch at each
door, or a bedroom, with a main light switch and another switch within reach of the bed. A
three-way switch is basically a single pole, double throw switch.
Inc.
Double Pole Double Throw (DPDT) or Four Way
Sample use of a Four-Way Switch
In many structures with multiple stairway landings, several entrances to rooms, etc., the
need for multiple switching at all locations arises. The four-way switch can be considered as a
type of double-pole double throw switch and also as a reversing switch. Four-ways switches are
installed in series with the traveler conductors of the three-way switches. Any number of four-
switches may be installed depending on the number control locations. But there will be a three-
way at each end of the circuit.
Dimmer Switch
This switch, used to change the intensity of light, has a rheostat built into it that reduces
the flow of current to the light. It also allows you to create different lighting effects.
Dimmer switches are normally used to control overhead incandescent lights. Standard
dimmer switches cannot be used on fluorescent lights, but special ones are available.
Dimmer switches are available in single-pole and three-way switches. When used in a
three-way switch, only one of the two switches will dim the light.
Inc.
Lighted-handle switch
If you have a room where you are constantly groping for the switch in the dark, this is the
replacement you need. A miniature neon bulb keeps the toggle glowing in the dark. The bulb
uses virtually no electricity.
Time-clock Switch
This switch will turn the lights on and off for you at preset times. In addition to the clock
mechanism, this switch has a push button for turning lights on and off manually.
Key Operated Switch
To keep small children from turning on power tools in your shop, consider
using the locking switch. Rather than a handled, it has a key you insert in
the switch to turn it on or off. Wire this switch into a circuit that has outlets
for your tools, and when you lock it off, no one can turn on a tool.
Attaching Wires to Switches and Receptacles
Common types of terminals in a switch or receptacle
1. Binding screw terminals - Connecting wire to a blinding screw terminal is a relatively

simple procedure but it must be done correctly. Loosen the screw so the stripped end of
the wire will fit easily under it. Strip away only enough insulation so that the wire will
wrap to three-quarters of the way around the screw. Use long-nosed pliers to bend the
wire in a small loop and hook it around the screw. The loop must face in a clockwise
direction so that as the screw is tightened it will pull the loop tight about it. Make sure
that the tip of the wire is not bent up or down. Do not bring the wire so far around that it
overlaps for this will cause o poor connection.
2. Push-in terminals - To connect this type of terminal, simply strip off about ¾ inch of wire
(this is usually shown on the strip gauge on the back side of the switch or receptacle),
then push the wire into the opening. A spring holds the wire in place and makes contact.
If you must remove the wire for any reason, push a flat screwdriver tip into the slot just
above the wire hole to release the spring. Push-in terminals should not be used with
aluminum wire. They are generally acceptable for copper-clad aluminum wire, but check
your local codes first.
Inc.
Replacing a Switch
Switches normally last for a year for they can wear out. Even if they don’t, you may want
to replace them with something more modern. The switches you are most likely to find in your
house are single-pole, three-way, and possibly four-way switches. Before you change a switch
because you think it is malfunctioning, check to be sure that it is.
Identifying a Malfunction in the switch
If a light fails to go on when you flip the switch, the first thing to check is that the bulb is
still good. If it is, check that the fuse or breaker on that circuit is still working properly. If both
these tests are positive, check out the switch.
1. Cut the power on that circuit by removing the fuse or turning the breaker switch off. Next
remove the wall plate over the switch. Before touching the switch, use your voltage
tester to make sure no power is coming to it.
2. If the circuit is dead, remove switch from the circuit. Use the continuity tester to check if
the switch is malfunctioning.
Switching Exercises
Objective:
At the end of the exercises the participant should be able to:
1. Read electrical plan layout.

2. Draw the equivalent circuit schematic diagram of electrical plan layout.
3. Make the actual wiring connection on the wiring connection exercises modules.
4. Determine the route, number and connection of wires in an installed circuit for the
electrical plan layout.
5. Estimate the length of wire needed by use of metric scale.
6. Determine the quantity of electrical devices and materials needed in the installation
based from the electrical plan layout or as built drawing.
Inc.
Legend:
Symbol Description
Circuit homerun. N represents the circuit
number.
Receptacle with exhaust fan connected
Junction Box (4” x 4”)
Utility Box (2” x 4”)
Single pole single throw switch (S)
Single pole double throw switch (S3W)
Double pole double throw switch (S4W)
Conduit
Lamp
----------- Line going to switch
Wires connected
Wires not connected

L1 Source line 1
L2 Source line 2
Required:
1. Complete the schematic diagram.

2. In the electrical plan layout, indicate the no. of wires per conduit run.
3. Complete the raceway layout.
Inc.
Exercise #1
Inc.
Exercise #2
Inc.
Exercise #3
Inc.
Exercise #4
Inc.
Exercise #5
Exercise #6
Inc.
Inc.
Exercise #7
Exercise #7 (Continued)
Inc.
Exercise #8
Inc.
Exercise #9
Inc.
Exercise #9 (continued)
Inc.
Exercise #10
Inc.
Exercise #10 (continued)

Inc.
Module 5
Inc.
PHILIPPINE ELECTRICAL CODE

1. Follow the different rules and regulations mandated in the Philippine electrical code.
2. Identify if electrical equipment is approved for safety.
3. Define the terms used in the electrical field.
4. Learn the different wiring methods and materials used in the electrical field.
5. Perform proper branch circuit and feeder calculations.
Objective
(a) Safe use of electricity. This code has the primary objective of establishing basic materials
quality and electrical work standards for the safe of electricity for light, heat, power,
communications, signaling and for other purposes.
(b) Adequacy. Strict compliance with the provisions of this Code will ensure safety in electrical
installation and construction, but not necessary efficient, convenient, or adequate for good
service or future expansion of electrical use.
Scope
This Code covers electric conductors including optical fiber cable and equipment installed
within or on, to or from:
(a) Public and private buildings
(b) Electric generating plants.
(c) Industrial plants.
(d) Transformer stations.
(e) Permanent and temporary substation, etc.
(f) Airfield
(g) Railway switchyards.
(h) Yards, carnival, parking and other lots.
(i) Quarries and mines
(j) Watercraft.
(k) Dockyards.
(l) Trailers.
(m)Mobile homes and recreational vehicles.
(n) Other premises requiring electrical installations except aircraft, motor vehicles and
railway rolling stocks.
(o) Offshore facilities.
Authority
(a) This code has been approved and adopted by the Board of Electrical Engineering,
Professional Regulation Commission.
(b) By a virtue of authority vested in the Board under RA 184, it hereby directs strict
adherence to the provisions of this code.
(c) Where deviations from these provisions are necessary, such deviations shall not be
made, except with written permission from the code enforcing Authority applicable only to
the particular job for which such permission was granted.
Inc.
Enforcement
(a) This code is intended for mandatory application by government bodies exercising legal
jurisdiction over electrical installation.
(b) These government bodies will have the responsibility of implementing the provisions of this
Code in deciding on the approval of equipment and materials and for granting the special
permission contemplated in this Code, where it is assured that equivalent objectives can be
achieved by establishing and maintaining effective safety.
Interpretation
(a) The Board of Electrical Engineering shall render the final decision in the interpretation of
any portion of the Philippine Electrical Code Part 1, in case of a controversy.
Examination of Equipment for Safety

For specific items of equipment and materials referred to in this Code, examination for
safety made under standard conditions will provide a basis for approval where the record is
made general available through promulgation by organization properly equipped and qualified
for experimental testing, inspections of the run goods at factories, and service-value
determination through field inspections. This avoids the necessity for repetition of examinations
by different examiners, frequently with inadequate facilities for such work, and the confusion
that would result from conflicting reports as to the suitability of devices and materials examined
for a given purpose.
It is the intent of this Code that factory installed internal wiring or the construction of
equipment need not to be inspected at the time of installations of the equipment, except to
detect alterations or damage, if the equipment has been listed by a qualified electrical testing
laboratory which is recognized as having the facilities described above and which requires
suitability for installation in accordance with this code.
Inc.
Raceway Materials
Intermediate Metal Conduit

Intermediate metal conduit is a metal raceway of circular cross section with integral or
associated couplings, connectors and fitting approved for the installation of electrical
conductors.
Uses Permitted:
1. All Atmospheric Conditions and Occupancies. Use of intermediate metal conduit
shall be permitted under all atmospheric conditions and occupancies. Where
practicable, dissimilar metals in contact anywhere in the system shall be avoided
to eliminate the possibility of galvanic action. Intermediate metal conduit shall be
permitted as an equipment grounding conductors.
Exception:
Aluminum fitting and enclosures shall be permitted to be used with steel
intermediate metal conduit.
2. Corrosion Protection. Intermediate metal conduit, elbow, coupling, and fittings
shall be permitted to be installed in concrete, in direct contact with the earth, or
in areas subject to severe corrosive influences when protected by corrosion
protection and judged suitable for the condition.
3. Cinder Fill. Intermediate metal conduit shall be permitted to be installed in or
under cinder fill where subject to permanent moisture when protected on all
sides by a layer of no cinder concrete not less than 50 mm thick; when the conduit
is not less than 460 mm under the fill; or when protected by corrosion protection
and judged suitable for the condition.
Wet Locations
All supports, bolts, straps, screws, etc. shall be of corrosion-resistant
materials or protected against corrosion by corrosion-resistant materials.
Size
Minimum - Conduit smaller than 15 mm electrical trade size shall not be used.
Maximum - Conduit larger than 100 mm electrical trade size shall not be used.
Number of Conductors in Conduit - The number of conductors in a single conduit shall not
exceed that permitted by the percentage fill specified using the conduit
dimensions.
Reaming and Threading - All cut ends of conduit shall be reamed or otherwise finished to
remove rough edges. Where conduit is threaded in the field, an electrical conduit
thread cutting die with a taper shall be used.
Inc.
Couplings and Connectors

1. Thread less - Thread less coupling and connectors used with conduit shall
be made tight. Where installed in masonry or concrete, they shall be the
concrete tight type. Where installed in wet locations, they shall be the
rain tight type.
2. Running Threads - Running threads shall not be used on conduit for
connection at couplings.
Bends (How Made) - Bends of intermediate metal conduit shall be so made that the
conduit shall not be injured, and the internal diameter of the conduit shall not
be effectively reduced. The radius of the curve of the inner edge of any field
bend shall not be less than indicated.
Exception
For field bends for conductors without lead sheath and made with a single
operation (one shot) bending machine designed fir the purpose, the
minimum radius shall not be less than that indicated.
Bends (No. in One Run) - A run of conduit between outlet, between fitting and fitting, or
between outlet and fitting, shall not contain more than the equivalent of 4
quarter bends (360) (degrees, total), including those bends located immediately
at the outlet or fitting.
Supports - Intermediate metal conduit shall be installed as a complete system as

provided shall be securely fastened in place. Conduit shall be firmly fastened
within 900 mm of each outlet box, junction cabinet or fitting. Conduits shall
be supported at least every 3000 mm.
Exception:
1. If the up with threaded coupling, it shall be permissible to supports
straight runs of intermediate metal conduit in accordance provided
such supports prevent transmission of stresses to termination where
conduit is deflected between supports.
2. The distance between supports may be increased 6000 mm for
exposed vertical risers from machine tools and the like, provided the
conduit is made up with threaded couplings firmly supported at the
top and bottom of the riser, and no other means of intermediate
support is readily available.
Splices & Taps - Splices and taps shall be made only in junction box, outlet boxes or
conduit bodies.
Bushings - Where a conduit enters a box or fitting, a bushing shall be provided to

protect the wires from abrasion unless the design of the box or fitting in such
as to afford equivalent protection.
Inc.
Construction Specifications
1. Standard lengths - Intermediate metal conduit as shipped shall be in
standard lengths of 3000mm including coupling, one coupling to be
furnished with each length. For specific application or use, it shall be
permissible to ship length shorter or longer than 3000mm, with
without couplings.
2. Corrosion-Resistant Materials - Nonferrous conduit of corrosion-
resistant material shall have suitable markings.
Marking. Each length shall be clearly and durably identified every 760mm intervals
with the letters IMC. Each length shall be marked as required in the first
sentence.
Rigid metal conduit

Uses
The use of rigid metal conduit shall be permitted under all atmospheric conditions and
occupancies subject to the following:
1. Protected by Enamel - Ferrous raceways and fittings protected from corrosion

solely by enamel shall be permitted only indoors and in occupancies not
subjected to severe corrosive influences.
2. Dissimilar Metals - Where practicable, dissimilar metals in contact anywhere in
the system shall be avoided to eliminate the possibility of galvanic action.
Exception:
Aluminum fittings and enclosures shall be permitted to be used with steel rigid
metal conduit.
3. Corrosion protection - Ferrous or nonferrous metal conduit, elbow, coupling
and fittings shall be permitted to be installed in concrete, in direct contact
with the earth, or in areas subject to severe corrosion influences where
protected by corrosion protection and judged suitable for the condition.
Cinder Fill - Conduit shall not be used in or under cinder fill where subject to permanent
moisture.
Exception:
1. Where of corrosion-resistant material suitable for the purpose.
2. Where protected on all sides by a layer of non-cinder concrete at least 50mm
thick
Wet Location - All supports, bolts, screws, etc., shall be corrosion by corrosion-resistant
materials.
Minimum Size - Conduit Smaller than 15 mm electrical trade size shall not be used.
Exceptions:
1. For under plaster extensions as permitted
2. For enclosing lead of motors as permitted
Inc.
Number of Conductors in Conduit - the number of conductors permitted in a single

conduit shall not exceed the percentage fill specified.
Reaming and Threading

1. Reamed. All cut ends of conduits shall be reamed or otherwise finished to
remove rough edges.
2. Threaded. Where conduit is threaded in the filed, a standard conduit cutting
die with a 19mm taper per 300mm shall used.
Bushings - Where a conduit enters a box or other fitting, a bushing shall be provide to
protect wire from abrasion unless the design of the box or fitting is such as to afford
equivalent protection.
Couplings and Connectors:

1. Thread less couplings and connectors used with conduit shall be made tight.
Where buried in masonry or concrete, they shall be of the concrete-tight.
Where installed in wet locations they shall be of the rain tight type.
2. Running threads. Running threads shall not be used conduit for connection at
couplings.
Bends (How Made) – Bends or rigid metal conduit shall be so made that the conduit will
not be injured, and that the internal diameter of the conduit will not be effectively
reduced. The radius of the curve of the inner edge of any field bend shall not be less
than shown.
Exception:
For field bends for conductors without lead sheath and made with a single
operation (one shot) bending machine designed for the purpose, the minimum
radius shall not be less than indicated.
Bends (No. in One Run) - A run of conduit between outlet and outlet, fitting and fitting, or
outlet and fitting shall not contain more than the equivalent or for quarter bends
(360 degrees, total), including those bends located immediately at the outlet of
fitting.
Supports- Rigid metal conduit shall be installed as a complete system as provided and
shall securely fastened in place. Conduit shall be firmly fastened within 900mm of
each outlet box, cabinet, or fitting. Conduit shall support at least every 3000mm.
Exception:
1. If made up with threaded couplings, it shall be permissible to support straight
runs of rigid metal conduit in accordance provided such supports prevent
transmission of stresses to termination where conduit is deflected between
supports.
2. The distance between supports may be increased to 6000mm for exposed
vertical risers from machine tools and like, provided the conduit is made up
with threaded couplings, is firmly supported at the top and bottom of the
riser, and no other means of intermediate support is readily available.
Inc.
Boxes and Fittings - Boxes and fittings shall comply with the application provisions.
Splices & Taps - splices and taps shall be made only in junction boxes, outlet boxes or
conduit bodies.
Construction Specifications:
1. Standard Length - Rigid metal conduit as hipped shall be in standard lengths of
3000mm including coupling, one coupling to be furnished with each
length. Each length shall be reamed and threaded on each end. For
specific applications or uses, it shall be permissible to ship standard
lengths shorter or longer than 3000mm, with or without couplings.
2. Corrosion-resistant Material - Nonferrous conduit of corrosion-resistant
material shall have suitable markings.
3. Durably Identified- Each length shall be clearly and durably identified in every
3000mm as required in the first sentence.
Radius of Conduit Bends (mm)

Conductor with Lead Conductor with Lead
Size of conduit Radius to center
Sheath (mm) Sheath (mm)
15 100 150 100
20 125 200 115
25 150 280 145
32 200 350 180
40 250 400 210
50 300 525 240
65 325 625 265
80 450 775 325
90 525 900 375
100 600 1000 400
115 675 1125 500
125 750 1250 600
150 900 1500 750
Support for Rigid Metallic Conduit

Maximum distance between rigid metal
Conduit size (mm)
conduit supports (mm)
15 - 20 3000
25 3600
32 - 40 4200
50 - 65 4800
Inc.
Rigid Nonmetallic Conduit

This part of article shall apply to a type of conduit and fittings of suitable nonmetallic
material that is resistant to moisture and chemical atmospheres. For use aboveground, it
shall also be flame-retardant, resistant to impact and crushing, resistant to distortion
from heat under conditions likely to be encountered in service, resistant to low
temperature and sunlight effects. For use underground, the material shall be acceptably
resistant to moisture and corrosive agents and shall be of sufficient strength to withstand
abuse, such as by impact and crushing in handling and during installation. Where
intended for direct burial, without encasement for concrete, the material shall be
capable of withstanding continued loading that is likely to be encountered after
installation.
Note:
Materials that have been recognized as having suitable physical characteristic when
properly formed and threaded include fiber, asbestos cement, soapstone, rigid
polyvinyl chloride, fiber glass epoxy, and high-density polyethylene for underground
use, and rigid polyvinyl chloride for use aboveground.
Uses permitted:
The use of rigid nonmetallic conduit and fittings shall be permitted under the
following conditions:
1. Concealed in walls, floors, and ceilings.
2. Corrosive Influences. In locations subject to severe corrosive influences as
covered and where subject to chemicals for which the terminals are
specifically approved.
3. Cinder in cinder fill.
4. Wet Locations. In portions of dairies, laundries canneries, or other wet
locations and in where walls are frequently washed, the entire conduit
system including boxes and fittings used therewith shall be installed and
equipped as to prevent water from entering the conduit. All supports,
bolts, straps, screws, etc., shall be of corrosion-resistant materials.
5. Dry & Damp Locations. In dry and damp locations not prohibited.
Exposed:
For exposed work where not subject to physical damage if identified for
such use.
Uses Not permitted:

1. Hazardous (classified) Locations.
2.Support of fixtures. For the support of fixtures or other equipment.
3.Physical Damage. Where subject to physical damage unless identified for
such use.
4.Ambient Temperature. Where subject to ambient temperature exceeding
those which the conduit is approved.
5.Insulation Temperature Limitations. For conductors whose insulation
temperature limitations would exceed those for which the conduit is
approved.
Inc.
Trimmings - All out ends shall be trimmed inside and outside to remove rough edges.
Joints - All joints between lengths of conduit, and between conduit and couplings,
fittings, and boxes, shall be, made by an approved method
Supports - Rigid nonmetallic conduit shall be supported as required. In addition, there

shall be support within 900 mm of each box, cabinet or other conduit termination.
Support of Nonmetallic Conduit

Conduit Size mm (OD) Max. Spacing between supports (mm)
20 – 32 900
40 – 63 1500
75 – 90 1800
110 2100
160 2400
Expansion Joints - Expansion joint for rigid nonmetallic conduit shall be provided to
compensate thermal expansion and construction.
Minimum Size - No conduit smaller than 20mm (OD) electrical trade size shall be used.
Number of Conductors - the number of conductors permitted in a single conduit shall not
exceed the percentage fill specified.
Bushings - where a conduit enters a box or other fitting, a bushing or adapter shall be
provided to protect the wire from abrasion unless the design of the box or fitting is
such as to provide equivalent protection.
Bends (How Made) - Bends of rigid nonmetallic conduit shall be so made that the conduit
will not be injured and that the internal diameter of the conduit will not be
effectively reduced. Field bens shall be made only with bending equipment intended
for the purpose, and the radius of the curve of the inner edge of such bends shall not
be lees than shown.
Bends (No. One Run) – A run of conduit between outlet and outlet, fitting and fitting, or
outlet and fitting shall not contain more than the equivalent of four quarter bends
(360 degrees, total), including those bends located immediately at the outlet of
fitting.
Splices & taps - splices and taps shall be made only in junction boxes, outlet boxes or
conduit bodies.
Inc.
Constructions Specifications
1. Marking each length of nonmetallic conduit shall be marked clearly and durably at
least every 3000mm type of material shall also be included in the marking unless
it is visually identifiable.
2. For conduit recognized for aboveground these marking shall be permanent.
3. For conduit limited for underground use only, these markings shall be sufficiently
durable to remain legible until the material is installed.
Flexible Metal Conduit

Flexible metal conduit shall not be used:
1. In wet locations unless conductors are lead covered type or of cinder types
approved for the specific conditions and the installation is much that water is
not likely to enter other raceways or enclosures to which the conduit is
connected.
2. In hoist ways
3. In storage battery rooms.
4. In any hazardous (classified) location
5. Where rubber covered conductors are exposed to oil gasoline, or other
materials having deteriorating effect on rubber
6. Underground or embedded in poured concrete or aggregate.
Minimum Size – flexible metal conduit less than 15 mm electrical trade size shall not be used.
Exception:
1. For under plaster extension
2. For enclosing lead of motors
3. Flexible metal conduit of 10 mm nominal trade size shall be permitted in length
not excess 1,800 mm as a part of an approved assembly, or for tap connections
to lighting fixtures vas required for lighting fixtures.
Supports - Flexible metal conduit shall be secured by an approve means at interval not
exceeding 1300 mm on each side of every outlet box or fitting.
Exception:
1. Where flexible metal in finished.
2. Length not more than 900 mm at terminals where flexibility is necessary.
3. Lengths of not more than 1800 mm from a fixture terminal connection for tap
connection to lighting fixtures.
Grounding - flexible metal conduit shall be permitted as a grounding means where both
conduit or fitting are approved for grounding where an equipment bonding jumper is
required around flexible metal conduit.
Exception:
Flexible metal conduit shall be permitted as a grounding means if the total length in any
ground return path is 1800 mm or less, the conduit is terminated in fittings approved for
grounding, and the circuit conductors contained there in are protected by overcurrent
devices rated at 20 ampere or less.
Inc.
Bends - A run conduit between outlet and outlet, fitting and fitting or outlet and fitting, shall
not contain more than the equivalent of four quarter bends (360 degrees total), including
those bends located immediately at the outlet or fitting. Angle connectors shall not be
used for concealed raceway installations.
Maximum Number of Insulated Conductors in 10 mm Flexible Metal Conduit.

Col. A = with fitting inside conduit. Col. B = with fitting outside conduit.
Size of Types RFH-2, Types TF, T, Types TFN, Types FED,
conductor SF-2 XHHW, AFTW, THWN Fepb, PF, PGF
RUH, RUW
a b a b a b a B
0.75 ** 3 3 7 4 8 5 8
1.25 ** 2 2 4 3 7 4 8
2.00 ** ** ** 4 3 7 3 7
3.5 ** ** ** 3 ** 4 ** 4
5.5 ** ** ** ** ** 2 ** 3
Liquid Tight Flexible Metal Conduit

Liquid tight flexible metal conduit is a raceway of circular cross section having an outer
liquid tight, nonmetallic, sunlight-resistant jacket over an inner flexible metal core with
associated couplings, connector, and fittings, approved for the installation of electric
conductors.
Use permitted.
The use of listed and marked liquid tight flexible metal conduit shall be permitted for
direct burial in earth for exposed and concealed work.
(a) Where conditions of installation, operation, or maintenance require flexibility
or protection from vapors, liquids, or solids.
(b) Where any combination of ambient and/or conductor temperature will
produce an operating temperature in excess of that for which the material is
approved.
Size
1. Minimum - Liquid tight flexible metal conduit smaller than 15 mm electrical
trade size shall not be used.
Exception:
10 mm size shall be permitted as covered.
2. Maximum - The maximum size of liquid tight flexible metal conduit shall be the
100 mm trade size.
Fittings - Where liquid tight flexible metal conduit shall be used only with approved terminal
or fittings.
Supports - Liquid tight flexible metal conduit is installed as a fixed raceway, it shall be secured
at intervals not exceeding 1300mm and within 300mm on each side every outlet box or
fitting.
Inc.
Exception:
1. Where liquid tight flexible metal fished.
2. Length of not more than 900 mm at terminals where flexibility is desired.
3. Length of not more than 1800mm from a fixture terminal connection for tap
conductors to lighting fixtures.
Grounding- Liquid tight flexible metal conduit shall be permitted as a grounding conductor
where both the conduit and the fittings are approved for grounding. Where an
equipment bonding jumper is required around liquid tight flexible metal conduit, it shall
be installed.
Exception:
1. Liquid tight flexible metal conduit shall be permitted as a grounding means in
the 32 mm and smaller trade sizes if the total length of all liquid tight flexible
metal conduit in any ground return path is 1800mm or less, the conduit is
terminated in fittings listed for grounding, and the circuit conductors contained
there in are protected by overcurrent devices rated at 20 mm through 32mm
trade sizes.
Bends - A run conduit between outlet and outlet, fitting and fitting, or outlet and fitting, shall
not contain more than the equivalent of four quarter bends (360 degrees total), including
those bends located immediately at the outlet or fitting. Angle connectors shall not be
used for concealed raceway installations.
Electrical Metallic Tubing

Use - The use electrical metallic tubing shall be permitted for both exposed and concealed
work.
Electrical metallic tubing shall not be used:

1. Where during installation or afterward shall be subject to severe physical
damage.
2. Where protected from corrosion sonly by enamel.
3. In cinder concrete as cinder fill where subject to permanent moisture unless
protected on all sides by a layer of no cinder concrete at least 450mm thick or
unless the tubing is at 460mm under the fill. Where practicable, dissimilar
metals in contact anywhere in the system shall be avoided to eliminate the
possibility galvanic action.
Exception:
Aluminum fittings and enclosures shall be permitted to be used with steel electrical
metallic tubing.
Ferrous or nonferrous electrical metallic tubing, elbows, couplings, and fittings shall be
permitted to be installed in concrete, in direct contact with the earth, or in areas subject
to severe corrosive influences when protected by corrosion protection and judged
suitable fire the condition.
Wet Location - Support, bolts, straps and screws shall be of corrosion-resistant materials or
protected by corrosion-resistant materials or protected by corrosion-resistant materials.
Inc.
Size
Minimum. Tubing smaller than 15 mm electrical trade size shall not be used.
Exception:
1. For under plaster extensions.
2. For enclosing the leads of motors.
3. Maximum. The maximum size of tubing shall be the 100mm electrical trade
size.
Number of Conductors in Tubing – The number of conductor s permitted in single tubing shall
not exceed the percentage fill specified.
Threads - Electrical metallic tubing shall not be threaded. Where integral couplings are
utilized, such couplings shall be permitted to be factory threaded.
Couplings and Connectors in Tubing- Couplings and connectors used with tubing shall be
made up tight. Where buried in masonry or concrete, they shall be concrete tight type.
Where installed in wet locations, they shall be of the rain tight type.
Bends (How Made) - Bends in the tubing shall be so made that the tubing will not be injured
and that the internal diameter of the tubing will not be effectively reduced. The radius of
the curve of the inner edge of any field bend shall not be less
Exception:
For field bends made with a bending machine designed for the purpose, the
minimum radius shall not be less
Bends (No. in One Run) - A run of electrical metallic tubing between outlet and outlet, fitting
and fitting, or outlet and fitting shall not contain more than the equivalent of four quarter
bends(360 degrees, total), including those bends located immediately at the outlet or
fitting.
Reaming - All cut ends of electrical metallic tubing shall be reamed or other-wise finished to
remove rough edges.
Support - Electrical metallic tubing shall be installed as a complete system as provided and
shall be securely fastened in place at least every 3000mm and within 900 mm of each
outlet, box, junction box, cabinet, or fitting.
Boxes and Fittings - Boxes and fittings shall comply with the applicable provisions.
Splices and Taps - Splices and taps shall be made only in junction boxes, outlet boxes or
conduit bodies.
Construction Specifications
1. Cross-section. The tubing and elbows and bends for use with the tubing shall
have a circular cross-section.
2. Finish. Tubing shall have a finish or treatment of outer surface as will provided
and approved durable means or readily distinguishing it, after installation, form
rigid metal conduit.
Inc.
Metal Surface Raceways

Uses
The one of surface raceways shall be permitted in dry locations.
They shall not be used:

1. Where subject to severe physical damage unless otherwise approved.
2. Where the voltage is 300 volts or more between conductors unless the metal
has a thickness of not less than 1mm.
3. Where subject to corrosive vapors.
4. In hoist ways.
5. In any hazardous (classified) location except Class I, division II locations as
permitted in the exception.
Exception:
Metal surface raceways shall be permitted for under plaster extensions where
identified for such use.
Size of Conductors in Raceways - the number of conductors installed in my raceway shall

be non-greater than the number for which the raceways.
Extension through Walls and Floors - it shall be permissible to extend unbroken lengths of
metal surface raceways through dry walls, dry partitions, and dry floors.
Combination Raceways - where combination metal surface raceways are used both for
signaling and for lighting and power circuits, the different system shall be run in
separate compartments identified by sharply contrasting colors of the interior finish,
and the same relative position of compartments shall be maintained throughout the
premises.
Splices and Taps – Splices and taps shall be permitted in metal surface having a
removable covers that is accessible after installation. The conductors, including
splices and taps, shall not fill the raceway to more than 75 percent of its area at that
point Splices and taps in metal surface raceways without removable covers shall be
made only in junction boxes. All splices and taps shall be made by approved
methods.
Construction - Metal surface raceways shall be of such construction as will distinguish

them form other raceways. Metal surface raceways and their elbows, couplings, and
similar fittings shall be so designed that the sections can be electrically and
mechanically coupled together without subjecting the wires to abrasion. Holes for
screws or bolts inside the raceways shall be so designed that when screw or bolts are
installed the heads will be flush with the metal surface. Where covers and
accessories of nonmetallic materials are used on metal raceway, they shall be
identified for such use.
Inc.
Nonmetallic Surface Raceway

The use of nonmetallic surface raceways shall be permitted in dry locations.
They shall not be used.

1. Where concealed
2. Where subject to severe physical damage
3. Where the voltage is 3000 volts or more between conductors
4. In hoist ways
5. In any hazardous (classified) location except Class1, Division 2 locations as
permitted in the exception
6. Where subject to ambient temperature exceeding 50ºC
7. For conductors whose insulation exceeds 75ºC.
Description:
This part shall apply to a type of nonmetallic surface raceways and fittings of suitable
nonmetallic material that is resistant to moisture and chemical atmospheres. It shall
also be flame-retardant, resistant to impact and crushing, resistant to distortion from
heat under conditions likely to be encountered in service, and resistant low-
temperature effects. Wooden surface raceways have been recognized as acceptable
provided they are of lumber coated externally with two layers of waterproofing or
impregnated with moisture repellant.
Size of Conductors - no conductor larger than that for which the raceway is designed shall
be installed in nonmetallic surface raceway.
Number of Conductors in Raceways - the number of conductors in installed in any

raceway shall be no greater than the number for which the raceway is designed.
Combination Raceways - where combination nonmetallic surface raceways are used both
signaling and for lighting and power circuits, the different system shall be run in
separate compartments, identified by printed legend or by sharply contrasting colors
of the interior finish, and the same relative position of compartments shall be
maintained throughout the premises.
General - Nonmetallic surface raceways shall be of such construction as will distinguish

them from other raceways. Nonmetallic surface and their elbows, couplings, and
similar fittings shall be so designed that the section can be mechanically coupled
together without subjecting the wires to abrasion. Holes for screws or bolts inside
the raceway shall be so designed that when screws or bolts are installed the head will
be flush the nonmetallic surface.
Inc.
Wireways
Wireways are sheet-metal troughs with hinged or removable covers for housing and
protecting electric wires and cable and in which conductors are laid in place after the
wire way has been installed as a complete system.
Use
Wireways shall be permitted only for exposed work.
Wire ways shall not be installed:
1. Where subject to severe physical damage or corrosive vapor
2. In any hazardous (classified) location.
Busways
Definition
For the purpose of this part of article a bus way is considered to be grounded metal
enclosure containing factory mounted, bare or insulated, conductors which are usually,
copper or aluminum, bars, rods, or tubes.
Use permitted
Busways shall be installed only where located in the open and visible.
Exception:
1. Busways shall be permitted to be permitted to be installed behind panels if means of
access are provide and if all the following conditions are met.
A. No over current devices are installed on the bus ways other than for an
individual fixture.
B. The space behind the access panels is not used for air handling processes.
C. The bus way is totally enclosed, non-ventilating type.
D. Bus ways is so installed that the joints between section and fittings are
accessible for maintenance purposes.
Use prohibited
A. where subject to severe physical damage or corrosive vapors;
B. in hoist ways;
C. in any hazardous (classified) location, unless specifically approved
D. outdoor or in wet or damp locations unless identified for such use.
Support - Bus way shall be securely supported at intervals not exceeding 1500mm unless
otherwise designed and marked.
Through Walls and Floor - it shall be permissible to extend unbroken lengths of bus way
through dry walls. It shall be permissible to extend bus way vertically through dry
floor if totally enclosed (unventilated) where passing through and for a minimum
distance of 1800mm above the floor to provide adequate protection from physical
damage.
Inc.
Dead Ends - A dead end of a bus way shall be closed.
Branches from Bus ways - Branches from bus ways shall be made with bus ways, rigid
metal conduit, intermediate metal conduit, rigid nonmetallic Conduit, flexible metal
conduit, electrical metallic tubing, metal surface or metal-clad cable; or with suitable
cord assemblies approved for hard usage for the connection of facilitate their
interchange. Flexible cord assembly connection shall be permitted to be made
directly to the load and terminals of a bus way plug-in device, providing the
connection includes a suitable tension take-up device on the cord. Where rigid
nonmetallic conduit is used connection of equipment grounding conductors in the
rigid nonmetallic conduit to the bus way shall comply.
Over current Protection - Over current protection shall be provided in accordance.
Rating of over current protection - Feeder and Sub-feeder. Where the allowable current
rating of the bus way does not correspond to a standard rating of the over current
device, the next higher rating shall permitted.
Reduction in Size of Bus way - Omission over current protection shall be permitted at
points where bus way does reduces in size, provided that the smaller bus way does
not extend more than 15 meter and has a current rating at least equal to 1/3 rating
or setting of the over current device next back on the line, and provided further that
such bus way is free contact with combustible materials.
Sub-Feeder or Branch Circuits - where a bus way is used as a feeder, devices or plug in
connection s for tapping off sub-feeder or branch circuits from the bus way shall
contain the over current devices required for the protection of the sub-feeder or
branch circuits. The plug-in device shall consist of an externally operable circuit
breaker or an externally operable fusible switch. Where such devices are mounted
out of reach and contain operating the disconnecting means, suitable means such as
ropes, chain or sticks shall be provided for operating the disconnecting means, from
the floor.
Exception:
1. For fixed or semi-fixed lighting fixtures, where the branch –circuit over current
device is part of the fixture cord plug on cord-connected fixtures.
2. Where fixtures without cords are plugged directly into the bus way and the
over current device is mounted on the fixture.
Rating of over current Protection - A busway shall be permitted as a branch circuit of any
one of the described. When so used, the rating or setting of the over current device
protecting the bus way shall determine the ampere of the branch circuit, and the
circuit shall in all respect conform with the requirements that apply to branch-circuits
of rating.
Marking - Bus way shall be marked with the voltage and current rating for which they are
designed, and with the manufacturer’s name trademark in such manner as to be
visible after installation.
Inc.
Identification - Each bus run shall be provided with a permanent nameplate on which the
following information shall be provided:
1. Rated voltage.
2. Rated continuous current; if bus is forced-cooled, both the normal forced-
cooled rating and the self-cooled (not forced-cooled) rating for the same
temperature rise shall be given.
3. Rated frequency.
4. Rated impulse withstand voltage.
5. Rated 60-Hz withstand voltage (dry).
6. Rated momentary current.
7. Manufacture’s name or trademark.
Grounding - Metal-enclosed bus shall be grounded in accordance.
Adjacent and supporting Structures - Metal-enclosed bus way shall be installed so that
temperature rise from induced circulating currents in any adjacent metallic parts will
not be hazardous to personnel or constitute a fire hazard.
Neutral - Neutral bus, where required, shall be sized to carry all neutral load current,
including harmonic currents, and shall have adequate momentary and Short-circuit
rating consistent with system requirements.
Barrier and Seals - Bus runs having sections located both inside and outside of building
shall have s vapor seal at the building wall to prevent interchange of air between
indoor and outdoor.
Drain Facilities – Drain plugs, filter drains, or similar methods shall be provided to remove
condensed moisture from low points in bus run.
Ventilated Bus Enclosures - Ventilated bus enclosures shall be installed in accordance

with unless designed so that foreign object inserted through any opening will be
deflected from energized parts.
Inc.
Terminations and Connections - Where bus enclosures terminate at machines cooled by

flammable gas, seal-off bushing, baffles, or other means shall be provided to prevent
accumulation of flammable gas in the bus enclosures. Flexible or expansion
connections contraction shall be provided in long, straight runs of bus runs allow for
temperature expansion or contraction, or where the bus runs crosses building
vibration insulation joints. All conductor termination and connection hardware shall
be accessible for installation, connection, and maintenance.
Switches - Switching devices or disconnecting links provided in the bus run shall have the
same momentary rating as the bus. Disconnecting links shall be plainly to be
removable only when bus de-energized. Switching devices which are not load break
shall be interlocked to prevent operation under load and disconnecting link
enclosures shall be interlocked to prevent access to energized parts.
Low-Voltage Wiring – Secondary control devices and wiring which are provided as part of
the metal-enclosed bus run shall be insulated by fire-retardant barriers from all
primary circuit elements with the exception of short length of wire, such as at
instrument transformer terminals.
Cable Trays
Scope
A cable tray system is a unit or assembly of units or section, and associated fittings, made
of metal forming a rigid structural system used to support cables. Flame-retardant
nonmetallic materials shall be permitted in corrosive areas requiring voltage isolation.
Cable trays systems include ladders, throughs, channels, solid bottom trays, and other
similar structures. It is not the intent of this part to require that Cable be installed in
cable tray system or to recognize the use of all conductors described in cable tray system
for general wiring.
Uses Permitted:
1. Wiring Methods. The following shall be permitted to be installed in cable tray
system under the conditions described in the part or section for each:
A. Armored cable
B. Metal-clad Cable
C. Mineral-insulated metal-sheathed cable
D. Nonmetallic-sheathed cable
E. Shielded Nonmetallic-sheathed cable
F. Multi-conductor service-entrance cable
G. Multi-conductor service-entrance cable
H. Power- and control cable
I. Power-limited tray cable
J. Other factory-assembled, multi-conductor control, signal, or power cables,
which are specifically approved for installation in cable trays
K. Any approved conduit or raceway with its contained conductors
Inc.
2. In Industrial Establishments, where conditions of maintenance and supervision

assure that only qualified persons will service the installed cable ladder,
ventilated trough, or 100mm ventilated channel-type cable trays.
(a) Single Conductors. Single conductor cables shall be 125 mm2 or larger, and
shall be of type listed for use in cable trays. Where exposed to direct rays
of the sun, cables sunlight-resistant.
(b) Multi-conductor. Multi-conductor cable Type MV, where exposed to direct
trays of the sun, cables shall be sunlight resistant.
3. Equipment Grounding Conductor. Metal in cable trays, as defined shall be

permitted to be used as equipment grounding conductors in commercial and
industrial establishment only, where continuous maintenance and supervision
assure that only qualified persons will service the installed cable tray system.
4. Hazardous (classified) locations. Cable trays in hazardous (classified) locations

shall contain only the cable types permitted.
Uses not permitted:

Cable trays system shall not be used in hoist way or where subjected to severe
physical damage.
Construction Specifications - cable trays shall comply with the following:

1. Strength and Rigidity. Shall have suitable strength and rigidity to provide
adequate support for all contained wiring.
2. Smooth Edges. Shall not have sharp edges, burrs or projections injuries to the
insulation or jackets of the wiring.
3. Corrosion protection. Shall be made of corrosion-resistant materials or, if made
of metal, shall be adequately protected against corrosion.
4. Side rails. Shall have side rails or equivalent structural member.
5. Fittings. Shall include fittings or other suitable means for changes in direction
and elevation of runs.
Installation
1. Complete system. Cable trays shall be installed as a complete system. Field
bends or modifications shall be so made that the electrical continuity of the
cable tray system and support for the cables shall be maintained.
2. Complete before installation. Each run of cable tray shall be completed before
the installation of cables
3. Supports. Supports shall be provided to prevent stress on cables where they
enter another raceway or enclosure from cable tray system.
4. Covers. In portions or runs where additional protection is required, covers or
enclosures providing the required protection shall be of a material compatible
with the cable trays.
5. Multi-conductor cable rated up to 600Volts. Multi-conductor cables rated up
600 volts shall be installed in the same cable tray.
6. Cables rated over 600 volts. Cables rated over 600 volts shall not be installed in
the same cable tray with cable rated 600 volts or less.
Inc.
Exception:
1. Where separated by solid fixed barrier of a material compatible with the
cable tray.
2. Where cables are Type MC
7. Through partitions and walls. Cable trays shall be permitted to extend

transversely through partitions and walls or vertically through platform and
floor in wet or dry locations where the installations, complete with installed
cables, are made in accordance with the requirements.
8. Exposed and accessible. Cable trays shall be exposed and accessible except as
permitted.
9. Adequate access. Sufficient space shall be provided and maintained about
cable trays to permit adequate access for installing and maintaining the
cables.
Grounding:
1. Metallic Cable tray - Metallic cable trays which support electrical conductors
shall be grounded as required for conductor enclosures.
2. Steel or aluminum Cable trays System. Where steel or aluminum cable trays
system are used as equipment grounding conductors, all of the following
provisions shall be complied with:
A. the cable trays sections and fittings shall be identified for grounding
purposes.
B. the minimum cross-sectional area of the cable trays shall conform to
the requirements.
C. All Cable tray sections and fittings shall be legibly and durably
marked to shown the cross-sectional are to metal in channel-type
cable trays or cable trays of one-piece construction, and the total
cross-sectional area of both side rails for ladders or trough-type
cable trays.
D. Cable tray sections, fitting, and connected raceways shall be bonded
in accordance with using bolted mechanical connectors or bonding
jumpers sized and installed in accordance.
Cable installation
1. Cable splices. Cable splices made and insulated by approved methods shall be
permitted to be located within a cable tray provided they are accessible and
do not project above the side rails.
2. Fastened securely. Other than in horizontally runs, the cable shall be fastened
securely to transverse members of the cable trays.
Inc.
Cable trays
The number of single conductor cables, rated up to 2000 volts nominal, permitted in a
single cables tray section shall not exceed the requirements of this section. The single
conductors, or conductor assemblies, shall be evenly distributed across the cable tray.
The conductor sizes here in apply to both aluminum and copper conductors.
1. Ladder or ventilated trough cable Trays. Where ladder or ventilated trough
cable trays contain single conductor cables, the maximum number of single
conductors shall conform to the following:
A. Where all of the Cables are 500mm2 or larger, the sum of the
diameter of all single conductor cables shall not exceed the tray
width.
B. Where all of the are smaller than 500mm2, the sum of the cross-
sectional areas of all single conductor cables shall not exceed the
maximum allowable cable fill area in column 1 for the
appropriate cable tray width.
C. Where 500mm2 or larger single conductor cables are installed in
the same cable tray with single conductor cables smaller
500mm2, the sum of the cross-sectional areas of all cables
smaller than 500mm2, shall not exceed the maximum allowable
fill area resulting from the computation in column 2 for the
appropriate cable tray width.
2. 100 mm Ventilated Channel-type Cable Trays. Where 100mm wide ventilated

channel-type cable trays contain single conductor cables, the sum of the
diameters of all single conductors shall not exceed the inside width of the
channel.
Electrical Nonmetallic Tubing

Definition
Electrical nonmetallic tubing is a pliable raceway of circular cross-section with an integral
or associated couplings, connectors and fittings listed for the installation of electric
conductors. It is composed of a material that is resistant to moisture, chemical
atmospheres, and is flame-retardant.
Uses permitted:
1. In walls, floor and ceiling where the walls, floor and ceiling provide a
thermal barrier of material which has at least a 15-minute finish rating
as identified in listing of fire-rated assemblies.
2. In locations subject to severe corrosive influences as covered and where
subject to chemicals for which the materials are specifically approved.
3. In concealed, dry, and damp location not prohibited.
4. Above suspended ceiling provide a thermal barrier of material which
has at least a 15-minute finish rating as identified in listing of fire-rated
assemblies.
5. embedded in poured concrete, provide fittings identified for the
purpose are used for connection except interlocking spiral tubing.
Inc.
6. for direct earth burial except corrugated conduits and interlocking spiral
conduit
Uses not permitted:
1. In hazardous (classified) locations.
2. For the support fixture and other equipment
3. Where subject to ambient temperature exceeding those for which the
tubing is approved.
4. For conductors whose insulation temperature exceeding those for
which the tubing is approved.
5. For direct earth burial except flexible plain conduit.
6. Where voltage is over 600 volts.
7. In exposed location except as permitted.
Size
1. Minimum. Tubing smaller than 20mm (OD) electrical trade size shall not be
used.
2. Maximum. Tubing larger than 63mm (OD) electrical trade size shall not be
used.
Number of conductors in tubing - the number of conductors in single tubing shall not
exceed that permitted by the percentage.
Joints - All joints between lengths of tubing and between tubing and couplings, fittings
and boxes shall be by an approved method.
Bends (How made) – Bends of electrical nonmetallic tubing shall be so made tubing will
not be damaged and that internal diameter of the tubing will not effectively reduced.
Bends shall be permitted to be made manually without auxiliary equipments and
radius of the curve of the curve of the inner edge of such bends shall not less.
Bends (number in one run) - A run tubing between outlet and outlet or outlet and fitting
shall not contain more than the equivalent of four quarter bends (360 degrees, total)
including those bends located immediately at the outlet or fitting.
Supports - Electrical Nonmetallic tubing shall be installed as a complete system as

provided shall be securely fastened in place. Tubing shall be firmly fastened within
900mm of each outlet box, junction box, cabinet or fitting. Tubing shall be secured at
least every 900mm.
Boxes and fittings - Boxes and fittings shall comply with the applicable provision.
Splices and taps – Splices and taps shall be made only in junction boxes, outlet boxes, or
conduit bodies.
Bushings - Where a tubing enter a box or other fitting, a bushing or adapter shall be
provided to protect the wire from abrasion unless the designed of the box or fitting is
such as to provide equivalent protection of conductors at bushing.
Inc.
Construction specifications – Electrical nonmetallic tubing shall be clearly and durably

marked at least every 3000mm as required in the first sentence. The type of
nonmetallic shall also be included in the marking.
Electrical nonmetallic tubing shall not be used:

1. In hazardous (classified) locations.
2. For the support of fixture and other equipment.
3. Where subject to ambient temperature exceeding those for which the
tubing is approved.
4. For conductor whose insulation temperature limitation would exceed those
for which the tubing is listed.
5. For direct earth burial except flexible plain conduit.
6. Where voltage is over 600 volts.
7. In exposed location except as permitted.
Size
1. Minimum. Tubing smaller than 20mm (OD) electrical trade size shall not be
used.
2. Maximum. Tubing larger than 63mm (OD) electrical trade size shall not be
used.
Number of conductors in tubing - The number of conductors in single tubing shall not
exceed that permitted by the percentage.
Joints - All joints between length of tubing and between tubing and couplings, fittings and
boxes shall be by an approved method.
Bends (how made) – Bends of electrical nonmetallic tubing shall be so made that the
tubing will not be damaged and that internal diameter of the tubing will not
effectively reduced. Bends shall be permitted to be made manually without auxiliary
equipment and the radius of the curve of the inner edge of such bends shall not less.
Bends (number in one run) - A run of tubing between outlet and outlet and fitting shall
not contain more than the equivalent of four quarter bends (360 degrees, total)
including those bends located immediately at the outlet or fitting.
Inc.
Liquid tight Flexible Nonmetallic Conduit

Definition
Liquid tight flexible nonmetallic conduit is a raceway of circular cross section having a
smooth inner surface with integral reinforcement within the conduit wall. This conduit is
flame-resistant and with fittings is approved for the installation of electrical conductors.
Use
1. Permitted. Liquid tight flexible nonmetallic conduit shall be permitted to be used in
exposed locations:
A. Where flexibility is required for installation, operation, operation or
maintenance:
B. Where protection of the contained conductors is required from vapors,
liquids, or solids.
2. Not Permitted. Liquidtight flexible nonmetallic conduit shall not be used:

A. Where subject to physical damage.
B. Where any combination of ambient and conductor temperature is in excess
of that for which the liquidtight flexible nonmetallic conduit is approved.
C. In length longer than 1800mm.
Exception:
Where approved for special installations.
D. Where voltage of the contained conductors is in excess of 600 volts
nominal.
Branch circuits:
The circuit conductors between the final overcurrent device protecting the circuit and
the outlet(s).
Branch-circuit requirements
Circuit rating (A) 15 20 30 40 50
2.0 3.5 5.5 8.0 14
Conductors: (mm2)
2.0 2.0 2.0 3.5 3.5
Over current protection (A) 15 30 30 40 50
Overcurrent Protection
1. Motor-operated and Combinational Loads. For circuit supplying loads
consisting of motor-operated utilization equipment that is fastened in place
and that has a motor larger than 1/8hp in combination with other loads, the
total computed load shall be based on 125% of the largest motor load plus
the sum of the other loads.
2. Inductive Lighting Loads. For circuits supplying lighting units having ballast,
transformer, or autotransformer, the computed load shall be based on the
total ampere ratings of such units and not on the total watts of the lamps.
3. Other Loads. Continuous Loads, such as store lighting and similar loads, shall
not exceed 80% of the rating of the branch circuit.
Inc.
Receptacle Outlets Required

1. Dwelling Units. In every kitchen, family room, dining room, breakfast room, or
seminar rooms, receptacle outlets shall be installed so that no point along the
floor line in any wall space is more than 1800mm. measured horizontally,
from an outlet in that space, including any wall space 600mm or more in
width and the wall space occupied by sliding panels in exterior walls. The wall
space afforded by fixed room dividers, such as a free standing bar-type
counter shall be include in the 2 meter measurement.
2. Show Windows. At least one receptacle outlet shall be installed directly above
a show window for each 3 linear meters or major fraction thereof of show
window area measured horizontally at its maximum width
Branch –Circuit and feeder Calculations

Feeder
All circuit conductors between the service equipment, or the generator switchboard of
an isolated plant, and the final branch-circuit overcurrent
Device
Number of Branch Circuits
The minimum number of branch circuits shall be determined from the total computed
load and the size or rating of the circuits use. In all installation the number of circuits
shall be sufficient to supply the load served.
General Lighting Loads by Occupancies.

Unit load per square
Type of occupancy
meter
Armories and Auditoriums 8
Banks 40
Barber Shop and Beauty Parlor 24
Churches 8
Clubs 16
Court Rooms 16
*Dwelling Units 24
Garage-Commercial (storage) 4
Hospitals 16
*Hotel and Motels 16
Industrial Commercial Building (loft) 16
Lodge Rooms 12
Office Buildings 40
Restaurants 16
Schools 24
Stores 24
Warehouses (storage) 2
In any of the above occupancies except one-family dwelling and individual dwelling units of
multifamily dwellings:
Assembly Hall and Auditorium 8
Halls, Corridors, Closets 4
Storage spaces 2
Inc.
* All receptacle outlets of 20-ampere or less rating in one family and multifamily dwelling and in
guest rooms of hotels and motels shall be considered as outlets for general illumination and no
additional load calculations shall be required for such outlets.
Small Appliances Branch Circuits- Dwelling Unit

Two or more 20-ampere small appliance branch circuits shall be provided for all
receptacle outlets for small appliances loads, including loads refrigeration equipment, in
the kitchen, pantry breakfast room, dining room, and family room of a dwelling unit.
Such circuits, whether two or more are used, shall have no other outlets.
Lighting Load Feeder Demand Factors

Portion of Lighting Load to which
Type of Occupancies Demand Factor Applies (volt- Demand Factor
Amperes) Percent
First 3000 or less at 100

Dwelling Units Next 3001 to 120,000 at 35
Remainder over 120,000 at 25
* Hospital First 50,000 or less at 40
First 20,000 or less at 50
*Hotel and Motels Next 20,000 to 100,000 at 40
Warehouse (storage) First 12,500 or less at 100
All others Total Wattage 100
* The demand factors of this table shall not apply to the computed load of feeder to
areas in hospitals, hotels, and motels where the entire lighting is likely to be used at one
time as in operating rooms, ballrooms, or dining rooms.
Service
Service: the conductors and the equipment for delivering energy from the electricity
supply system to the wiring system of the premises served.
Service Conductors: the supply conductors that extend from the street main on from
transformers to the service equipment of the premises supplied.
Service Drop: the overhead service conductors from the last pole or other aerial support
to including the splices, if any connecting to the service entrance conductor at the
building or other structure.
Number of Services
A building or other structure served shall be supplied by only one set of service drop
or service lateral conductors.
Inc.
The following are the exceptions:

1. For fire pumps where a separate service is required.
2. For emergency electrical system where a separate service is required.
3. Multiple-Occupancy Buildings.
4. Capacity Requirements.
5. Building of large Area.
6. For different characteristic, such as for different voltages, frequencies, or for different
uses, such as for different rate schedule.
Point of Attachment
The point of attachment of conductors to a building or other structure provides the
minimum clearances. In no case shall this point of attachment be less than 3,100mm above
finished grade.
Service Entrance Conductors, Underground Systems

The service conductors between the terminals of the service equipment and the point of
connection to the service lateral.
Size and Rating of Service Entrance Conductors

Ungrounded Conductors- shall not be smaller than:
1. 100-ampere, 3-wire, for one family dwelling with six or more 2-wire branch circuit.
2. 100-ampere, 3-wire, for one family dwelling with an initial computed load kw or
more
3. 60-Ampere for other loads
Exception:
a. For loads consisting of not more than two-wire branch circuits, 8sq.mm
copper or 14sq.mm. Aluminum.
b. By special permission, for loads limited by demand or by the source of
supply, 8 sq. mm. Copper Aluminum.
c. For limited loads of single branch circuit, 3.5sq.mm. Copper or
5.5sq.mm.aluminum.
Grounded Conductors
The grounded (neutral) conductors shall not be less than two trade sizes below of the
grounded conductors.
Installation of the service Conductors

Service-entrance conductors shall be installed in accordance with the applicable
requirements of this Code covering the type of wiring methods used and limited to the
following methods:
(1) open wiring on insulator; (8) auxiliary gutters;
(2) rigid metal conduit; (9) rigid nonmetallic conduit
(3) intermediate metal conduit; (10) cables bus;
(4) electrical metallic tubing; (11) type –MC cable; or
(5) service-entrance cables; (12) mineral-insulated metal-sheathed
(6) wire ways; cable.
(7) bus ways;
Inc.
Conductor Considered Outside of Building

Conductors shall be considered outside of a building or other structure under any of the
following conditions:
(1) where installed under not less than 50mm. of concrete beneath a building or other
Structure, or
(2) where installed within a building or other structure in a raceway that is enclosed by
concrete or brick not less than 50mm.thick
Service Equipment: the necessary equipment usually consisting of a circuit breaker or switch or
fuses, and their accessories, located near the point of entrance of supply conductors to a
building or other structure, or an otherwise defined are, and intended to constitute the main
control and means of cutoff of the supply.
Service Equipment-Disconnecting Means
Maximum Number of Disconnects - The service disconnecting means for each set or for each
sub-set of service-entrance conductors shall consist of not more than six switches or six
circuit breaker mounted in a single enclosure, in a group of separate enclosures, or in or on
switchboard.
Emergency or fire Pump Services - The one or additional service disconnecting means for fire
pumps or for emergency services shall be installed sufficiently remote from the one to six
services disconnecting means for normal services to minimize the possibility of simultaneous
interruption of supply.
Location - The service disconnecting means shall be installed either or outside of a building or
other structure at a readily accessible location nearest the point of entrance of the service-
entrance conductors.
Underground Conductor - Such protection shall be provided by an overcurrent device in a series

with each underground service conductor having a rating or setting not higher than the
allowable ampacity of the conductor having a rating or setting not higher than the allowable
ampacity of the conductors.
Grounded Conductor - No overcurrent device shall be inserted in a grounded service conductor

except a circuit breaker which simultaneously opens all conductors of all conductors of the
circuit.
Motor-Operated and Combination Loads - For Protective device protecting the circuit consisting
of motor-operated utilization equipment that is fastened in place and that has a motor larger
than 1/8 hp in combination with other loads, the ampere trip of the circuit breaker shall be
based on 250- to 300% of the largest motor load plus the sum of the other loads.
Inc.
Overcurrent Protection Standard Ratings

Circuit Breakers
Ampere Interrupting
Ampere Trip Voltage Rating
Frame Capacity (KA)
60 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 240/475 7.5/3
100 60, 75, 100 240/475 15/7.5
125 125 240/475 15/7.5
225 125, 150, 175, 200, 225 240/475 25/15
250 250 240/475 25/15
400 250, 300, 350, 400 240/475 30/16
600 450, 500, 600 240/475 35/22
800 700, 800 240/475 60/35
1000 1000 600 35
1200 1200 600 35
1600 1000, 1200, 1600 600 75
2000 1800, 2000 600 75
2500 2500 600 75
3200 2500, 2800, 3200 600 75
Standard Ampere Ratings for Fuses

15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 300, 350, 400, 450,
500, 600, 800, 1000, 1200, 1600, 2000, 2500, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000.
Full-load currents in Amperes Single-Phase Alternating-Current Motors

The following values of full-load currents are for motors running at usual speeds and
motors with normal torque characteristics. Motors built for especially low speeds or high
torques may have higher full-load currents, and multi-speed motors will have full-load current
varying with speed, in which case the nameplate current ratings shall be used.
To obtain full-load currents of 208 and 200 volts motors, increase corresponding 230 volt
motor full-load currents by 10 to 15 percent, respectively.
The voltages listed are rated motor voltages. The currents listed shall be permitted for system
voltage ranges of 110 to 120 and 220 to 240.
Hp 115 V 230 V
1/6 4.4 2.2
1/4 5.8 2.9
1/3 7.2 3.6
1/2 9.8 4.9
3/4 13.8 6.9
1 16 8
1.5 20 10
2 24 12
3 34 17
5 56 28
7.5 80 40
10 100 50
Inc.
Full Load Current * Three-Phase Alternating-Current Motors

Induction-Type Squirrel-Cage and Wound- Synchronous Type + Unity Power Factor
Rotor (Amperes) (Amperes)
Hp 115V 230V 460V 575V 2300V 230V 460V 575V 2300V
½ 4 2 1 0.8
3/4 5.6 2.8 1.4 1.1
1 7.2 3.6 1.8 1.4
1.5 10.4 5.2 2.6 2.1

2 13.6 6.8 3.4 2.7
3 9.6 4.8 3.9
5 15.2 7.6 6.1

7.5 22 11 9
10 28 14 11
15 42 21 17
20 54 27 22
25 68 34 27 53 26 21
30 80 40 32 63 32 26
40 104 52 41 83 41 33
50 130 65 52 104 52 42
60 154 77 62 16 123 61 49 12
75 192 96 77 20 155 78 62 15
100 248 124 99 26 202 101 81 20
125 312 156 125 25

150 360 180 144 37 302 151 121 30
200 480 240 192 49 400 201 161 40
For full-load current of 208 and 200 volts motors, increase the corresponding 230 volt motor
full-load current by 10 and 15 percent, respectively.
* These values of full-load current are for motors running at speeds usual for belted motors and
motors with normal torque characteristic. Motors built for especially low speeds or high
torques may require more running current, and multi-speed motors will have full-load current
varying with speed, in which case the nameplate current rating shall be used.
* For 90 and 80 percent power factor the above figures shall be multiplied by 1.1 and 1.25
respectively.
The voltages listed are rated motor voltages. The currents listed shall be permitted for system
voltage ranges of 110 to 120, 220 to 240, 440 to 480, and 550 to 600 volts.
Demand Loads for household Electric ranges, wall-Mounted Ovens, Counter- Mounted Cooking
Units, and Other Household Cooking Appliances Over 1 ¾ kW Rating.
Inc.
Column A to be used in all cases except as otherwise.

Maximum Demand (See Notes) % Demand Factor (See notes 3)
Column B (%) Column C (%)
Number of Column A in (kW)
(Less than 3 ½ (3 ½ kW Rating to
Appliances (Note over 12 kW rating)
kW Rating) 8 ½ kW Rating)
1 8 80 80
2 11 75 65
3 14 70 55
4 17 66 50
5 20 62 45
6 21 59 43
7 22 56 40
8 23 53 36
9 24 51 35
10 25 49 34
11 26 47 32
12 27 45 32
13 28 43 32
14 29 41 32
15 30 40 32
16 31 39 28
17 32 38 28
18 33 37 28
19 34 36 28
20 35 35 28
21 36 34 28
22 37 33 28
23 38 32 26
24 39 31 26
25 40 30 26
26-30 15 kW + 1 kW for each range 30 24
31-40 25 kW + 3/4 kW for each range 30 22
41-50 30 20
51-60 30 18
61 and over 30 16
Note1. Over kW 12 through 27kW ranges all same rating. For ranges individually rated more
than 122kW but more than 27kW, the maximum demand in column A shall be increased
5 percent for each additional kW of rating but none exceeding 27kW an average value of
rating shall be computed by adding together the ratings of all ranges to obtain the total
connected load (using 12kW for any range rated less than 12kW) and dividing by the
total number of ranges; and then the maximum demand in column A shall be increased 5
percent for each kW or major fraction therefore by which this average value exceeds
12kW
Inc.
Note2. Over kW 27kW ranges of unequal ratings. For ranges individually rated more than 12kW
and of different ratings but none exceeding 27kW an average value of rating shall be
computed by adding together the ratings of all ranges to obtain the total connected load
(using 12kW for any range rated less than12kW) and the dividing by the total number of
ranges; and then the maximum demand in column A shall be increased 5 percent for
each kW or major fraction therefore by which this average value exceeds 12kW.
Note3. Over 1 ¾ kW through 8 ¾ kW. In lieu of the method provided in column A, it shall be
permissible to add the nameplate ratings of all range rated more than 1 ¾ kW but not
more than 8 ¾ kW and multiply the sum by the demand factors specified in column B or
C for the given number of appliances.
Note4. Branch-circuit Load. It shall be permissible to compute the branch-circuit load for one
range in accordance with Table 3.3.10. The branch-circuit load for one wall- mounted
oven or one counter-mounted cooking unit and not more than two wall-mounted ovens,
all supplied from branch circuit and located in the same room, shall be computed by
adding the nameplate rating of the individual appliances and treating this total as
equivalent to one range.
Note5. This table also applies to household cooking appliances rated over 1 ¾ kW and used in
instructional programs.
Inc.
Allowable ampacities of insulated conductors rated 0-2000 volts, 60ºC to 90ºC

Not more than three conductors in raceways or cable or earth (directly buried), based on ambient
temperature of 30ºC
Size Temperature rating of conductor Size
60 ºC 75 ºC 85 ºC 90 ºC 60 ºC 75 ºC 85 ºC 90 ºC
Types Types Types Types Types Types Types Types
+TW, +FEPW, V TBS, SIS, +TW, +FEPW, V TBS, SIS,
+UF +RH, +FEP, +UF +RH, +FEP,
+RHW, +FEPB, +RHW, +FEPB,
+THW, +RHH, +THW, +RHH,
+THWN, +THHN, +THWN, +THHN,
mm2 +XHHN, +THHW, +XHHN, +THHW,
mm2
+USE, +XHHW +USE, +XHHW
+ZW +ZW
Copper Aluminum or Copper-clad Aluminum
2.0 15 15 25 25 … … … … …
3.5 20 20 30 30 15 15 25 25 3.5
5.5 30 30 40 40 25 25 30 30 5.5
8.0 40 45 50 50 30 40 40 40 8.0
14 55 65 70 70 40 50 55 55 14
22 70 85 90 90 55 65 70 70 22
30 90 110 115 115 70 85 90 95 30
38 100 125 130 130 80 95 100 100 38
50 120 145 150 150 95 115 120 120 50
60 135 160 170 170 105 125 135 135 60
80 160 195 205 205 125 150 160 160 80
100 185 220 225 225 145 170 180 180 100
125 210 255 265 265 170 200 210 210 125
150 240 280 295 295 190 230 240 240 150
200 280 330 355 355 225 270 290 290 200
250 315 375 400 400 260 305 330 330 250
325 370 435 470 470 295 355 380 380 325
400 405 485 515 515 330 395 420 420 400
500 485 540 580 580 370 440 475 475 500
Ampacity Correction Factors
Ambient For ambient temperatures other than 30 ºC lasting for three hours or more, Ambient
temp. multiply the ampacity shown above by the appropriate factor shown below. temp.
ºC ºC
21-25 1.08 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.08 1.05 1.04 1.04 21-25
26-30 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 26-30
31-35 0.91 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.91 0.94 0.95 0.96 31-35
36-40 0.87 0.88 0.90 0.91 0.87 0.88 0.90 0.91 36-40
41-45 0.71 0.82 0.85 0.87 0.71 0.82 0.85 0.87 41-45
46-50 0.58 0.75 0.80 0.82 0.58 0.75 0.80 0.82 46-50
51-55 0.41 0.67 0.74 0.76 0.41 0.67 0.74 0.76 51-55
56-60 … 0.58 0.67 0.71 … 0.58 0.67 0.71 56-60
61-70 … 0.33 0.52 0.58 … 0.33 0.52 0.58 61-70
71-80 … … 0.30 0.41 … … 0.30 0.41 71-80
+Unless otherwise specifically permitted elsewhere in the code the overcurrent protection for conductor types marked with an obelisk (+) shall not exceed 15
amperes for 2.0 mm2, 20 amperes for 3.5 mm2 and 30 amperes for 5.5 mm 2 copper; or 15 amperes for 3.5 mm 2, and 25 amperes for 5.5 mm2 aluminum and copper
clad aluminum after any correction factors for ambient temperature and number of conductors have been applied.
Allowable ampacities of insulated conductors rated 0-2000 volts, 60ºC to 90ºC
Inc.
Single conductor in free air, based on an ambient temperature of 30 ºC

Size Temperature rating of conductor Size
60 ºC 75 ºC 85 ºC 90 ºC 60 ºC 75 ºC 85 ºC 90 ºC
Types Types Types Types Types Types Types Types
+TW, +UF +FEPW, V TBS, SIS, +TW, +FEPW, V TBS, SIS,
+RH, +FEP, +UF +RH, +FEP,
+RHW, +FEPB, +RHW, +FEPB,
+THW, +RHH, +THW, +RHH,
+THWN, +THHN, +THWN, +THHN,
mm2 +XHHN, +THHW, +XHHN, +THHW,
mm2
+USE, +XHHW +USE, +XHHW
+ZW +ZW
Copper Aluminum or Copper-clad Aluminum
2.0 20 20 30 30 … … … … …
3.5 30 30 40 40 20 20 30 30 3.5
5.5 40 45 55 55 30 30 45 45 5.5
8.0 55 60 70 70 45 50 55 55 8.0
14 80 95 105 105 60 75 80 80 14
22 105 130 140 140 80 100 110 110 22
30 130 160 170 170 100 125 130 130 30
38 155 185 195 195 120 145 155 155 38
50 180 220 235 235 145 170 180 180 50
60 205 250 260 260 160 195 205 205 60
80 250 300 320 320 195 230 245 245 80
100 290 355 370 370 220 270 285 285 100
125 335 400 420 420 260 310 325 325 125
150 375 440 475 475 290 350 370 370 150
200 440 540 570 570 350 420 445 445 200
250 505 620 655 655 400 480 510 510 250
325 600 720 770 770 475 570 610 610 325
400 675 810 875 875 535 645 695 695 400
500 770 930 995 995 620 745 795 795 500
Ampacity Correction Factors
Ambient For ambient temperatures other than 30 ºC lasting for three hours or more, Ambient
temp. multiply the ampacity shown above by the appropriate factor shown below. temp.
ºC ºC
21-25 1.08 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.08 1.05 1.04 1.04 21-25
26-30 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 26-30
31-35 0.91 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.91 0.94 0.95 0.96 31-35
36-40 0.87 0.88 0.90 0.91 0.87 0.88 0.90 0.91 36-40
41-45 0.71 0.82 0.85 0.87 0.71 0.82 0.85 0.87 41-45
46-50 0.58 0.75 0.80 0.82 0.58 0.75 0.80 0.82 46-50
51-55 0.41 0.67 0.74 0.76 0.41 0.67 0.74 0.76 51-55
56-60 … 0.58 0.67 0.71 … 0.58 0.67 0.71 56-60
61-70 … 0.33 0.52 0.58 … 0.33 0.52 0.58 61-70
71-80 … … 0.30 0.41 … … 0.30 0.41 71-80
+Unless otherwise specifically permitted elsewhere in this code the overcurrent protection for conductor types marked with an
obelisk (+) shall not exceed 15 amperes for 2.0 mm 2, 20 amperes for 3.5 mm2 and 30 amperes for 5.5 mm 2 copper; or 15
amperes for 3.5 mm2, and 25 amperes for 5.5 mm 2 aluminum and copper clad aluminum after any correction factors for
ambient temperature and number of conductors have been applied.
Inc.
Maximum Number of conductors per trade sizes of conduit or tubing

Col. A = Types RF-2, RFH-2, RH, RHH, RHW, RUH, RUW, T, TF, THW, TW
Col. B = Types FEB, THHN, THWN, TFN, PF, PGF
Inc.
Conductor Applications and Insulations

Max. Insulation
Oper
Type . Application Conducto
Trade name
letter temp Provisions Material r area Thickness (mm) Outer Covering
. (mm2)
(ºC)
Asbestos A 200 Dry locations Asbestos 2.0 0.80 Without
only. Only for 3.5-8.0 1.00 asbestos braid
leads w/in
apparatus or
w/in raceways
connected to
apparatus.
Limited to 300
volts.
Asbestos AA 200 Dry locations Asbestos 2.0 0.80 Without
only. Only for 3.5-8.0 0.80 asbestos braid
leads w/in 14-30 1.00
apparatus or 38-100 1.60
w/in raceways
connected to
apparatus.
Limited to 300
volts.
Asbestos A1 125 Dry locations Impregnat 2.0 0.80 Without
only. Only for ed 3.5-8.0 1.00 asbestos braid
leads w/in Asbestos or glass
apparatus or
w/in raceways
connected to
apparatus.
Limited to 300
volts.
Asbestos A1A 125 Dry locations Impregnat 3.5-8.0 Sol. Str. Without
and only. Only for ed 14-30 asbestos braid
Varnished leads w/in Asbestos 38-100 or glass
Cambric apparatus or 101-250 .8 .8
w/in raceways 251-500 .8 .8
connected to 1 1.6
apparatus. 1.6 1.9
Limited to 300 2.3
volts. 2.7
Asbestos AVA 110 Dry locations Impregnat 2.0-8.0 1ST VC AV AV asbestos braid
and only. ed solid only As A L or glass
Varnished Asbestos 2.0-8.0 b. 2nd 2nd
Cambric and 14-30 Flame retardant
Varnished 38-100 cotton braid
Cambric 101-250 (switchboard
251-500 wiring)
501-1000
for 1000-
5000
Inc.
volts - .8 .5 .6
.3 .8 .4 4
0.75-8.0 .4 .8 .5 .6
14-30 .5 .8 .8 4
38-100 .64 1 1 .6
.8 1. 1. 4
3 3 .8
1
1.
3
Asbestos AVB 90 Dry locations Impregnat 2.0-8.0 1st VC 2nd Flame retardant
and only. ed 14-30 Asb. ASB cotton braid
Varnished Asbestos 38-100 .3 .8 .0
Cambric and 101-250 .4 .8 .5
Varnished 251-500 .5 .8 .8
Cambric 501-1000 .64 1 1
for 1000- .8 1 1
5000 .8 1.3 1.3
volts
Asbestos AVL 110 Dry and wet Impregnat 2.0-8.0 1ST VC AV AV Lead sheath
and locations. ed 14-30 As A L
Varnished Asbestos 38-100 b. 2nd 2nd
Cambric and 101-250 - .8 .5
Varnished 251-500 .6
Cambric 501-1000 4 .8 .4 .6
for 1000- .3 .8 .5 4
5000 .4 .8 .8 .6
volts .5 1 1 4
.6 1. 1. .8
4 3 3 1
.8 1.
3
Fluorinated FEB or 90 Dry locations Fluorinate 2.0-5.5 0.5 None
Ethylene 200 only. d Ethylene 8.0-30 0.8
2.0-8.0 0.4
Propylene FEBP Propylene 14-30 0.4 Glass braid
Dry locations Asbestos braid
+Special
applications.
Mineral MI 85 Dry and wet Magnesiu 1.25-5.5 .9 Copper
insulation 250 locations m oxide 5.6-22 1.3
(Metal +Special 23-125 1.4
sheathed) applications.
Moisture MTW 60 Machine tool Flame 0.325-3.5 (A) (B) (A) none
Heat and Oil and wiring in retardant, 5.5 .8 .4
Resistant wet locations. Moisture 8.0 .8 .5
Heat and 14 1.2 .8
Thermo Machine tool Oil 22-30 1.6 .8
plastic 90 and wiring in Resistant 38-100 1.6 1 (B) Nylon Jacket
wet locations Thermo 101-250 2 1.3 or equivalent
plastic 251-500 2.4 1.6
2.8 1.8
Inc.
Paper 85 For underground Paper Lead sheath

service
conductors, or
by special
permission.
Perfluoroalk PFA 90 Dry locations Perfluo 2.0-5.5 .5 None

oxy 200 only. roalkoxy 8.0-30 .8
Dry locations 38-100 1.2
+Special
applications
Perfluoroalk PFAH 250 Dry locations Perfluoroa 2.0-5.5 .5 None
oxy only. lkoxy 8.0-30 .8
Only for leads 38-100 1.2
w/in apparatus
or w/in
raceways
connected to
apparatus.
Heat RH 75 Dry locations Heat **2.0-3.5 .8 Moisture
resistant only. resistant 5.5 1.2 resistant flame
rubber rubber 8.0-30 1.6 retardant non
Heat RHH 90 38-100 2 metallic
resistant 101-250 2.4 covering
rubber 251-500 2.8
3.2
for 601-
200V
Moisture RHW 75 Dry and wet Moisture 1.2 Moisture
and Heat locations. For and Heat 1.6 resistant flame
resistant over 2000V resistant 2 retardant non
rubber insulation shall rubber 2.4 metallic
be ozone 2.8 covering
resistant.
Heat RUH 75 Dry locations 90% un- 2.0-5.5 .46 Moisture
resistant only. milled, 8.0-30 .64 resistant flame
latex rubber grain less retardant non
rubber metallic
covering
Moisture RUW 60 Dry locations 90% un- 2.0-5.5 .46 Moisture
resistant only. milled, 8.0-30 .64 resistant flame
latex rubber grain less retardant non
rubber metallic
covering
Silicone SA 90 Dry locations Silicone 2.0-5.5 1.2 Asbestos, glass
asbestos 125 only. asbestos 8.0-30 1.6 or other
Silicone 38-100 2 suitable braid
Rubber. 101-250 2.4 material
251-500 2.8
501-1000 3.2
Synthetic SIS 90 Switchboard Heat 2.0-5.5 .8 None
heat wiring only. resistant 8.0 1.2
resistant rubber 14-30 1.6
38-100 2
Thermo T 60 Dry locations Asbestos 2.0-5.5 .8 None

Plastic only. 8.0 1.2
Inc.
14-30 1.6
38-100 2
101-250 2.4
251-500 2.8
501-1000 3.2
Thermo TA 90 Switchboard Thermo 2.0-8.0 Thermo Asbesto Flame retardant

Plastic and wiring only. Plastic and 14-30 plastic s no metallic
asbestos asbestos 38-100 .5 .5 covering
.8 .64
1 .8
Thermo TBS 90 Switchboard Thermo 2.0-5.5 .8 Flame retardant
Plastic and wiring only. plastic 8.0 1.2 no metallic
fibrous outer 14-30 1.6 covering
braid 38-100 2.0
Extruded TFE 250 Dry locations Extruded 2.0-5.5 .5 None

polytetraflu only. polytetrafl 8.0 .8
oro Only for leads uoro 14-30 1.2
ethylene w/in apparatus ethylene 38-100
or w/in
raceways
connected to
apparatus or as
open wiring.
(nickel or nickel
coated copper
only)
Heat THHN 90 Dry locations Flame 2.0-3.5 .4 Nylon jacket or

resistant only. Retardant 5.5 .5 equivalent
Thermo Heat 8.0-14 .8
plastic resistant 22-30 1
Thermo 38-100 1.3
plastic 101-250 1.6
251-500 1.8
501-1000
Moisture THW, 75 Dry and wet Flame 2.0-5.5 1.2 None

and Heat THHW 90 locations. Retardant 3.0-30 1.6
resistant Special Heat 38-100 2
Thermo application resistant 101-250 2.4
plastic w/in electrical Thermo 251-500 2.8
discharge plastic 501-1000 3.2
lightning
equipment.
Limited to 100
open circuit
volts or less.
(size 2.0, 8.0,
mm2 only as
permitted)
Moisture THWN 75 Dry and wet Flame 2.0-3.5 .4 Nylon jacket or

and Heat locations. Retardant 5.5 .5 equivalent
resistant Heat 8.0-14 .8
Thermo resistant 22-30 1
Inc.
Plastic Thermo 38-100 1.3

plastic 125-250 1.6
251-500 1.8
Moisture TW 60 Dry and wet Flame 2.0-5.5 .8 None

and Heat locations. Retardant 8.0 1.2
resistant Heat 14-30 1.6
Thermo resistant 38-100 2.0
plastic Thermo 101-250 2.4
plastic 251-500 2.8
501-1000 3.2
Under UF 60 Moisture 2.0-5.5 *1.6 Integral with
ground and heat 8.0-30 *2 insulation
feeder and resistant 38-100 *2.4
branch 75
circuit cable
(Single
conductor)
Under USE 75 Moisture 2.0-5.5 1.2 Moisture
ground and heat 8.0-30 1.6 resistant non
feeder and resistant 38-100 2 metallic
branch 101-250 ***2.4 covering
circuit cable 251-500 2.8
(Single 501-1000 3.2
conductor)
Varnished V 85 Dry locations Varnished 2.0-8.0 1.2 Non metallic
Cambric only. Cambric 14-30 1.6 covering or lead
Smaller than 14 38-100 2 sheath
mm2 by special 101-250 2.4
permission 251-500 2.8
501-1000 3.2
for 1000-
5000 V
Moisture XHHW 90 Dry location. Flame 2.0-5.5 .8 None
and heat 75 Wet location. retardant 8.0-30 1.2
resistant cross 38-100 1.4
cross linked linked 101-250 1.7
synthetic synthetic 251-500 2
polymer polymer 501-1000 2.4
Modified Z 90 Dry location. Modified 2.0-3.5 .4 None
ethylene ethylene 5.5 .5
Tetrafluo 150 Dry location. Tetrafluo 8-22 .64
ethylene +Special ethylene 30-38 .89
applications 50-1000 1.2
Modified ZW 75 Wet location. Modified 2.0-5.5 .8 None
ethylene Dry location. ethylene 8.0-30 1.2
Tetrafluo 90 Dry location. Tetrafluo
ethylene 150 +Special ethylene
applications
+ Where environmental conditions require maximum conductor operating temperature above
90 ºC.
* Some rubber insulation does not require an outer covering.
** For 2.0-3.5 mm2 sizes RHH shall be 1.2 mm thickness insulation.
Inc.
Grounding
Ground
A conducting connection, whether intentional or accidental, between an electrical circuit

or equipment and the earth, or to some conducting body that serve in place of the earth.
Grounding Conductor
A conductor used to connect equipment to the grounded circuit of a wiring system to a
grounding electrode or electrodes.
Inc.
Grounding Electrode Conductor:
The conductor used to connect the grounding electrode to the equipment grounding
conductor and/or to the grounded conductor of the circuit at the source of a separately derived
system.
Grounding Electrode System.

1. A metal underground water pipe in direct contact with the earth for 3000mm or more and
electrically continuous by bonding around insulating joints or section or insulating pipe) to
the points of connection of the grounding electrode conductor and the bonding
conductors. Continuity of the grounding path or the bonding connection to interior piping
shall not rely on water meters.
2. The metal frame of the building, where effectively grounded.
3. An electrode enchased by at least 50mm of concrete, located within and near the bottom
of a concrete foundation footing that is direct contact with the earth, consisting of at least
6000mm of one or more steel reinforcing bars or rods of not less than 13mm diameter, or
consisting of at least 6000mm of bare solid copper conductor not smaller than 30sq.mm.
Resistance of Made Electrodes

A single electrode consisting of a rod, pipe, or plate which does not have a resistance to ground
of 25 ohms or less shall be augmented by one additional electrode.
Inc.
Grounding Electrode Conductors for AC System

Size of largest service-entrance conductor or Size of grounding electrode conductor (mm2)
equivalent for parallel conductors (mm2)
Copper Aluminum Copper Aluminum
30 or smaller 50 or smaller 8 14
38 or 50 60 or 80 14 22
60 or 80 100 or 125 22 30
Over 80 thru 200 over 125 thru 250 30 50
General Requirements for Wiring Methods
Conductor of Different Systems - Conductor of 600 volts or less than be permitted to occupy the
same equipment wiring enclosure, cable, or raceways; without regard to whether the
individual circuits are alternating current or direct current, where all conductors are
insulated for maximum voltage of any conductor within the enclosure, cable or raceway.
Conductors of over 600 volts shall not occupy the same equipment wiring enclosure, cable,
or raceway with conductors of 600 volts or less.
Protection against Physical Damage - Where subject to physical damage, conductors shall be
adequately protected.
Bored Holes - In both exposed and concealed locations, where or raceway-type wiring method is
installed through bored holes in joist; rafters, or similar structural wood members, holes shall
be bored at the approximately center of the face of the member. Holes in studs for cable-
type wiring methods shall be bored so that the edge of the hole is not less 30mm from the
nearest edge of the stud or shall be protected from nails and screws by either a steel plate or
brushing at least 1.6 mm thick and appropriate length and width installed to cover the area
through which nails or screws might penetrate the installed cable.
Notches in Wood - Where there is no objection because of weakening the building structure, in
both exposed and concealed locations, cables shall be permitted to be laid in notches in
wood studs, joists, rafters or other wood member where cables at those points is protected
against nails or screws by a steel plate at least 1.6 mm thick installed before the building
finish is applied.
Cables through Metal-Framing Members - In both exposed and concealed locations where non-
metallic sheathed cables pass through either factory or field punched, cut or drilled slows or
holes in metal member, the metal shall be protected by bushings or grommets approved for
the purpose securely fastened in the opening. Where nails or crews are likely to penetrate
the cable, a steel sleeve, steel plate or steel clip not less than 1.6mm in wall thickness shall
be used to protect the nonmetallic cable.
Inc.
Underground Installation
Minimum Cover Requirements; 0 to 600 Volts:

Wiring method Minimum Burial (mm)
Direct buried Cables 600
Intermediate Metal Conduit 150
Rigid Nonmetallic Conduit 150
Approved for direct burial without
concrete encasement 460
Other approved Raceways 460
*Note: Raceways approved for burial only when concrete encased shall require a concrete
envelope not less than 50mm thick.
Exception:
1. The minimum cover requirements shall be permitted to be reduced by 150mm for
installations where a 50mm thick concrete pad or equivalent in physical protection is
placed in the trench over the underground installation.
2. The minimum cover requirements shall not apply to conduits or other raceways which
are located under a building or exterior concrete slab not less than 100mm in
thickness and extending not less than 150mm beyond the underground installation.
3. Areas subject to heavy vehicular traffic, such as thoroughfares, shall have a minimum
cover of 600mm.
4. Residential branch circuits rated 300 volts or less and provided with overcurrent
protection of not more than 30 amperes shall be permitted with a cover requirement
of 300 mm.
5. Raceways installed in solid rock shall be permitted to be buried at a lesser depth when
covered by 50mm or more of concrete over the installation and extending down to
the rock surface.
Length of free conductors at Outlets and Switch points

At least 150 mm of free conductors shall be left each and switch point for splices or the
connection of fixtures or devices.
Box or fitting
A box or fitting shall be installed at each conductor splice connection point, outlet, switch
point, junction point, or pull point for the connection of conduit, electrical metallic tubing
surface raceways, or other raceways.
Basic Mounting Heights

These are the basic mounting heights that we find work well. Each individual may prefer
their devices at different heights.
- Switches 42" to bottom
- Receptacles 12" to bottom
- Dryer plugs - On bottom plate & stud
Inc.
- Range plug - On bottom plate & stud

- Washing machine 24" to bottom
- Fridge plug 24" to bottom
- Central VAC canister plug 72" to bottom
- Furnace switch 60" to bottom
- Thermostats 54" to bottom
- Bathroom bar light 78" to center
- Kitchen under valence light wires 55" to center Kitchen over uppers valence light wires at
83" to center.
- Range hood wire 69"
- Wall lights 78" to center
- counter plugs 42" to bottom (if you are using a tile splash back you may want to raise them
2")
- Hot water tank wire @ 60"
- Bath fan timer @ 48"
- Microwave plug @ 56" to bottom
- micro range hood plug @ 72" to bottom
- doorbell @ 78"
- Telephone 12"
- Cable 12"
Some heights may vary depending on special circumstances.

Inc.
Module 6
BLUE PRINT READING AND DESIGN
1. Draw and interpret electrical plan layouts, schematic diagrams, and raceway
layouts
2. Perform electrical estimates.
3. Identify electrical symbols
4. Understand and make proper scheduling of loads.
Steps in Making Electrical Layout Plan
1. Obtain the architecture layout plan. Redraw the plan indicating only the wall boundary and
doors. In the redrawn drawing unnecessary architectural features should be of two thin
parallel lines. Do not darken the boundary.
2. Place on the redrawn plan the electrical symbols of all the devices and fixtures such as
outlets, fluorescent bulb and incandescent bulb, receptacles, switches, panel board, etc.
make the legend as the devices and fixtures are placed.
3. Determine the number of branch circuits for lighting using the watts per square meter
method.
4. Determine the size of branch circuit for different kinds of loads and its main branch circuit.
5. Layout the electrical lines. Indicate the home run number corresponding to the branch
circuit number. Home run circuit number should be placed at the outlet or receptacle
nearest to the distribution panel board.
6. Make the single line diagram of the distribution panel board.
7. Make the schedule of load.
8. Make the specification and the legend.
9. Draw the Location plan.

Inc.
Electrical Wiring Plan
Size of Wiring Plan

L = 1,000 mm x W = 760 mm
L = 900 mm x W = 600 mm
L = 760 mm x W = 500 mm
Title Block
Designer Engineer Owner Title Scale Page #
Location Plan
Plan for Lighting Fixtures and Appliance Outlets

Inc.
Inc.
Computation of Design
Branch Circuit 1: 2 # F.L.2 x 60W/220V = 0.55 A

7 # F.L.7 x 100W/220V = 3.18 A
Branch Circuit 2: 1 # F.L.1 x 60W/220V = 0.27 A
6 # F.L.6 x 100W/220V = 2.73 A
Branch Circuit 3: 7# C.O. 7 x 200W/220V = 6.36 A
Branch Circuit 4: 7# C.O. 7 x 200W/220V = 6.36 A
Branch Circuit 5: 1# (1HP) ACU = 8.00 A
Branch Circuit 6: 1# (1HP) ACU = 8.00 A
Branch Circuit 7: 1# E.R. @ 5000/220 = 22.72 A
Branch Circuit 8: 1# (1/2 HP) M.P. = 4.90 A
Branch Circuit 9: Spare
Branch Circuit 10: Spare
Where:
F.L. – Fluorescent Lamp
I.L. – Incandescent Lamp
C.O. – Convenience Outlet
ACU – Air Conditioning Unit
E.R. – Electric Range
M.P. – Water Pump
Schematic Diagram of Distribution Panel board

Inc.
Schedule of Loads
Distribution Panel: 220/110V, 2W + N, Top fed, surface Mounted
Ampere Frame: 125 AF
Location: Kitchen
Main Breaker: 100AT
Circuit Description Watts Volts Amperes No. Size & Protective Size of
Number of Load Conductor Device conduit
2
(mm ) AT AF # of (mm2)
pole
1 2 (1 x 60W) 820 220 3.73 2-3.5 TW 15 125 2 15
FL
7(1 x 100)
IL
2 1 (1 x 60W) 660 220 2.00 2-3.5 TW 15 125 2 15
FL
6(1 x 100)
IL
3 7-200W – 1,400 220 6.36 2-3.5 TW 15 125 2 15
CO
4 7-200W – 1,400 220 6.36 2-3.5 TW 15 125 2 15
CO
5 1-ACU (1 1,760 220 8.0 2-3.5 TW 20 125 2 15
hp) 1-2.0TW
6 1-ACU (1 1,760 220 8.0 2-3.5 TW 20 125 2 15
hp) 1-2.0TW
7 1-range 5,000 220 22.72 2-5.5 TW 30 125 2 20
1-2.0TW
8 1-1/2 hp 1,078 110 4.90 2-3.5 TW
15 125 1 15
motor 1-2.0TW
pump
9 Spare 220 15 125 2
10 Spare 220 15 125 1
Service Entrance: Use Two# 30mm2 THW Use 30 mm/ RSC One #14 mm2 THW
Specification
A. All Electrical works herein shall conform with the latest approved edition of the Philippine
Electrical Code, with the rules and regulations of the local government concerned in. the
enforcement of the Electrical Laws and ordinances with the regulation and requirements
of the Electrical Company.
B. All electrical wiring works shall be concealed from view by RSC.
C. All materials shall be new and approved type for location and purposes.
D. The minimum size of wire shall be 3.5 mm2 TW.
E. Mounting Height of lighting switches shall be 1.2 meters (48”) above the floor line and
convenience outlets shall be 305mm (12”) above the floor line.
F. Data represent on this plan are accurate as preliminary survey that can be determined, but
accuracy is not guaranteed and verification of all dimension is required directed on the
Inc.
actual execution of the work. This plan is for guidance and assistance but levels should be
governed by field condition.
Electrical Estimating
Cost estimates for an electrical work is prepared to: determine the budget, determine
how much a project will cost, make economic comparisons of different methods, and find out
whether the proposed work is feasible.
The cost estimate shall be based on all elements of cost involved in a project and every
item of cost shall be considered no matter how small the item is.
The three major elements of cost are:
Material Cost
The material cost shall be based on the current of all materials, equipment and devices
including any foreseeable price escalation within the validity period of the estimate. Material
take-off, upon which the material’s cost is determined, shall be accurate on all drawing and
relevant documents well studied and made use of.
Labor Cost
The labor cost shall be based upon schedule of labor data accumulated from past
experience records applicable to each item of materials and each labor operation. The estimator
shall have full knowledge or record of these data on the performance of the work force or
manpower of the particular organization in order to determine man hours to perform a certain
portion or the whole job. The summation of man hours needed to install, connect, test, initially
operate the system contemplated in the drawing and pertinent documents, plus some idle time
due to delay of other trades multiplies the work labor rate in the total base labor cost.
So vast is the variation in labor costs for electrical works that only they who have a natural
propensity for analyzing conditions and who are constantly engaged in electrical work can
prepare some estimates. It would be impossible to relate all the influences that enter into labor
cost; however some factors are outstanding. Before pricing the labor on any project, the three
following major factors must be considered.
1. Type of project
A. Residential – residential houses, apartments
B. Commercial – small store, department stores, theater
C. Institutional – schools, hospitals- asylums
D. Industrial – factories, power plants
E. Special – sewage disposable, waterworks, recreational centers
2. Working Condition
A. Proper selection and timely delivery of materials
B. Progress of the job as a whole
C. Condition of working spaces
D. Tools and equipment
E Cooperation of other trades
F. Weather condition
Inc.
3. Labor Market
A listing of the actual causes of this increased cost of labor, together with their effects,
would be approximately as follows:
A. Delayed and untimely delivery of materials = 7 %
B. Lack of cooperation of other trades = 5%
C. General Confusion on the job = 3%
D. Labor Market = 15 %
30%
Direct Job Cost

Are items of expenses that can be established as direct cost of a particular project? Items of
direct job costs are:
1. Estimating
2. Engineering & Drafting
3. Blue printing
4. Field shops and office shops
5. Field telephone
6. Selecting & Purchasing materials
7. Follow-up and coordinate deliveries
8. Cartage and special deliveries
9. Supervision
10 Travel expenses: Office to job
11. Timekeeper
12. Insurance and employees benefit
13. Inspection (City)
Overhead Expenses
Embrace such items of expenses as cannot be identified with any particular job. Items of
overhead expenses are:
1. Administrative Salaries
2. General Bookkeeping
3. Steno and Telephone operator
4. Store attendant and shop mechanics
5. Utility Boy
6. Rent-Office
7. Rent-store room
8. Light
9. Telephone
10. Office Equipment and furniture
11. Stationeries, forms, and Miscellaneous supplied
12. Percentages
13. Taxes, licenses and legal expenses
14. Advertising
Inc.
The following is a representative method of an electrical contractor in determining the cost to

arrive at his bid price:
Base cost of materials ------------------------------------------------ A
Base cost of labor------------------------------------------------------ B
If job is “Installation only” excess labor, 100% of base labor cost
---------------------------------------------------------------------- C
Supervision, 10% of base labor cost--------------------------------- D
E
Transportation ---- 3 %
Insurance ---------- 5 %
Incidentals--------- 6 %
---------------
14% of E ------------------------------------------- F
G
Permits and Inspection fees ----------------------------------------- H

I
Overhead --------- 5 %
Taxes ------------- 3 %
Profit ------------- 15 %
---------------
23% of I ------------------------------------------- J
K
Selling Price (bid price) ----------------------------------------------
Inc.
General Electrical Symbols

Description Symbol Description Symbol
Lightning Arrester Circuit Breaker
Surge Arrester Fuse
Ground (earth) Fuse Cutout
or
Ground (frame) Main Distribution

Panel Board
MDP
Service Entrance Power Panel Board
2 wire or 3 wire
Kilowatt-hour Meter Lighting Panel Board
Safety Power Switch Junction Box

J
Inc.
Description Symbol Description Symbol

Transfer Power Pull Box
Switch PB
Riser Up Incandescent Lamp
Riser Down Fluorescent Lamp
Circuit Homerun (N Lamp Outlet with Pull PS

indicates Circuit Switch
Number)
Pushbutton Duplex Receptacle
Buzzer Air Conditioning Unit

ACU
Bell Weatherproof
Receptacle WP
Cooking Range
Horn R
Amplifier Receptacle and

Switch SW
Annunciator Special Purpose
Intercom Floor
F
Telephone
Inc.
Switches
Single pole S
Duplex/2gang (2 single pole switches on a single switch plate) S2
Triplex/3gang (3 single pole switches on a single switch plate) S3
Three-Way S3W
Four-Way S4W
Automatic Door SAD
Key Operated SK
Inc.
Wiring Design Examples (from PEC)
Selection of Conductors
In the following wiring design examples, the results are generally expressed in amperes.
Voltages
For uniform application of the provisions, a nominal voltage of 230 and 115/230 volts shall be
used in computing the ampere load on the conductor.
Fractions of an Ampere
Except where the communications result in a major fraction of an ampere (0.5 or larger), such
fractions may be dropped.
Watt ratings
Assume lighting and appliance watt-ratings equivalent to volt-amperes.
Example # 1, Typical One-family Dwelling, 230 V (Up to 50 sq. m. floor area)
General Lighting Load:

50sq.m x 24 Volt-amperes per sq. m = 1200 volt-ampere
Typical Appliance Load:

1 Electric flat iron = 550 volt-ampere
1 Radio = 20 volt-ampere
570 volt ampere
Total load: 1200VA + 570 VA = 1770 volt-ampere
Total Current: 1770VA / 230 V = 7.7 amperes
Circuit Requirement:
Use one 15-ampere 2-wire circuit. A 15-ampere branch circuit shall be permitted to supply
lighting units, appliances or a combination of both.
Disconnecting Means:
Use one 30-ampere, 2PST, 250V safety switch with two 15- A fuses, 250V or use one enclosed
molded case circuit breaker, 15-A, 2-pole, 250-volts
Service Entrance:
Use two 3.5mm2 TW copper conductors (minimum).
Inc.
Example # 2, Typical One-family Dwelling, 230V (Up to 100sq.m floor area)

Typical Floor Area:
Veranda 2mx3m = 6 sq. m
Living Room 4mx6m = 24 sq. m
Bedroom 3mx6m = 18 sq. m
Kitchen 2mx3m = 6 sq. m
Toilet & Bath 1.5m x 2 m = 3 sq. m
Total Area = 57 sq. m
General Lighting load: (use one circuit)

57 sq. m x 24 volt-ampere per sq. m =1368 volt-ampere
Total Computed Current: 1368 VA / 230V =5.95 amperes
Small Appliance Load:

1 Electric Flat Iron = 600 volt-amperes
1 TV set = 35 volt-amperes
1 Electric fan = 100 volt-amperes
1 Refrigerator = 150 volt-amperes
Total Load = 885 volt-amperes
Total Computed Current: 885 VA/ 230V = 3.85 amperes
Ranges Load:
1. Electric Stove, single element = 1100 volt-amperes
Computed Current: 1100 VA/ 230V = 4.8 amperes
Number of Branch Circuits required: three (3)

1. One 15-ampere 2-wire general purpose branch circuit for lighting.
2. One 15-ampere 2-wire appliance branch circuit for appliance outlets.
3. One 15-ampere 2-wire branch circuit for single elements electric stove.
Use one double and one single branch fused cutouts, 2 poles, 250 volts with six 15-ampere fuses.
250 volts; or use one enclosed molded case circuit breaker rated at 15-ampere for lighting, one
15-ampere for appliances outlets, and one 15-ampere for single elements electric stove.
Use one 30-ampere, 2PST, 250V safety Switch with two 30-ampere fuses, 250 volts, or an
enclosed molded circuit breaker 30-ampere, 2-pole, 250 volts for the circuit breakers but may be
omitted.
Service Entrance Conductors:
Total Computed Current:
5.95+ 3.85 + 4.8 Amperes = 14.6 Amperes
Use two 8mm2 TW copper Conductors (minimum).

Inc.
Example # 3, Typical One-family Dwelling, 230V (Up to 150 sq. m. floor area)
The dwelling has a floor area of 150sq.m. Exclusive of an unoccupied basement and open
porches. It has a 12-Kw range appliance.
Computed load:
General Lighting Load:

150 sq. m at 24 volt-ampere per sq. m = 3600 volt-ampere
Minimum Number of Branch Circuits Required:

1. General Lighting Load:
3600VA/ 230V = 15.6 volt-ampere
Use one 20-ampere 2-wire circuit or two 15-ampere 2-wire circuits
2. Small Appliance Load:

One 2-wire 20-ampere circuit
3. Range Load:
One 3-wire 45-ampere circuit.
Minimum Size Feeder Required:

Computed Load:
General Lighting 3600 volt-amperes
Small Appliance load 3000 volt-amperes
Total General Lighting & Small Appliance Load 6600 volt-amperes
Application of Demand Factor:

3000 volt-amperes at 100% 3000 volt-amperes
3600 volt-amperes at 35% 1260 volt-amperes
Net General Lighting & Small Appliance Load 4260 volt-amperes

Range load 8000 volt-amperes
Total Computed Load 12260 volt-amperes

12260 VA/ 230V = 53 amperes
Use one 100-ampere molded circuit breaker 2-pole, 250volt
Service Entrance Conductor:

Since the total computed loads exceeds 10 kVA, the service entrance
conductors shall not smaller than 100 amperes.
Use two 38mm2 TW Copper Conductors (minimum)
Inc.
Example # 4, One-family dwelling with four Air-conditioning Units, 230 V

(Up to 150 sq. m floor area)
Same conditions as example # 3, plus (4) - 8 ampere (1Hp), 230-volt room air-conditioning units.
From example # 3, feeder current is 53 amperes, and the recommended service conductors shall
have an ampacity not less than 100 amperes.
Additional load:
8 amperes x 4 = 32 amperes (four 8-ampere air-conditioning units)
8 amperes x 0.25 = 2 amperes (25% of largest motor)
Total additional load = 34 amperes
From example # 3 = 53 amperes = total computed current
Total computed current = 87 amperes per line
Provide additional four branch circuits with grounding for the four air-conditioning units with a
rating of 20-ampere, 2 pole, and 250-volt each
A main disconnecting means will now be required as there are more than six circuit breakers.
The 100-ampere circuit breaker and service entrance conductors are still adequate.
Example # 5, One-family Dwelling, 115/230V (Up to 150sq.m. floor area)
Dwelling unit has a floor area of 150 sq. m exclusive of open porches. It has one 12-kW range,
one 2-kW water heater, one 5-kW clothes dryer, and 8-ampere (1Hp) room air-conditioning unit.
It has one 1.2 kW dishwasher and kitchen appliances rated at 115V.
Air Conditioning kVA Calculation:
8-ampere x 230-volt = 1.84kVA

Inc.
Load Included at 100% :

Air Conditioning 1.84 kVA
Other Loads:
150sq.m x 24 volt-amperes per sq.m. (General lighting)
One 20-ampere appliance outlet circuit at 3000 Volt- 3.6 kVA
amperes, 115 volts
Range (at nameplate rating) 3.0 kVA
Water heater 12.0 kVA
Dishwasher 2.5 kVA
Clothes Dryer 1.2 kVA
5.0 kVA
Total Other Loads 27.3 kVA
First 10 kVA at 100% D.F. 10.00 kVA

Remainder at 40% D.F. 6.92 kVA
Total Computed Current: 18.76 kVA
18.76 kVA / 230 volts = 82 amperes
Feeder Neutral Load:

One 20-ampere appliance, outlet circuit,
3000 volt-amperes at 100% D.F 3000 volt-amperes
Dishwasher 1200 volt-amperes
Total Neutral Load 4200 volt-amperes
Maximum Possible Neutral Current:

4200 volt-amperes/ 115 volt = 37 amperes
Use one 100-ampere circuit breaker 2-pole, 250 volts.
Service Entrance conductor:

Since the total computed load exceeds 10 kVA, service entrance conductors shall be not less
than 100 amperes.
Use two 38mm2 TW copper conductors (minimum).
Service Neutral Conductor:

Use one 14mm2 TW copper conductor (minimum).
Example # 6, One-family Dwelling with Additional Load, 115/230V

(Up to 150 sq. m. floor area)
Dwelling has a floor area of 150 sq. m exclusive of open porches. It has two 20-ampere small
appliance circuits 115/230V, a 20-ampere laundry circuit 115/230V; two 4 kW walls mounted
ovens, a 5.1 kW counter-mounted cooking unit, a 4.5 kW water heater, a 1.2 kW dishwasher
115V, a 5-kW combination clothes washer and dryer, and six 8-ampere (1Hp) room air-
conditioning units.
Inc.
Air Conditioning kVA Calculations:

Total amperes 6 x 8 = 48 amperes
25% of the largest motor (8 x 0.25) = 2 amperes
= 50 amperes
50A x 230V = 11.5 kVA of air conditioning load
Load Included at 100%:
Air Conditioning = 11.50kVA
Other Loads:
General Lighting load150sq.m. x 24volt-amperes per sq. m. 3.6 kVA
One 20-ampere appliance outlet circuit @ 3000 volt-amperes 3.0 kVA
One Laundry Circuit 3.0 kVA
Two ovens (2 x 4 kVA) 8.0 kVA
One cooking unit 5.1 kVA
One dishwasher 1.2 kVA
One washer/dryer 5.0 kVA
One water heater 4.5 kVA
Total other loads 33.4 kVA
First 10kVA at 100% D.F. 10.00 kVA

Remainder at 40% D.F. (23.4 x 0.4) 9.36 kVA
Total Computed Load 30.86 kVA
30 860 volt-amperes / 230 volts = 134 amperes
Feeder Neutral Load:

One 20-ampere appliance outlet circuit at 3000 Volt-amperes, 115- 3000 volt-amperes
V One 20-ampere laundry circuit at 3000 Volt-amperes 3000 volt-amperes
Total 6000 volt-amperes
3000 volt amperes at 100% D.F. 3000 volt-amperes

3000 volt-amperes at 35% D.F 1050 Volt-amperes
Total 4050 volt-amperes
Dishwasher 1200 volt-amperes
Total Neutral Load 5250 volt-amperes
Maximum Possible Neutral Current: 5250 volt-amperes / 115 volt = 46 amperes
Use one 150-amperes circuit breaker 2-pole, 250volts.
Service Entrance Conductor:

Use one two 60mm2 TW copper conductors (minimum)
Service Neutral Conductors:

Use one 38mm2 TW copper conductor (minimum)
Inc.
Electrical Plan Sample

Floor Plan
Inc.
Specification and Legend

Inc.
Lighting Layout
Inc.
Power Layout
Inc.
Schedule of Load and Computation

Inc.
Site Development Plan, Panelboard Details, Vicinity Map, Riser Diagram

Inc.
Common Rating of household Appliances

Basic Appliances Volt-Amp. (V-A)
Desk Fan (16”) 80
Flat Iron 600
Incandescent Bulb 50
T.V Set 40
Appliances Volt-Amp. (V-A)

Air conditioning Unit (1Hp) 1420
Air conditioning Unit (1.5Hp) 2250
Air conditioning Unit (2Hp) 3358
Air Cooler/Humidifier 65
Air pot 600
Blender 300
Bread Toaster (2-way) 800
Bread Toaster (4-way) 1500
Clock, Desk or wall 2
Clothes Dyer (Heater) 1600
Clothes Dyer (Spin Motor) 250
Coffee Maker 600
Computer (w/Monitor) 225
Computer Printer 175
Cooker, Rice (3.0LI) 1000
Cooker, slow (3.0LI) 180
Fan Ceiling (2-Blader) 100
Fan desk (8“) 30
Fan desk (10“) 40
Fan desk (12“) 50
Fan desk (14“) 60
Fan desk (16“) 80
Fan desk (18“) 120
Fan desk (20“) 175
Fan, Box (BIG) 90
Fan, Stand (16”) 80
Fan, Exhaust 92
Flat, Iron (Standard) 600
Flat, Iron (De Luxe) 1000
Floor Polisher (Standard) 200
Floor Polisher (De Luxe) 360
Fluorescent Lamp 48”
40 W Lamp Including Ballast 53
Fluorescent lamp 21”
Inc.
20 W Lamp Including Ballast 32

*Freezer, Chest (8 Cu.Ft.) 160
Fryer 680
Griller 1200
Hair Dryer 320
Meat chopper 700
Oven, Microwave 1000
Oven, Pizza (Small) 2000
Oven, Pizza (Big) 3600
Oven, Mini 1500
Oven, Toaster 750
Popcorn Popper 1200
Range (2-Burner) 3300
Range (4-Burner) 8200
* Refrigerator (6 Cu. Ft.) 100
* Ref. (Frost Free, 7 Cu. Ft.) 220
Sewing Machine 75
Stereo (Solid State) 160
Stereo (Component System) 380
Stereo (Mini-Component) 145
Stove (6” Coil Hot Plate) 1500
Stove (8“Coil Hot Plate) 2200
Turbo Broiler 1000
T.V Set (B&W 14”) 80
T.V Set (B&W 16”) 85
T.V Set (B&W 18”) 90
T.V Set (B&W 20”) 65
T.V Set (B&W 26”) 110
Vacuum Cleaner 130
VHS 45
Washing Machine (Non-automatic) 280
Washing Machine (Automatic) 585
Water Heater 3000
* Water Heater (Instant Portable) 1600
Water Pump (Automatic ½ HP) 373
Inc.
Module 7
BUILDING WIRING INSTALLATION
1. Properly execute conduit bending and threading electrical conduits and tubings.
2. Follow PEC restrictions with regards Building wiring installation.
3. Know the proper procedures in securing electric service.
4. Identify different building related permits.
5. Execute different types of taps joints and splices.
6. Identify different electrical devices, fittings, and tools.
Inc.
Service
Conductors and equipment which deliver energy from the serving utility to the wiring
system of the premises
Service Drop
It is the conductors with the necessary supporting structure between the distributions
lines of the Electrical Company and the service entrance.
All the connections and disconnection of the service shall be made by the utility
company.
Inc.
Only one service drop shall normally be connected at the company’s pole carrying
Electric Code, duly certified by a government authority.
The service drop shall normally be connected at the company’s pole carrying electric
service facilities nearest the applicant’s premises and shall not exceed 30 meters in length.
Length of service drop is defined as the distance from the pole to the nearest point of
attachment or connection.
The service bracket shall be supplied and installed by the company in all cases except
where it is to be attached to a building of masonry construction; the contractor shall secure the
bracket which is issued without charge by the Company and install it during the process of
construction.
Service Entrance Conductors
It is the service conductors between the terminals of the service equipment and a point
usually outside the building, clear or building walls, where joined by tap or splice to the service
drop.
The line side portion of the service entrance (from the entrance cap to the meter socket)
should never be concealed or embedded except if the size of the service entrance wires or
conductors is 50sq.mm. (no. 1/0 AWG) or bigger.
Insulators for supporting the service drop wires where they reach the building must be
provided. They must be kept a minimum distance of 155mm (approximately 6 inches) apart.
Inc.
Point of connection of the service entrance wires to the service drop wires should be
lower than the service head. A difference of 305mm (approximately one foot) or so is sufficient.
At the top of the service conduit, the Code requires a fitting that will prevent brain from
entering conduit.
Service entrance conduit shall be properly strapped to the wall of the building.
Service entrance cap shall be installed 910mm (3ft.) away from open windows and close
to the point of the service drop attachment to the building.
Meter Installations
All metering equipment will be furnished and installed by the Company without cost to
the applicant. Current transformers cabinet and gang mounting channels where required will be
furnished by the company and installed by the applicant at a location specified by the company.
The applicant shall furnish and install meter boards, where required.
The meter must be installed in a clean place free from vibration and where it will be
easily accessible for reading and testing. Under no conditions should meters be located behind
doors or where they can easily broken or jarred by moving furniture or equipment.
Meters shall be located in an accessible place on the outside wall of the buildings or
private ole and shall not be more than 2150mm nor less than 1600mm from the surface on
which one could stand to repair or inspect the meter.
Inc.
Meters shall be installed on the ground floor in suitable mounting for large commercial
and apartment buildings. Space and mounting shall be adequate to accommodate all metering
facilities. Individual cut outs and/or switches shall be wired on the load side of the company
meters. There shall be at least 1000mm of clear space in front of the meter or meters. The
company shall be consulted prior to the wiring installation in large buildings.
The applicant or contractor shall secure from the company upon presentation of the
necessary Electric Wiring Permit Without charge, detachable meter sockets for customer’s
demand less than 40 kilowatt only. Meter sockets shall be installed in accordance with Company
specifications.
When the demand of an installation is determined to be more than 40 kilowatt or service

entrance larger than 1000sq.mm. (No. 4/0AWG) wire, the meter installation may include
instrument transformers furnished by the Company. For all installation of 40 kilowatt and over
the company shall be consulted before construction is started.
The contractor shall not make any connection in the meter socket but shall provide
metering loops at least 300mm in length on both the line and the load sides.
Service Equipment
The necessary equipment, usually consisting of a circuit breaker or switch and fuses and
their accessories, located near point of entrance of supply conductors to a building and
intended to constitute the main control and means to cut off for the supply to that building.
A safety switch or circuit breaker of approved type must be installed on the load side of
the meter. All safety switches must be externally operated with fuses electrically “DEAD” when
switch is on the “OFF” position. The use of circuit breaker is preferred.
Grounding
Inc.
In the case of 3 wire single phase, 115/230 volt service, the neutral conductor of each
service entrance shall always be grounded to an existing underground water system in
accordance with the Philippine Electrical Code. Driven grounds or their equivalent will be
accepted only where an underground water system is not available in or near wired building on
the premises.
Raceway
A channel designed expressly for holding wires, cables, or busbars, with additional
functions as permitted in Philippine Electrical Code.
Different Conduit Bends
Offset Bend
It is needed at the end of the conduit if it is running through an outlet box for
connections of lighting fixtures, convenience outlets, and similar others
90 Degree Bend
It is required when running conduit over joint and when you want to enter a ceiling or
wall outlet on the floor below, or from an exposed ceiling running to a box on the wall
Saddle Bend
It is made possible when crossing a conduit already in place on ceiling and/or wall and
passing over other obstruction. This is also called cross-over bend
Inc.
Gooseneck Bend
It is often used for connecting or installing lighting fixtures on driveways and streets
Back to Back Bend
This is simply a combination of 2 90 degree bends
Proper conduit bending methods

Inc.
How to make 90 degree EMT bend using an EMT bender
Subtract take-up from desired stub height. This gives distance at which to place B on
bender from the end of the tube. To make 11", 90° bend with 1/2" tube, allow for 5" for take-up
as shown on diagram. With 3/4" tube, allow 6". With 1" tube, allow 8".
How to make Offset EMT bend using an EMT bender
Line up arrow on either side of hook with guideline and make a 1° to 45° bend in tube.
Reverse tube in bender and adjust so that X is lined up with inch-mark on bender corresponding
to depth of offset desired. Line up guide-line with opposite arrow and make second 1° to 45°
bend. A true offset, in the same plane, will result between X and Y.
Inc.
How to make Back to Back EMT bend using an EMT bender
Make stub bend at X with guide-line centered on either arrow located on side of hook.
Measure distances from X to Y on tube.
Reverse bender and put A on bender at Y on tube. Line up guide-line with opposite arrow
than used when making first stub and make second bend.
How to make Saddle EMT bend using an EMT bender
C -- Center of finished Saddle Bend

X -- Double of the diameter of round object from C
Y -- Double of the diameter of round object from C
Inc.
Saddle Bend step 1
Place tube in bender so that C on tube is at notch on bender and make 45 bend. (A 45
bend is reached when bender handle is at a right angle to the tube.)
Saddle Bend step 2
Reverse tube in bender and place B on bender at X on tube. Make return bend of 22 1/2.
Duplicate procedure placing B on bender at Y on tube and complete saddle by making another
22 1/2 bend.
Finished bend neatly saddles round object

Inc.
How to make Straighten EMT using an EMT bender
Place handle of bender over stub or piece of pipe that will fit inside and push down to the
floor in one full sweep.
How to make RSC/IMC bends using hickey
Conduit through Holes Bored in Joists, Rafters or Similar Wood Members

Inc.
The holes must be at the approximately center of the face of the member
Cable (BX, NM, etc.) may be run in notch wood member, but steel Plate 1.6 mm thick
may use over notch to protect cable from nails, etc.
Cable wiring through holes bored in studs must be at center of face and edge of bored
cable hole must be not less than 30mm from the nearest edge of the stud.
1.6 mm thick
If holes are less than 30mm from the nearest edge, a steel plate 1.6mm thick must be
used to protect cable against driven nails of screws.
Basic Burial Depth for Different Kinds of conduits
1. Direct-Burial cables
2. Rigid Steel Conduit (RSC)

Inc.
3. Intermediate Metal Conduit (IMC)
4. Electrical Metallic Tubing (EMT)
5. Rigid Non-metallic Conduit
6. Rigid Non-metallic Conduit (Encased)
Exceptions: Refer to PEC, Article 5.1
Procedure in securing Electric Service

Make an application for service at the branch or main office, and at the same time furnish the
following data:
1. Applicant’s name and address.
2. Type of service desired such a single phase, 230 volts, two-wire; single phase, 115/230
volts, three-wire; three-phase, 230 volts, three-wire, frequency, etc.
3. Itemized load to be connected.
4. Tentative date service desired.
Do not start the service entrance wiring installation until:

1. Location of service entrance has been secured from the company.
2. Type of meter installation has been agreed upon.
3. Permit has been secured from the government authority.
After the wiring installation in completed:

1. Present to the company the proper Certificate of Electrical Inspection (CEI).
2. Advice the customer to call at the Company’s Office to Accomplished contract for electric
service and make to a suitable deposit.
Inc.
For Applications for service involving installation of costumer-owned substation, transformer

vaults, and primary distribution system, consult Commercial Department of the company prior
to design, purchase and construction.
Building Related Permits
How can I avail of the service?

Follow These Steps
1. Secure Application Forms

Applicant asks for the particular permit form applied for from any member of the Building Staff.
2. Submit Requirements

Applicant submits the duly accomplished application forms and documents to the staff in
charge of receiving.
3. Evaluation and Assessment

The technical staff evaluates and assesses the submitted plans and pertinent documents for
compliance with the requirements of the building code, referral codes, laws and ordinances.
4. Make a Follow-up
Applicant makes a follow up to inquire the status of the application.
5. Order of Payment

If the documents are in order, the applicant receives an Order of Payment stating the fees to
be paid.
6. Payment of Fees

Applicant proceeds to the City Treasurer’s Office for payment.
7. Submit Official Receipt

Submit the official receipt to the staff in charge of receiving.
8. Processing of Permit

Building staff processes the plans and pertinent documents for final approval of the building
official.
9. Release of Permit

Applicant receives the approved permit.
Inc.
Electrical Permit
This document is required before putting up new or additional, or alteration of electrical
installations involving at least 20 outlets or a capacity of 4 Kw. For new buildings, this forms
part of the requirements for a Building Permit application.
Requirements:
1. Electrical Permit Application Form signed by a professional Electrical
Engineer.
2. Electrical Plans
3. Electrical Specifications
4. Bill of Materials and Cost Estimates

Mechanical Permit
This is required before the installation of new or additional, removal or alteration of
machinery of at least 20 HP. For new buildings, this forms part of the requirements for a
Building Permit application.
Requirements:
1. Mechanical Permit Application Form signed by a professional Mechanical Engineer.
2. Mechanical Plans
3. Mechanical Specifications

Sanitary/Plumbing Permit
This document is required before the construction of new or additional, or alteration of
existing plumbing installations, water supply, storm drainage, water purification and
sewerage treatment plants. For new buildings, this forms part of the requirements for a
Building Permit application.
Requirements:
1. Sanitary/Plumbing Permit Application Form signed by a Sanitary Engineer or Master
Plumber
2. Sanitary/Plumbing Plans
3. Sanitary/Plumbing Specifications

Fencing Permit
This is secured prior to actual construction of a fence.
Requirements:
1. Accomplished Fencing Permit Form
2. Fencing Plan
4. Lot Plan with Certification of a Geodetic Engineer that the proposed fence will not
encroach on adjoining properties
5. Title of Property (TCT)
6. Deed of Sale/Lease Contract/Contract to Sell (if the TCT is not in the name of the
owner/applicant)
7. Updated Tax Declaration and Certificate of Real Property Tax Payment

Inc.
Demolition Permit
This permit is secured prior to the systematic dismantling or destruction of a building or
structure in whole or in part.
Requirements:
1. Accomplished Demolition Permit Form
2. Sketch plan of area to be demolished
3. Updated Certificate of Tax Payment

Temporary Service Connection Permit
This permit is secured for the temporary service connection to a power utility for lighting and
power construction, Christmas decorative lighting, lighting of cemeteries, temporary lighting
for carnivals/fiestas, testing, etc.
Requirements:
1. Accomplished Permit Form (DPWH Form No. 96-005-E)
2. Building Permit for new construction
3. Electrical plan/layout
4. Fire Safety Inspection Certificate (FSIC)
5. Permit Fee
Excavation and Ground Preparation Permit

This permit is secured prior to the actual ground preparation and excavation after the
building line is established.
Requirements:
1. Accomplished Permit Form
2. Permit Fee

Sidewalk Construction Permit
This permit is secured prior to the construction and repair of sidewalks.
Requirements:
2. Sketch plan of sidewalk to be constructed/repaired
3. Permit Fee

Scaffolding Permit
This permit is secured whenever the erection of scaffolding occupies the street lines.
Requirements:
2. Sketch plan of street line to be occupied
3. Permit Fee
Inc.
Sign Permit
This permit is secured prior to the installation, erection, attachment, painting of any forms of
signages.
Requirements:
1. Accomplished Building Permit Form whenever there is a concrete/steel structure.
2. Structural analysis
3. Zoning Clearance
4. Accomplished Electrical permit form (DPWH Form No. 96-001-E) whenever there is an
electrical connection
5. Fire clearance whenever there is an electrical connection
6. Accomplished sign permit form
7. Sketch plan of signage/s to be installed/erected.
8. Location/vicinity plan
9. Lot documents whenever it occupies a private lot
10. DPWH clearance (for national roads/hi-way)
11. Permit Fee
Permit to Operate Mechanical Equipment

This permit is secured prior to the actual operation of any mechanical equipment.
Requirements:
1. Accomplished Certificate of Completion
2. Inspection Fee
Inc.
Electrical Boxes
Outdoor, Flush and Surface Mounting Types
Wherever you cut branch circuit wiring in order to splice it into another wire or attach it
to a switch or outlet, those exposed ends must be contained in a junction box, switch box, or
ceiling box. In additional to housing the switch or receptacle, the box keeps the exposed wire
ends away from flammable materials. All boxes must be covered and at the same time always
accessible. In some cases, such as junction boxes, the cover is solid. Other covers are designed
for outlets or switches. Boxes are made either of plastic, or steel with a galvanized finished
finish. Fiberglass boxes are also available in some areas.
Plastic Boxes
Plastic boxes are cheaper than metal and are fine for a basic lighting circuit in a new
house. They are made from a hard thermoplastic intended primarily for use with nonmetallic
sheated cable. Although the code says that the wiring does not have to be clamped in the box if
it is supported within 8 inches of the box by a staple, some local codes require clamps on the
box. These clamps screw together as shown, one inside the box and one outside, to hold the
wire in place.
Plastic boxes normally come with two 16d nails fixed in the mounting bracket. These nails
are driven into the stud or ceiling joists, depending on the use of box.
Several different types of plastic boxes are available. You can use them in new
installations and in modernizing old work.
Because plastic boxes do not conduct electricity, they do not need to be attached to the
grounding wire in the cable. Instead attach the grounding wire to the green hexagonal grounding
terminal on the switch or receptacle.
Inc.
Metal Boxes
A variety of metal boxes are available in different sizes and shapes, designed for different
uses (See illustrations). Metal boxes have a threaded hole at the rear so that the grounding wire
can be attached to the box 2 ½ inches deep so that you have room to work and the box is not
overly crowded with wires. But metal boxes range in depth from ½ inch 31/2 inches.
For general lighting circuits, most metal boxes have a pair of clamps inside to hold the
nonmetallic wires. To use these clamps, first remove the knockout, then slip the wire under the
clamp. Tighten the screw to force the clamp against the wire.
Two boxes can be joined together, or ganged, so that four devices can be installed in the
box. The sides of this type of box are held in place by a screw. If you need only two devices in a
box, such as a switch and an outlet, 4-inches-square boxes are made specifically for this
purpose.
Knockouts
All boxes come with Knockouts, which are sections that can be removed from the front,
side, top, or bottom, depending on where the wires are running. In plastic boxes, the knockouts
are just a thin section in the box wall that is punched out with the handle of a pair of pliers. On
metal boxes, all but a small part of the knockout has been already cut out. To remove it, just rap
the knockout sharply with the pliers handle, then twist it back and forth to break off the “hinge”.
Some of the knockouts on metal boxes have small slots through which you can insert a
screwdriver to pry the knockout loose.
You must not remove ant more knockouts than you need. If you remove one and then
decide to go elsewhere with the wires, Code requires you to seal the wrong hole with a knockout
closure. Two types of closures are available in most hardware or electrical stores. For general
work, use the metal disc with tension clips around the edge. Simply press it into the unused hole.
For larger openings, there are two discs, one on each side of the hole, which are held together
by a screw through their center.
Number of Wires Permitted in a box

The code limits the number of wires that can be contained in any given switch box,
junction box, or ceiling box. In additional to the wires, these regulations include other items
often found in boxes. All are referred to as conductor. The rules are based on the size of the
wires used and the cubic inch size of the box. They are primarily designed to prevent you from
overcrowding the box, which apart from making if difficult to work, might damage the wires. If
this matter seems somewhat confusing, just use common sense and do not crowd the box.
Inc.
The chart below may require some interpretations.

Number of Conductors Permitted in a Box
Box size Maximum number of conductors
No.14 No.12 No.10 No. 8
Round or
Octagonal
4x1¼ 6 5 5 4
4x1½ 7 6 6 5
4 x 2 1/8 10 9 8 7
Square
4x21¼ 9 9 7 6
4x1½ 10 8 8 7
4 x 2 1/8 15 13 12 10
Switch Boxes
3x2x1½ 3 3 3 2
3x2x2 5 4 4 3
3x2x2¼ 5 4 4 3
3x2x2½ 6 5 5 4
3x2x2¾ 7 6 5 4
3x2x2½ 9 8 7 6
Junction Boxes
4 x 2 1/8 x 1 ½ 5 4 4 3
4 x 2 1/8 x 1 7/8 6 5 5 4
4 x 2 1/8 x 2 1/8 7 6 5 4
1. If a wire originates and ends within the box, such as the grounding jumper wire from the
receptacles to the metal box, do not count it as a conductor
2. The wires from a fixture to the wires in the box are not counted as conductors.
3. Count as only one conductor the two cable clamps often built into metal boxes.
4. A bare grounding wire entering and leaving the box is counted as only one conductor,
regardless of the number of such wires.
5. Deduct one from the numbers on the chart for each hickey, fixture stud, or mounting strap
in the box.
6. Do not count a switch or receptacle in the box.
As an example of the above, say you had a standard metal switch box 3 inches high, 2
inches wide and 2 ½ inches deep (3 x 2 x 2 ½ ), with two built-in cable clamps. According to the
code, if you are permitted 6 conductors in the box when using no. 14 wire. This would include
two incoming conductors (hot and neutral) plus a bare grounding wire. For a middle-of-the-run
connection, there would also be two outgoing conductors plus a bare grounding wire. That
accounts for five conductors, since the bare grounding wire. The two cable clamps in the box are
counted together as one more conductor. The total is now six, which is the maximum. You can
still install the switch or receptacles, since they are not counted.
But if you were using No. 12 wire, the limit would be five conductors. Technically, you
should therefore use a larger box or the same size without cable clamps to remain under the
maximum. If you have any doubts, talk it over first with your local inspector.
Inc.
Typical Service Entrance Wiring Installation Illustrations.
Single Family Dwelling
Private Pole Installation

Inc.
Typical Residential Service Entrance Installation
Horizontal Riser Installation

Inc.
Service Heads
Service Drop Clearance to Ground

Inc.
Required Clearance from Building Openings

Inc.
Taps and Joints and Splices

Some people are careless and erroneous in using the terms joints and splices. There is a
considerable difference between a joint and a splices.
By definitions, a joint is the tying together of two single wire conductor so that the union
will be good both mechanically and electrically.
A splice is the interlaying of the strands of two strands conductors so that the union will
be good both mechanically and electrically.
Making a joint tap comprises the operations of

1. Removing the insulations;
2. Cleaning the conductors;
3. Tying or interlaying
4. Soldering;
5. Taping.
Removing the Insulation

In preparing the insulated conductors for making joints or splices, the insulation must
first be removed from each conductor a proper distance depending upon the type of joint or
splice to be made.
This process is sometimes called skinning or stripping. This operation is usually
performed in a questionable manner by use of an ordinary knife blade resulting of loss of time
and probable nicking of wire.
For single wire conductor, a form of scraper should be used.
The insulation of a duplex cable should be first ripped with a tool stick; then the
insulation from the separate conductors is removed with a scraper.
If a knife is done with a knife, care should be taken to avoid nicking the wire; sandpaper
may be used to clean the wires.
Method of using Austin cable ripper. In operation, queeze and pull; This causes the cutter
to sink into the outer braid and rip same.
Twist and turns. Making twists, each wire is wrapped around the other, whereas in
making turns, one wire remains straight, the other wire being wrapped around the straight wire.
Taps
By definition, a tap is the connection of one wire to some point along the run of another
wire.
There are various taps to meet different conditions. The following should be noted.
Inc.
Plain Tap
The Plain Tap is the one most frequently used and is made without difficulty.
1. Remove about 1 ¼ inch of insulation a long the run wire and about ¼ inch from insulation
and take a hook.
2. Take 5 or 6 turns of the tap wire around the run wire. Note that the joint should terminate
about ½ inch from the insulation in the run wire. This permits soldering without burning
the insulation and gives better chance for taping.
Aerial Tap
The Aerial Tap is intended for wires subjected to considerable movement. It is similar to
the plain tap except that it has a long or easy twist to permit movement.
Knotted Tap
The Knotted Tap, as must be evident, is designed to take considerable tensile stress.
1. Remove 1 ½ inches to 2 inches if insulation from run wire and 3 inches from tap wire.
Make knot and note carefully how it is made.
2. Make several turns.
Inc.
Double Cross Tap
The Double Cross Tap is simply a combination of two plain taps.
For this tap remove about 2 ½ inches of insulation from the run wire and about ¼ inches
from each tap wire. Each tap is made as described for the plain taps; the taps starting at the
middle of the joint and running in opposite directions.
Duplex Tap
The Duplex Tap is used where two wires are to be tapped at the same time, because it
can be made quicker.
Remove about 2 inches of insulation from the run wire and about 3 inches from each tap
wire. Bring the two tap wires across the run wire at one end of the joint and double twist the
ends of the tap wires.
Inc.
Joints
There is a multiplicity of joints designed to meet the requirements of different kinds of

wiring. The duty to be performed by a joint determines the kind to be used.
In some cases, all that is required is that the joint be electricity good as for instance, the
pig tail joint used in junction or fixture outlet boxes; in other cases, the joints must be electrically
and mechanically good, as for instance, joints on an overhead line must be made so that they
will withstand considerable tensile stress due to the weight of the suspended conductor.
There are number of joints extensively used of which used of which the following should
be noted:
Pigtail
The Pig Tail Joint as before mentioned is suitable for service where there is no
mechanical stress as where wires are to be connected in an outlet box, switch, or conduit fitting.
Steps in making a pigtail joint

1. Cross the pair of conductors to be connected between the fingers and twist them together
for a distance of 1 inch. For heavy wires, pliers must be used.
2. The final twist must be made with a pair of pliers and the excess wire cut off. The bare
joints should now be pulled out of contact with any metal so that the circuit may be
tested.
Western Union Joint
The Western Union Joint is a modified form of the bell hanger’s joints. It is made in the
same way as the bell hanger’s joints with the exception that a number of twists are taken
instead of one. The object of the extra twists is to make it more mechanically efficient.
Splices - There is considerable difference between a joint and a splice yet the word splice is
commonly though incorrectly used for joint. The latter term relates to single wire conductors
and splice to multi-wire or stranded conductors.
Running Butt Splice - The term running butt relates to splices formed by butting together the
ends if two cable lengths to extend the run or length of circuit as distinguished from tap
splices later described.
Inc.
According to the method of wrapping the strands, running butt splices are classified as:
1. Single Wrapped
2. Multiple Wrapped
Single Wrapped Splice – This kind of splice is used for large (No. 6 or larger) because it is easier to
wrap a single wire at a turn than to wrap them all at once.
Multiple Wrapped Splices - This method of wrapping is generally used on small cables because
the strands are flexible and all can be wrapped in one operation. A three stand cable is
selected so as clearly show the method of wrapping.
Tap Splices - These are made when the end of one stranded conductor is to be conducted at
some point along the run of another stranded conductor.
Single Wrapped Splice
1. Remove about 6 inches of insulation from each cable and clean each strand.
2. Lay up (that is wrap) the strands for a distance of about 2 inches from the end of the
insulation of each cable and fan out the strands to an angle of about 30.
3. Interweave the strands by bringing together the laid up sections and in so doing see, that
one strand only of each wire passes between two strands of the other in each case. Make
a hook by sharply bending say strands 1 and A.
4. Wrap tightly one strand 1 around the laid up portion of the cable.
5. Wrap tightly each of the remaining strands of each cable around the laid up portion of the
other cable.
Multiple Wrapped Splice

1. Remove about 3 ½ inches of insulation from each cable and clean each strand.
2. Lay up the strands for a distance of 1 inch from the insulation. Fan the free ends and butt
together properly intertwining the strands.
3. Wrap tightly the strands of one cable around the laid up portion of the other cable
similarly wrap the strands of the other cable.
Ordinary Tap Splice

1. Remove insulation to a distance depending upon the size of the wire. Place tap conductor
at center splice and splice and divide up the strands as shown.
2. Wrap tightly strands as shown for small wires.
Split Tap Splice

1. Remove insulation to a distance depending upon the size of the wires. Place tap conductor
at center of splice and interweaving the strands as shown.
2. Wrap the strands on each side toward end side toward end of splice. The illustration
shows a single wrapped tap splice.
Y Splice
Inc.
1. Remove insulation to a distance depending upon the size of wire. Interweave the tap wire
through the run wire strands at one end of the splice and twist up the run wire strands in
the original direction
2. Tightly wrap the strands of the wire around the run wire, either by the single or multiple
methods, depending upon the size of the wire.
Wire Nuts
Wire nuts are also used to secure wire connections. Available in many sizes, they are twisted
onto the wires after the wires themselves are twisted together. Ensure that exposed conductors
do not extend from under the cap of the nut.
Inc.
Electrical Devices and Fittings
Set screw coupling (for EMT) Set screw connector (for EMT)
Service entrance cap/weather cap

Pendant socket
Fuse Tie wire/Cable tie
Junction box (circular)
Octagonal concrete box
Universal fitting (LL) Universal fitting (LB)
Universal fitting (T) Utility box (2”x4)

Inc.
Screw point insulator
Junction/Utility Box Cover
Pipe strap/conduit strap

Locknut and Bushing
Coupling for RSC

PVC Locknut
Universal fitting (C) Universal fitting (LR)
45º elbow
90º elbow
30º elbows
Inc.
Electrical Tools
Combination pliers Long nose pliers
Gimlet
Diagonal side cutter
Electrician’s Knife
Screw driver
Vise grip
Adjustable pliers (multi point)
Cable cutter
Bolt cutter
Pipe cutter Pipe vise

Inc.
Adjustable wrench
Pipe wrench
Wire crimper
Wire stripper
File
Soldering iron
Blow torch
Heat gun
Hack saw
Fish tape/wire
Inc.
Fuse puller
Auger bit and brace
Pipe threader
Pipe Reamer
Hickey
One shot bender

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REFERENCE MANUAL Document Code : RM-MFI-ELC-007

MFI Revision No. : 1

At the end of the topic the student should be able to:

Why sparks fly?

The Origin of the Word Electricity

Amber becomes electric

The movement of free electrons that will constitute electric current.

How is electricity Transmitted?

5. By Induction (Cycle, Dynamo, Generator)

Positive and Negative Charges

Hence, a normal atom is “electrically neutral”.

Example 1: COPPER (29Cu64) Example 2: ALUMINUM (13Cu27)

Permanent Magnet Electromagnet

Right hand rule

Electrical point of view in matter

Conductors Insulators Semiconductors

1-3 valence electrons 5-8 valence electrons 4 valence electrons

Insulated electrical conductor/wire

Current, Voltage and Resistance

Current can be likened to the flow of water in a pipe.

Conventional Current Flow vs. Electron Flow

We will adopt the conventional current flow.

Electrical Parameter Symbol Unit of measurement

Electrical Parameter Symbol Unit of measurement

Visual explanation of Ohms law

Sample computation using Ohm’s law:

Another unit for power is horsepower or “hp”

1 horsepower = 550 foot – pound / sec = 746 watts

Summary of Ohm’s law

Division of energy input into useful work and losses

At the end of the topic the student should be able to:

7. Know the physiological effects of electricity

Electricity is essential to modern life. Man work with electricity

Safety is a vital and important aspect of everything we do whether

Common Electrical Hazards

Ways to reduce hazards

2. Lock-out and Tag-out

3. Personal Protective Equipment

5. Circuit Protection Device

6. Good Safety Attitude

Lock-out and Tag-out procedures

If a Lock cannot be applied…

How to develop Safe Systems of Work

How to determine the seriousness of an electrical shock

How Electric shock occurs.

Effects of Electric Current on the Human Body

Physiological effects of electricity

Different types of burns

The procedure for mouth to mouth resuscitation

1. Clear foreign bodies from the victim’s mouth.

Removing a Person from a Live Circuit

1. If possible, shut off the current in the circuit in which the

2. If the bare wire or conductor is out, use a tool with a non-

3. Never attempt to release a person from the current with

General Safety Precautions to Prevent Burns, Shocks and Flashes

“Before Starting a Job”

Electrical safety tips

1. electrical service cords should be in good condition

Clothing / Personal Protective Equipment