Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 19 views

    Minerals: A Mineral Is A Naturally Occurring Inorganic Solid With Definite

    Uploaded by

    Alipriya Chatterjee
    A mineral is defined as an inorganic solid with a defined chemical composition and crystalline structure. Minerals are naturally occurring and must be inorganic and crystalline. Rocks are aggregates of minerals or mineraloids. The Earth's interior structure consists of a crust, mantle, and core based on seismic and other geophysical evidence. The crust and upper mantle are composed of silicate minerals while the core is composed of iron and nickel alloy.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Minerals: A Mineral Is A Naturally Occurring Inorganic Solid With Definite

    Uploaded by

    Alipriya Chatterjee
    19 views18 pages
    A mineral is defined as an inorganic solid with a defined chemical composition and crystalline structure. Minerals are naturally occurring and must be inorganic and crystalline. Rocks are aggregates of minerals or mineraloids. The Earth's interior structure consists of a crust, mantle, and core based on seismic and other geophysical evidence. The crust and upper mantle are composed of silicate minerals while the core is composed of iron and nickel alloy.

    Original Title

    2

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    A mineral is defined as an inorganic solid with a defined chemical composition and crystalline structure. Minerals are naturally occurring and must be inorganic and crystalline. Rocks are aggregates of minerals or mineraloids. The Earth's interior structure consists of a crust, mantle, and core based on seismic and other geophysical evidence. The crust and upper mantle are composed of silicate minerals while the core is composed of iron and nickel alloy.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    19 views18 pages

    Minerals: A Mineral Is A Naturally Occurring Inorganic Solid With Definite

    Uploaded by

    Alipriya Chatterjee
    A mineral is defined as an inorganic solid with a defined chemical composition and crystalline structure. Minerals are naturally occurring and must be inorganic and crystalline. Rocks are aggregates of minerals or mineraloids. The Earth's interior structure consists of a crust, mantle, and core based on seismic and other geophysical evidence. The crust and upper mantle are composed of silicate minerals while the core is composed of iron and nickel alloy.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 18

    MINERALS

    A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic solid with definite


    chemical composition and a crystalline structure.
    Minerals are:
     Inorganic
     Naturally occurring
     Must be crystalline solids
     Crystalline materials

    Olivine
    ROCKS
    Rock is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of
    minerals or mineraloid matter.
    METEORITES: DUNITE: Olivine
    Olivine + Pyroxene
    + Fe-oxides
    ORE MINERALS: PYRITE
    TYPES OF ROCKS
    Interior of the Earth
    Crust
    (granites & Litho
    basalts) sphere
    Astheno
    sphere
    Mantle
    (silicates) Meso
    sphere

    Outer
    Core

    Core
    (Fe, Ni, S) Inner
    Core
    Interior of the Earth
    Crust:
    Oceanic crust Mantle:
    Thin: 10 km Peridotite (ultramafic)
    Basaltic
    Continental Crust Upper to 410 km (olivine  spinel)
    Thicker: 20-90 km, ~35 km Low Velocity Layer 60-220 km
    Highly variable composition Transition Zone
    Granodioritic velocity increases rapidly
    Core: 410-660 KM (spinel  perovskite)
    Fe-Ni metallic alloy SiIV  SiVI
    Outer Core is liquid Lower Mantle has a more gradual
    No S-waves velocity increase
    Inner Core is solid
    Minerals in
    the Earth
    How do we know?
     Informers:
    Density: Earth is ~5.52 g/cm3,
    Surface rocks 3.0 g/cm3
    Meteorites
    Geophysical methods: Seismic & gravity
    High P–T experiments
    Obducted lithosphere
    e.g. ophiolites
    Mantle-derived magmas
    Mantle-xenoliths–
    carried by mantle-derived magmas
    e.g. Kimberlites
    How do we know?The decrease in abundance with increasing
    atomic number (Z) reflects the difficulty
    synthesizing progressively larger atoms.

    The “sawtooth” nature of the curve is per the


    Oddo-Harkins rule, which says that atoms with
    even atomic numbers are more stable, and
    hence more abundant, than their odd-
    numbered neighbours.
    How do we know?
    Seismic Waves—4 waves:
    Body Waves - Primary (P) & Secondary (S) Waves.
    Surface Waves - Rayleigh & Love Waves.
    Notations of the
    arrival waves:
    P, PP, PKP, PcP,
    PKIKP, PKiKP
    S, SS, ScS
    Seismic waves and Temperature:

    Seismic Discontinuities: abnormal behavior by the seismic waves due to


    the change in physical and chemical properties
    Seismic Discontinuities:
    Geotherm & Source of heat:
    • Heat from the early
    accretion and
    differentiation of
    The difference in
    the Earth, still
    T between
    slowly reaching
    adjacent hotter
    surface
    and cooler
    • Heat released by the masses, called
    radioactivity of 235U, the thermal
    238U, 232Th, and 40K
    gradient

    • T gradient = 25 °C/km on continent


    • Upper mantle ∼0.6 °C/km
    Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology: J.D. Winter
    Pressure gradient:
    • P increases with depth
    • Nearly linear through mantle
    • 35 km = 10 kbar (1 Gpa)
    • Core: increase more rapidly
    since alloy denser

    Principles of igneous and


    metamorphic petrology: J.D. Winter Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology: J.D. Winter
    • In the granodioritic continental crust, mean density = 2.8 g/cm3
    • In basaltic oceanic crust density = 3.0 g/cm3
    • In peridotitic upper mantle, density = 3.3 g/cm3
    Heat flow regions:

    Ancient oceanic crust ~38 mW/m2


    Orogenic belts = 150 mW/m2
    Crust older than 800 Ma = ∼40 mW/m2 Principles of igneous and
    metamorphic petrology: J.D. Winter

    You might also like