Attendance

After our discussion

for today, in our
Homeroom Guidance
messenger class, type
PRESENT PO AKO,
and you learned from
today’s topic.
Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELCs)

Distinguish opinion from truth

Realize that the methods of philosophy lead to

wisdom and truth

Evaluate truth from opinions in different situations

using the methods of philosophizing
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

1. Define the role of philosophy in determining truth and

knowledge.
2. Distinguish opinion from truth.
3. Analyze situations that show the difference between
opinion and truth.
4. Realize that the methods of philosophy lead to wisdom
and truth.
5. Evaluate opinions.
 Activity: Comic Strip
Directions: Analyze the comic strip and answer the following questions.

1. Look at the comic strip. Do you agree with the reasoning of the person inside the car?
Why or why not?
2. If you are the biker, how would you react to the remarks of the person inside the car?
 Lesson 2
Methods of
Philosophizing
 Introduction
Philosophy gives us useful tools that can help us
determine truth. There are various perspectives
regarding what is “true and one must exercise careful
thought and reflection to determine the truthfulness
of a claim. Determining truth is useful because it
enables us to distinguish truthful claims from false
ones and helps us to carefully evaluate opinions and
determine which is factual or not.
 Introduction
Nowadays we encounter often of information from different
sources such as the media and our interactions with our friends,
family, and members of the community. Most of the information we
receive is helpful, but some may mislead us or may even be
completely false.

In our daily life we are confronted with news, claims and

announcements from our friends, family members, from the
authority of the government and media. How do we know if they
are telling the truth?
 Processing Question

List recent news that circulate on

media or social media that are true and
opinion.
Theories
of Truth
 Theories of Truth
Correspondence Theory
The basic idea of the correspondence theory is that what we believe or say is true if it corresponds to the
way things actually are based on facts. It argues with the idea that corresponds with reality is true while the
idea which does not correspond with reality is false.

For examples:
1. If I say the sky is blue then I look outside and see that it is indeed blue then my statement is true. On
the other hand, if I say pig has wings then when I look at the pig and it does not have wings then my
statement is false. In general statement of beliefs, propositions and ideas are capable of being true or
false.

2. There is a water fountain in front of the Cultural Center of the Philippines.

3. The sun will rise tomorrow.

4. A wooden table is a solid object.

 Theories of Truth
Coherence Theory
According to Austine Cline, he is a writer and a great distributor of articles about secular
humanism and agnosticism. For Cline, conclude that statement is true only when the
statement is tested as a part of a larger system of complex ideas. By using this method
one can ascertain if the statement is true or false based on the statement coheres with
the larger system or not.

For examples:
1. If you pick up a ball and drop it accidentally, the action cannot be simply explained by
our belief in the law of gravity which can be verified but also be a host of factors that may
have something to do with the incident such as accuracy of our visual perception.
2. Bachelors are unmarried men.
3. 2+2=4
4. Cats are animals.
Theories of Truth
Pragmatic Theory
Which states that a belief or statement is true if it has a useful application in the world. If
it does not then it is not true. We can know whether a belief or statement is true by
examining the consequences of accepting or holding the statement or belief to be true.

For examples:
1. There are some people who think that there is a ghost or vampires because they find
it useful in explaining unusual phenomena and in dealing with fears. If we are going to
use the word truth, then we’ll also define it as that which is the most useful to us.

2. A dream board is necessary for dreams to come true.

3. What is more important to me at this time is my family.

 Theories of Truth
Pragmatic Theory

Did you know?

William James is considered as the

father of Pragmatism
 3 Perspectives regarding
truth
According to Abella (2016), there are several views regarding truth. But what kind
of belief is truthful? How do we know that what we believe is true?

He further explained, that everything we know about this world is true. But
philosophers who pondered upon the origins of knowledge doubted everything
that there is to know about themselves and the world. It is said that there are
instances when we have to unlearn something so that we may learn anew.
In philosophy, systematic doubt is employed to help determine truth.

1. A belief is true if it can be justified or proven through the use of one’s senses.
2. A belief or statement is true if it is based on facts.
3. Getting a consensus or having people agree on a common belief.
 Activity
Apply systematic doubt in analyzing the following
statements. Describe how you will determine their
truthfulness.

1. Our house is tidy.

2. Our gym is big.
3. I am a good person.
4. We live in a safe and peace community.
5. I understand the lesson.
 Methods of
Philosophy that
Lead to Wisdom
and Truth
 Philosophizing
Means we think or we express our self in a philosophical manner. It
discusses a matter from a philosophical point of view. Arguments are given
great importance since these are used to carry ideas that influence the
thinking, actions, and behavior of people. It can lead to either right or wrong
decision and action. Thus, we need to be careful when we listen to
arguments since not all arguments are truthful. In addition, not all
arguments have the same goodness because some are better presented
and prove than others. It is also possible that claims and arguments are
given by persons who have malicious intentions and wish to twist or
manipulate facts to suit their own purposes. As we analyze what is
presented to us, we must always keep in mind the standards of critical
thinking.
 Method of philosophizing

According to Abella (2016), a method of philosophizing is a

process of determining the truth or drawing conclusions
from a statement using various philosophical methods.
 Theories of Truth
Scientific Method
Gilbuena (2018) also stated the term “science” is derived from the Latin
word scientia that means “to produce knowledge.” The scientific method
also called empirical method, is a process of determining truth or
knowledge through experimentation, inductive and deductive reasoning,
and hypothesis or theory testing. The scientific could trace its history from
the Classical period with Aristotle giving the earliest structured theory on
the scientific approach. The process begins with an idea about any given
topic. Hypothesis testing is done to prove the validity of this idea.

In philosophical view, the means of hypothesis testing and its result are
considered the most important feature of the method. The scientific
method also values observation as an important aspect because it
contributes to further understanding the result of the hypothesis testing.
Theories of Truth
Scientific Method
 Theories of Truth
Socratic method
Socrates engaged in “didactic dialogue” of
questioning that is expressed in the critical
examination and cross examination of the
positions of every participant to the conversation.
This didactic dialogue intends not to convey new
truth but only as guide to arriving the truth
(Nelson 1965). The method is later known as
‘Socratic method of questioning”.
Theories of
Truth

Socratic
method
 Theories of Truth
Dialectic Method
Gilbuena (2018) also explained dialectic method is also known as
the dialectical method, is at base a discourse between two or more
people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing
to establish the truth through reasoned methods of argumentation.
Dialectic resembles debate, but the concept excludes subjective
elements such as emotional appeal and the modern pejorative
sense of rhetoric.
Theories of Truth
Theories of Truth
Theories of Truth
 Theories of Truth
He also stated both the Socratic and Dialectic method are based on a
discussion between two or more people who carry differing views but
wish to pursue the truth by seeking an agreement with one another.
Meanwhile, Scientific method is a process of determining truth or
knowledge through experimentation, and inductive or deductive
reasoning. The Scientific method leads to wisdom and truth because it
uses an evidence – based approach to come up with its conclusion. In this
method, all truths are carry by facts that can be easily tested or proven
again through experiments, logical reasoning, or observation. The
knowledge and truth gained from the scientific method are guaranteed to
come direct from valid conclusions.
Different
Fallacies
Processing Question
Why people
argue? How
people are able
to win
arguments?
 Critical Thinking
What separates mere thinking from critical thinking? Critical is a Greek
word “kritikos” (to separate) and analysis “ana” (throughout) “lusis” (to
loosen) so, critical thinking mean thinking analytically.

This is a method that philosophers use to address philosophical

question. It is the ability to engage in reflective and independent
thinking. Critical thinking is the careful, reflective, rational, and
systematic approach to questions of very general interest. The
attributes of critical thinker include, looks for evidence to support
assumption and belief adjust opinion, looks for proof, examines the
problem, reject irrelevant and innocent information. (Hospers 1997)
 Arguments
This is a series of statements that provide reasons to
convince the reader or listener that a claim or opinion is
truthful.

However, a number of arguments may be based on faulty

reasoning. These kinds of arguments are called fallacies.
Some of these fallacies may be intentional, as the person
making the claim is desperate to convince you to accept
his or her argument. (Abella 2016)
 Fallacy
Fallacy or Fake argument (maling
pangangatuwiran)– are group of statements
that appear to be arguments to support the
conclusion.
Different Fallacies
Different Fallacies
Different Fallacies
Different Fallacies
Different Fallacies
Different Fallacies
Different Fallacies
Different Fallacies
Different Fallacies
Different Fallacies
Different Fallacies
Different Fallacies
Different Fallacies
Different Fallacies
 Bias
These are the personal views of the person presenting it. They are not
necessarily errors in reasoning, but refer to tendencies or influences which
affect the views of people. (Abella 2016)
Types and Characteristics of Biases
Types and Characteristics of Biases
 FACTS VERSUS OPINION: FOCUS
ON INFORMATION LITERACY
Today's students, many of whom do most of their
research online, are able to access a nearly limitless
supply of information -- much of it came from
unknown sources. In fact, the very nature of the
medium allows anyone with an Internet provider and
a small amount of skill to disseminate whatever
information he or she chooses. The result is a World
Wide Web of overflowing information, on the other
hand, it also contains inadvertent ignorance and
blatant biases.
 IDENTIFYING THE FACTORS OF A
QUALITY WEBSITE
Michigan State University reference librarian Terry Link suggests examining the
following factors when evaluating the quality of a Web site:
Authority: Who is the author and what are his or her qualifications? Who is the
publisher and what is the purpose of the site?
Verifiability: Are sources provided?
Timeliness: Is the information current? When was it posted and/or last updated?
Relevance: Does the material contain unsubstantiated generalizations?
Bias: Is the language emotional or inflammatory? Does the information represent a
single opinion or a range of opinions?
Orderliness: Is the page arranged in an order that makes sense? Are underlying
assumptions identifiable? Is the information consistent?
Clarity: Is the information clearly stated? Does the author define important terms?
Validity: Do the facts presented support the conclusions?
IDENTIFYING THE FACTORS
OF A QUALITY WEBSITE
IDENTIFYING THE FACTORS
OF A QUALITY WEBSITE
IDENTIFYING THE FACTORS
OF A QUALITY WEBSITE
 Let’s remember the acronym CIB
and COBI !
C- Confirmed with other sources.
I- Independent of one’s interpretation, preferences, and biases.
B- Based on facts and reality.
then the statement is truth.

C- if the statement cannot be Confirmed

O- Open to interpretation
B- Based on emotions
I- Inherently biased

then the statement is an opinion.

 Activity: Fact or
Opinion ?
Direction: Underline the factual statement and encircle the opinionated statement in the
found essay about Global warming (please refer to references)

Global Warming is a term almost everyone is familiar with. But its meaning is still
not clear to most of us. So, Global warming refers to the gradual rise in the overall
temperature of the atmosphere of the Earth. There are various activities taking
place which have been increasing the temperature gradually. Global warming is
melting our ice glaciers rapidly. This is extremely harmful to the earth as well as
humans. It is quite challenging to control global warming; however, it is not
unmanageable. The first step in solving any problem is identifying the cause of
the problem. Therefore, we need to first understand the causes of global warming
that will help us proceed further in solving it. In this essay on Global Warming, we
will see the causes and solutions of Global Warming.
 THE EVALUATION PROCESS
In considering the kinds of sources or sites, Robert Harris, a
professor of English at Southern California College suggests that
students should ask themselves, "Which sources are likely to be
fair, objective, lacking hidden motives, showing quality control?"
Harris recommends selecting sites that include as many of the
following as possible:
the author's name, title, and/or position.
the site's organizational affiliation, if any.
the date the page was created or updated.
contact information, such as an email or snail-mail address.
 THE EVALUATION PROCESS
Once students have located sources that appear appropriate and
credible, Harris advises students to subject the sites to the CARS
checklist for informational quality. The four components of the
CARS checklist are:
Credibility: What about this source makes it believable?
Accuracy: Is the information provided up-to-date, factual,
detailed, exact, and comprehensive?
Reasonableness: Is the information fair, objective, moderate,
and consistent?
Support: Can the information be corroborated?
 HOW DO I KNOW?
Harris suggests that, when evaluating those four components, students
examine the sites based on the following:
Type -- determine whether the URL includes .gov (government), .edu or .ac
(educational/academic), .com (commercial), .org (nonprofit organization), or. ~
(personal page).
Publisher -- determine whether the organization, agency, school, business,
or individual maintaining the site is likely to have a particular agenda or bias.
Author -- determine the author's education, training, and background to find
out whether he or she is a trained expert, an experienced enthusiast, or an
uninformed observer.
Structure -- determine whether the format is clear, logical, and easily
navigable.
 HOW DO I KNOW?
Language -- determine whether the text contains emotional,
inflammatory, profane, or confusing language. Count the number of spelling,
grammatical, and typographical errors. Too many mistakes can indicate
carelessness and suggest informational errors as well.
Dates -- determine when the information was published and/or updated.
If possible, check the publication dates of supporting data.
Graphics -- determine whether images and animations take up a
disproportionate amount of space in relation to their informational value.
Decide whether the graphics convey information, add interest, provide
interactivity, or simply distract.
Links -- determine whether the site's bibliography and/or links contain
both supportive and contradictory information.
 Processing Question
1. What are the experiences or things that you
considered real, true, and unchanging in your
life?

2. Give at least one experienced or a situation

where what you believed to be true turned out to
be untrue? How did this experience affect you?
 Activity: I-BILIB
Directions: Analyze the following pictures. Write BILIB if the picture followed CARS
(Credibility, Accuracy, Reasonableness, and Supported) and write NOT if it did not follow
CARS according to Robert Harris. Afterwards, explain your answer.
 Activity: I-BILIB
Directions: Analyze the following pictures. Write BILIB if the picture followed CARS
(Credibility, Accuracy, Reasonableness, and Supported) and write NOT if it did not follow
CARS according to Robert Harris. Afterwards, explain your answer.
What I Have Learned
Value Formation
 Performance Task#__
COMIC CON

Directions: Draw a comic strip

that portrays ONE type of fallacy.
Explain your work.
 Assignment
1. Study the Lesson 3 – THE HUMAN
PERSON AS AN EMBODIED
SPIRIT

2. Submit the PETA #___ on the said

DEADLINE given by the teacher.