ASSIGNMENT TOPIC

CARBOHYDRATES

Subject: Biochemistry
Submitted to: Mr.M Azam
Submitted by: Group 2
Amis Noor: 70134845
Saba Shehzadi: 70136872
Rabia Abbas: 70134848
Umar Chaudry: 70135463
Zeeshan shoukat: 70136912
Date: 14.12.2022
 DEFINITION OF CARBOHYDRATES

Carbohydrate is one of the most important organic molecule present in the body of living

organisms. It is the organic molecules composed of carbon,hydrogen and oxygen.It is also called

sugar or the polymers of sugar. These are called sugar because of sweet in taste. Carbohydrates

are soluble in water. They can be aldehyde or ketone.

aldehyde ketone

R is any alkyl group

Functions Of Carbohydrates

Source of Energy

• Energy production

• Energy storage

• Sparing protein

• Preventing ketosis

• Help in regulation of blood glucose

• Simple Sugars

• Sweet In Taste

• Easily Soluble In Water

• Cant Be Hydrolysed

• Composed Of 3to 7 Carbons

On the basis of number of sugars carbohydrates are classified as under:

Classification of carbohydrates
 MONOSACCHARIDES

Monosaccharide are those carbohydrates in which only one molecule of sugar is present.these

are the simplest carbohydrates since they cannot be hydrolyzed to smaller carbohydrates.

Chemically they are aldehydes or ketones possessing two or more hydroxyl groups, and are

important as building blocks for the synthesis of nucleic acids, as well as fuel molecules, that is,

in glycolysis.

• Sweet In Taste.

• Simple sugars.

• Easily Soluble In Water due to OH group.

• Cant Be Hydrolysed.

• Composed Of 3to 7 Carbons.

Types Of Monosaccharides

Aldosugar : Aldosugars are those compounds in which functional group is aldehyde. It is

also called polyhydroxy aldehyde

For example: Glucose

Glucose

Ketosugar The carbohydrates in which functional group is ketone.also called polyhydroxy ketone

For example: Fructose.

Each of the three common monosaccharides is hexoses, containing 6 carbon, 12 hydrogen, and 6

oxygen molecules in slightly varied configurations. The three most common monosaccharides

are glucose, fructose, and galactose. Examples of monosaccharides include glucose (dextrose),

fructose, galactose, xylose and ribose. Monosaccharides are the building blocks of disaccharides

like sucrose (common sugar) and polysaccharides (such as cellulose and starch)
 Biological Importance

The most nutritionally important and abundant monosaccharide is glucose, which is used as the

major cell fuel in the human body and can be found unbound in body tissues and fluids. Glucose

is the building block of several polysaccharides. These three monosaccharides are found in many

of the foods we eat every day. Fructose is the main sugar in fruit and honey. Galactose is found in

milk as a part of the sugar lactose.

The most important monosaccharide for living things is glucose. It is the main source of chemical

energy used for cell functions in all organisms, from bacteria to humans.

Plants and certain microorganisms can manufacture glucose through photosynthesis. Organisms

like humans can’t produce their own glucose and must get it from food.

DIASACCHRIDES

A disaccharide (also called a double sugar ) is the sugar formed when two monosaccharides

(simple sugars) are joined by glycosidic linkage. Like monosaccharides, disaccharides are

soluble in water. Three common examples are sucrose, lactose, and maltose. The three major

disaccharides are sucrose, lactose, and maltose. Sucrose, which is formed following
photosynthesis in green plants, consists of one molecule of glucose and one of fructose bonded via

an α-,β-linkage. The three major disaccharides are sucrose, lactose, and maltose. Sucrose, which

is formed following photosynthesis in green plants, consists of one molecule of glucose and one

of fructose bonded via an α-,β-linkage.

Structural Formula

Biological importance

Disaccharides act as an energy source for the body, just like any other carbohydrate. When we

eat foods that contain disaccharides, our bodies break them down into simple sugars (monosaccharides) for

absorption in the small intestine.

Oligosaccharide are carbohydrates that contain two or more than two monosaccharide

They are combine by glycosidic linkage and covalent bond is present.

Classification:

when two monosaccharide combine it form a disaccharide. E.g lactose, in which galactose and

glucose is present. sucrose : in which glucose and fructose is present.

When three monosaccharide combine it form trisaccharide. eg raffinose in which one galactose

one glucose and one fructose is present.

When four monosaccharide combine it form tetra saccharide eg seasamose in which two galactose,

one glucose and one fructose is present. When five monosaccharides combine it form

pentasaccarides eg verbascose in which three galactose, one glucose and one fructose is present.

Biological Significance

It is present in legume, beetroots, cabbage, cotton seeds, grain and pulses. Oligosaccharides

have important role in cell recognition and cell binding it is also important in imune functions.
 POLYSACCHARIDES

Polysaccharides are major classes of biomolecules. They are long chains of carbohydrate

molecules, composed of several smaller monosaccharides. These complex bio-macromolecules

functions as an important source of energy in animal cell and form a structural component of a

plant cell.

Starch, cellulose, and glycogen are some examples of polysaccharides.

Polysaccharides generally perform one of two functions: energy storage or structural support.

Starch and glycogen are highly compact polymers that are used for energy storage. Cellulose and

chitin are linear polymers that are used for structural support in plants and animals, respectively.

Biological Importance

Polysaccharides play an important role in interstitial fluids and connective tissue,

providing mechanical strength and lubrication. Shorter saccharide sequences on soluble

with soluble and membrane-bound proteins.

DERIVED CARBOHYDRATES

Carbohydrate derivatives are sugar molecules that have been modified with

substituents other than hydroxyl groups. Examples include glycosylamines, sugar phosphates,

and sugar acetates. Most sugar derivatives occur naturally and have important biological functions.

Carbohydrates are formed by green plants from carbon dioxide and water during the process

of photosynthesis. Carbohydrates serve as energy sources and as essential structural components

in organisms; in addition, part of the structure of nucleic acids, which contain genetic informatiom

Biological Importance

They have a wide range of functions, including: - Providing a significant fraction of the

dietary calories for most organisms. - Acting as a storage form of energy in the body. - Serving

as cell membrane components that mediate some forms of intercellular communication.

Prosser, C.L. (ed.),1973 Comparative animal physiology. Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders Company

Prosser, 1011 p. 3rd ed. White, A., et al., 1978 Principles of biochemistry. New York, McGraw-

Hill Book Company, 1492 p. 6th ed.