3.

RESPIRATION/ TISSUE
RESPIRATION/ INTERNAL
RESPIRATION
1
⚫ Respiration is the chemical process by b) State two situations in plants when
which food substances are chemically broken the rate of respiration rises more than
down in all living cells to release heat energy, normal
carbon  During germination.
(IV) oxide, water, alcohol/lactic acid.
 During rapid growth/ cell division.
⚫ Respiration takes place in the mitochondria
slowly and is controlled by respiratory  During active uptake/ transport of substances/
enzymes so that energy is produced mineral salts.
continuously and in small amounts. Significance/ importance of respiration.
⚫ This prevents cells from burning up if all ⚫ It produces energy which is used for:
the energy in the food were to be released a) Muscular contraction.
all at once.
b) Conduction of nerve impulses.
⚫ Gaseous exchange is the physical exchange
of gases across the respiratory surfaces. c) Secretion of enzymes and hormones.
Study question 1. d) Growth and repair of worn out tissues.
⚫ What is the difference between respiration and
e) Functioning of body organs e.g. kidney, heart,
gaseous exchange? brain.
Study question 2 f) Active uptake of nutrients.
a) Explain why plants have lower g) Digestion of food e.g. peristalsis, absorption
of digested food, chewing, churning,
respiratory rates compared to animals secretion of mucus/ digestive enzymes
 Plants are less active than animals hence
require less energy than animals.
© Sam obare
13-May-21
 Practical activity
2
Aim Procedure.
⚫ To investigate what gas is given off
when food is burnt. 1. Place some food sample in a
dry boiling tube.
Requirements. 2. Hold the test-tube containing the
i. Starch powder/crushed food sample horizontally.
beans/maize flour/milk powder. 3. Pour a little calcium hydroxide
ii. Test-tube. solution (lime water) into another
iii. Boiling tube. test-tube and support it.
iv. Calcium hydroxide solution(lime 4. Using a delivery tube connect
water). the boiling tube to the test tube
v. Rubber stopper. ensuring the free end of the
delivery tube dips into calcium
vi. Anhydrous blue cobalt hydroxide solution/ lime water.
chloride paper.
vii. Source of heat, delivery tube.
viii. Retort stand.

© Sam obare
13-May-21
 3
5. Heat the boiling tube containing Observation and conclusion.
the food sample strongly. ⚫ When food is burnt, carbon (IV)
6. Observe and record what happens oxide is produced which turns lime
to the food sample, calcium water milky.
hydroxide solution and the upper ⚫ Water vapour is also produced that
sides of the boiling tube with the accumulate on the inner upper side
food sample. of the test tube which turns
7. Disconnect the apparatus and rub anhydrous cobalt (II) chloride
anhydrous blue cobalt (II) paper pink.
chloride paper on the inner upper
side of the test-tube containing
the food sample.
8. Record the colour change
observed on the blue cobalt
(II) chloride paper.

© Sam obare 13-May-21

© Sam obare 4 13-May-21
 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RESPIRATION AND
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
5

RESPIRATION PHOTOSYNTHESIS
1. It takes place in all living cells. 1. It takes place in cells with chlorophyll
e.g. guard cell, palisade, spongy
mesophyll cell.
2. It takes place continuously in the 2. It takes place only in the presence of
presence or absence of light. light.
3. It leads to the breakdown of complex 3. It leads to the synthesis of complex
organic molecules into simple organic molecules from simple
inorganic compounds. inorganic compounds.
4. It uses oxygen. 4. It releases oxygen.
5. It releases energy. 5. It stores energy.
6. It releases carbon (IV) oxide and water. 6. It uses carbon (IV) oxide and water.
7. It takes place in mitochondria. 7. It takes place in chloroplasts.

© Sam obare 13-May-21

 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF
A MITOCHONDRION
6
⚫ Mitochondria (sing.
Mitochondrion) are small ⚫ Living cells e.g. the kidney
round or rod shaped cell cells, the flight muscle of
organelles found in cells and insects and birds, the sperm
provide sites for cells and muscle cells require
respiratory activity/ high amount of energy hence
respiration. they have large numbers of
mitochondria.
Adaptation of mitochondrion.
1. It has numerous cristae to
increase surface area for
attachment of respiratory
enzymes.
2. It has a fluid-filled matrix
that contains numerous
enzymes that catalyze
respiratory reactions.

© Sam obare
13-May-
21
© Sam obare 7 13-May-21
 TYPES OF RESPIRATION
8
⚫ They ⚫ If all the energy were released once
include:
a) Aerobic respiration- it takes place/ in form of heat, it would burn the
occurs in the presence of oxygen. body cells.
b) Anaerobic respiration- it takes ⚫ To protect the cells from burning,
place/ occurs in the absence of the heat energy is released in
light. small quantities in stages.
A. AEROBIC RESPIRATION. ⚫ 38 ATP molecules are produced.
⚫ Aerobic respiration is the process in
which food substances (e.g. glucose)
are broken down in the presence
of oxygen in tissue cells to
release energy, water and
carbon (IV) oxide.
⚫ A lot of energy produced at the end
of aerobic respiration/ oxidation is
very high.
© Sam obare 13-May-21
 9
⚫ Some of the energy produced is
stored in form of ATP
(Adenosine Triphosphate)/ used
to form a chemical compound
called ATP.
⚫ In the formation of ATP, the
energy causes a reaction
between a two-phosphate
molecule ADP (Adenosine
Diphosphate) molecule with
inorganic phosphate to form
ATP
⚫ ATP molecules store the energy
released during respiration in
their bonds and readily avails
the energy to the cells when
required.
© Sam obare 13-May-21
 PHASES/ STAGES OF AEROBIC
RESPIRATION
10
A. GLYCOLYSIS- It takes place
in the cytoplasm without using B. KREB’S CYCLE- it takes place
oxygen. in the matrix of the
mitochondria involving a series
⚫ It involves the breakdown of of enzyme-controlled reactions
glucose into pyruvic acid and using oxygen.
2 ATP molecules.
⚫ Pyruvic acid formed in glycolysis
⚫ If oxygen is not supplied to the is broken down to form
cell pyruvic acid is partially energy, carbon (IV) oxide.
broken down to lactic acid (in ⚫ One glucose molecule yields 38
animals) and ethanol/ alcohol (in
plants). molecules of ATP.
⚫ If oxygen is sufficient, pyruvic
acid enters into the second phase
(Kreb’s cycle) in the
mitochondria.

© Sam obare 13-May-21

 Differences between glycolysis and
Kreb’s cycle.
11

Kreb's cycle Glycolysis

1. It requires oxygen. 1. Oxygen is not required.
2. It occurs in the 2. It occurs in the cytoplasm.
mitochondria.
3. Produces a lot of energy/ 36 3. Produces less energy/ 2
ATP molecules. ATP molecules.
4. Involves complete 4. There is incomplete
breakdown of pyruvic breakdown of glucose
acid into carbon (IV) into pyruvic acid.
oxide, water and energy.
© Sam obare 13-May-21
 Enzyme controlled ETHANOL/ ALCOHOL + CARBON (IV)
reactions in the cytoplasm OXIDE + ENERGY/ ATP
in plants
Glycolysis in the cytoplasm

PYRUVI
GLUCOS
C
In LACTIC ACID + ENERGY/
E ATP
ACID animals

CARBON (IV) OXIDE + WATER +

KREB’S CYCLE
© Sam obare 12 ENERGY/ ATP 13-May-21
 Conditions necessary to maintain the
process of respiration in the living
cells.
13

1. The cells must be 4. Favourable temperature

provided with glucose should be maintained
or food. for efficient enzyme
2. Oxygen must be taken in functioning.
and react with the 5. The end products of the
glucose. reaction i.e. carbon (IV)
3. There must be oxide, water and energy
respiratory enzymes to must be constantly
catalyze the reaction. removed from the
mitochondrion.
© Sam obare
13-May-21
B. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION/ 14
FERMENTATION. ⚫ The incomplete breakdown of
⚫ Anaerobic respiration is the glucose result into production of
process by which food substances less energy and the rest of the
such as glucose are broken down energy remains locked up in bonds
without using oxygen. of lactic acid molecule.
⚫ It takes place in the cytoplasm ⚫ Lactic acid in animals and
and glucose is not broken down ethanol/alcohol in plants should
completely into carbon (IV) be eliminated immediately.
oxide and water to release ⚫ This is because these end products
energy. become toxic to the organism if
⚫ Instead, an intermediate compound, they are left to accumulate within
alcohol /ethanol in plants and the cells.
lactic acid in animals, is
produced.
© Sam obare 13-May-21
© Sam obare 15 13-May-21
 16
⚫ Anaerobic respiration that ⚫ When sugars are broken down
results in the accumulation by micro-organisms into
of alcohol is referred to as energy and lactic acid in animal
anaerobic fermentation. tissues is called lactic acid
⚫ Alcoholic fermentation involves fermentation.
the break down of simple sugars ⚫ The breakdown of milk sugar
by yeast into energy, carbon (IV) by bacteria results in the
oxide and ethanol/ alcohol. production of energy and
⚫ Some bacteria lactic acid which causes milk
breakdown ethanol to become sour.
anaerobically into
ethanoic acid.
© Sam obare
13-May-21
 17

⚫ Lactic acid formation also Differences between

occurs in muscles during products of anaerobic
strenuous exercises.
respiration in plants
⚫ Unlike alcoholic fermentation,
and
animals
lactic acid can be further be
In plants In animals
broken down to release energy.
1. Ethanol/ 1. Lactic acid
⚫ This is the reason why
alcohol is is produced.
the process of lactic acid produced.
fermentation causes an
2. Carbon (IV) 2. Carbon (IV)
organism to experience
oxide is oxide is not
oxygen debt.
produced. produced.

© Sam obare
13-May-21
 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AEROBIC AND
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
18

Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration.

1. Oxygen is necessary for the process 1. Oxygen is not required.
to take place.
2. High amount of energy is released. 2. Low amount of energy is released.
3. The substrate is broken down 3. The substrate is not broken down
completely. completely.
4. The end products are water, carbon 4. The end products are alcohol/
(IV) oxide and energy. ethanol and energy in plants and
lactic acid and energy in animals.
5. It occurs in the cytoplasm and 5. It occurs in the cytoplasm only.
mitochondria.
6. It occurs in 2 stages i.e. glycolysis 6. It occurs in one stage i.e.
and kreb’s cycle. glycolysis.
© Sam 13-May-
 OXYGEN DEBT
⚫ This is the extra amount of oxygen 19
Side effects of lactic acid
required to get rid of the lactic acid that
accumulates in the body tissues when the accumulation.
supply of oxygen is less than the i. Fatigue/muscle cramps.
demand. ii. Can lower the pH of blood.
⚫ Under these conditions the animal iii. Can increase the osmotic pressure of
tissues respire anaerobically causing the blood.
lactic acid to accumulate in the muscles. iv. It is toxic and can affect muscular
The lactic acid causes fatigue and result activity.
in muscle cramps.
⚫ A short distance runner/ diver holds
How does the body deal with lactic
his/ her breathe while running/ diving. acid?
i. Can be excreted through the kidney
in urine.
ii. It is taken to the liver and converted
into glycogen for storage.
iii. It can be converted into fat for
storage.
iv. It can be broken down to carbon
(IV) oxide, water and energy.

© Sam obare 13-May-21

 20
How is oxygen debt paid back? AEROBES AND ANAEROBES
⚫ Oxygen debt is paid back by ⚫ Aerobes are organisms that
the person breathing more cannot survive in the absence
quickly and more deeply of oxygen e.g. man.
(panting) in order to increase
the supply of oxygen to the ⚫ Anaerobes are organisms that
muscles. respire anaerobically.
⚫ The rate of heartbeat increases ⚫ There are two types of anaerobes,
so as to: namely:
i. Transport oxygen faster to the i. Obligate anaerobes- they
muscle cells survive/respire in the absence
of oxygen e.g. clostridium
ii. Transport/ remove lactic acid bacteria.
from the muscles to the liver. ii. Facultative anaerobes- they
survive/respire in the presence
or absence of oxygen e.g.
yeast.
© Sam obare
13-May-21
APPLICATION OF ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION/
FERMENTATION IN INDUSTRIES AND HOME.

1. Baking industry- Yeast is used to

produce carbon (IV) oxide that 21 3. Production of organic acids-
causes the dough to rise in the bacteria break down ethanol
making of products e.g. bread and anaerobically to produce organic
cakes. acids
e.g. ethanoic acid/ vinegar, citric
⚫ The starch in wheat flour is broken acid, oxalic acid and butanoic acid.
down into glucose which is then
broken down to carbon (IV) oxide 4. In the dairy industry- bacteria
giving bread the spongy structure and breaks down the sugars in milk to
softness and ethanol/ alcohol that gives release lactic acid which makes it
it flavor. possible to make products e.g.
Yoghurt, cheese, cream, butter and
2. Brewing industries- yeast is used ghee.The lactic acid gives these
to break down sugar in barley, grapes, products a characteristic flavour.
sorghum and malt to produce various
beverages e.g. beers and wines.
Distillation of alcohol results in acts as
a substitute for petrol in automobiles.
© Sam obare
13-May-21
 22
5. In pharmaceutical 7. Biogas production- Animal
industry- it utilizes anaerobic solid waste is fermented to
respiration to produce drugs e.g. produce methane gas(biogas).
penicillin. The gas is channeled in pipes
6. Sewage treatment- Bacteria and used for cooking or
are added into raw sewage and lighting.
they help to break organic 8. Production of compost
wastes anaerobically into manure- bacteria is used to
simpler substances. break down organic materials
⚫ The solid materials are then anaerobically to form
separated from water and used as compost manure.
manures.The water is treated and 9. Silage formation- bacteria
recycled for later use. break down organic materials
in animal feed to produce lactic
acid which preserves the silage.

© Sam obare
13-May-21
 RESPIRATORY SUBSTRATES
23
⚫ These are the food substances
that are broken down during 3. Lipids/ fats- they produce
respiration to produce energy. more energy than carbohydrates
or proteins but they are not the
⚫ The main substrates used main substrates of
in respiration include: carbohydrates because:
1. Carbohydrates- they are the i) They are not very soluble
main substrates in form of and therefore not easily
glucose, fructose and transported to the sites of
galactose. respiration.
2. Proteins- they are oxidized ii) They require more oxygen for
during extreme cases of oxidation.
starvation when there are no
carbohydrates and fats.They
are first converted into
carbohydrates then broken
down to release energy.

© Sam obare
13-May-
21
 RESPIRATORY QUOTIENT (RQ).
24
⚫ Respiratory quotient is a ratio Significance of respiratory
showing the relationship quotient.
between the amounts of carbon 1. It shows the type of
(IV) oxide produced against the substrate oxidized e.g.
amount of oxygen used in
respiration. i. Carbohydrates have RQ of 1
ii. Lipids(fats and oils) have RQ of
0.7
iii. Proteins have RQ of 0.9
2. It shows the type of respiration
taking place (aerobic/ anaerobic
respiration) e.g if RQ is less
than 1, then the amount of
oxygen used is more.

© Sam obare 13-May-21

 Study questions.
25
1. Calculate the respiratory 2. Study the equation below.
quotient in the equation a) Calculate RQ.
below.

© Sam obare 13-May-21

 26
b) State the type of Factors that affect
substrate used. respiratory quotient
⚫ Lipids . (RQ)
c) State the type of 1. The type of substrate.
respiration that took place 2. Type of respiration.
and give a reason. 3. Age.
⚫ Aerobic respiration. 4. Temperature of the
Because the volume surrounding.
of oxygen used is
5. State of health.
more leading to
aerobic respiration.

© Sam obare
13-May-21
 FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE RATE OF
RESPIRATION.
27
1. Age- young organisms have 4. State of health- Sick people
higher metabolic rates hence a require a lot of energy to restore
higher demand for energy hence energy hence have higher rate of
higher rate of respiration. respiration.
2. Body size- Babies have a 5. Physical activity/occupation-
large surface area to volume Physically active individuals/ manual
ratio hence lose heat at faster workers require more energy than
rate hence have a higher rate of passive individuals thus they have a
respiration than adults. higher respiration rate.
3. Sex- Males are more muscular 6. Basal metabolic rate (BMR)-
than females of the same age This is the energy required by the
hence have higher rate of body when it is at rest. The higher
the BMR the higher the energy
respiration.
requirement hence higher rate of
respiration.

© Sam obare 13-May-21

 28
7. Oxygen Concentration- 9. Hormones. Certain hormones
When the amount of oxygen is in the body such as adrenaline
low the rate of respiration and thyroxine are known to
slows down and when the increase respiratory activities.
amount of oxygen is high, the 10. Temperature- respiration is
rate of respiration increases. an enzyme controlled process.
8. Substrate concentration- Temperature above optimum
When sugar/glucose denatures/ destroys enzymes
concentration increases the rate lowering the rate of respiration.
of respiration also increases and Temperature below the
when the glucose/ sugar optimum inactivate the
concentration decreases the rate enzymes lowering the rate of
of respiration also decreases. respiration.

© Sam obare 13-May-21

 Experiment 1
29
Aim: Procedure.
⚫ To investigate production of heat by 1. Soak the seeds for 24 hours and
germinating seeds. then divide them into two equal
Requirements: portions.
i. Boiled bean seeds. 2. Boil one portion of seeds for ten
ii. Soaked bean seeds. minutes, let them cool and wash
them in 10% formalin/ methanol.
iii. Vacuum flasks.
3. Fill one vacuum flask with unboiled
iv. Cotton wool. seeds and the other one with boiled
v. Two thermometers. seeds.
vi. 10% formalin (methanol). 4. Place a thermometer in each flask
vii. Retort stand. such that the bulb is surrounded by
seeds.
5. Hold each thermometer with cotton
wool as shown below and record the
initial temperature.
6. Record the temperature every
morning and evening for a
week.
© Sam obare 13-May-21
© Sam obare 30 13-May-21
 Questions
31
a) State the observation made. d) Give a reason why beans were
⚫ There is a rise in washed in formalin/ methanol.
thermometer reading. ⚫ To kill pathogens.
b) Explain the observation made in e) What alteration would be made
a) above. in the set up to make the results
⚫ This is because seeds respire to more reliable?
produce energy required for ⚫ Flasks should be filled with
germination. Some of this seeds to ensure that the bulb
energy is lost in form of heat. is covered.
The heat energy raises the ⚫ Wash the seeds with
temperature in the flask. antiseptic to avoid heat
c) Why was the vacuum flask production by microbial
used? activities.
⚫ It does not allow heat loss
or entry.

© Sam obare 13-May-21

 Experiment 2.
32
Aim: 6. Rubber stopper
⚫ To investigate the gas produced 7. 10% glucose solution
during fermentation. 8. Yeast
Requirements: 9. Kerosene/oil
1. Boiling tube. 10. Retort stand
2. Measuring cylinder. 11. Means of heating.
3. Test-tubes.
4. Thermometer.
5. Delivery tube.

© Sam obare 13-May-21

 33
Procedure 4. Put some calcium hydroxide
1. Boil about 20 cm3 of (lime water) in test tube and
glucose in a tube and cool connect this test-tube to the
to 40 °C add some yeast. boiling tube using the
2. Pour onto the glucose and delivery tube and rubber
yeast suspension some stopper as shown below.
kerosene/ oil. 5. Record the changes that
3. Leave this for about one hour. occur in lime water and
thermometer reading.

© Sam obare 13-May-21

Ma -21
 Questions
35
a) Why was glucose solution boiled? c) Account for the temperature
 To remove oxygen from change in the boiling tube.
the solution; ⚫ There is rise in temperature / rise
b) Account for the change in the test in thermometer reading.This is
tube containing calcium because anaerobic respiration
hydroxide/ lime water. produces energy in form of heat.
⚫ Lime water (Calcium hydroxide) d) Why as oil/ paraffin layer added to
turns milky/cloudy.This is the suspension?
because the yeast cells break ⚫ It was added to prevent entry of
down glucose anaerobically air so as to allow anaerobic
forming carbon (IV) oxide which respiration take place.
reacts with lime water forming a
white precipitate/ which turns
lime water milky.

© Sam obare 13-May-21

 Study questions
36
1.The diagram below represents a set-up i. Name the physiological process that
that students used in an investigation. was being investigated.
Respiration.
ii. State the role of potassium
hydroxide in flask K.
It removes/absorbs CO2 from
atmospheric air.
iii. Account for the observation in
boiling tube L and flask N.
Boiling tube L- Lime water remains
clear because carbon (IV)
oxide has been removed..
Flask N- Lime water turns
milky/cloudy because the
respiring cockroaches produce
carbon (IV) oxide .

© Sam obare
13-May-21
 37
2.The figure below represents an a) What changes are observed at the
experiment on germinating peas. end of the experiment in figure b?
 The level of potassium
hydroxide in the retort flask
has risen.
 This is because germinating
seeds use oxygen in aerobic
respiration to produce
carbon
(IV) oxide which is absorbed
 by potassium hydroxide.
Pressure in the retort flask is
reduced, atmospheric pressure
forces potassium hydroxide to
rise up the retort flask.
© Sam obare
13-May-21
 38
b) What chemical change is 3. The diagram below
taking place in the illustrates an experimental
germinating peas? setup that was used to
 Aerobic respiration. investigate a certain
c) If water had been used physiological process.
instead of potassium
hydroxide solution in the
experiment, what would be
observed?
 The level of potassium
hydroxide would not
change.

© Sam obare
13-May-21
 39
a) What was the aim of the experiment?
d) Why was the vacuum flask used?
⚫ To investigate anaerobic
respiration using yeast. ⚫ To prevent loss or entry of heat.
b) State the observations made in e) Why was oil/ paraffin layer added to
the vacuum flask. the suspension?
⚫ Rise in thermometer reading/ rise in ⚫ It was added to prevent entry of air
temperature. so as to allow anaerobic
respiration take place.
⚫ Air bubbles in the flask.
f) Suggest a control for the experiment.
⚫ Smell of ethanol/ alcohol in the flask.
⚫ A similar set up without yeast/ using
c) Explain the observations made in the boiled yeast.
flask.
⚫ Yeast cells break down glucose
anaerobically to produce heat
energy, carbon (IV) oxide and
alcohol/ ethanol. Heat energy
increases the temperature/
thermometer reading and carbon
(IV) oxide causes bubbling.

© Sam obare 13-May-21