SQL Statements 4

Aggregating Data
Using Group Functions

Objectives
• After completing this lesson, you

should be able to do the following:
– Identify the available group functions
– Describe the use of group functions
– Group data using the GROUP BY clause
– Include or exclude grouped rows by
using the HAVING clause
What Are Group Functions?
• Group functions operate on sets of rows to
give one result per group.
EMP
DEPTNO SAL
--------- ---------
10 2450
10 5000
10 1300
20 800
20 1100 MAX(SAL)
20 3000 “maximum
20 3000 salary in ---------
20 2975 the EMP table” 5000
30 1600
30 2850
30 1250
30 950
30 1500
30 1250
Types of Group Functions
– AVG
– COUNT
– MAX
– MIN
– STDDEV
– SUM
– VARIANCE
SELECT [column,] group_function(column)

FROM table
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY column]
[ORDER BY column];
Using AVG and SUM Functions
• You can use AVG and SUM for numeric data.

SQL> SELECT AVG(sal), MAX(sal),
2 MIN(sal), SUM(sal)
3 FROM emp
4 WHERE job LIKE 'SALES%';
AVG(SAL) MAX(SAL) MIN(SAL) SUM(SAL)

-------- --------- --------- ---------
1400 1600 1250 5600
Using MIN and MAX Functions
• You can use MIN and MAX for any

datatype.
SQL> SELECT MIN(hiredate), MAX(hiredate)
2 FROM emp;
MIN(HIRED MAX(HIRED
--------- ---------
17-DEC-80 12-JAN-83
Using the COUNT Function
• COUNT(*) returns the number of rows
in a table.
SQL> SELECT COUNT(*)
2 FROM emp
3 WHERE deptno = 30;
COUNT(*)
---------
6
Using the COUNT Function
• COUNT(expr) returns the number of

nonnull rows.
SQL> SELECT COUNT(comm)
2 FROM emp
3 WHERE deptno = 30;
COUNT(COMM)
-----------
4
Group Functions and Null
Values
• Group functions ignore null values in
the column.
SQL> SELECT AVG(comm)
2 FROM emp;
AVG(COMM)
---------
550
Using the NVL Function
with Group Functions
• The NVL function forces group functions to
include null values.
SQL> SELECT AVG(NVL(comm,0))
2 FROM emp;
AVG(NVL(COMM,0))
----------------
157.14286
Creating Groups of Data
EMP
DEPTNO SAL
--------- ---------
10 2450
10 5000 2916.6667
10 1300
“average DEPTNO AVG(SAL)
20 800
20 1100 salary ------- ---------
20 3000 2175 in EMP 10 2916.6667
20 3000 table
20 2975 for each 20 2175
30 1600 department” 30 1566.6667
30 2850
30 1250 1566.6667
30 950
30 1500
30 1250
Creating Groups of Data:
GROUP BY Clause
SELECT column, group_function(column)
FROM table
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY group_by_expression]
[ORDER BY column];
• Divide rows in a table into smaller

groups by using the GROUP BY
clause.
Using the GROUP BY Clause
• All columns in the SELECT list that are
not in group functions must be in the
GROUP BY clause.
SQL> SELECT deptno, AVG(sal)
2 FROM emp
3 GROUP BY deptno;
DEPTNO AVG(SAL)
--------- ---------
10 2916.6667
20 2175
30 1566.6667
• The GROUP BY column does not have

to be in the SELECT list.
SQL> SELECT AVG(sal)
2 FROM emp
3 GROUP BY deptno;
AVG(SAL)
---------
2916.6667
2175
1566.6667
Grouping by More
EMP
Than One Column
DEPTNO JOB SAL
--------- --------- ---------
10 MANAGER 2450
DEPTNO JOB SUM(SAL)
10 PRESIDENT 5000
-------- --------- ---------
10 CLERK 1300
10 CLERK 1300
20 CLERK 800 “sum salaries in 10 MANAGER 2450
20 CLERK 1100 the EMP table 10 PRESIDENT 5000
20 ANALYST 3000 for each job, 20 ANALYST 6000
20 ANALYST 3000 grouped by 20 CLERK 1900
20 MANAGER 2975 department”
20 MANAGER 2975
30 SALESMAN 1600
30 CLERK 950
30 MANAGER 2850
30 MANAGER 2850
30 SALESMAN 1250
30 SALESMAN 5600
30 CLERK 950
30 SALESMAN 1500
30 SALESMAN 1250
on Multiple Columns
SQL> SELECT deptno, job, sum(sal)
2 FROM emp
3 GROUP BY deptno, job;
DEPTNO JOB SUM(SAL)

--------- --------- ---------
10 CLERK 1300
10 MANAGER 2450
10 PRESIDENT 5000
20 ANALYST 6000
20 CLERK 1900
...
9 rows selected.
Illegal Queries
• Any column or expression in the
SELECT list that is not an aggregate
function must be in the GROUP BY
clause.
SQL> SELECT deptno, COUNT(ename)
2 FROM emp; P B Y c l ause
th e G R OU
i ssing in
Column m
SELECT deptno, COUNT(ename)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00937: not a single-group group function
Illegal Queries
– You cannot use the WHERE clause to restrict
groups.
– You use the HAVING clause to restrict groups.
SQL> SELECT deptno, AVG(sal)
se
2 FROM emp
l a u
3 WHERE AVG(sal) > 2000 E c
E R
4 GROUP BY deptno; H ps
e W rou
h
t ct g
WHERE AVG(sal) > 2000 us e r i
s t
* not re
ERROR at line 3:Ca n t o
ORA-00934: group function is not allowed here
Excluding Group Results
EMP
DEPTNO SAL
--------- ---------
10 2450
10 5000 5000
10 1300
20 800
20 1100 “maximum DEPTNO MAX(SAL)
20 3000 3000 salary --------- ---------
20 3000 per department 10 5000
20 2975 greater than 20 3000
30 1600 $2900”
30 2850
30 1250
2850
30 950
30 1500
30 1250
Excluding Group Results:
HAVING Clause
• Use the HAVING clause to restrict
groups
• Rows are grouped.
• The group function is applied.
• Groups matching the HAVING clause are
displayed.
SELECT column, group_function
FROM table
[WHERE condition]
[HAVING group_condition]
[ORDER BY column];
Using the HAVING Clause
SQL> SELECT deptno, max(sal)

2 FROM emp
3 GROUP BY deptno
4 HAVING max(sal)>2900;
DEPTNO MAX(SAL)
--------- ---------
10 5000
20 3000
Using the HAVING Clause
SQL> SELECT job, SUM(sal) PAYROLL

2 FROM emp
3 WHERE job NOT LIKE 'SALES%'
4 GROUP BY job
5 HAVING SUM(sal)>5000
6 ORDER BY SUM(sal);
JOB PAYROLL
--------- ---------
ANALYST 6000
MANAGER 8275
Nesting Group Functions
• Display the maximum average salary.
SQL> SELECT max(avg(sal))

2 FROM emp
3 GROUP BY deptno;
MAX(AVG(SAL))
-------------
2916.6667
Summary
SELECT column, group_function(column)
FROM table
[WHERE condition]
[HAVING group_condition]
[ORDER BY column];
• Order of evaluation of the clauses:

– WHERE clause
– GROUP BY clause
– HAVING clause
Practice Overview
– Showing different queries that use group

functions
– Grouping by rows to achieve more than one
result
– Excluding groups by using the HAVING
clause

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Aggregating Data

Using Group Functions

• After completing this lesson, you

SELECT [column,] group_function(column)

• You can use AVG and SUM for numeric data.

AVG(SAL) MAX(SAL) MIN(SAL) SUM(SAL)

• You can use MIN and MAX for any

• COUNT(expr) returns the number of

• Divide rows in a table into smaller

• The GROUP BY column does not have

DEPTNO JOB SUM(SAL)

SQL> SELECT deptno, max(sal)

SQL> SELECT job, SUM(sal) PAYROLL

SQL> SELECT max(avg(sal))

• Order of evaluation of the clauses:

– Showing different queries that use group

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