Polish Journal of Science 52 (2022)

POLISH JOURNAL OF SCIENCE
№52 (2022)
VOL. 1
ISSN 3353-2389
Polish journal of science:
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Editor in chief –J an Kamiński, Kozminski University

Secretary – Mateusz Kowalczyk
Agata Żurawska – University of Warsaw, Poland

Jakub Walisiewicz – University of Lodz, Poland
Paula Bronisz – University of Wrocław, Poland
Barbara Lewczuk – Poznan University of Technology, Poland
Andrzej Janowiak – AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland
Frankie Imbriano – University of Milan, Italy
Taylor Jonson – Indiana University Bloomington, USA
Remi Tognetti – Ecole Normale Superieure de Cachan, France
Bjørn Evertsen – Harstad University College, Norway
Nathalie Westerlund – Umea University, Sweden
Thea Huszti – Aalborg University, Denmark
Aubergine Cloez – Universite de Montpellier, France
Eva Maria Bates – University of Navarra, Spain
Enda Baciu – Vienna University of Technology, Austria
Also in the work of the editorial board are involved independent experts
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CONTENT
EARTH SCIENCES
Shadimetov Yu., Ayrapetov D.
CURRENT ISSUES OF RESOURCE SAVING IN THE
SPHERE OF AUTOMOBILE TRANSPORT BY DISPOSAL
OF CAR TIRES ............................................................... 3
ECONOMIC SCIENCES
Unerbayeva R., Nurmagambetova A. Odashev I.
ISSUES OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE ECONOMY OF THE THE SPIRITUAL AND BEHAVIORAL ETIQUETTE AS THE
REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN IN THE CONDITIONS OF BASES OF IMPROVING SOCIO-ECONOMIC
"INDUSTRY 4.0" ........................................................... 8 DISCIPLINE .................................................................13
MEDICAL SCIENCES
Khushvakova N., Burkhanov U., Kodirova Sh.
Nurmuhamedov F. PSYCHOSOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PATIENTS WITH
RESULTS OF IMMUNOLOGICAL STATUS BEFORE AND CHRONIC HEART FAILURE..........................................28
AFTER ENDOSCOPIC SURGERY IN PATIENTS WITH Salomova N.
CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS ........................................ 19 RISK FACTORS FOR RECURRENT STROKE...................33
Kondoro A., Tongora E.F.
SMART HEALTHCARE SYSTEM FOR CARDIOVASCULAR
PATIENTS USING MACHINE LEARNING ..................... 22
PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES
Ibrahimov F., Abdullayeva G., Kerimova M.
CHARACTERİSTİCS OF THE COMPONENTS OF
CONTENT STANDARDS .............................................. 36
PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Ousseynou T. Yusifov E., Yusifova K.
WORD COMBINATION IN RUSSIAN GRAMMAR ........ 42 THE ROLE OF EUPHEMISMS IN THE ENRICHING OF
Bayniyazova T. THE GERMAN AND THE ENGLISH VOCABULARIES ....46
THE STUDY OF IBRAGIM YUSUPOVʼS WORK IN THE
SCIENTIFIC WORK OF K.ORAZIMBETOV .................... 44
PHYSICAL SCIENCES
Bakhadirkhanov M., Gurbanov M., Gojayev M., Hashimova A.
Iliev X., Tursunov M., Karshiyev Sh. DIELECTRIC PERMEABILITY OF A SOLID SOLUTION
INTERACTION OF NIKEL ATOMS WITH GROUP VI As2 Se30,8 - As2S30,2..................................................55
IMPURITIES IN THE SILICON LATTICE ........................ 52
TECHNICAL SCIENCES
Shevchenko O. Petrosova L.,
RESEARCH OF DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CNC Karimbayev R., Abdumalikova O.
LATHES ...................................................................... 57 MODERN METHODS OF REDUCING OCCUPATIONAL
Kovbyk K. INJURIES IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY ............64
DETERMINATION OF YIELD OF FRACTIONAL
MATERIAL BY DESTRUCTION OF MARTITE ORE BY
WATER JETS DEPENDING ON THE DIRECTION OF
THEIR CUTTING ......................................................... 61
POLISH JOURNAL OF SCIENCE № 52, 2022 3
EARTH SCIENCES
АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ РЕСУРСОСБЕРЕЖЕНИЯ В СФЕРЕ АВТОМОБИЛЬНОГО
ТРАНСПОРТА ПУТЕМ УТИЛИЗАЦИИ АВТОМОБИЛЬНЫХ ШИН
Шадиметов Ю.Ш.
д.ф.н., профессор Ташкентского государственного транспортного университета, Председатель
Общественного совета при Госкомэкологии Республики Узбекистан, г. Ташкент
Айрапетов Д.А.
ассистент Ташкентского государственного
транспортного университета
Республики Узбекистан, г. Ташкент
CURRENT ISSUES OF RESOURCE SAVING IN THE SPHERE OF AUTOMOBILE TRANSPORT BY

DISPOSAL OF CAR TIRES
Shadimetov Yu.,
Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor of the Tashkent State Transport University, Chairman of the
Public Council under the State Committee for Ecology of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent
Ayrapetov D.
assistant of Tashkent State Transport University
Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent
Аннотация
В данной статье рассмотрены вопросы переработки и утилизации автомобильных шин. Анализиру-
ются передовые методы регулирования утилизации отработавших шин в разных странах. Описаны спо-
собы переработки отработавших изношенных шин, а также приведены примеры получения готовой про-
дукции из вторичного сырья, а именно использования резиновой крошки из шин для получения полезной
продукции. Целью статьи является рассмотрение вопросов ресурсосбережения в сфере автомобильного
транспорта путем утилизации автомобильных шин, сравнение способов утилизации отработавших шин,
как с экономической, так и в первую очередь, и с экологической точки зрения.
Abstract
This article discusses the issues of recycling and disposal of car tires. The best practices for regulating the
disposal of used tires in different countries are analyzed. Methods for processing used tires are described, as well
as examples of obtaining finished products from recycled materials, namely, the use of crumb rubber from tires to
obtain useful products. The purpose of the article is to consider the issues of resource saving in the field of road
transport by recycling car tires, comparing the methods of recycling used tires, both from an economic and, first
of all, and from an environmental point of view.
Ключевые слова. экология, утилизация, изношенные шины, переработка шин, устойчивое развитие,
автомобильнеый транспорт, переработка.
Keywords. ecology, recycling, used tires, tire recycling, sustainable development, road transport, recycling.
Стремительное развития дорожно –транспорт- Автомобильный транспорт является крупней-

ного комплекса приводит к образованию огромного шим потребителем материальных и энергетических
количества отходов. В этой связи, сегодня про- ресурсов, которые подразделяются на первичные и
блема с утилизацией отходов - самая важная задача вторичные.
и ее решение, безусловно, может оказать экономи- Первичные ресурсы, используемые на АТП в
ческий и экологический эффект [1]. процессе производства, включают машины, агре-
Проблему использования отходов можно ре- гаты, узлы, приборы, запасные части автомобилей,
шить созданием утилизированной системы, т.е. аккумуляторов, технологического оборудования и
возможности утилизации отходов после вторичной инструменты, топлива, смазочные и другие эксплу-
переработки мусора. Наиболее эффективно утили- атационные материалы, различные изделия и мате-
зировать эти отходы - использовать их как техно- риалы для хозяйственного назначения. Кроме
генное сырье для получения полезного техниче- этого, АТП потребляет большое количество тепло-
ского продукта. [2,3]. вых и электрических энергий и воды.
В настоящее время общее годовое образование Из общего объема отходов, образованных в
твердых отходов в мире составляет приблизи- АТП, примерно 70 % приходится на вторичные ре-
тельно 17 миллиардов тонн и к 2050 году достигнет сурсы. Существенно снизить их затраты возможно
27 миллиардов тонн [4]. Из этого количества около только повторное их использование на АТП ремонт
1,3 миллиарда тонн в данное время составляют двигателей, коробок передач, редукторов, шин и
твердые бытовые отходы, образующиеся в крупных т.д. и производить первичные ресурсы, потребляе-
городах мира [5]. мые автомобильным транспортом.
4 POLISH JOURNAL OF SCIENCE № 52, 2022
Рис. 1 – Свалка отработавших и не утилизированных автомобильных шин.
В среднем каждый год число транспортных временных хранений, переработку и развитие

средств возрастает на 1,5 млн. единиц. Общемиро- рынка потребления продуктов утилизации отрабо-
вые запасы изношенных шин оценивают от 25 до 39 тавших шин.
млн. тонн, при ежегодном увеличении не менее Утилизация отходов - самостоятельный сектор
семи миллионов тонн. Пожарные свалки автомоби- экономики, занимает важное место в производстве
лей становятся экологическими бедствиями. В Рос- внутренних валовых продуктов (ВВП). Особое ме-
сии и в СНГ, по экспертным данным образуется бо- сто во Франции уделяется вопросу утилизации не-
лее 1 млн. тонн отработанных автошин ежегодно. исправных шин, введен национальный закон о пра-
вилах утилизации неисправных шин. Согласно дан-
По данным Европейской ассоциации по вторичной
ным правилам, цена каждой новой шины включена
обработке шин ETRA, общий вес шин, изношенных
стоимость: цена затрат на сбор, временное разме-
и не перерабатываемых, достиг: щение и транспортирование утилизированных
В Европе – 5,3 млн.тонн; шин, способных каким-либо образом восстановить
В США – 6,4 млн.тонн; шину или утилизировать.
В Японии – 2,0 млн.тонн; Сегодня вопрос об обращении с изношенными
В России – 2,2 млн.тонн; шинами регулируется двумя Международными
В Узбекистане – 1,2 млн.тонн. Конвенциями, которые регулируют обращение с
Объем обработки автошин с помощью измель- изношенными шинами. Современная шина пред-
чения - не более 10 %. Большую часть собранных ставляет собой сложный композитный материал из
шин 20 % используют в качестве топлива. Изно- разных материалов и имеет большую прочность.
шенные и вышедшие из строя шины - источник Эти свойства шин, которые крайне необхо-
длительного загрязнения окружающей средой, димы для безопасного использования колесного
шины не подвержены биологическому износу. Про- оборудования, становятся чрезвычайно сложны
блема с переработкой изношенных шин автомоби- при решении задач по их ликвидации. Пыль, вы-
лей и вышедших из эксплуатации имеют большое званная изношением резины, способна вызывать
экологическое и экономическое значение. серьезные болезни [8]. Только в Швеции ежегодно
На сегодняшний день в мире используется в атмосферу попадает около 10 000 тонн пыли ре-
только 23% покрышек: а) для экспорта в другие гос- зины. Резина выделяет до 100 наименований хими-
ческих веществ. Резиновая пыль содержит больше
ударства; б) для сжигания с целью выработки энер-
канцерогенов, чем выхлопные газы двигателя.
гии, в) для механического размельчения для покры-
Взаимодействие шин с дождями и грунтом со-
тий дорог и т.д. Оставшиеся 77 % использования провождается удалением ряда токсических органи-
автопокрышек никак не утилизируются, потому ческих веществ: бензотиазола, дифенилоамина, фе-
что нет рентабельного способа утилизации. нантрена и т.д. Все они являются канцерогенами.
Проблему следует рассматривать в двух При сгорании шин образуется такая химиче-
направлениях: Первый – общегосударственный, ская смесь, которая попадает в атмосферу, стано-
поскольку проблемы экологической безопасности вится источником повышения опасности человека.
и утилизации промышленных отходов должны ре- пирен, фенантрен, антрацен, флуорантен, нафта-
гулироваться на государственном уровня. Во-вто- лин, бенз (а) пирен и другие органические соедине-
рых, сугубо отраслевая, вопрос применения какого- ния – как продукт сгорания шин являются особо
либо материала промышленностью может быть опасными мутагенами и канцерогенами [9,10].
рассмотрен только при достижении конкретных Утилизация покрышек важна и потому, что
технических и экономических эффектов [6,7]. синтетический каучук, используемый для их произ-
Мировая практика показывает, что необхо- водства, производят из нефти, которая является не
димо создать государственные комплексные про- возобновляемым природным ресурсом. В 1 тонне
граммы, направленные на организацию сборов, отработавших шин содержится около 700 кило-
граммов резины.
Пиролиз
Озонная Сжигание с
переработка шин получением
(продувание) энергии
Технологии
Вывоз шин на Переработка
свалку переработки в крошку
автошин
Переработка путем Сжигание в

растворения в цементных печах
органическом Восстановлен
растворителе ие
Рис. 1 - Технологии переработки (утилизации) автошин.
Основным методом переработка автомобиль- стадии измельчения. Параллельно при помощи маг-
ных шин является переработка автомобильных шин нитного устройства из массы извлекается бортовая
в резиновую крошку. Этот способ является самым проволока и прочие металлические элементы.
простым и рациональным способом переработки – Измельчение до конечной фракции. В ро-
максимально сохраняет физико – механические и торной дробилке материал доводится до заданной
химические свойства материала [11]. величины фракции, а также очищается от металли-
Технология переработки ческого корда.
Процесс переработки шин в крошку преду- Сепарирование. В сепараторе из массы удаля-
сматривает ряд последовательных этапов: ется текстильный корд и остатки металлического
Контроль качества поступивших покры- корда.
шек. Изделия тщательно осматривают на предмет Сортировка по фракциям. Выполняется пу-
наличия шипов и прочих элементов, не пригодных тем пропускания материала через систему вибро-
к переработке. сит.
Предварительное измельчение. Шины наре- Упаковка и складирование. Материал фасу-
зают на сегменты размером 200х200 мм. ется в мешки и отправляется на склад.
Удаление металлической фракции. Сырье Основное оборудование для получения рези-
по конвейеру поступает в шредер для очередной новой крошки из отработавших автомобильных
шин.
Станок для вырезания бортовых колец
 Производительность: 30-10 шин/час

 Габариты перерабатываемых шин: От R 13
до R22.5
 Мощность: 1.5 кВт
 Габариты:
1200*950*1300 мм
 Вес: 150 кг
Станок для рубки ленты на чипсы (дисковые ножницы)
 Количество оборотов: 74 об./мин

 Объём: 3 м. куб.
 Мощность: 4 кВт
 Производительность:1700 метров/час
 Габариты: 1200x800x1550 мм
 Вес: 800 кг
Станок для рубки ленты на чипсы
 Объём: 1.5 м. куб.

 Мощность: 7.5 кВт
 Количество оборотов: 386 об./мин
 Производительность:42 000 чипсов /час
 Размер резиновых чипсов: 40 мм
 Габариты:1100x800x1200 мм
 Вес: 600 кг
Рис. 2 - Второй сектор: переработка чипсов в крошку на вальцах
Из полученного сырья т.е. резиновой крошки 5. Hoornweg D., Bhada-Tata P. What a waste –
возможно получить большое количество различной A Global Review of Solid Waste Management // World
полезной продукции, например, резиновые до- Bank. – 2012. – No. 15. – pp. 116.
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В заключении хотелось бы отметить что на се- dle/10986/17388
годняшний день возможны различные варианты пе- 6. Кострова Зоя Александровна, Михеев Ар-
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ENGINEERING: (Химия и химическая технология). avtomobilnyh-shin
Vol. 2021: No. 3, Article 8. 46-49pp. URL: https://uz-
journals.edu.uz/cce/vol2021/iss3/8
ECONOMIC SCIENCES
ВОПРОСЫ РАЗВИТИЯ ЭКОНОМИКИ РЕСПУБЛИКИ КАЗАХСТАН В УСЛОВИЯХ
«ИНДУСТРЯ 4.0»
Унербаева Р.У.
Казахский национальный университет имени аль-Фараби
Высшая школа бизнеса и экономики
Департамент менеджмента
Нурмагамбетова А.М.
Казахский национальный университет имени аль-Фараби
Высшая школа бизнеса и экономики
Департамент бизнес-технологий
ISSUES OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE ECONOMY OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN IN THE

CONDITIONS OF "INDUSTRY 4.0"
Unerbayeva R.,
Al Farabi Kazakh National University
Higher School of Business and Economics
Department of Management
Nurmagambetova A.
Al Farabi Kazakh National University
Higher School of Business and Economics
Department of Business Technologies
Аннотация
В данной статье рассматриваются вопросы развития казахстанской инновационной экономики в рам-
ках «Индустрии 4.0». Ключевую роль на рынке инновационной экономики играют функции предприни-
мателей, новаторов и ученых, которые вносят изменения в экономический баланс, технологический про-
цесс, в масштабы производства и структуру экономической организации. Предполагается, что при этом в
основном прибыль создаёт интеллект новаторов и учёных, информационная сфера, а не материальное про-
изводство и не концентрация финансов. «Индустрия 4.0» является вызовом для инновационного развития
и усиления конкуренции между странами. В статье рассматриваются влияние этих вопросов на экономику
Казахстана и возможности развитие инновационной отрасли. Сделан анализ текущего состояния казах-
станского инновационного сектора и развития развитых стран в рамках «Индустрии 4.0», на основе роли
инновационной экономики в Казахстане.
Abstract
In the context of the question of development of the Kazakhstan innovation economics in the frameworks of
Industrial Innovations 4.0. A key role in the innovation market is the role of innovators, innovators and researchers
in the market, the changes in the economic balance, the technological process, the scale of production and the
structure of the economic organization. It is assumed that this is the basis of intelligent innovators and software,
information spheres, or material production and concentration of finances. "Industry 4.0" is an innovative devel-
opment and promotion process for the countries. The article considers the issues of economic development and
development of innovation in Kazakhstan. The analysis of the current state of the Kazakh innovation sector and
the development of the developed countries in the frames of "Industry 4.0", based on the role of the innovative
economy of innovation in Kazakhstan.
Ключевые слова: инновации, инновационная экономика, индустрия 4.0, цифровизация, инновацион-
ная деятельность.
Keywords: innovation, innovation economy, industry 4.0, digitalization, innovative activity.
Введение земля, остальные 14-как плод научно-технического

В 50-е годы XX века известный американский прогресса, т. е. инновации. Одним из факторов эко-
ученый Роберт Солоу впервые обращает внимание номического роста и конкурентоспособности явля-
на научно-технический прогресс как основной фак- ется своевременное освоение инноваций и их эф-
тор экономического развития. Аналогичные вы- фективное внедрение. Мир сейчас
воды сделали и другие экономисты, такие как Джон Цифровая экономика вновь трансформирует
Кендрик, Эдвард Денисон, а также Саймон Кузнец. известные нам бизнес-модели и снижает роль по-
Впоследствии Эдвард Денисон разработал ха- средников в сфере продаж и услуг. Всемирный банк
рактеристику факторов экономического роста, в своем обзоре «Цифровые дивиденды» за 2016 год
определив 4 из 23 факторов как капитал, 1-как
показал преимущества и риски цифровой эконо- В 1990 г. Б. Санто (Венгрия) утверждал, что
мики. Цифровая экономика, с одной стороны, мо- инновации-это «общественно-технико-экономиче-
жет привести к повышению производительности ский процесс», который после практического при-
труда, повышению конкурентоспособности компа- менения идей и творческих результатов приводит к
ний, снижению издержек производства, созданию лучшим свойствам продуктов и технологий. Если
новых рабочих мест, а с другой-к киберугрозе, мас- он ориентирован на экономическую выгоду, при-
совой безработице, «цифровому неравенству» быль, его выход на рынок интерпретируется как до-
между государствами. Сейчас наиболее развитые полнительный источник дохода.
государства находятся на пути к широкому освое- Российские ученые трактуют инновации как
нию элементов» Индустрии 4.0". Для Казахстана в результат материализации новой идеи, новизны и
этом направлении очень важно осуществлять новых научных решений, патентов, информации и
научно-исследовательскую работу по всем отрас- других интеллектуальных открытий. (Э. А. Уткин,
лям и осваивать инновации. А. С. Кулагина, Н.Н.Молчанов и др.).
Материалы и методы. С. Ю. Глазьев отмечает «что " Инновация -
В работах таких исследователей, как теория» процесс, имеющий прикладной характер, четко
инновационной экономики " (Тоффлер, 2004, 2007; ориентированный на конечный результат, всегда
Фукуяма, 2004 )и Белл (Bell, 1973) и др., А теории обеспечивающий определенный технический, со-
технологического уклада и индустриальной рево- циально-экономический эффект. Инновации ме-
люции изучены Глазьев и Харитонов, 2009; Мали- няют свою форму в своем развитии (жизненный
нецкий, 2010; Авербух, 2010) и (Перес, 2011). цикл инноваций) в движении от идеи к внедре-
Также в информационно-аналитических материа- нию».
лах глобального инновационного индекса (The Как сказал американский экономист Джеймес
Global Innovation Index), программы развития Орга- Брайан Куинн, инновационный процесс-это един-
низации Объединенных Наций (United Nations De- ственный процесс, объединяющий науку, технику,
velopment Programme), Всемирного банка и Коми- экономику, предпринимательство и управление.
тета по статистике Министерства национальной Суть его заключается в получении новизны, воз-
экономики Республики Казахстан обобщены пока- никновении и коммерческой реализации идеи, а
затели по инновационному развитию. также в прохождении комплекса таких отношений,
Методологической основой исследования яв- как производство, обмен, потребление.
ляется диалектический метод познания. В ходе ис- В своей работе «Эпоха инноваций» Ф. Янсен
следования использовались общенаучные методы выделяет два типа менеджмента: простой менедж-
(моделирование, анализ, синтез, дедукция, класси- мент и экстра-менеджмент.
фикация, системный подход) и когнитивные ме- Ученые, занимающиеся проблемами совре-
тоды (статистические методы), понятия, методиче- менного инновационного менеджмента, Пьет Бо-
ские и справочные материалы, статьи из периоди- луит, Филипп Русселл, Рой Ротуэлл и другие выде-
ческих изданий, посвященные области теории и ляют несколько этапов управления звеньями
практики социально-экономического развития ре- сборки и исследований. Эти звенья связаны с огра-
гиона, отдельные исследования группы исследова- ниченностью технологических возможностей, фи-
телей. нансовых ресурсов и увеличением потребителей,
Обзор литературы. конкурентов на рынке.
Теоретические основы инновационной эконо- Конечно, многие ученые вносят свой вклад в
мики изучены многими учеными, написаны ценные изучение проблем развития инновационной дея-
труды, составлены различные теории. В 30-е годы тельности в экономике Казахстана. (Днишев and
XX века австрийский ученый Йозеф Шумпетер в Альжанова, 2013; Мухтарова and Купешова, 2015;
своей работе» теория экономического роста «пер- Сатыбалдин et al., 2016; Кувандыков, 2015; Ибраев,
вым ввел понятия» новатор «и» внедрение иннова- 2016). Но развитие казахстанской экономики в
ций". По Шумпетеру, инновация-это изменение в направлении инноваций, цифровизации по-преж-
целях внедрения и использования новых потреби- нему охвачено множеством нерешенных вопросов,
тельских товаров, новых средств производства и одним из которых является построение путей повы-
транспортировки, рынков и организационных форм шения конкурентоспособности казахстанской эко-
в промышленности. И. Шумпетер связал свою тео- номики при индустрии 4, эффективной коммерциа-
рию с волнами н. д. Кондратьева. Вслед за И. Шум- лизации результатов научного исследования.
петером, связывая теорию инноваций с теорией Результаты и мнения.
циклов, продолжили г. Менш, К. Фримен и др. По мнению многих исследователей, термин
В 1970 г. американский ученый Т.R. Prince го- «инновация» появился примерно в первой поло-
ворит: «инновации - это внедрение новых продук- вине XV века, т. е. в переводе с английского
тов и технических методов на предприятии или за «innovation» означает «возрождение» или «Новый
его пределами». Путь к созданию товара». А инновационная эконо-
В понимании Брайана Твисса инновация-это мика (экономика знаний, Интеллектуальная эконо-
процесс, который имеет изобретательное или эко- мика) - это вид экономики, основанный на потоке
номическое содержание. К этому мнению присо- инноваций, непрерывном технологическом совер-
единяется и В. Л. Макаров.
шенствовании, производстве и экспорте высокотех- й технологической структуры, основанной на соче-
нологичной продукции с очень высокой добавлен- тании достижений нанотехнологических, био -, ин-
ной стоимостью и технологиями. формационных и когнитивных технологий с синер-
Э. Тофлер, Ф. Фукуяма, Д. Белл, Дж.Многие гетическим совершенствованием (Перес, 2011)
исследователи, такие как найсибит, считают, что К сожалению, в настоящее время в Казахстане
для большинства развитых стран современного большая часть производства приходится на третью
мира инновационная экономика обеспечивает ми- технологическую структуру, которая составляет
ровое экономическое преимущество страны, кото- около 65% производства, а на четвертую техноло-
рая ее создает. (Тоффлер, 2004, 2007; Фукуяма, гическую структуру приходится от 30 до 35%, а на
2004 ) пятую технологическую структуру приходится
Отличает инновационную экономику от» всего 1% производства. Кроме того, 60% инвести-
обычной". Доминирующей отраслью в промыш- ций приходится на производство четвертой техно-
ленном «простом» обществе является обрабатыва- логической структуры. Например, экономика США
ющая промышленность, представляющая собой: составляет пятую и шестую технологические
эффективность и производительность, высокий структуры, как показано в таблице 1, из которых 5%
уровень конкуренции и развитую бизнес-среду. соответствуют шестой технологической структуре,
Если в индустриальном обществе ключевыми фи- а 60% составляют пятую технологическую струк-
гурами являются предприниматель, бизнесмен, ру- туру. 10% темпов промышленного развития России
ководитель промышленного предприятия, то в ин- занимает пятая технологическая структура, это раз-
новационной экономике-ученые, инноваторы, вен- витие электронной промышленности, программ-
чурные капиталисты, экономисты и представители ного обеспечения, телекоммуникаций, робототех-
интеллектуальных технологий. Инновационное ники, альтернативных источников сырья, информа-
развитие включает внедрение инноваций в приори- ционных технологий.
тетных секторах, развитие трансфертной системы и Фраунгофер институты и бизнес-Швеция шве-
коммерциализацию технологий и распределитель- цианский совет по торговле и инвестициям сов-
ных сетей знаний, а также создание международ- местно провели исследование рынка Казахстана.
ных трансдисциплинарных исследований и образо- Мнение международных экспертов позволяет дове-
вательных центров. Новая эра инновационной эко- сти эффективность предприятий по внедрению ки-
номики это "Индустрия 4.0". В 2011 году четвертая берфизических и роботизированных систем, ана-
промышленная революция, известная как» Инду- лиза больших чисел и других технологий "Инду-
стрия 4.0«, получила свое название под руковод- стрии 4.0" до 10-20%. США, Германия, Франция,
ством бизнесменов, политиков и ученых, которые США, Германия, Франция ежегодно за счет цифро-
определили ее как инструмент повышения конку- визации фактически повышают ее в размере 1-1,
рентоспособности немецкой обрабатывающей про- 5%. (https://abctv.kz/ru/news/bolshinstvu-predpriyatij-
мышленности путем интеграции» кибер-физиче- nedostupna-industriya-4-0 )
ских систем". (Глазьев и Харитонов, 2009; Мали- В докладе Всемирного экономического фо-
нецкий, 2010; Авербух, 2010) рума, опубликованном в сентябре 2015 года, опре-
Четвертая промышленная революция (Industry делено, что двадцать один объект строительства
4.0) означает переход к полностью автоматизиро- формирует цифровой мир будущего. Они наглядно
ванному цифровому производству с перспективой демонстрируют глубинные изменения, которые
интеграции в глобальные индустриальные сети и рождаются от четвертой промышленной револю-
сервисы, постоянно вмешиваясь во внешнюю ции. Это значит, что в производстве должна быть
среду, контролируемую интеллектуальными систе- только модернизация и ее цифровизация. Для реше-
мами в режиме реального времени. (Шваб, 2018). ния этой проблемы необходимо увеличение числа
Industry 4.0-совокупность технологий, возни- специалистов и средств, инновационных полномо-
кающих на основе взаимосвязи физической, цифро- чий предприятий. инновационной активности пред-
вой и биологической отраслей. Industry 4.0-стиму- приятий в Германии-61.5%; Бельгии-52.8%; Фин-
лирует технологические достижения в таких обла- ляндии-50%; Франция и Австрия - 41-43% (Dutta et
стях, как искусственный интеллект, робототехника, al., 2016) http://stats.oecd.org / www.stat.gov.kz .)
3D-печать, нанотехнологии, биотехнологии, мате- Вместе с тем, без решения вопроса финансиро-
риаловедение, энергосбережение и квантовые вы- вания казахстанской научной науки инновационная
числения. На сегодняшний день большинство экс- экономика не получит интенсивного развития. Для
пертов сходятся во мнении, что инновации и про- сравнения, в Швеции расходы на исследования и
рывные результаты в области Industry 4.0 разработки на душу населения составляют около 1
появляются во взаимосвязи нескольких наук. В 380,9, Финляндии-1335,9, США-1 307,6, Швейца-
связи с этим термин «NBIC-convergence» (в первых рии-1 287,0, Японии - 1 168,5, России - 166,7 долла-
буквах: N-nano, B-Bio, I-info, C-cogno) был введен в ров США. Как видно из данных, по этому показа-
2002 году Михаилом Роко и Уильямом Бейнбри- телю Казахстан отстает от развитых стран более
джем. NBIC - конвергенция-гипотетическое ядро 6- чем в 60 раз. (Журинов, 2014; www.uis.unesco.org/
www.battelle.org/docs)
Страна Программа Год принятия
Manufacturing USA, or the National Network for Manufacturing
США 2014
Innovation program
Германия Action Plan High-tech strategy 2020 (industrie 4.0) 2010, 2013, 2015
Великобритания Industrial Strategy plan 2030 2017
Япония Innovation 25 2007
National Strategy for Sustainable Development (пятилетние
Корея 2015
программы 2006-2010, 2011-2015, 2016-2020)
Китай Made in China 2025 2015
Концепция индустриально-инновационного развития
Қазақстан Республики Казахстан на 2020-2024 годы, государственная 2018, 2017
программа "Цифровой Казахстан"
Конечно, вопросы цифровизации и» Инду- ТОО» Корпорация Казахмыс«,»Казхром". "Кроме

стрии 4.0 " сегодня охватывают все страны мира. того, на системообразующих предприятиях горно-
Каждое государство со своей стороны предприни- металлургического комплекса будут реализованы
мает особые меры по этому вопросу, например, раз- проекты по внедрению технологий Индустрии 4.0.
витые государства реализуют национальные про- (https://www.inform.kz/kz/industriyaldy-
граммы по переходу или цифровизации «Инду- innovaciyalyk-damudyn-zhana-tuzhyrymdamasy-
стрия 4.0». Среди них лидируют по цифровизации azirlenedi_a3199965)
экономики Китай, Сингапур, Новая Зеландия, Юж- 90% знаний, освоенных человечеством, сфор-
ная Корея и Дания. мировались за последние 30 лет. Это сформировало
Казахстан в настоящее время входит в число новую модель новой экономической структуры-
“догоняющих” стран в рейтинге e-intensity между- экономику знаний, главным ресурсом которой яв-
народной консалтинговой компании The Boston ляется человеческий капитал. (Казахстанская наука
Consulting Group по текущему уровню цифровиза- и инновации: трудный путь навстречу друг другу
ции. Безусловно, нновационное развитие и цифро- Адил Ибраев
вая система являются взаимодополняющими явле- (https://forbes.kz/process/science/kazahstanskaya_nau
ниями. Девять основных технологий меняют про- ka_i_innovatsii_trudnyiy_put_navstrechu_drug_drugu
мышленное производство: автономные работы, /)
многомерное цифровое моделирование, вертикаль- Контуры национальной модели инновацион-
ная и горизонтальная интеграция, промышленный ного развития Казахстана также формируются как
интернет вещей, кибербезопасность, столбчатые высокотехнологичная модель экономики, основан-
технологии, аддитивное производство, дополняю- ная на человеческом капитале. Очень важно сфор-
щая и виртуальная реальность, анализ с большими мировать новую волну инженеров и инженерно-
данными. Страны, стремящиеся к конкурентоспо- технических работников с современным техниче-
собности, должны иметь ресурсы для создания ком- ским мышлением, а также Нам нужны инновацион-
петенций в этих технологических направлениях. ные менеджеры, которые хорошо знают рынок,
Заключение знают, какие ресурсы им нужны, куда направлять
Корпорации предпринимательского сектора в выпускаемую продукцию и т.д. Важно конкретизи-
развитых странах сформировались как важнейшие ровать компетенции, необходимые для потребно-
структуры национальных инновационных систем. стей современного производства, и обучать иннова-
Кроме того, корпорации, которые финансируют ционных сотрудников и менеджеров.
научные исследования и превращают научные ре- Таким образом, цифровизация ведет к созда-
зультаты и изобретения в конкретные продукты и нию нового общества, в котором активно развива-
технологии, несут экономическую ответственность ется человеческий капитал. За счет новых цифро-
по основным направлениям научно-технического вых технологий повысится эффективность и ско-
прогресса, которые составляют большую часть фи- рость производства, продаж, потребления.
нансирования науки в частном секторе. Предпри- Кардинально меняются способы производства, по-
нимательский сектор, наряду с увеличением числа являются новые требования к знаниям и трудовым
ученых и инженеров, занимающихся научно-иссле- навыкам людей. Уже сейчас, из-за пандемии, искус-
довательской работой в будущем, остается испол- ственный интеллект также широко внедряется в
нителем крупных научно-исследовательских работ. консервативных областях, таких как финансовые
Поэтому для перехода казахстанской экономики в услуги и медицина. Технология 3D-печати способ-
новую индустриальную эпоху необходимо широ- ствует трансформации таких отраслей, как авиация,
кое использование финансовых, человеческих, ма- логистика, биомедицина и автомобильная промыш-
териальных, научных ресурсов корпораций и част- ленность. Эти изменения происходят не десятиле-
ного сектора. На сегодняшний день, согласно реко- тиями, а годами и даже месяцами. Но это только
мендациям экспертов института Fraunhofer, начало; поэтому для казахстанской экономики и со-
отобраны несколько казахстанских предприятий. циальной сферы освоение средств и методов
Это: АО "Кентауский трансформаторный завод», цифризации является современным и очень акту-
ТОО «Карлскрона», АО «Химфарм», АО «Евразиан альным вопросом.
фудс», ТОО «Алматинский вентиляторный завод»,
Литературы 8. Satybaldin А.А., F.М. Dnishev, N.K.
1. Toffler, Alvin, 1980 «The Third Wave: The Nurlanova, Assessment of the prerequisites for the tran-
Classic Study of Tomorrow» sition of Kazakhstan's economy to the principles of in-
2. Fukuyama F., the Great Disruption. Moscow.: clusive development and "smart" specialization: a bro-
AST, 2004. chure / Ed. A.A. Satybaldin. - Almaty: Institute of Eco-
3. Fukuyama F. Trust: The Social Virtues and nomics of the Science Committee of the Ministry of
The Creation of Prosperity: Translated from English / Education and Science of Republic of Kazakhstan,
Fukuyama F. - Мoscow: AST: ‘Ermak’ Scientific and 2016 г. – p. 52.
Production Enterprise ZAO, 2004. 9. On the way to new accomplishments, A.
4. Fukuyama F. Our Posthuman Future. Conse- Kuvandykov, rector of the East Kazakhstan State Uni-
quences of the Biotechnology revolution / Fukuyama versity named after S. Amanzholova
F.; Translated from English by M.B. Levina. — 10. https://abctv.kz/ru/news/bolshinstvu-predpri-
Мoscow: AST, ‘LUX’ JSC 2004. yatij-nedostupna-industriya-4-0)
5. Bell D. The coming of post-industrial society: 11. Soumitra Dutta, Bruno Lanvin, and Sacha
A venture of social forecasting. — N.Y.: Basic Books, Wunsch-Vincent Editors The Global Innovation Index
1973, ISBN 0-465-01281-7 2016 Winning with Global Innovation www.globalin-
6. Kablov E. Sixth technological mode // Science novationindex.org/gii-2016-report
and life: journal. — Мoscow, 2010. — № 4. 12. www.uis.unesco.org/www.battelle.org/docs
7. K. Peres, Technological Revolutions and Fi- 13. https://www.inform.kz/kz/industriyaldy-inno-
nancial Capital: The Dynamics of Bubbles and Golden vaciyalyk-damudyn-zhana tuzhyrymdamasy-azir-
Ages. — Мoscow: Delo, 2011. — p. 232 — (Modern lenedi_a3199965
Institutional Evolutionary Theory). — 1 500 copies — 14. https://forbes.kz/process/science/kazah-
ISBN 978-5-7749-0626-0. stanskaya_nauka_i_innovatsii_trud-
nyiy_put_navstrechu_drug_drugu/
ДУХОВНО-НРАВСТВЕННЫЙ ЭТИКЕТ КАК ОСНОВА СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЯ
СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ДИСЦИПЛИНЫ
Одашев И.М.
Институт прогнозирования и макроэкономических исследований
при Министерстве экономического развития и
сокращение бедности Республики Узбекистан
THE SPIRITUAL AND BEHAVIORAL ETIQUETTE AS THE BASES OF IMPROVING SOCIO-

ECONOMIC DISCIPLINE
Odashev I.
Institute of Forecasting and Macroeconomic Research
under the Ministry of Economic Development and
Poverty Reduction of the Republic of Uzbekistan
Аннотация
Согласно статье, духовность должна сопровождать экономическое развитие как один из основных
критериев совершенствования дисциплины поведенческого этикета людей при сотрудничестве в соци-
ально-экономической деятельности. В статье также рассматривается духовность как фактор сокращения
экономической бедности, важность становления рыночной экономики, основанной на сильных духовных
ценностях, влияние общества на многовековые духовные традиции, влияние системы «человек-общество-
государство».
Abstract
According to the article, spirituality should accompany economic development as one of the primary criteria
for improving disciplines on the behavioral etiquette of the people while cooperating in socio-economic activities.
The article also examines spirituality as a factor in economic poverty reduction, the importance of establishing a
market economy based on strong spiritual values, the impact of society on centuries-old spiritual traditions, and
the impact of the "human-society-state" system.
Ключевые слова: духовность, экономика, гармония, рыночная экономика, общественное благосо-
стояние, общие интересы.
Keywords: spirituality, economy, harmony, the market economy, social welfare, common interests.
“The highest spirituality is an invincible force.”1 We often hear or read about a different kinds of
criminal topics or issues on the internet, newspapers,
I. Introduction journals, TV-set, radio and other media resources such
The national economy and spiritual life of the peo- as “What scammers do in the digital age and how they
ple have always been inextricably linked. People work, get away with it for so long”, “Italian businessman
activate, talk, live, and engage each other in everyday made a fortune by counterfeiting Supreme clothes”,
life. And it is impossible to imagine these continuous “"Unusual traffic": How Chinese hackers bankrupted
connections without behavioral, disciplinary and social Canada's largest corporation”. Such kinds of infor-
norms of etiquette. Because the economy is not limited mation we can find any media resources and every sin-
to getting profits and expenditures, people should re- gle day. But how can we solve these issues before it has
spect one another regardless of the scale of economic done? Is it possible? Or should we, once again, be lim-
activity. Positive changes replace serious negative ac- ited and forced solely by law enforcement agencies?
tions in human interactions and relationships at all What other mechanisms exist to deal with such situa-
stages of human development, from the emergence of tions to prevent crime or disrupt the balance of eco-
human society to the present. Among these changes is nomic activity and social, spiritual, moral, and behav-
a sense of spiritual uplift, which embodies human be- ioral communities? During the paper, we can open the
havior, character, and relationships. Spirituality and morally developed viewpoints and behavioral disci-
morally developed viewpoints are a concept that en- plines which can be made mechanisms to prevent crim-
compasses the positive traits that many people share, inal and nonbehavioral economic activities.
such as spirit, intellect, perception, state of mind, inner II. Literature review
mood, courage, essence, care, and sadness. Spirituality The ideologies of Central Asian thinkers and folk-
is the sum of a person's spiritual and mental worlds. The lore play an important role in the formation of the na-
main purpose of the paper is to make the economic re- tional economy. As one of Central Asia's medieval sci-
lationships based on the spiritual, behavioral and socio- entific and cultural centers, its positive impact on the
economical etiquette and get socio-economical welfare Renaissance process in other regions has been con-
of the people.
1 Citation: Karimov I.K, “High spirituality is an invincible
force”. Tashkent, Manaviyat, 2008.
firmed by global science. Samarkand hosted an interna- kind! We make you from unit Father (Adam Alaykx-
tional conference in May 2014 on "Historical heritage salam) and unit mother (Momo Khavo) by several
of medieval scholars and thinkers, its role and sig- types of the nation so you can get to know each other
nificance in the development of modern civiliza- and make love." Among the most common economic
tion," with scientists, representatives of leading inter- ideas, the Qur'an glorifies honest work, especially the
national organizations, and scientific centers from work of farmers, shepherds, and artisans.
nearly 50 countries in attendance. President of the Re- By ayat 29 Niso surah we can see this sentence:
public of Uzbekistan in his speech provided a deeper “Do not realize your property among yourselves in
understanding of the significance of our great ancestors' unjust ways (i.e. theft, robbery, usury, bribery, gam-
rich spiritual heritage. (Boriy Alixonov & Abdurakhim bling)! But make a fortune by bargaining." All other
Qurbanov, 2015) economic ideas are fundamentally focused on property
Uzbekistan is rich in its historically behavioral and and inheritance, the sanctity of property, betrayal of
moral etiquette rules and socio-economic connections one's property (particularly treason), and even envy of
based on the many heritages from the great scholars, one's property are considered a great sin.
scientists and governors. It's impossible not to include the names of the
Spirituality is an integrated aspect of one's East's great intellectuals and scientists, who made im-
personality. It manifests as a desire to live and create portant contributions to our nation's economic thinking
creatively by ideals of truth, goodness, and beauty. and the economic theories they proposed. Because their
Spiritual culture includes mental, artistic, aesthetic, contribution to the further enrichment of our contem-
moral, environmental, legal, and political components. porary national economy's spiritual roots is priceless.
Great thinkers of the past attributed eternal spiritual, These include Al-Fargani, Al-Khorezmi, Farabi, Ber-
moral, and pedagogical values that have a universal, uni, Ibn Sino, Yusuf Khas Hajib, Nizam-ul-Mulk, Amir
global character, but a national and ethnic basis, to love Temur, Alisher Navoi, Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur
for children, devotion to the family and the memory of and many others. According to Ibn Sina, “Animals are
ancestors, diligence, love for the Motherland, for the content with the benefits of nature, and they deprive
person, a sense of justice and mutual tolerance, mercy, people of the benefits of nature. She needs food, cloth-
love for the native language as a life-giving source of ing and shelter. The animal assimilates the gifts of na-
the spirituality of the nation, care for the younger ture, and man, through his labor, creates food, cloth-
generation. (Tolipov U.K, 2017) ing and shelter for himself. To do this, a person must
The Avesta is one of the richest historical sources be engaged in agriculture and crafts’’ (Khajiev B.D &
for the formation of such ideas. According to research Abdullaeva R.G, 2016; Yuldashev K & Muftaydinov
by Uzbek scholars, the Avesta, the sacred book of Zo- K, 2000). Yusuf Khas-Khajib, on the contrary, says: “A
roastrianism (pre-Islamic), also contains important eco- person who does not benefit a person is not a dead,
nomic ideas. For example, "a man who served all his lifeless past, but wasted labor”. (Mahmudov T, 2000;
life on the path of beauty and goodness, light and joy, Karimov I, 2008). Farobiy comprehensively interprets
was pious and truthful, pure and fair, and treated the ideas of his teacher Aristotle and tries to supplement
guests impartially." He loves his wife, takes care of them, created a doctrine about the importance of mate-
the land and livestock, takes care of the human prop- rial needs for the formation of society, and described
erty, takes care of nature, and enjoys it. A person who the "need" that is important in economics. The role of
spends his life in good deeds, pure and just, who does labor and labor tools in creating material wealth is de-
not look at other people's property and preserves the termined. In particular, in the works of the thinker, the
riches of nature like the apple of his eye, expresses issues of “division of labor” are well covered. Because
spiritual harmony." ( Khajiev B.D & Abdullaeva of the division of labor, production develops as time is
R.G, 2016). Also, if you pay attention to the role and spent, the skills of workers increase, a basis is created
export potential of the Great Silk Road in Central Asia, for introducing technical means, and the advantage of
interest in Central Asia, in particular, in the territory of outsourcing each operation to special people, since all
modern Uzbekistan, has long been known and im- work can be done by one person (master).
portant (politically and economically). According to European thinkers and scientists investigate the
land, water, climatic, natural, geographical locations, harmony of spirituality and the economy, as well as
minerals, and wildlife distinguished by historical and spirituality and religion. However, all materials inves-
current data. Diligence, creativity, loves for the profes- tigate the spirituality-based economy, socialite, and
sion and creativity of the population were of great im- mankind's mentality as a whole. Carlos Hoevel (Cath-
portance. olic University of Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina)
In the holy book of Islam-the Koran, which is an- argues in "Spiritual Meaning of the Economic Crisis"
other spiritual basis of our national economy, the activ- that the economic and financial crisis that began in
ity of human society, and economic relations play an 2008 has a spiritual dimension. Behavioral economists
important role. Because economic relations manifest believe that the severe and prolonged crisis was caused
the main characteristics of people. The commandments by a series of psychological irrationalities in the behav-
of the Koran, as a divine commandment to people, are ior of players (borrowers, loan originators, investment
because all people on earth are one family, children of banks, rating agencies, regulators, and end investors).
Adam and Eve, and therefore brothers and sisters. In (Bouckaert L & Zsolnai L, 2012)
particular, ayat 13 of Surah al-Khujurat says: "O, man-
In "Religion and Spirituality," Jesuit Scholar Paul as well as experiences rooted in men's and women's
de Blot (Nyenrode Business University, the Nether- pragmatic daily lives. (Bouckaert L & Zsolnai L, 2012)
lands) examines the complex relationship between reli- Andrew Newberg (Thomas Jefferson University
gion and spirituality in "Religion and Spirituality." and Hospital, Philadelphia, USA) argues in "Neurosci-
While spirituality is concerned with the soul or spirit, ence of Spirituality" that for successful synthesis of
religion is concerned with the existence of a superhu- neuroscience and spirituality, an understanding and
man ruling power, particularly God or gods, which is preservation of scientific fundamentals must be com-
frequently manifested via worship. Religion is a sys- bined with an analysis of the cognitive elements of re-
tematic human approach to supernatural reality that ligious and spiritual experience. This necessitates a
usually includes a set of narratives, beliefs, and behav- neuropsychological examination of religious and spir-
iors. On the other hand, spirituality is a multifaceted itual experiences. (Luk Bouckaert & Laszlo Zsolnai,
search for a transcendent purpose to life that is founded 2012).
on our human experience. (Luk Bouckaert & Laszlo III. Methods and materials
Zsolnai, 2012). Spirituality is the basis of human and social cul-
Veerle Draunlans (Tilburg University, the Neth- ture, which has a strong influence on the formation,
erlands, and The Catholic University of Leuren, Bel- transformation, and crisis of a particular economic and
gium) demonstrates in "Gender and Spirituality" that a social system, the enrichment of which can lead to the
gender approaches to spirituality mirror the divided and development of society and, conversely, to the impov-
dichotomous thinking's significant repercussions. It erishment of spirituality. The spiritual and practical ac-
calls for global solidarity and a more prominent and tions of man can explain the question of harmony be-
positive role for physical experiences in spiritual life, tween spirituality and the economy. We can express it
based on the following comparative table:
Table 1
Simple manifestations of a person's spiritual image influence his behavior
The behaviour of a spiritually high person The behaviour of a spiritually poor person
Creativity, variety of ideas Addiction to evil ideas
Enthusiasm, hard-working Coldness, laziness, carelessness
Caring for people The dominance of selfish views
Setting high goals Lack of purpose, uncertainty about the future
Flawless task execution Incomplete or incorrect execution of tasks
Respect for the Elders and Respect for the Younger Work for your benefit
Ethical and aesthetic outlook Evil intentions, nefarious goals
Source: Created and developed by the author
Its social nature explains the harmony of spiritual- The main goal of enterprises' and organizations'
ity with the economy. Because spirituality and econom- products and services is not to harm human health, not
ics arise in society as a social phenomenon. Spiritual to emit harmful gasses and emissions, the widespread
poverty also directly reflects the disgusting image of a use of green technologies, the production of goods that
social phenomenon and has a negative impact not only do not harm local traditions (clothing), human health is
on nature and society but also on economic processes. reflected in such economic activities as growing and
We can analyze this using the terms "spiritual" and processing consumer goods that bring more benefits.
"non-spiritual economy". We can assess the integral as- An economy that is out of sync with spirituality is anal-
pects of the spiritual economy as a set of many eco- ogous to the socio-cultural and economic development
nomic processes in which they carried economic proof society, resulting in a sharp change in the established
cesses out not only for good and for harm but also to and accepted traditions of nations and peoples, as well
achieve the noble aspirations of humanity. as the formation or deterioration of the younger gener-
ation's upbringing.
Raw
Green materials
technology and products
Spiritual
harmony and
national values
Outcomes and services

Figure 1. Harmony between the economic and Spiritual/cultural worldviews
Source: Created and developed by the author
Almost all economic processes necessitate inter- live more and more of our lives as digital simulations,
actions with social processes. These processes can it's still surprising that semiconductor behemoths like
never be mutually exclusive. If economic activity TSMC and Nvidia can't produce chips fast enough.
harms the spiritual and cultural ties that exist between Forbes' Global 2000 list has been measuring the world's
these ties, it will not only harm society but may also largest public companies in four equally weighted met-
lead to a decline in economic development. This means rics since 2003: assets, market value, sales, and profits.
that the primary goal of a business should not be the Last year's edition provided insight into the early eco-
production of goods or services. It also necessitates nomic consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic. We are
careful consideration and analysis of how the goods now seeing the results of a year of market turmoil and
sold here affect consumers' cultural and spiritual unfathomable human loss. The outcomes are not en-
worldviews. The protection of the national economy tirely negative. With central banks allowing negative
and spirituality is especially important in times when interest rates, investors have concluded that equity in-
globalization and the spread of mass culture have a sig- vesting is the only option. Naturally, the global stock
nificant impact on society, national spirituality, and market has increased by roughly 48% in the last year.
culture. So, while the Forbes Global 2000 companies' sales and
IV. Analysis and outcomes profits are down, their total assets and market value are
A strong society and the highest moral qualities up. The minimum market value for inclusion on the
Several changes are occurring in socioeconomic 2021 list was $8.26 billion, up from $5.27 billion in
relations as a result of the global pandemic (Covid-19) 2020. (Andrea Murphy & Isabel Contreras, 2022).
that humanity is currently experiencing. It is clear that However, we continue to see the opposite in countries
mass protests against quarantine measures in some that have preserved their spiritual and cultural values
countries around the world result in the appearance of and are still treated with dignity. This means that spir-
iodized images on the spiritual and cultural appearance ituality, as a reflection of society, is a complex set of
of the crowd gathered there. Such examples undoubt- strong spiritual, ethical, and aesthetic views that lead to
edly aggravate these countries' economic crises. World either development or crisis.
business leaders were faced with impossible choices. Many people face fierce competition in a market
Should you begin layoffs now or wait for government economy, attempting to fully satisfy their well-being,
funds? Pay the rent or the payroll? Which factories will biological needs, and social status. In a highly compet-
be closed first? How are we going to get rid of this en- itive environment, however, they are prone to a variety
tire inventory? Is it better to start Chapter 11 now or of undesirable actions when they are aware of their lack
later? Even as airlines and retailers went bankrupt, oil of knowledge and experience. These include familiar-
prices plummeted below zero, and death tolls skyrock- ity, corruption, victory lust, inability to control one's
eted, there were some pandemic bright spots. Pfizer and desires, disregard for others, or boasting of one's he-
AstraZeneca have been extremely busy, while Amazon gemony, and the fact that such people participate in this
cannot find enough workers. And, as we've learned to
or that economic activity directly harms all normal eco- form in Berlin. Around 3,000 people turned out for the
nomic relations. They prevent the economy from func- demonstration in Munich's Marienplatz. In Frankfurt,
tioning normally. To achieve their evil intentions, they about 500 people demanded the abolition of the mask
sell their conscience, spirituality, and culture. This is regime, sparking mass protests. A spiritual community
the most important factor in a person's spiritual and cul- of individuals would never have created such a situa-
tural poverty, and it directly leads to socio-economic tion. (Odashev I.M, 2021)
poverty. A strong market economy promotes optimal Example 3: The unrest in Italy began on October
economic processes in the face of intense competition, 22 in Naples, after a curfew was imposed in the Cam-
mutually beneficial relationships, and limited re- pania region, and spread throughout the region the next
sources. Spiritual poverty, on the other hand, does not day. After Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte imposed
allow strong market mechanisms to function normally, new strict restrictions on October 25, protests and riots
or it leads to a sharp deterioration and economic impov- spread to Milan, Turin, and Rome. The protests were
erishment of society. not peaceful, resulting in riots, clashes with police, and
According to B.P. Shulindin, “All forms of social looting. The main causes of these mass conflicts are a
consciousness, although in various forms, reflect so- lack of a targeted governance approach, and a lack of
cial life and, above all, material social relations, initial and targeted public awareness campaigns about
which has the opposite effect. The joint evolution of the pandemic, or poor organization. The inadequacy of
the materialistic and idealistic directions is a dialecti- human spiritual qualities, on the other hand, can explain
cal interaction of spirituality and the economic sphere crowd behavior. (Odashev I.M, 2021)
of society”. (A.Razzakov & Sh.Toshmatov & N.Ur- V. Conclusions and recommendations
monov, 2002) In the transition from a strong state to a In conclusion, I would like to emphasize that Uz-
strong civil society, the formation of a strong spiritual- bekistan, which is famous all over the world for its mul-
ity and a strong economy are closely interconnected. tinational people with a thousand-year history, culture,
The presence of people with high moral qualities in so- and spiritual views, are a mirror of their spiritual
ciety prevents various conflicts and riots from escalat- worldview. Therefore, the formation and implementa-
ing. Along with the COVID-19 pandemic, mass pro- tion of a modern economy and its historical, cultural,
tests and collective conflicts in countries around the and spiritual foundations must be an integral part of to-
world has resulted in complex social crises. Analyzing day's complex global economic processes. In the fur-
this with the help of the following vivid examples, we ther development of international economic relations
can see how difficult situations can arise in a society between the countries of the world, there is a need for
devoid of spiritual beliefs. Tens of thousands of people a spiritually rich economy as an important tool in cre-
protested against COVID-19 measures and government ating a world economy that can respond to any unex-
sanctions against the unvaccinated in Australia, France, pected challenges. I believe that such a spiritual econ-
Italy, and Greece on Saturday, sparking clashes with omy is very important for today's world, and I would
police. The protests highlight the global conflict be- like to make the following conclusions and recommen-
tween the World Health Organization and other public dations for achieving and implementing it:
health agencies' advice and people who refuse to be ✔ Development and continuous monitoring of
vaccinated for various reasons. In the current situation, all measures to prevent corruption in implementing
no country in the world could resolve the Protestant business processes;
conflict peacefully. People with spiritual and moral ✔ Identify spiritual and cultural factors that af-
qualities would not instigate such widespread conflict. fect the level of the shadow economy, and conduct reg-
And such national responsibilities should have been ular educational work to develop the spiritual con-
considered before the conflict began. sciousness of a person;
Example 1: Government-imposed quarantine re- ✔ When establishing economic ties with the
strictions to prevent the rapid spread of COVID-19 countries of the world, more attention should be paid to
around the world have resulted in mass conflicts. This the formation of interethnic and intercultural ties;
included mass protests in the United States on April 18, ✔ Ensuring the harmony of spiritual values in
2020, in Michigan, Ohio, Texas, Maryland, Kentucky, shaping the foundations of the modern economy;
and Wisconsin, where protesters created artificially ✔ To look into the historical genesis of spiritual
large traffic jams from several cars, and "Give me the ideals, as well as the techniques and criteria that have
right to get a coronavirus, but don't restrict my free- guided their evolution to the present day;
dom" ("reopen," i.e., stop isolation). During the pro- ✔ Formation and implementation of targeted
tests, it was easy to see various violations, humiliations mechanisms that ensure the main role of spiritual views
of human dignity, and the disgusting state of society's in the daily activities of economic entities;
moral image. (Odashev I.M, 2021) ✔ Formation of an environment of interest in
Example 2: Such large-scale conflicts and unau- economic values, and criteria in economic activity;
thorized protests against restrictions on citizens' rights ✔ In-depth examination of the works of im-
and freedoms in Berlin began on April 19. Protesters portant historical leaders in the field of economics that
first gathered in Rosa Luxemburg Square for a "sanitary have been passed down to us, as well as an assessment
protest," then moved to the Kreuzberg neighborhood. of their relevance to the present economy.
Protests against mass quarantine (isolation regime) in-
creased on May 9. Thousands of people from Stuttgart
attended. Protests took a smaller but more aggressive
References 8. Xalq so’zi online newspaper, Boriy Alixonov,
1. Khajiev B.D., Abdullaeva R.G., Mamaraxi- Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Central
mov B.E. Educational-methodical complex on the sub- Council of the Ecological Movement of Uzbekistan,
ject "History of economic doctrines". For a lecture. Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy
Tashkent: Economics, 2016. p.259. Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan; Abdurakhim
2. Yuldashev K., Muftaydinov K., “From the his- Qurbanov, Deputy of the Legislative Chamber of the
tory of economic doctrines”. (On the example of Shark Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 2015
economic thinking) T., 2000. 9. Tolipov U.K, “Spiritual and moral bases life-
3. Razzakov A., Toshmatov Sh., Urmonov N, long education in the republic of Uzbekistan”, Nauki ob
“History of Economics”, Finance, T., 2002. Obrazovanii,
4. Mahmudov T., "About the Avesto". T., Shark, 10. Forbes, “The Global 2000”, Andrea Murphy,
2000. and Isabel Contreras, 2022
5. Karimov I, “High spirituality is an invincible 11. Bouckaert L, and Zsolnai L, 2012. “Spiritual-
force”. Tashkent, Manaviyat, 2008. ity and Business: An Interdisciplinary Overview” Soci-
6. In Central and Eastern Europe, Journal of the ety and Economy 34 (2012) No. 3. pp. 489-514
Corvinus University of Budapest, Society and Econ- 12. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-
omy Vol.34, No.3 (2012), pp.489-514 (26 pages) Luk tests_against_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic
Bouckaert and Laszlo Zsolnai. 13. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-
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(91), pp.122-127, Odashev I.M. 14. https://www.dw.com/en/what-is-behind-the-
covid-protests-across-europe/a-60074426
MEDICAL SCIENCES
RESULTS OF IMMUNOLOGICAL STATUS BEFORE AND AFTER ENDOSCOPIC SURGERY IN
PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS
Khushvakova N.,
MD Professor Head of the Department of Otorhinolaryngology No. 1
Samarkand State Medical University
Samarkand, Uzbekistan.
Burkhanov U.,
Assistant of the Department of Otorhinolaryngology No. 1
Samarkand, Uzbekistan.
Nurmuhamedov F.
Assistant of the Department of Otorhinolaryngology No. 1
Samarkand, Uzbekistan
Abstract
The article presents data on the dynamics of changes in the level of cytokines in blood serum and nasal
secretions in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. 178 patients were studied. The study showed that chronic forms
of rhinosinusitis develop against the background of multidirectional shifts in the concentration of anti-inflamma-
tory cytokines in blood serum and nasal secretions. The patients were divided into 2 large groups. After the post-
operative period, patients of the main group using LILT methods showed a tendency to normalize the levels of all
classes of serum immunoglobulins IgA decreased by 44.3%, IgM by 61.2%, IgG by 14.0% and secretory immu-
noglobulin A by 18.0%. The dynamics of changes in each indicator indicated a decrease in the immune load on
the body.
Keywords: rhinosinusitis, endoscopic surgery, low-intensity laser therapy, immunoglobulin, mucociliary
transport.
Relevance. Rhinosinusitis is an inflammatory dis- functioning of the mucociliary apparatus. The MA of

ease of the mucous membranes of the nose and nasal the mucous membrane is damaged by viral and bacte-
cavities, almost always caused by secretory stagnation rial infections or other exogenous effects, as a result of
and impaired aeration of the nasal cavities. Inflamma- which microorganisms begin to multiply in sterile cav-
tion of the nasal cavities is one of the most common ities, multiply intensively, and lead to the development
pathologies among the ENT organs. In the last decade, of acute rhinosinusitis [4].
the incidence of rhinosinusitis has increased almost 3 Local immunity is provided by: BYoB aeration
times. According to epidemiological studies, 15% of and blood circulation, mucociliary clearance, mucus
the adult population and 5% of children suffer from information, cellular, chemical and immunological
flammatory diseases of the nasal cavities. The inci- mechanisms of the body's defense against various mi-
dence of chronic inflammatory diseases of the nasal croorganisms. It is also known that the nasal mucosa
cavities remains high and still does not have a declining has IgA-producing cells located in the mucous areas
principle. Consequently, there has been a recent in- and IgG-producing cells located in the epithelial layer
crease in morbidity by 1.5–2.0% [1]. [3].
The modern ecological environment is character- In recent years, the development of laser research
ized by increasing pollution of the atmosphere by motor in medicine has become a strategic task for the treat-
transport, industry and chemical organizations. Over- ment of various diseases in the leading countries of the
saturation with inhalation pathogens leading to inflam- world. The ability of laser beams to generate high con-
mation or sensitization of the organism, as well as var- centrations in space over a certain frequency range over
ious physical factors (ionizing radiation, electromag- time has opened up new prospects for biotechnology.
netic waves, ultraviolet rays, etc.) is observed [6]. Currently, laser technology is used in all areas of med-
Chemicals also lead to an increase in negative effects, icine: the concept of laser medicine has been formed
as they act as irritants to the barrier tissues of the res- both in the field of fundamental research, as well as in
piratory system, thereby facilitating the passage of clinical practice. At the same time, the development of
pathogens through the UNY mucous membrane into laser medicine is evolving across three main areas: laser
the body’s internal environment. All this leads to a de- surgery, laser therapy, and laser diagnostics [5].
crease in immunoreactivity of the population, an in- The aim of the study is to examine the immuno-
crease in respiratory diseases and their transition to a logical status of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis be-
chronic form [2]. fore and after endoscopic surgery, as well as to evaluate
Disorders of the mechanical component of protec- the results.
tion - i.e. mucociliary transport - lead to SRS. The con- Materials and inspection methods. Clinical ex-
dition of BYOBs is primarily governed by the efficient aminations covered 178 patients with proliferative form
of chronic rhinosinusitis: All patients from 2018 to After endoscopic surgery, patients in the main
2021 were examined and treated in the inpatient depart- group were treated with LILT on a Mustang 2000 de-
ment of the ENT Department of SamDTU Clinic No. 1 vice (Figure 1).
and the private medical center "SAOMED" in Samar-
kand.
Figure 1. Introduction of MUSTANG 2000
In the postoperative period, the use of LILT is per- μm, maximum radiation output 5 W is performed using
formed in order to enhance the immune system, im- a special nasal cavity ENT nozzle, lower and middle
prove local blood circulation and improve the quality nasal with ENT nozzle The tracks are inserted and held
of wound healing. For this purpose, the treatment is per- for 1.5–2 minutes. The course of treatment - 5–7 days
formed while the patient is sitting, no analgesia of the (Fig. 2).
nasal mucosa is required, endonasal wavelength 0.89
Figure 2. Technique of conducting nasal cavity LILT.
Blood, plasma, and serum served as the object of its subclasses, as well as slgA, belonging to classes A,
nasal secretion testing. Blood was drawn from the el- M, G, was carried out using the solid-phase IFA
bow vein at lunch. Serum or plasma was isolated by method, using binary antibody reagents.
conventional methods. To remove the wash from the Results and discussions. Based on the data ob-
nasal cavity, a dry cloth swab was placed in each com- tained, we concluded that once a day for 5-7 days, apply
mon nasal passage of the patient for 10 minutes, and PILT continuously for 2-3 minutes with infrared rays
after it was removed from the nose, 1 ml of 0.9% so- with a power of 5 mW, wavelength 0.89 μm, separately
dium chloride solution was placed in a preservative so- for each nasal cavity. leads to a rapid restoration of the
lution. Thirty minutes later, the tampons were thor- functional state of the cavity.
oughly compressed, and the obtained, washed was used Evaluation of the endoscopic picture performed in
for inspections. The standardization of the washes was the dynamics showed that statistically reliable recovery
carried out by spectrophotometric control at a wave- of nasal functional status and immunologically normal
length of 280 nm - "dilution - concentration". blood and nasal secretions was faster in the main group
Serum, blood plasma, and nasal secretions were of patients undergoing PILT in the postoperative pe-
taken at the same time, on the day of admission or hos- riod, without any additional physiotherapeutic treat-
pitalization, as well as before the end of the course of ment, compared with the control group. Tumors of the
treatment and response, usually 5-7 days in the hospital. nasal mucosa disappeared by 5.3 ± 0.4 days in the main
All samples were frozen in Eppendorf-type solutions group of patients and by 8.7 ± 0.6 days in patients in
and stored at -20 ° C until use. Determination of Ig and the control group (p <0.05).
Table 1
Serum outcomes of control group patients before and after treatment
Ig content before treatment is g/l The amount of Ig after treatment is g/l
Criteria g/l
pointer reliability pointer reliability
IgA 10,02±0,3 р<0,05 10,9±0,1 р<0,05
sIgA 0,14±0,05 р<0,05 0,23±0,03 р<0,05
IgM 3,5±0,7 р<0,05 1,7±0,2 р<0,05
IgG 10,35±1,6 р<0,05 14,0±1,4 р<0,05
Note: p are statistically significant differences between conventional and proposed therapy
Table 2
Serum outcomes of the main group of patients before and after treatment
Criteria g/l
pointer reliability pointer reliability
IgA 11,07±0,1 р<0,05 5,3±0,3 р<0,05
sIgA 0,25±0,02 р<0,05 0,18±0,03 р<0,05
IgM 4,63±0,3 р<0,05 1,85±0,2 р<0,05
IgG 12,45±1,2 р<0,05 15,2±1,4 р<0,05
Table 3
Outcomes in nasal secretion of control group patients before and after treatment
Criteria g/l
pointer reliability pointer pointer
IgA 2,58±0,9 р<0,05 3,9±0,2 р<0,05
sIgA 0,10±0,05 р<0,05 0,15±0,03 р<0,05
IgM 1,49±0,6 р<0,05 1,7±0,2 р<0,05
IgG 15,34±1,7 р<0,05 17,0±1,4 р<0,05
Table 4
Outcomes in nasal secretion of the main group of patients before and after treatment
Criteria g/l
pointer reliability pointer pointer
IgA 3,01±0,1 р<0,05 4,5±0,3 р<0,05
sIgA 0,14±0,02 р<0,05 0,25±0,03 р<0,05
IgM 1,53±0,3 р<0,05 1,8±0,2 р<0,05
IgG 16,25±1,3 р<0,05 17,5±1,5 р<0,05
After the proposed therapy, the concentration of

sIgA, IgM, IgG in the nasal secretion increases. Un- References
doubtedly, this pattern is associated with increased lo- 1. Burkhanov U. M., Khushvakova N. D.
cal secretion of immunoglobulins. Сурункали риносинусит билан касалланган
Thus, the table shows that the use of PILT in the бeморларда эндоскопик операциядан кейинги
postoperative period in the main group of patients is даврда антимикроб нeйтрофил пeптидларини
based on the principle of normalization of serum immu- ўрганиш //Journal of Biomedicine and Practice. –
noglobulins of all classes, including IgA by 44.3%, 2020. – Т. 5. – №. 5.
IgM by 61.2%, IgG by 14.0%. and secretory immuno- 2. Ulugbek B., Nilyufar K. Clinical experience of
globulin A decreased by 18.0%. The dynamics of laser therapy use in rhinosinusitis patients after endo-
changes in each indicator indicates a decrease in the im- scopic operations //International Journal of Psychoso-
mune load on the body. cial Rehabilitation. – 2020. – Т. 24. – №. 6. – С. 9843-
Conclusion. Based on this study, it can be con- 9848.
cluded that the success of treatment of patients with 3. Хушвакова Н., Бурханов У. Сурункали ри-
proliferative form of chronic rhinosinusitis depends not носинусит билан оғриган беморларда эндоскопик
only on the quality of the surgical intervention per- жарроҳлик амалиётидан сўнг фагоцитозни нейтро-
formed, but also on the accuracy of the postoperative фил бўғини кўрсатгичларини баҳолаш //Журнал
period, aimed at restoring the nasal mucosa and its вестник врача. – 2020. – Т. 1. – №. 4. – С. 120-123.
functions. 4. Хушвакова Н.Ж., Бурханов У.М.
Based on the results obtained, it can be said that ДИНАМИКА ИЗМЕНЕНИЙ УРОВНЯ
after the endoscopic surgery and the course of PILT, the ЦИТОКИНОВ В СЫВОРОТКЕ КРОВИ И В
condition of the nasal mucosa in patients and almost НАЗАЛЬНЫХ СЕКРЕТАХ У БОЛЬНЫХ С
rapid recovery of the body's immunological parameters ХРОНИЧЕСКИМИ РИНОСИНУСИТАМИ// Про-
are observed. блемы биологии и медицины. - 2021. №3. Том. 128.
- С. 141-143. DOI: http://doi.org/ ВА ТИББИЁТ МУАММОЛАРИ PROBLEMS OF
5. Шаматов И. Я., Хушвакова Н. Ж., Бурханов BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE ПРОБЛЕМЫ
У. М. Эндоскопическая ультразвуковая дезинтегра- БИОЛОГИИ. – 2019. – С. 144.
ция при гипертрофическом рините с одновремен-
ной коррекции устья слуховых труб //БИОЛОГИЯ
SMART HEALTHCARE SYSTEM FOR CARDIOVASCULAR PATIENTS USING MACHINE

LEARNING
Kondoro A.,
Department of Computer Studies, Dar es salaam Institute of Technology, Dar es salaam, Tanzania
Tongora E.F.
Department of Computer Studies, Dar es salaam Institute of Technology, Dar es salaam, Tanzania
Abstract
Cardiovascular refers to anything relating to the heart and blood vessels. The flawed current leads to multiple
patients not receiving the right care depending on their current health status, leading to critical cases and even
death. Apart from the main objective of developing a smart healthcare system for cardiovascular diseases, other
specific objectives include modelling a machine learning algorithm for natural language processing, modelling a
machine learning algorithm for health recommendation, developing a preliminary diagnosis subsystem, develop-
ing a follow-up report management subsystem, integrating geolocation subsystem, evaluating the system. The
study has proposed new method, the Recommendation and Optimization-Based Decision Support System Algo-
rithm, constructs an expert system with an explicit knowledge base. The algorithm obtains knowledge through
domain experts. In response to a query, the algorithm gives a customized recommendation, using an optimization
step to help the patient maximize the probability of achieving the desired outcome. In this findings, the recom-
mended behavioural factors are the optimal solutions that maximize the desired effect’s likelihood. With proper
formulation, this expert system can combine multiple factors like age and body mass index to give proper self-
preliminary diagnosis support at the individual level.
Keywords: Cardiovascular, Machine learning, Healthcare
I. INTRODUCTION affects all or part of an organism's structure or function,

The first president of the United Republic of Tan- but does not cause any immediate external injury [5].
zania, the late Mwalimu Julius Kambarage, once stated Furthermore, it is an abnormal heart or blood vessel
the country's three main enemies were poverty, illiter- condition [6]. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a gen-
acy, and diseases. A country must address several chal- eral term for conditions affecting the heart or blood ves-
lenges for a stable economy so that its people's health sels. It is usually associated with a build-up of fatty de-
is on the agenda. Diseases can slow the country's econ- posits inside the arteries and increased blood clots. It
omy as countries depend on human resources to manu- can also be associated with damage to arteries in organs
facture several economic tasks. A disease is a patholog- such as the brain, heart, kidneys, and eyes. Cardiovas-
ical process, most often physical, as in throat infection cular diseases develop into conditions that last one year
or cancer of the bronchus, sometimes undetermined in or more and require ongoing medical attention or lim-
origin, as in schizophrenia [1]. The disease manifests ited daily living activities or both [7].
itself as a disorder and announces its presence in the The categories of cardiovascular diseases include
form of symptoms. Disease phenomena, cases of the coronary artery disease, or CAD, which is the most
disease, the clinical picture, and the course of a disease common form of heart disease; the hardening or nar-
can be described, objectified, and classified [2]. Dis- rowing of the arteries that lead to the heart characterizes
eases are often known to be medical conditions associ- this condition. A heart attack, or myocardial infarction,
ated with specific signs and symptoms [3]. Tanzania's happens when the arteries leading to the heart become
government has made several efforts through the Min- blocked, disrupting blood flow. Congestive heart fail-
istry in charge of health and social welfare and other ure occurs when stiffness in the heart prevents the or-
organizations to improve the health sector in Tanzania. gan from pumping blood adequately through the body.
In 2019, the Ministry of Health, Community Develop- Heart valve disease happens when any of the four
ment, Gender, the Elderly, and Children of the United valves in the heart do not open or close properly and
Republic of Tanzania agreed to a new health policy. interrupt blood flow. Heart muscle disease, or cardio-
This policy will reduce the burden of medical costs by myopathy, can lead to heart failure. It occurs when the
ensuring a shift in preventing diseases and infections heart muscle becomes more extensive and stiffens, pre-
[4]. The whole situation is because these costs affect venting it from pumping blood away from the heart.
citizens at a community and national level. Despite the Sometimes blood can pool in the lungs. Abnormal heart
immense efforts emphasized by Tanzania's govern- rhythms, or arrhythmia, cause a fluctuation in the heart-
ment, the increase in cardiovascular disease cases in the beat that happens while at rest [8].
country has still been a problem. Cardiovascular dis- Tanzania, like other developing countries, is expe-
ease is a particular abnormal condition that negatively riencing a higher burden of cardiovascular diseases.
According to recent estimates, approximately 33% of Studies have also shown that 37 percent of the 17 mil-
the Tanzanian population is affected by cardiovascular lion premature deaths associated with non-communica-
diseases. The probability of dying from cardiovascular ble diseases (NCD) are caused by CVD [17]. Cardio-
diseases among adults aged 30 to 70 is approximately vascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death
16%. Cardiovascular diseases alone are responsible for and disability in Argentina. CVD causes approximately
13% of Tanzania's total deaths, and adults aged 25–64 30 percent of all deaths in the country, and ischemic
years are particularly affected. Age-standardized cardi- heart disease is the cardiovascular condition with the
ovascular disease mortality rates showed higher death highest morbidity and mortality rates [18].
rates among Tanzanian men than women (473 versus Heart and circulatory diseases cause around a
382 per 10,000). These rates can be further quantified quarter of all deaths in the UK; more than 160,000
by the cardiovascular disease death rates of 9–13% be- deaths each year – an average of 450 deaths each day,
tween 2012 and 2016. These have been driven by the or one every three minutes in the UK. Around 7.6 mil-
growing trend of cardiovascular disease risk factors in lion people live with a heart or circulatory disease in
the country. If there are no strategic measures taken, the the UK, including 4 million men and 3.6 million
mortality rates of cardiovascular diseases in Tanzania women. Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the most
are expected to rise by 20 percent in 2020, and this will common type of heart and circulatory disease. It is the
cause over one million deaths [9]. In other parts of Af- most common cause of heart attack and was the single
rica, In Nigeria, the World Health Organization (WHO) biggest killer of both men and women worldwide in
in 2016 revealed that non-communicable diseases were 2019. There are more than 100,000 hospital admissions
estimated to account for 29 percent of all deaths, of in the UK due to heart attacks; that is one every five
which CVDs contributed 11 percent. CVDs that have minutes. Around 1.4 million people alive in the UK to-
been increasing over the past 20 years in Nigeria in- day have survived a heart attack. More than 900,000
clude hypertension, heart failure, and stroke [10]. In people in the UK are living with heart failure. Strokes
South Africa, CVD is responsible for almost 1 in 6 cause around 34,000 deaths in the UK each year and are
deaths (17.3 percent). Two hundred fifteen (215) peo- the most significant cause of severe disability. People
ple die every day from heart disease or strokes. Every with a family history of coronary heart disease are
hour in South Africa, five people have heart attacks, ten much more likely to develop vascular dementia. There
people have strokes, and of those events, ten people will are more than 30,000 out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in
die [11]. the UK each year, with a survival rate of less than 1 in
On the North American continent, cardiovascular 10 [19]. One in three French people has significant risk
disease, including stroke, is the leading cause of illness factors for cardiovascular disease. Around 120,000
and death in the United States. In this country, an esti- heart attacks occur in France every year; around 10%
mated 62 million people have cardiovascular disease of the victims die within an hour [20].
and 50 million people have hypertension [12]. In Can- Heart disease and stroke cause nearly 1 in 3 deaths
ada, about 1 in 12 (or 2.4 million) Canadian adults aged in the US each year. At least 200,000 of these deaths
20 and over live with diagnosed heart disease. Every could have been prevented through changes in health
hour, about 12 Canadian adults age 20 and over with habits, such as stopping smoking, more physical activ-
diagnosed heart disease die. The death rate is three ity, and less salt in the diet; community changes to cre-
times higher in adults aged 20 and up with diagnosed ate healthier living spaces, such as safe places to exer-
heart disease compared to those who do not; four times cise and smoke-free areas; and managing high blood
higher in adults aged 20 and up who have had a heart pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes [21].
attack compared to those who do not; and six times Cardiovascular diseases will be addressed using
higher in adults aged 40 and up with diagnosed heart machine learning and knowledge discovery techniques
failure compared to those who do not [13]. Coronary to create automated, personalized health recommenda-
heart disease (CHD) is the second leading cause of car- tions that consider patient characteristics and prefer-
diovascular death in the Chinese population on the con- ences. This type of problem can be found in many do-
tinent of Asia. It accounts for 22 percent of cardiovas- mains. Experts are often consulted because they know
cular deaths in urban areas and 13 percent in rural areas. how to maximize the desired results while considering
Although the mortality from CHD in China is relatively multiple and sometimes competing factors. The pro-
low compared with Western levels, the burden of CHD posed algorithm can simulate these experts by recom-
has been increasing [14]. In 2016, the estimated preva- mending actions that maximize the likelihood of the de-
lence of CVDs in India was estimated to be 54.5 mil- sired result [22]. Linear regression is a statistical proce-
lion. One in four deaths in India is now because of dure for calculating the value of a dependent variable
CVDs, with ischemic heart disease and stroke respon- from an independent variable. Linear regression
sible for >80 percent of this burden [15]. In Japan, there measures the association between two variables. It is a
were 750,000 estimated cases of CHD, accounting for modeling technique where a dependent variable is pre-
38.7 percent of all heart disease cases, and 1,668,000 dicted based on one or more independent variables.
estimated cases of CVD, accounting for 65.8 percent of Linear regression analysis is the most widely used of all
all cerebrovascular disease cases (2,534,000) [16]. statistical techniques [23]. The use of regression tech-
On the continent of South America, in Brazil, niques can determine the relative importance of varia-
CVD was responsible for 31 percent of all deaths, with bles by observing the coefficients' sign and magnitude.
ischemic heart disease (31 percent), and cerebrovascu- Sensitivity analysis provides a way to observe how sen-
lar diseases (30 percent) being the leading CVD causes. sitive a result is to variations in the variables of interest,
thus determining the importance of these variables. The case-based reasoning, instead of using a knowledge
proposed algorithm is a decision tool that can provide base, is using case libraries, which contain all previ-
suggestions by utilizing captured knowledge and opti- ously solved cases. The new case's solution working
mizing the chosen action's effectiveness. This algo- mechanism involves finding the most similar problems
rithm can recommend an action based on multiple var- in the case library.
iables and the interactions among them. II. METHODS AND MATERIAL
Instances with known outcomes are used to cap- A. Data Collection
ture knowledge in the form of a predictive model (clas- The following methods of data collection are used
sifier) and a validation map that estimates the probabil- in this project: Questionnaire, a series of questions de-
ity of the desired outcome for any patient/action pair. A signed to elicit/ draw specific information about an area
query will activate an optimization method that finds of study or interest. Interview, a conversation with a
the best course of action using the captured knowledge, purpose. Focus Groups, is simply a group interview of
feasible choices, and information provided about the people who all have something in common. Records
patient. The optimization process will combine the pro- and Documents, is the process of examining existing
vided information with the captured knowledge to gen- documents and records of an organisation for tracking
erate customized health customization [24]. The changes over a period of time.
knowledge extraction tool's objective is to find a proper B. Methodology
recommendation under the constraints the patient has Rapid application development is a software de-
provided. The user provides information regarding a velopment methodology that uses minimal planning in
patient's characteristics, and then the system can gener- rapid prototyping. RAD methodology is designed to
ate a customized health recommendation. This custom- adapt to changes and accept new inputs, like features
ized recommendation satisfies the given characteristics and functions, at every development process. RAD uses
and identifies the recommendations with the highest an Iterative Incremental Model. The Iterative Incre-
probability of the desired outcome. A sound decision- mental Model is a particular implementation of a soft-
making system should also consider patient factors like ware development life cycle (SDLC) that focuses on in-
tolerance. Practical problems will arise if the only con- itial, simplified implementation, progressively gaining
sideration is medical phenomena, and it may get even more complexity and a broader feature set until the fi-
more challenging if there are other practical concerns nal system is complete.
like variant symptoms. The solution to this is the need The first step is to go through an initial planning
to have a knowledge-based system (KBS) [25]. This stage to map out the specification documents, establish
knowledge exists in the form of atomic facts about the software or hardware requirements, and generally pre-
domain of interest and rules for inferring new facts, but pare for the upcoming stages of the cycle. The purpose
may also be in the form of graphs, trees, or networks. of this phase is to perform a preliminary investigation
This data is stored in a specific location known as a to evaluate an IT-related business opportunity or prob-
"knowledge base." Together with the inference engine, lem. The second step, analysis is performed to nail
the knowledge base system is used to make inferences. down the appropriate business logic, database models,
Another technique used in case-based reasoning, in- and the like required at this stage in the project. The
stead of using a knowledge base, is using case libraries, third step, the actual implementation and coding pro-
which contain all previously solved cases. The new cess began. All planning, specification, and design docs
case's solution working mechanism involves finding up to this point were implemented into this initial iter-
the most similar problems in the case library. d ation of the project. After database design, understand-
knowledge to generate customized health customiza- ing of the variables, entities, and their corresponding
tion [24]. The knowledge extraction tool's objective is attributes, the focus was shifted to bringing this project
to find a proper recommendation under the constraints to life by developing and integrating different system
the patient has provided. The user provides information components.
regarding a patient's characteristics, and then the sys- The fourth step, after a build iteration has been
tem can generate a customized health recommendation. coded and implemented, is to undergo a series of testing
This customized recommendation satisfies the given procedures to identify and locate any potential bugs or
characteristics and identifies the recommendations with issues that have cropped up. After all prior stages were
the highest probability of the desired outcome. A sound completed, a thorough evaluation of development up to
decision-making system should also consider patient this stage was performed. This evaluation allowed the
factors like tolerance. Practical problems will arise if entire team and clients or other outside parties to exam-
the only consideration is medical phenomena, and it ine where the project is at, where it needs to be, what
may get even more challenging if there are other prac- can or should change, and so on.
tical concerns like variant symptoms. The solution to C. Tools used
this is the need to have a knowledge-based system MySQL is an Open Source, high performance,
(KBS) [25]. This knowledge exists in the form of feature-rich relational database management software.
atomic facts about the domain of interest and rules for MySQL performs well as the data size grows, from GB
inferring new facts, but may also be in the form of to several TB of data. XAMPP server (X-Cross plat-
graphs, trees, or networks. This data is stored in a spe- form Apache MySQL PHP server). It gives the lo-
cific location known as a "knowledge base." Together calhost for hosting the web based locally before hosting
with the inference engine, the knowledge base system to the online servers. VS CODE IDE analyzes your
is used to make inferences. Another technique used in code, looking for connections between symbols across
all project files and languages. Colaboratory, or on some smartphones of the brand. It could also be
“Colab” for short, is a product from Google Research. downloaded from the Samsung Galaxy Store [27].
Colab allows anybody to write and execute arbitrary Samsung Health is more than just a glorified step or
python code through the browser, and is especially well calorie tracker. It can track weight, calorie intake/burn,
suited to machine learning, data analysis and education. steps, runs, heart rate, stress levels, caffeine intake,
AutoML Vision enables you to perform supervised blood pressure, sleep, blood glucose, bike rides, hikes,
learning, which involves training a computer to recog- and a lot more. It is worth noting that not all features
nize patterns from labeled data. Using supervised learn- are available on all smartphones. So, while one can in-
ing, we can train a model to recognize the patterns and stall it on a wide range of Android phones, not every
content that we care about in images. phone can take advantage of things which are enabled
D. Languages used by the hardware on the Samsung Galaxy lineup. Sam-
PHP (Hypertext Pre-processor), is used to build up sung Health’s main page is where one will start with
the web contents part of the project such as database the app, as well as where likely spend most of the time.
connection, inserting and retrieving data from database. It can be a bit overwhelming at first, but get used to it
JavaScript with its libraries like JQuery. It is client quickly. It is worth noting that some do not use the
side scripting language which can be used to handle all phone to get their data, like blood pressure or glucose,
events in client side like validation and loading some for example. This feature assumes one has a third-party
part of the page. HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) monitor to track this particular data. Then input it to
used to build and display web contents. CSS (Cascade Health app manually. It is also likely that one can find
Style Sheet) used styling the layout of the webpages. apps that work with external devices (like blood pres-
Python is a general-purpose programming language, so sure monitors) and sync with the Health app to track
it can be used for many things. things more automatically [28].
E. Libraries and Web Services  Healthy Heart App
Bootstrap; a free and open-source CSS framework The Healthy Heart app is a prevention/monitoring
directed at responsive, mobile-first front-end web de- app for high blood pressure / high cholesterol patients
velopment. Jquery; a lightweight, JavaScript library. at risk of heart diseases and their caretakers. It tracks
Font-Awesome; A popular way to add font icons to blood pressure, pulse, cholesterol, blood glucose, po-
your website. NumPy; the fundamental package for sci- tassium, medication, and behavioural and environmen-
entific computing in Python. Scikit-Learn is a free soft- tal factors. This data is invaluable in helping one’s doc-
ware machine learning library for the Python program- tor pinpoint the cause of the sickness and evaluate the
ming language. effectiveness of medications. It also provides motiva-
Sendgrid API; offers a Web API that allows cus- tion for individuals to live healthier. The data can be
tomers to retrieve information about their accounts saved to the Ringful online service for backup, analyt-
such as statistics, bounces, spam reports, and unsub- ics, and easy sharing with doctors and family members.
scribes. Teachable Machine; a web-based tool that In addition, the app provides news articles on the latest
makes creating machine learning models fast, easy, and research/news on heart conditions every day, and one
accessible to everyone. OpenWeatherMap provides a can share those articles via Facebook [29].
range of weather-related products in a variable combi-  Heart Pal
nation of depth and steps of measurement to millions of Heart Pal connects with a separate handheld ECG
clients globally. monitor to record one’s heart and help one’s medical
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION team determine a diagnosis. Users can see the results,
Different platforms and applications have per- historical data, and waveform for analysis and review.
formed different approaches to solve this problem. The app uses AI technology to determine whether or
 Ada Health not there is an arrhythmia [30]. Heart Pal is a helpful
Ada is a global health company based in Berlin tool for patients and doctors to use to monitor their av-
that operates Ada, an end-user self-assessment app. ad- erage blood pressure. The app allows one to log infor-
ditionally, the company offers enterprise solutions - As- mation, display it in charts, and share it with the doctor.
sess, Connect, Handover, and COVID-19. It was One can even monitor the medication with a built-in
founded by Claire Novorol, a British paediatrician, scheduling feature. The reminders it offers also provide
Martin Hirsch, and Daniel Nathrath. Nathrath is a grad- a slew of additional benefits [32].
uate of the University of Houston Law Center. The app,  Withings App
developed by Ada Health, uses a medical knowledge WITHINGS creates devices embedded in easy-to-
database with artificial intelligence technology to help use everyday objects that connect to a unique app and
users understand what might be causing their symp- act as powerful daily health check-ups, as well as tools
toms and provide guidance about what they should do to help master long-term health goals. With a health
next [26]. companion, be empowered to take action and start mas-
 Samsung Health tering vitals. Track one’s vitals, weight & body compo-
Samsung Health (originally S Health) is a free ap- sition monitoring. Reach weight goals with advanced
plication developed by Samsung that serves to track insights, including weight, weight trends, and BMI &
various aspects of daily life contributing to well-being, body composition. Automatically track one’s daily ac-
such as physical activity, diet, and sleep. Launched on tivity and workout sessions with in-depth insights, in-
July 2 2012, with the new Samsung smartphone, the cluding steps, heart rate, multisport tracking, connected
Galaxy S3, the application was installed by default only GPS & fitness level assessment. Improve nights with
sleep-lab-worthy results (sleep cycles, sleep score, with the respective doctor to monitor the efficacy of
heart rate, snoring & more) and uncover breathing dis- treatment [33].
turbances. Monitor hypertension from the comfort of IV. DATA ANALYSIS
one’s home with medically accurate systolic and dias- From the findings, it can be concluded that the na-
tolic blood pressure results, plus reports one can share ture of the conversation between the patient and doctor
is mostly close-ended, as depicted by Fig-1.
Figure 1. Nature of the diagnosis conversation between doctor and patient.

It can be discussed that most doctors prefer Swahili to English as a medium of conversation due to the fa-
miliarity of the patients to the vocabularies of Swahili language, as depicted by Fig-2
Figure 2. Language most preferable during diagnosis.
It has been discussed that the following can be breathing and easy fatigability) as well as adherence to
learnt from the patients; Sentiment, emotions, symp- nutrition adjustments and medication given.
toms, background information, behavioural factors. In From diagnosis there will be 3 consecutive follow
addition to that the key factors that one should monitor ups at 7,14 and 21 days from diagnosis. Thereafter it
in cardiac-patient daily life include; diet and nutrition, will be monthly and if resolved then every after 6
body exercises, and weather. In case of emergence, the months. However, the patient can come to the clinic
immediate measures to be taken include; ventilation, when condition worsens at any time. The nature of a
performing CPR if necessary, and seeking medical at- victim follows up, begins with specific scope and ends
tention. with a general scope, summary of the whole process, no
Symptoms of the disease and stage of the disease place to bring new ideas, no redundancy. Report details
are the key factors that lead to recommending anything are represented through elaboration and translation of
to the patient. The kind of data is to be stored to help medical parameters into an understandable simple lan-
with the recommendations; Height, weight, age, loca- guage to the patient so as he/she can understand what
tion of the victim. The risk level of the patient in a pre- were the findings during investigations and they sug-
liminary diagnosis can be calculated using; symptoms gest he/she is suffering from.
(stage of the disease), by using Framingham heart fail-  Proposed System
ure score and Dukes criteria and using the CHADVAS The proposed system, is the smart healthcare sys-
score. tem for cardiovascular diseases. The system will man-
Coming up with the conclusion, Framingham cri- age all users seeking cardiovascular medical assistance.
teria is used, if the patient exhibits two major criteria or The medical assistance can inform of medical infor-
one major and two minor criteria’s and from history and mation of balanced diet that is various nutritious foods
symptoms. The kinds of question asked during diagno- which can help improve the user’s well-being. The
sis; heartbeat rhythm, family history of heart diseases, other form of medical assistance can be in the form of
lifestyle risk factors, easy fatigability, limb swelling recommendation of different behaviours and general
(Oedema), history of hypertension, chest pain, chronic conduct of the user, such as daily exercises, self-diag-
diseases, difficulty in breathing nosis, and level of activities.
During follow-up, the following processes should V. CONCLUSION
be considered; severity of signs and symptoms, adher- Machine learning is at the centre of a new enter-
ence to meds, modification of lifestyle (diet and exer- prise to build computational models of intelligence.
cise), improvement of patient’s symptoms (difficulty in The main assumption is that intelligence can be repre-
sented in terms of symbol structures and symbolic op- 8. Internal Medicine & Pediatric Clinic (2020,
erations which can be programmed in a digital com- February) 6 Types of Heart Disease and What Causes
puter. There is much debate as to whether such an ap- Them. IMPCNA. https://www.impcna.com/blog/6-
propriately programmed computer would be a mind, or types-of-heart-disease-and-what-causes-them
would merely simulate one, but machine learning re- 9. Wilfrida P. Roman, Haikael David Martin,
searchers need not wait for the conclusion to that de- Elingarami Sauli (2019, August). Cardiovascular Dis-
bate, nor for the hypothetical computer that could eases in Tanzania: The Burden of Modifiable and Inter-
model all of human intelligence. Aspects of intelligent mediate Risk Factors. Journal of Xiangya Medicine.
behaviour, such as solving problems, making infer- AME Publishing Company.
ences, learning, and understanding language, have al- https://jxym.amegroups.com/article/view/5361/html
ready been coded as computer programs, and within 10. Ike SO, Onyema CT. (2020, June) Cardiovas-
very limited domains, such as identifying diseases of cular diseases in Nigeria: What has happened in the past
soybean plants, machine learning algorithms can out- 20 years?. Nig J Cardiol 2020;17:21-6
perform human experts. Now the great challenge of ma- 11. Zuhlke, L. (2016, September). Why heart dis-
chine learning is to find ways of representing the com- ease is on the rise in South Africa. The Conversation.
mon-sense knowledge and experience that enable peo- http://theconversation.com/why-heart-disease-is-on-
ple to carry out everyday activities such as holding a the-rise-in-south-africa-66167
wide-ranging conversation, or finding their way along 12. Virani, S. S., Alonso, A., Benjamin, E. J., Bit-
a busy street. Conventional digital computers may be tencourt, M. S., Callaway, C. W., Carson, A. P., Cham-
capable of running such programs, or we may need to berlain, A. M., Chang, A. R., Cheng, S., Delling, F. N.,
develop new machines that can support the complexity Djousse, L., Elkind, M. S. V., Ferguson, J. F., Fornage,
of human thought. Generally, this report has provided M., Khan, S. S., Kissela, B. M., Knutson, K. L., Kwan,
all basic information concerning the existence of the T. W., Lackland, D. T. (2020, January). Heart Disease
problem and the procedures towards solving it. Using and Stroke Statistics—2020 Update: A Report from the
these procedures, the system has been designed and re- American Heart Association. Circulation, 141(9),
alized using machine learning algorithms. Moreover, e139–e596.
the system has been tested and appeared to give the ex- https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000757
pected results. Considering these results obtained after 13. Public Health Agency of Canada. (2017, Feb-
repeated testing, the overall performance of the de- ruary). Heart Disease in Canada [Education and aware-
signed system is good. Therefore, it can be concluded ness]. https://www.canada.ca/en/public-
that the designed system is expected to solve the exist- health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/heart-
ing problem. disease-canada.html
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health-mate/id542701020?l=en#?platform=iphone
PSYCHOSOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEART FAILURE
Kodirova Sh.
PhD, Head of the Department of Folk Medicine and
Occupational Diseases of the Bukhara State Medical Institute
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7700-6588
Abstract
This article discusses the psychosocial issues of patients with coronary heart disease, as a specialist always
faces a dilemma: is depression a secondary manifestation of an anxious state (including with panic attacks) or vice
versa. It is possible that the patient has mixed symptoms - the manifestations of depression and anxiety disorders
are largely similar, and indeed, in general practice, patients with anxiety and depressive disorder are more often
observed. At the same time, it is much more important not just to establish a diagnosis of depression or anxiety
disorder, but to fully identify all the psychopathological symptoms that a particular patient has.
Keywords: CHF, depression, anxiety, antidepressant therapy.
With special attention to scientific research aimed leads to complete disability as often as a cerebral
at improving the clinical and diagnostic basis of mental stroke, in others, a temporary decline in mood may be
changes in patients with CHD in the world, and their due to the defeat of an adored football team. describing
treatment, determination of clinical and psychological their condition, such patients may complain of a feeling
and multifunctional markers in CHD; scientific re- of anxiety (or anxiety, nervousness) and at the same
search is being conducted to develop a technology for time of a depressed mood (or melancholy and sadness).
assessing anxiety and depressive processes in patients It is difficult to determine these incompatible com-
using psychological methods. Along with this, the op- plaints without anticipating the factors of the patient's
timization of objective technologies for assessing clin- life, his social status, personality traits, home and per-
ical and psychological processes and the development sonal history [1,2,3]. The risk of developing depressive
of treatment methods indicated for the pathogenesis in and anxiety disorders during life is 15-20%. In 50% of
patients with coronary heart disease is gaining im- cases in medical practice, depression remains undiag-
portance. nosed. In general medical practice, masked (somatized)
Often, the terms "depression" and "anxiety" are depression is often encountered, which is detected
used not only in general medical literature, but also in mainly by somatic signs, Women get sick 34 times
everyday speech. Indeed, this terminology is so diverse more often than men; in particular, 10-15% of women
that it is allowed to characterize a different state of in- develop postpartum depression, 50% have premen-
ternal discomfort. In some cases, depression takes the strual syndrome, the prevalence of depression increases
place of melancholy of a severe mental disorder, which with age and the addition of concomitant diseases, the
duration of depression is from several weeks to several including panic disorder, phobias and obsessive-com-
years" the main importance in optimizing medical care pulsive disorder. It is assumed that patients with in-
for patients with depression belongs to doctors of gen- creased anxiety account for about a third of all consul-
eral medical practice. Only 10-15% of patients with de- tations in the general practice of doctors.
pression receive appropriate antidepressant therapy [1]. The results of studies of depression are just as dis-
If a mental disorder is suspected, it is mandatory appointing: the prevalence of" pure " depression
to conduct a detailed conversation with relatives about reaches 2-5% in the population, and women are 3-4
his manner and disposition. The most important ques- times more likely to get sick than men, but in practice,
tion in this situation is"How does the patient change?". in 50% of cases, depression remains poorly diagnosed.
Otherwise, first of all, it is necessary to investigate how Men often have the so-called "masked" (somatized) de-
the psychological state has changed, whether the pa- pression, which is manifested mainly by somatic symp-
tient has turned out to be apathetic, weak, whether his toms. Patients of this group often abuse alcohol, but do
goals in life have changed, how he behaves in society not want to seek help from psychiatrists, including due
with others. When for doctors of the therapeutic profile, to certain prejudices that are widespread even in mod-
an increase in body temperature or blood pressure is the ern society [1,2,3,4].
first sign of the disease, for psychiatrists, the first calls In addition, 10-15% of women develop postpar-
of the disease are insomnia, a violation of concentration tum depression, and 50% have premenstrual syndrome,
in the form of its decrease. The most important thing characterized by a combination of somatic symptoms
for a psychiatrist is patience, perseverance and skills of with manifestations of anxiety (or irritability) and de-
asking the right questions to the patient [3,4,5]. pression. The prevalence of depression among alcohol-
In addition, it is necessary to remember that the ism patients is significantly higher in women (20%
symptoms of neurotic disorders (both depression and compared to 5-10% in men). Finally, there is a direct
anxiety are typical non - psychotic diseases) change correlation between the severity of social phobia, anxi-
over time. So, the symptoms of depression that were ety or panic symptoms and the use of alcohol (or tran-
observed in the patient last year, this may be replaced quilizers) as a pleasant and effective means of compla-
by classic signs of an anxiety disorder, and two years cency.
later-symptoms of obsessive-compulsive or panic dis- The prevalence of depression increases with age.
order. It is quite possible that statements like "a person Thus, according to research, symptoms of depression
with depression" or "a constantly worried person" are are observed in 25-30% of people over 65 years old,
often found in the sources – most likely, some people and women from this age group (up to 85 years old) are
are more susceptible to depression or anxiety disorders twice as likely to get sick as men. Moreover, in elderly
than others [14,16]. It is assumed that there is a family people with several somatic diseases (4 or more), the
predisposition even to mild types of neurosis. So, timid, prevalence of depression is significantly higher (30%
suspicious and prone to anxious reactions, housewives compared to 5% among people without concomitant
often explain their situation by the" nervousness " of diseases). For example, the prevalence of depression in
the mother or the father suffering from alcoholism. It patients who have suffered a brain stroke is 30-50%
should be remembered that any even the slightest infor- [10,13].
mation can be useful when establishing a diagnosis Examining patients with signs of depression, anx-
[15]. iety or mixed disorder, the specialist should identify
Finally, in practice, a specialist always faces a di- which of the psychopathological symptoms are the
lemma: is depression a secondary manifestation of an main ones. The patient comes to the doctor having his
anxious state (including with panic attacks) or vice own ideas about the nature and causes of his problems,
versa. It is possible that the patient has mixed symp- most often associating them with an unfavorable life
toms - the manifestations of depression and anxiety dis- event or a chain of events. Neurotic and affective dis-
orders are largely similar, and indeed, in general prac- orders occur not for one or two days (like some acute
tice, patients with anxiety and depressive disorder are inflammatory diseases), but for several weeks, months
more often observed. At the same time, it is much more and years, and the causes of their occurrence may in-
important not just to establish a diagnosis of depression deed be hidden in the past [12]. For example, sleep dis-
or anxiety disorder, but to fully identify all the psycho- orders or persistent headaches are often the result of or-
pathological symptoms that a particular patient has. dinary professional or family problems, which does not
Practical doctors cannot and do not want to waste time detract from the pathogenetic importance of these "life
on formulations, and if a patient complains of a de- events", since it has been shown that many of them are
pressed mood or increased anxiety, the first question factors that provoke the occurrence of a depressive
that an experienced clinician will ask him is "how does state. At the same time, attempts to detect such provok-
a depressed or anxious state affect your life?". ing factors in the patient's past life are based, as a rule,
Neurotic disorders are often found in the popula- on a very common point of view, according to which
tion, and it is with such diseases that therapists often any mental disorder is considered as a consequence of
meet. According to some data and estimates, the risk of stressful and traumatic situations (including those not
developing depression, anxiety or mixed disorder realized by patients), and not as a brain disease, as un-
throughout life is 15-20%. A study conducted in the UK predictable as CHD or cholelithiasis.
in 1995 showed that the prevalence of anxiety disorders One of the most time-consuming problems in the
reaches 30%, mixed anxiety-depressive disorder-8%, diagnosis of mental disorders is the need to distinguish
between the factor and the consequence of diseases [9].
Obviously, a depressed mood or depression can be In addition to the generally accepted clinical stud-
caused by the loss of a familiar job, but people with de- ies, a survey was conducted on the hospital Anxiety and
pression are bad workers, which in itself is the reason Depression Scale HADS (The hospital Anxiety and De-
for their dismissal. Similarly, patients with agoraphobia pression Scale Zigmond A. S., Snaith R. P.) designed
associate their fear of crowded places (and not just the for the primary detection of depression and anxiety in
fear of open spaces) with a certain stressful event, shy- general medical practice. The HADS scale for deter-
ness, etc. But this stressful event could be the first panic
mining the level of anxiety and depression does not
attack, after which the patient tends to stay at home and cause difficulties for the patient and does not require a
thereby reduce the likelihood of another attack. A panic long time to fill in and interpret the results. A compar-
attack is often accompanied by pronounced somatic ative analysis of groups of CHD patients with depres-
symptoms (difficulty breathing, profuse sweating), sion and without depression found statistically signifi-
which forces patients to seek help from doctors of dif- cant differences in a number of clinical and functional
ferent specialties (cardiologists, gastroenterologists, manifestations of stable angina pectoris, cardiovascular
etc.) in vain attempts to diagnose the disease. Of course, risk factors, psychosocial factors, and gender of pa-
most of all they want to get rid of painful symptoms and tients. Statistical analysis of the data was carried out us-
get effective treatment, but they avoid contacting a spe- ing the Statistica 6.0 application software package. The
cialist doctor [14,15,21]. significance of the differences in the groups by the av-
The aim of the study is to develop recommenda- erage value of the indicator was carried out using the
tions for improving the definition of clinical and psy- Student—Fisher criterion. In all statistical analysis pro-
chological predictors in the early diagnosis of psycho- cedures, the critical significance level (p) was equal to
logical changes and treatment methods in patients with 0.05. The average sample values are represented by M±
coronary heart disease. m, where M is the arithmetic mean, m is the error of the
Materials and methods average.
The analysis of cardiovascular risk factors and Results and their discussion
psychosocial factors was carried out in 120 patients According to the questionnaire, 32 (26.6%) had
with coronary heart disease (CHD) who were on outpa- depressive disorders corresponding to the level of de-
tient dispensary observation in the conditions of the city pression from 8 to 10 points, corresponding to mild and
polyclinic No. 9 of the city of Bukhara. The diagnosis moderate manifestations of depression according to the
of coronary heart disease, stable angina pectoris (SSN), level of the evaluation scale from 7 to 11 points. This
functional class (FC) II-III was confirmed by the results was the basis for the division of patients into 2 groups.
of a clinical, laboratory and instrumental study in ac- The main group consisted of 32 patients with SSN and
cordance with National clinical Guidelines. The aver- clinical depression (average score of 10 ± 0.82). In the
age age of men was 58.4 ± 5.2 years, women-61.7± 3.8 comparison group consisting of 88 patients with SSN
years (p<0.001), the duration of the coronary history without depressive disorders, the average score did not
was 2.8 ± 3.3 years. All patients underwent instrumen- exceed 7.41 ± 0.84. Depression was found in almost
tal studies, including electrocardiography (ECG), bicy- every fourth patient with coronary heart disease. A
cle ergometry (VEM), echocardiography (EchoCG) comparative analysis of groups of patients with depres-
with color duplex scanning. ECG with registration in sion and without depression found statistically signifi-
12 generally accepted and additional ones. A 6-minute cant differences in a number of clinical and functional
walk test was used to determine exercise tolerance manifestations of CVD, cardiovascular risk factors and
(TFN) and blood pressure response (BP). The results of the most significant psychosocial factors confirming
TSH corresponded to the clinical manifestations and the adverse effect of depression on the course of coro-
FC of SSN at the time of the examination. nary heart disease.
Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of CHD patients depending on the presence or absence of depressive disorders and the
gender of patients (M ± t)
Patients with SSN with depression Patients with SSN who do not have de-
Indicator on the HADS scale pression on the HADS scale
Men (n = 12) Women (n = 20) Men (n = 35) Women (n = 53)
Average age, years 57,06±4,36 57,84±5,47 55,13±4,76 59,15±3,52
Duration of IHD, years 5,48±1,85 5,76±2,07 3,84±1,99 3,76±1,89
FC of angina pectoris:
II 3 (25%) 11 (55%) 8 (24,2%) 34 (64%)
III 9 (75%) 9 (45%) 2 (5,7%) 19 (35,8)
Post-infarction
4 (33,3%) 5 (25%) 2 (5,7%) 5 (9,4%)
cardiosclerosis
Хирургическая
реваскуляризация 2 (16,6%) 1 (5%) 1 (2,8%) 3 (5,7)
миокарда
Type 2 diabetes mellitus 3 (25%) 8 (40%) 3 (8,5%) 5 (9,4)
Number of seizures per week 2,49±0,82 1,46±0,55 1,40±0,76 1,35±0,85
Low income 3 (25%) 2 (%) 5 (14,3%) 7 (13,2%)
As can be seen from the table in patients without cients was used. Based on the assessment of the im-
depression, the duration and severity of the disease de- portance, diagnostic and prognostic value of each diag-
pends on the psychoemotional state of the patient, and nostic criterion, a mathematical model was developed,
the number of attacks per week in patients with depres- which served as the basis for the development of a pro-
sion was on average 2.49±0.82 in men, 1.46±0.55 in gram to identify unfavorable predictors of disease pro-
women. gression and psychological status.
Analysis of the results of psychological tests con- The assessment of the sensitivity, specificity and
ducted in patients with coronary heart disease in the prognostic significance of the detection of each trait
control group showed that when evaluating the hospital was carried out on the basis of a generally accepted ma-
scale of anxiety and depression (HADS), the HADS trix and the corresponding formulas.
anxiety index in patients with FC II and FC III was Sensitivity (Se) – the probability of detecting an
6.7±0.8 and 7.3±0.9 points. unfavorable course of CHF when detecting a sign, was
The indicator of HADS depression in patients with determined as Se = a/(a+c) × 100 %. Specificity (Sp) –
FC II and FC III, this indicator was 6.3±0.9 and 9.1±1.1 the probability of the absence of a trait in healthy indi-
points and exceeded the indicators of patients with FC viduals, was determined as Sp = d/(b+d) × 100 %. The
I by 40.3% and 54.8%, respectively. prognostic significance of detecting the trait (PV+) for
The presence of symptoms of depression was re- determining the course of CHF was calculated using the
flected in the overall clinical picture and was mani- formula: PV+ = a/(a+b).
fested by a worsening of the course of SSN, an increase These indicators were selected by us to assess the
in angina attacks, instability of blood pressure, a de- prognosis of the course of coronary heart disease, tak-
crease in compliance and self-esteem, dissatisfaction ing into account the standard methods of examining the
with their physical condition, a tendency to self-re- patient, as well as the parameters of assessing the psy-
proach, especially in men. Patients with CHD with de- chological status that we studied: conducting TSH, as-
pression were characterized by a reduced mood back- sessing the clinical condition according to SHOCK, in-
ground, pessimism, depression, fixation on psycho- dicators of psychological status. In order to assess the
traumatic events, anhedonia phenomena, psychoso- individual risk stratification of the patient, we present a
matic reactions, vegetative symptoms and extracardial program that is a set of individual signs and collected
manifestations (feelings of lack of air, fear, cephalgia, in a so-called diagnostic table in order to identify the
insomnia, pain of different localization). These symp- probability of an error-free prognosis in order to assess
toms make it difficult not only to detect CHD in pa- the severity and prognosis of the patient
tients with depression, but also to treat it. The indica- Based on the results of the study and the calcula-
tion for the appointment of antidepressant therapy tor, an algorithm for determining the prognosis and
(ADT) in this sample was the level of depression cor- management of patients with coronary heart disease
responding to the severity of its clinical manifestations. was created. Targeted treatment of patients with coro-
In order to predict the progression of CHF, a cal- nary heart disease with identified violations of the psy-
culator program has been developed to determine the chological status and its combination with rehabilita-
prognosis of the course of CHF, taking into account the tion methods contribute to improving the course of the
clinical criteria of the disease, the parameters of the disease, the quality of life of patients and the prognosis
psychological status, including an assessment of the of life.
significance, diagnostic value and prognostic signifi- Conclusions
cance of individual diagnostic criteria with the con- In patients with depression, CHD is associated
struction of a mathematical model of signs. To assess with a higher functional class of stress angina, a higher
the individual risk stratification of the patient, a diag- risk of an unfavorable outcome, a higher frequency of
nostic table was compiled to identify the probability of associated clinical conditions, cases of psychosocial
an error-free prognosis and assess the severity of the stress, loss of professional ability to work, lack of social
patient, which makes it possible to determine the indi- support, and low material income compared to patients
vidual prognosis of the progression of CHF. To assess without depression. In 32 patients with CHD with de-
the significance of the parameters in predicting the pression, who were prescribed antidepressants of the
course of CHF, a method based on the theory of feature class of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, after 6
recognition with a probabilistic approach was used. The months. there was a significant decrease in the level of
method allows you to determine the diagnostic value of depression and reduction of depressive symptoms, an
features by calculating diagnostic coefficients. increase in socio-psychological adaptation, and an im-
Taking into account individual clinical criteria and provement in the quality of life compared to patients
indicators of psychological status, a diagnostic table who did not receive antidepressant therapy, which indi-
has been developed to identify unfavorable predictors cates the pathogenetic and behavioral mechanisms of
of the course of the disease and the psychological state the relationship between coronary heart disease and de-
in patients with CHF who have suffered a myocardial pression.
infarction. To assess the significance of these indica-
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RISK FACTORS FOR RECURRENT STROKE
Salomova N.
Bukhara State Medical Institute,
Department of Traditional Medicine and Occupational Diseases
Abstract
Each of the pathological conditions is an independent risk factor, but their combined effect several times
increases the risk of vascular injury. According to studies, in patients with metabolic syndrome, the volume of
body weight increases with age, which is 42-43, 5% in patients over the age of 60 years.
Keywords: repeated strokes, risk, atherosclerosis, arterial hypertension.
The risk factor is a sign that it is pre-morbid and and careful selection of antihypertensive drugs. How-
Independent, has a stable probable relationship and is ever, a number of studies have shown that the propor-
important in predicting it. Risk factor-this is a predic- tion of patients with arterial hypertension with primary
tive factor that gives the image of predicting the proba- and recurrent stroke is approximately the same.
bility of a disease occurring in an individual and in the Heart diseases are the causative agent of cardio-
population as a whole. Timely detection and correction embolic ischemic stroke, and also one of the main
of risk factors is a promising direction in the Prevention causes of hemodynamic stroke. In angioneurological
of re – acute violations of cerebral circulation. Accord- practice, the introduction of research methods such as
ing to who (2013), about 300 risk factors of stroke have Holter monitoring and transthoracic transesophagial
been described, but factors that occur at a high fre- echocardiography have made it possible to expand the
quency in different populations have a significant im- list of heart diseases that cause head injuries . Never-
pact on the development of the pathological condition theless, the first place will be fibrillation of the limbs
and reduce the incidence of their prevention. The com- (hilpillating arrhythmia), which will cause the occur-
bined effect of several risk factors increases the likeli- rence of a cardioembolic subspecies of ischemic stroke.
hood of developing stroke (according to who (2013), if Hilpillating arrhythmia increases the risk of developing
there are 1-2 factors, the risk of stroke is 6%, 3 factors stroke by 5 times and increases the mortality rate from
and more – 19%). Risk factors can be conditionally di- this disease by 1.58 times. According to Fremingem
vided into non-changeable and changeable types. Age, studies, hilpillating arrhythmia was recorded in 1.5% of
gender, heredity, ethnicity and geography are factors patients in the age group of 50-59 years, and in the age
that do not change. The factors that can be changed in- group of 80-89 years-23.5% of cases. Hilpillating ar-
clude diseases caused by harmful habits (tobacco rhythmia is an independent risk factor leading to death
smoking, drug abuse, alcohol consumption, obesity, among patients who underwent re-radiotherapy and
anemia, depression, psychoemocial stress) and under- Primary Stroke a month ago. At an older age, sinoatrial
lying diseases. The main diseases that cause recurrent node fibrosis and fatty infiltration are one of the causes
stroke include arterial hypertension, heart disease, dia- of an increase in the frequency of fibrillation.
betes, atherosclerotic stenosis of the carotid arteries, In addition to a violation of the heart rhythm, the
dyslipidemia. Elderly patients usually have several risk cause of cardiac embolism may be other heart diseases
factors, including metabolic disorders and camarbids. that contribute to the formation of a thrombus in its cav-
Arterial hypertension is one of the most dangerous fac- ity. For patients, acute myocardial infarction, post-in-
tors that provoke the development of stroke. Arterial farction cardiac aneurysm, cardiac valve prostheses are
hypertension is characterized by metabolic changes, also relevant.
changes in the vascular wall, in particular, hemody- Hypercholesterolemia and violation of lipid me-
namic changes in the system and brain. This is a dan- tabolism (reduction of high-density lipoproteids, an in-
gerous factor, which in turn leads not only to re-hemor- crease in low-density lipoproteids, hypertriglycer-
rhagic, but also to the occurrence of re-ischemic stroke. idemia) is characterized by the development of athero-
The prevalence of arterial hypertension in the Russian sclerosis, along with arterial hypertension, which is the
Federation is 39,2% among men, among women- main cause of the development of cerebral stroke. The
41,1%. 37,1% of men and 58,9% of women know about level of cholesterin does not directly depend on age, but
their diseases, of which (often not effective enough) increases with the development of metabolic disorders
21.6% men and 46.7% women take therapeutic Komplex, characteristic of the elderly.
measures. According to the regional-population regis- The risk of developing an atherotrombotic small
try for 2013 year, in Russia, arterial hypertension is rec- type of ischemic stroke is inextricably linked with the
orded in 89,2% of patients with acute disorders of blood degree of narrowing of the cavities of the cerebral ar-
circulation in the head brain. teries. If the development of sleep artery stenosis is
Diastolic arterial blood pressure 105 mm.the more than 75%, the annual risk of a transitory ischemic
sim.top. the risk of developing a stroke is equal to dias- attack is 13%, if the stroke is 3% and the carotid steno-
tolic arterial blood pressure 76 mm.the sim.top. it is 10 sis is 70-99%, then the risk of developing a stroke is 5-
times higher than when it is equal to. Thus, patients 7% per year. With age, several cerebral trunk vessels
with primary cerebral stroke belong to a very high risk occlusive atherosclerotic lesions, that is, the frequency
group, requiring the normalization of blood pressure of development of the atherogenesis process, increase.
Lesions of multiple trunk vessels in patients over the Hypodynamia and abdominal obesity are an im-
age of 65 years are three times more common than in portant risk factor for stroke. A number of studies have
single trunk vessel lesions. shown the presence of direct attachment: the more body
Diabetes is an independent risk factor for develop- weight, the higher the risk of developing ischemic
ing ischemic stroke. Most often, diabetes is not diag- stroke. Regular exercise reduces the risk of indirect
nosed in elderly patients who have undergone a stroke, stroke through a decrease in body weight, a decrease in
although it can occur in 50% of patients. Usually in blood pressure, a decrease in total cholesterol. How-
such patients, the stroke is severe, a rough violation of ever, no research has proven that weight loss can lead
carbohydrate metabolism is characterized by a high to a reduction in the risk of recurrent strokes.
level of mortality and disability. According to clinical
data, threeraydi 5-6 times more likely to ischemic References
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PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES
CHARACTERİSTİCS OF THE COMPONENTS OF CONTENT STANDARDS
Ibrahimov F.,
professor
Shaki Branch of Azerbaijan State Pedagogical University,
Azerbaijan, Shaki
Abdullayeva G.,
associate professor
Azerbaijan, Shaki
Kerimova M.
Azerbaijan, Shaki
Abstract
The article argues the relevance of the topic, emphasizes that knowledge, skills and habits are the main com-
ponents of education, comments on the schematic description of the relationship between these components in
scientific sources, clarifies the dialectical unity, development and functions of knowledge, skills and habits. It has
been shown that consciousness, which is "impersonal", free from subjective factors and relatively independent of
material activity, is really expressed in the form of knowledge.
The work provides an interpretation of the knowledge included in the training material in groups, focuses on
the hierarchical arrangement of cognitive skills, looks at different classifications of intellectual skills, reveals the
peculiarities of their formation in students, introduces effective ways of learning. In general, it is stated that when
students have a clear idea of psychological processes, they do not shy away from difficulties when they believe in
the possibilities of their thinking, they think and try to solve the problem, even if they fail.
Keywords: content standard, component, intellectual skills, factorological, procedural, conceptual, metacog-
nitive knowledge.
Relevance of the research topic error-free execution of a skill acquired as a result of

From the analysis of scientific sources and mate- many repetitions and efforts. [5;259]. It follows that
rials collected on the activities of teachers in real peda- "skill" is formed on the basis of knowledge, and "habit"
gogical processes, it is clear that there are different ap- is formed on the basis of "skill". In our opinion, the fol-
proaches to making students' learning activities ade- lowing interpretation, which has a place in Russian psy-
quate for scientific activities, but the results are not chological thought, is interesting in terms of under-
successful. There are many reasons for this shortcom- standing these concepts at a more acceptable level:
ing, including insufficient disclosure of the scientific- Training is a type of activity, the direct purpose of
theoretical, pedagogical and technological aspects of which is to master certain information, actions, forms
knowledge, skills, habits, developmental dialectics and of behavior. In other words, the active process of direct-
functions as components of the unit, which are compo- ing human activity and behavior to assimilate the social
nents of content standards. Despite the above, we claim experience of mankind is called learning. Such specific
the relevance of the study of the subject. activities of the subject with the purpose of learning in-
Interpretation of research materials clude: 1) the acquisition of information about the nec-
First of all, the training serves to equip students essary, important properties of the world for the suc-
with the basics of science, to acquire knowledge, skills cessful organization of this or that type of ideal and
and habits for their mental and practical activities. practical activity (the product of this process is
Knowledge, skills and habits are key components of ed- knowledge); 2) mastering the ways and operations that
ucation. In particular, knowledge is a key, leading com- make up that activity (habits are the product of this pro-
ponent of learning. It is well known that it reflects the cess); 3) to master the rules of using the mentioned in-
generalized experience of mankind, the reflection of formation to correctly select and control the ways and
facts, rules and results, laws, theories that belong to sci- operations appropriate to the conditions of the issue and
ence in various spheres of life. [1; 111] the forthcoming purpose (the end product of this pro-
Skills and habits acquired in the teaching process cess is skills). [4;192]
are also necessary components of education. For exam- Recently, there has been an opinion that "habit" is
ple, reading, writing, arithmetic, labor, solving mental not based on skills, but "habit" is a component of skills.
and practical problems, etc. Some didactics and psychologists agree. For example,
We would like to dwell on the concept of skills V.A. Onishchuk, referring to the theory put forward by
and habits, as there have been conflicting opinions in P.Y. Galper in psychology, writes: Ability - the ability
the literature recently about their interpretation. Some to perform complex, complex movements. Habits are
scientific sources emphasize that in pedagogy, "skill" formed on the basis of knowing the rules of execution
means a "Habit" is a kind of automation, the correct,
of actions ... Skill is a creative activity on its basis. [12; not directly related to human emotions, and is alien to
21] man in this sense. [9; 258]
It is difficult to agree with such an interpretation In real spiritual life, neither emotional images are
of the issue. Although this interpretation is supported completely isolated from concepts, nor concepts from
by many psychologists, it confuses practitioners, espe- emotional images. Emotion and rationality are always
cially teachers. There is no reason to deny that in the united and complement each other. However, both feel-
pedagogical process, the ability is formed at one level, ings and imaginations, as well as concepts and judg-
and the third level rises at a more complex level. How ments, have a certain relative independence, and it is
to talk about automated actions (habits), even if the stu- through this independence that it is possible to distin-
dent knows how to do it, he is not able to solve it in guish them and evaluate them as different stages of cog-
practice. Are there few cases in the learning process nition. [9; 260]
when a student who knows how to solve a problem the- It should be noted that there is no need to remem-
oretically is not able to solve it in practice? If the habit ber each of the recurring events in all their specificity
is based on practice, what can a student work on with- and detail, and this is not possible. Because a large part
out being able to do it? V.A.Onishchuk does not agree of human life is made up of recurring events. Therefore,
with the scheme "Knowledge - simple skills, habits - details are discarded, the emotional image is freed from
complex skills." [5; 259] inconspicuous features, the main recurring features are
In our opinion, this scheme has a certain meaning. generalized - concepts are formed and the event is in-
Simple skills are formed on the basis of knowledge, terpreted by a system of concepts.
give rise to habits, and on the basis of the latter, com- It is possible to think only with concepts, it is im-
plex, high-level skills are formed. For example, on the possible to be influenced by them. Assimilation of or-
basis of elementary writing skills, the habit of writing dinary life events, which are not related to a person's
competently, the habit of literate speech is formed, on specialization, professional activity, arises from daily
the basis of which the student is able to express his necessities and are common to all people, corresponds
opinion competently, write essays, official letters, arti- to a form of cognition called "ordinary consciousness".
cles, etc. Gains complex skills such as writing. But this Along with forms of professional cognition, such as
is not the end of the matter. scientific cognition, artistic cognition, and philosophi-
Undoubtedly, complex skills also contain ele- cal thinking, ordinary consciousness is also one of the
ments of creative movements, which gradually rise to a important ways of perceiving reality. But there is an im-
higher level, rise to the level of creative activity, and portant qualitative difference. Ordinary consciousness
finally, it also becomes a kind of habit. In our schools, is not a field of professional cognition and forms the
are there few educated, editing and oral students who basis of cognitive activity of all people. The product of
write meaningful poems, describe social and natural ordinary consciousness is ordinary knowledge. As the
events in a creative and artistic way, and appear in the scope of human activity expands, this knowledge goes
youth press with their own articles? Similar situations beyond "ordinary knowledge." Relatively different
occur in the field of engineering, music, fine and ap- kinds of knowledge emerge, which form a kind of core
plied arts, as well as in the teaching of mathematics, of human activity. This knowledge no longer serves
physics and chemistry. All this shows that the relation- that person directly, but through society, as a member
ship between skill and habit is more appropriate to ex- of society. Knowledge that is already alien to man be-
press in the following scheme, more scientifically comes even more alien because it goes beyond his per-
sound: knowledge - simple skills - habits - complex sonal sphere of life. [9; 260]
skills - creative actions. [5; 260-261] In our opinion, it would be more accurate to clarify
All this also shows that when talking about skills the nature of knowledge by looking at when its history
and habits as a component of the educational function began. In the process of interacting with nature, in order
of training, it is not enough to focus only on the simple to satisfy his necessary material needs, man first begins
teaching skills and habits acquired. It should also cover to perceive nature as a continuation of himself, and then
the application of theoretical information in practice, as a different, opposite side to himself. As long as man
the skills and habits acquired in the system of mental cannot separate himself from nature, his perceptions of
and practical activities necessary for a creative person. nature are limited to the senses and the senses. This
It should not be forgotten that it is also a matter of in- feeling, which is a historically primitive reflection of
stilling creative skills in students. Among the various the human-nature relationship, although the landscapes
forms of consciousness that make up the human spir- have a certain dynamics, does not adequately reflect the
itual world, knowledge is the most foreign to him. In reality, as it were, in its objective content. The transi-
particular, knowledge that is not directly related to the tion to social-natural relations takes place in parallel
person himself, his personal life and destiny! In fact, with the transition from syncretic thinking to logical
knowledge is not a reflection of a person's own life, but thinking. Society does not encompass the biological ex-
of the objective reality that surrounds him. The form of istence of human beings and does not act as a part of
consciousness, which reflects a person's personal life nature, but as an independent entity that exists in paral-
and is a reflection of his own events, is already ex- lel with it and, therefore, can be compared with it when
pressed in another way - it is considered a memory. necessary. Therefore, as a member of society, as a so-
Memories can be "bitter" or "sweet", "pale" or "color- cial being, as an individual, human consciousness re-
ful", and can repeat a person's feelings over time. flects nature outside of man, in a "dehumanized" state,
Knowledge, on the other hand, is lifeless and neutral,
as it really is (meaning only scientific truth). The his- machines-techniques are in fact the distinction of sci-
tory of knowledge also begins from this time. entific-practical knowledge, the designer's imagination
Scientific sources rightly state that consciousness, in things beyond man, as well as habit-technique is the
which is "impersonal", free from subjective factors and distinction of practical knowledge in man's own hands.
relatively independent of material activity, is really ex- [9; 278].
pressed in the form of knowledge. Knowledge comes Habit is a more objective phenomenon than a phe-
from memory, impressions, emotional images, uncon- nomenon of consciousness, or rather, an objectified,
scious acts of consciousness, and so on. in contrast, it differentiated consciousness. Just as tools-techniques,
emerges as a result of logical thinking and is expressed machines-techniques are in fact the distinction of sci-
in terms and concepts. The history of knowledge coin- entific-practical knowledge, the designer's imagination
cides not with the history of any form of consciousness, in things beyond man, as well as habit-technique is the
but with the history of logical thinking. [9;266] distinction of practical knowledge in man's own hands.
There are different classifications of knowledge in Indeed, at each subsequent stage of development of
the relevant literature. Thus, scientific, historical, ab- technology, machines appear that replace the previous
stract, concrete, analytical, empirical, practical, intel- function of the hand, "mastering" the practical skills of
lectual, etc. distinguish types of knowledge. [7; 111] man. As the structure of a complex machine includes
The knowledge included in the training material various components that replace one or another human
can be divided into three groups: generalized function, it becomes more automated. Man himself, on
knowledge, generalized methods of action, specific the other hand, is becoming increasingly free from the
knowledge. The first group includes concepts, laws, features of being a living machine gun, and is more and
principles, rules, etc. includes. Knowledge belonging to more acting as a conscious being, engaged in creative
this group can be acquired in the following ways: a) un- work. If primitive labor is always based only on the ac-
derstanding, etc. memorize without understanding the tivation of the same habit, and there is no obvious com-
content and essence, b) ready result, learning in the ponent of consciousness, the more complex forms of
form of generalization, or rather, understanding, etc. labor imply the multiplicity of such habits through open
disclosure of the content by the teacher or with the help consciousness, as if on the basis of a certain program.
of the textbook: c) independent access. Such complex labor cannot be replaced by a simpler
The second group includes knowledge of the na- machine, there is a need for an "executor" provided
ture of objects and events in the real world, as well as with "artificial intelligence". It should be noted here
the methods and techniques used to understand the reg- that it is impossible to create a single, universal tech-
ularities between the relevant concepts, laws and rules. nical carrier of artificial intelligence. Only special ma-
The knowledge included in this group should be didac- chines that perform individual intellectual functions
tically appropriate in each case. Thus, one concept, can be developed. That is, when each type of cybernetic
rule, law can be mastered through the solution of the machine is developed, it is adapted to a pre-conceived
problem of learning, another explained - through repro- direction of activity and can only "work in that field of
duction. research". Of course, cars have a certain relative inde-
The third group includes facts, terms, dates, pendence and the opportunity to vote. Due to a change
names, quantities, events, and so on. includes. The in circumstances and position, one program is replaced
knowledge belonging to this group is not generalizing, by another. In some respects, artificial intelligence has
it just requires memorization. The third group of a number of advantages over natural intelligence. A
knowledge, as a rule, is not acquired through problem- number of mental operations, which are impossible for
based learning. [6; 447-454] natural intelligence, are easily performed by machines.
This knowledge can be interpreted as follows: 1) We must not forget that natural intelligence is univer-
Declarative knowledge - knowledge of individual in- sal, that is, the performance of completely different
formation: knowledge of terminology; know the spe- quality intellectual operations is in principle possible
cific element and details. 2) Conceptual knowledge - for the same human brain. (see for more information:
consists of an information system: knowledge of clas- [9; 257-288]
sifications and concepts; know the principles and gen- The hierarchical arrangement of cognitive abilities
eralizations; know the theory, models and structures. 3) can be interpreted as follows, and the analysis of the
Procedural knowledge - knowledge of methods and research materials obtained shows that it is useful from
their use: knowledge of specific skills and algorithms; the point of view of its application in practice: Compre-
know concrete methods and techniques; know the cri- hension level - includes three categories of learning ob-
teria for determining when an appropriate method will jectives: translation, translation (for example, translat-
be used. ing an assignment from a practical language into a
The knowledge component can include "metocog- mathematical language); interpretation (for example,
nitive knowledge". Metacognitive knowledge - the ability to explain a mathematical solution in practi-
knowledge of thinking processes and information, their cal language); extrapolation (attribution of knowledge
effective use: strategic knowledge; knowledge of cog- acquired in a certain field to another field, similar situ-
nitive tasks, including relevant contextual and condi- ations). The level of application implies the formation
tional knowledge; self-awareness. [8; 37-42] of students' ability to apply knowledge in practical sit-
Habit is a more objective phenomenon than a phe- uations. It can also be described in the following sub-
nomenon of consciousness, or rather, an objectified, levels: application of concepts; application of methods;
differentiated consciousness. Just as tools-techniques, application of algorithms. Level of analysis - implies
educational goals in the following categories: analysis in school practice. Their analysis allows us to draw an
of elements (separation or fragmentation); analysis of important conclusion: the student must have the neces-
relations (relationships) (creation, proof of established sary intellectual skills to realize their intellectual poten-
links, dependencies between elements); analysis of tial, to purposefully regulate cognitive activity, it
principles (systematization of elements). Level of syn- should be noted that Professor A.A.Alizadeh empha-
thesis - the purpose of education, which forms the abil- sizes that in the psychological and pedagogical litera-
ity to determine the relationship between the individual ture, these skills are sometimes described in a broader
elements produced in the process of analysis and to sense as mental labor skills or teaching skills. In our
draw general conclusions from them: synthesis of ideas opinion, it is not bad to remember the wise words of R.
(for example, the search for solutions to a problem); Descartes: "It is not enough to have a good mind, the
synthesis of methods (preparation of a plan for solving main thing is to apply it well." [2; 59-60]
the problem, determining the sequence of operations); Various studies clearly show that students who lag
synthesis of structures (formation of functions, sets, behind in learning are characterized by extremely low
groups). Assessment level - involves the development levels of intellectual ability. [11; 110]. The main func-
of diagnostic skills, critical thinking and has the follow- tion of intellectual abilities is related to the externaliza-
ing categories: assessment based on internal judgment tion of intellectual operations: the content of cognitive
and knowledge (with evidence, proof, logic); assess- activity is conditioned by intellectual operations, and
ment based on external criteria (standards, norms and their realization in the process of activity depends di-
rules). rectly on the level of intellectual abilities. [11; 300]
It should also be noted that content standards are Intellectual skills are numerous. Their different
divided into cognitive, emotional and psychomotor classifications are known in psychology and pedagogy.
skills in terms of performance. These skills are hierar- Given the research conducted in this area, especially the
chically arranged in taxonomies according to their level classification of N.A. Menchinskaya, intellectual abili-
of development. It should be noted that there are verbs ties can be divided into the following groups: general
that express all stages of taxonomy (cognitive, emo- intellectual skills (planning, book work, self-control);
tional, psychomotor), which are considered suitable for intellectual skills necessary for the organization of
education. Verbs are a very important indicator of skill mental activity (to distinguish the main idea in the text,
expression. The verb reflects what stage of the taxon- to divide the text into parts according to the meaning,
omy the skill belongs to. to compare events, etc.); special intellectual skills (they
There are different nomenclatures and classifica- reflect the characteristics of a subject, for example, car-
tions of skills that have a place in scientific sources. For tographic or graphic skills). [11; 37-39]
example, let's take a step back and say that we think the İntellektual bacarıqların daha bir təsnifatı da mar-
learning process that includes STEAM is more creative aqlıdır. I.Untun's classification distinguishes the fol-
and fun. On a logical basis, it is to be hoped that learn- lowing types: skills related to the perception of educa-
ers who are exposed to the effects of a cognitive or tech- tional material (reading, observation, listening skills);
nological process that includes this subsystem will be ability to make logical operations with teaching mate-
able to innovate in the future. In this natural process, rial (assignment of important, comparison, ability to
they use a variety of fields: mathematics and other ex- draw conclusions, etc.); creative skills (ability to build
act sciences, engineering, design, digital devices and a composition, etc.). [2: 60]
technology. STEAM is a relatively independent or Based on our experience, we can emphasize that
dominant positional system with a universal practical intellectual skills are one of the fundamental issues in
orientation that allows students to perform any complex the learning process. Their formation in students has its
task, in which learners put their knowledge into prac- own peculiarities. During the early school years, new
tice. The cognitive or technological process that in- mental qualities appear: an internal plan of activity is
cludes this subsystem is useful and necessary for every formed, mental processes gradually become independ-
modern school. STEAM's special place in the training ent, reflection is formed. On this basis, there are favor-
substrate allows students to learn creatively using 21st able conditions for the formation of general intellectual
century skills such as problem solving. "The 4C skills skills in the classroom, especially planning and self-
of the 21st century are collaboration, creativity, critical monitoring skills. As the student's social experience ex-
thinking and communication, which are the perfect pands, he or she gradually acquires the skills to work
classification of skills, and they are an important com- on the book, mastering the technology of reading teach-
ponent of a rapidly changing workforce and human suc- ing materials, speaking the content, and systematizing.
cess in society." (For more information, see: [ The analysis of scientific sources leads to the conclu-
https://525.az/?name=xeber&news_id=132946]). sion that starting from V-VI, especially VII-VIII
Intellectual skills have a special place among the grades, they should pay consistent attention to the for-
skills that schoolchildren must become subjects. Let's mation of general intellectual skills. In the context of
look at the issue in a broader area, and when the time the scientific and technological revolution, library and
comes, let's choose a point of view for the student in bibliographic skills play an important role in the effec-
terms of activity and communication. Suppose that the tive use of scientific, scientific and popular literature,
mental operations (analysis, composition, etc.) are well encyclopedias, explanatory dictionaries and periodi-
formed, but he does not know the rules of working on cals, and in more detailed mastering of teaching mate-
the book, or a good question comes to mind, but he has rials. The analysis of scientific sources leads to the con-
difficulty in formulating it. There are many such facts clusion that starting from V-VI, especially VII-VIII
grades, they should pay consistent attention to the for- children. It was difficult to read on its own. The prob-
mation of general intellectual skills. In the context of lem of "teaching children to read" again appeared in all
the scientific and technological revolution, library and its severity, but this problem was analyzed in a broader
bibliographic skills play an important role in the effec- context - in the context of mental culture, mental cul-
tive use of scientific, scientific and popular literature, ture, culture of thinking. In the 70s of the last century,
encyclopedias, explanatory dictionaries and periodi- new paradigms were already forming in the psychology
cals, and in more detailed mastering of teaching mate- of learning. In this case, the rules we have considered
rials. have already lost their former value. That is why the
The importance of general intellectual skills is new "Psychology" textbooks of the 70's rejected "Ef-
clear. Advanced teachers focus on instilling in their stu- fective Ways of Learning". These textbooks described
dents the wisdom of their experiences. While this in it- the intellectual skills necessary for the organization of
self is gratifying, one aspect is undoubtedly unfortu- mental activity in a new way: they were expressed in
nate: the lack of study of general intellectual skills, on the sense of purposeful perception, rational mastery, ef-
the one hand, classes and, on the other hand, the system fective thinking. In this sense, two aspects attracted
and content of individual subjects, has a negative im- more attention: on the one hand, effective rules of
pact on students' scientific and methodological devel- learning are no longer limited to the concept of one-
opment. shows the effect. The intellectual skills neces- sided memory, issues are considered in the direction of
sary for the organization of mental activity, it seems, mastery, on the other hand, the functions of perception
need to be distinguished. This issue, which is of great and thinking are explained, they are "purposeful", "ra-
importance in itself, began to be understood in the same tional", "effective" were analyzed by dimensions. [2;
way in the 19th century. Prominent psychologists and 62-63]
educators of the time advised children to "teach read- How can you teach these rules to your students?
ing", and made it one of the main tasks of the school to The generalizations on the materials obtained from the
develop in students the skills necessary for the effective analysis of scientific sources lead to the conclusion that
organization of their mental activities. in modern times there are two clear directions in the
In the twentieth century, the importance of this is- field of formation of intellectual abilities.
sue has not diminished, but increased. Psychological The first direction involves the formation of intel-
(and pedagogical) research has identified experimental lectual skills in students through special tasks. These
facts that explain the characteristics of the conditions tasks are based on the principle of modeling the struc-
for the formation of intellectual abilities. The call to ture of various intellectual abilities. As students com-
"teach students to read" was gradually concretized on plete them, they will be able to determine the purpose
their basis: in the "Psychology" textbooks of the 30s of their work, systematize teaching materials in this re-
and 40s of the last century, especially in the 50s and gard, independently collect material, write essays, and
60s, students-future teachers were already acquainted so on. acquire intellectual skills such as From the point
with the following effective ways of learning: 1. Setting of view of the principle of developmental training, this
goals; 2. Understanding; 3. Independent work; 4. Imag- way is considered effective. However, in order to use it
ination; 5. Do not tell a story "in your own words"; 6. purposefully, the system and content of intellectual
Importance of repetitions; 7. Division of repetitions; 8. skills in classes and subjects must be thoroughly devel-
Memory during learning; 9. Complete and partial learn- oped.
ing; 10. When should we study? The second direction. In the process of developing
All of these rules reflected the concept of tradi- intellectual skills with specific tasks, the teacher inevi-
tional learning (read: memory): their main line was the tably encounters a fundamental question: To what ex-
strength and accuracy of memory. Although the rules tent do students know the characteristics of their cogni-
referred to "understanding" and "imagining", these two tive activity? The question itself is extremely relevant.
rules did not change their essence and were interpreted Although we consider this issue in the direction of the
only in the traditional way - in terms of memory. In the formation of intellectual abilities, it should be noted
textbook "Psychology" (Baku, 1968) the essence of the that it has a broader meaning. This applies equally to
methods of "effective learning of teaching material" both thought processes and intellectual abilities. Self-
was explained as follows: “In order to remember the awareness has always been a topical issue in world phi-
perceived material, for example, the training material, losophy, psychology and pedagogy. They approached
as sufficiently strong, accurate and long-lasting, it is the self-perception of a person from the point of view
necessary to repeat it enough, in other words, to learn of personality, sought its roots in the formation of a per-
it. The strength and accuracy of memorization depend son's perception of his "I", and did not appreciate the
on the organization of learning”. understanding of the features of his mental world,
As Professor A.A. Alizadeh emphasized, in the world of thought, cognitive processes.
conditions of the scientific and technological revolu- "Logic Games", the author of L. Carroll's famous
tion, these issues again manifested themselves in all tale "Alice in Wonderland", which introduced children
their severity. The results of the unlimited abundance to the original graphic solution of syllogisms and sylla-
of information were obvious: the program material was bles, was published in the 80s of the XIX century. In
increasing day by day. The volume of textbooks was the twentieth century, various authors continued this
rapidly expanding. New diseases of the century, such tradition. Valuable books such as D. Poyyan's "How to
as information neurosis, were spreading to the world of solve the problem" (M., 1957), A.A. Ivy's "The art of
right thinking" (M., 1990) were published. Experience
has clearly shown that students who study relevant process adequate to the emerging educational space, are
books have a better understanding of themselves and given specific features of their formation in students,
are more interested in the characteristics of multifac- considerations of effective ways of learning system-
eted cognitive activities. Lakin məktəb təcrübəsində id- structure ”on the basis of a dialectical approach.
rak fəaliyyətinin psixologiyası öyrənilməmiş, şa- Practical significance of the research
girdlərin yaddaşının və ya təfəkkürünün xüsusiyyətləri The novelty of the research will have a positive
ilə maraqlansalar da, onların maraqları öz-özünə təmin impact on the formation of intellectual knowledge,
edilmir və zəifləyirdi. [2; 63] skills and habits in students, which are the main com-
In contemporary American psychology, this issue ponents of content standards in the practical activities
is given great importance and is studied as a meta-cog- of educators, the elimination of shortcomings.
nitive system. It has been established that as children The result
develop, they develop certain ideas about cognitive 1) Knowledge, skills and habits are among the
processes. They begin to regulate their mental activity. components of the content standards of education ade-
How do these qualities manifest themselves in students quate to the emerging educational space;
and how can they be developed systematically? Flay- 2) There are different classifications of intellectual
well studied and described in detail some of the func- knowledge, skills and habits, which are the main com-
tions of the meta-concept. Among them are: problem ponents of content standards, there are peculiarities of
statement and identification of possible solutions; know their formation in students, effective ways of learning;
what cognitive process is necessary to solve the task; 3) Məzmun standartlarının əsas komponentləri
activation of cognitive rules and methods; belief in the olan intellektual bilik, bacarıq və vərdişlərin müxtəlif
possibilities of thinking; attempt to solve tasks more ef- təsnifatlarına, onların şagirdlərdə formalaşmasının
ficiently. [2; 64] xüsusiyyətlərinə, təlimin səmərəli yollarına diqqət
These functions are interrelated. The first function yetirməklə təlimin təşkili və idarə edilməsində bir sıra
is due to the fact that children develop ideas about the çatışmazlıqları aradan qaldırmaq olar.
purpose of the activity. As they get older, they learn to
apply certain ways to different situations. Gradually, References
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hurry, not in a hurry, but in an efficient way. 5. Mehdizade M.M. Ways of development of
According to P. Massen, J. Kencer, J. Kogan and educational process in secondary schools. Baku,
A. Houston, these functions develop to some extent in “Maarif”, 1982, p.259-261.
all children. However, their upbringing has a signifi- 6. Ibrahimov F.N., Huseynzade R.L. Pedagogy
cant impact on their level of development. Students (textbook).Is. Baku, “Mutarjim”, 2014, p.447-454.
with well-organized meta-cognitive functions solve 7. Ibrahimov F.N. Appendices on the basics of
teaching (cognitive) tasks in a planned and purposeful optimal ratios of algorithmic and heuristic activity in
way. These features are a prerequisite for successful training. Baku, “Mutarjim”, 2021, p.111.
training. They need to be developed by all means. The 8. Ibrahimov F.N. Teaching methods based on the
urgency of the issue must be understood in all scientific curriculum model of mathematics in secondary schools
and methodological terms, and systematic work must (textbook). Baku, “Mutarjim”, 2020, p.37-42.
be done at school in this area. [2; 65] 9. Khalilov S.S. Education, training, upbringing.
Scientific novelty of the research Baku, “Azerbaijan University”, 2005, p.257-288.
Various classifications of intellectual knowledge, 10. Bogoyavlinsky D.N., Menchinskaya N.A.
skills and habits included in the content standards of the Psychology of learning at school. Moscow, Publishing
learning process adequate to the emerging educational House of APN RSFSR, 1960, pp. 110, 300.
space are given, peculiarities of their formation in stu- 11. Menchinskaya N.A. Teaching problems.
dents are revealed, effective ways of learning are pre- Moscow, Publishing House of APN RSFSR, 1989, p.
sented. 37-39.
Theoretical significance of the research 12. Onischuk V.A. Types, structure and
Different classifications of components of content methodology of the lesson at school. Kyiv, 1976, p. 21.
standards - intellectual knowledge, skills and habits, 13. Pedagogy of the school. Edited by Corr. APN
which are not sufficiently explained (manifested as a USSR G.I. Schukina, 1977, p.259.
"theoretical gap") in the interpretations of the learning
PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES
CЛOВОСОЧЕТАНИЯ В ГРАММАТИКЕ РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКА
Уссейну Т.
к.ф.н.
Заведующий кафедрой русского и славнских языках
Дакарский университет имени Шейха Анты Диоп, Сенегал
WORD COMBINATION IN RUSSIAN GRAMMAR
Ousseynou T.
PhD
Chief of the department of Slavic Languages and Civilizations
Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Senegal
Аннотация
Словосочетания и граммматика русского языка тесно связаны так как словосочетания играют важную
роль в строении предложения. Мы определили семантику словосочетания и ясно оъясняли их синтаксиче-
скую роль.
После того как анализировали роль и значение словосочетания в грамматике русского языка, мы опре-
делели их формирование и характеристики.
Abstract
Words combination is tightly part of Russian grammar for they play the most important role in sentence
building. In this paper, the meaning, definition and syntaxical role of word combination is broadly given.
After having analyzed the formation and characteristics of word combination, we sorted out their meaning
and the important role they play in Russian grammar.
Ключевые слова: грамматика, русский язык, словосочетание, роль, предложение.
Keywords: grammar russian language, word combination, role, sentence.
Bведение В зависимости от характера главного компо-

Словосочетание - это синтаксическая кон- нента выделяются словосочетания глагольные, суб-
струкция, образующаяся на основе подчинитель- стантивные, (главное слово - существительное),
ных связей: согласования, управления и примыка- абъективные (главное слово - прилагательное) и
ния. В словосочетание полностью переносятся все наречные, или адвериальные.
те отношения, те общие и частные, более конкрет- В элементарном словосочетании, состоящем
ные значения, которые возникают при присловной из двух компонентов, выражается определенное
подчинительной связи: эти отношения представ- синтаксическое отношение, связанное с семантиче-
ляют собой значения словосочетаний. ской падежа. Так, в русском языке в глагольных
Чтбоы эффективно понимать роль словосоче- словосочетаниях с творительным падежом могут
тания в предложении следует анализировать их быть переданы следующие синтаксические отно-
формирование и характеристики. Это сильно помо- шения: 1. Резать ножом - орудийное; 2. Гордиться
гает нам выяснить значение и роль словосочетания сыном – эмоционального объекта; 3. Выть волком -
в предложении. сравнительное; 4. Ехать лесом – локальное (место)
1. Формирование словосочетаний ; 5. Ехать ночью – временное и другие.
Формирование словосочетаний является ре- В зависимости от способа связи компонетов
зультатом распространения различных знамена- словосочетания выделяют сочинительные (равно-
тельных частей речи (глаголов, существительных, правные), подчинительные (субординативные) и
прилагательных и наречий). Например: предикативные (взаимонаправленные) словосоче-
(1) читать книгу; тания.
(2) ездам верхом; К сочинительным словосочетания относятся
(3) полный злобы; те, которые связаны сочинительными союзами и
(4) светло от солнца. перечислительной интонаией.
Эти словосочетания характеризуются односто- Например: вчера, сегодня, завтра; мать и
ронней связью и называются подчительными. В дочь; не то дождь, не то снег; вооружен, но не опа-
них четко выделяются главные и зависимые компо- сен; институты или университеты. В этих слово-
ненты: в (1) главное слово – читать, во (2) главное сочетаниях ни один из компонентов не зависит о
слово – ездо, в (3) главное слово – полный, в (4) другого.
главное слово –светло.
Соответственно зависимыми будут: книгу, вер-
хом, злобы и от солнца.
2. Характеристики совосочетания разграничиваются на основе лексической семан-
Словосочетание может быть свободным и не- тики зависимого слова, обусловливающей собою
свободным. В свободном словосочетании полно- разный характер связи: управление в первом случае
стью сохраняются самостоятельные лексические и падежное примыкание - во втором.
значения входящих в него знаменательных слов: В зависимости от той реальной ситуации,кото-
читать книгу, жить в городе, велеть сыну рую словосочетание называет в данном, конкрет-
учиться, выполнение заказов, идти медленно, удач- ном предложении, одно и то же словосочетание мо-
ливый в делах. В несвободных словосочетаниях лек- жет обозначать разные виеязыковыс отношения:
сическая самостоятельность одного из компонен- мой класс: (класс, в котором я учусь), (класс, в ко-
тов ослаблена или утрачена, и такое словосочета- тором я учу), (класс, в котором я работаю вожа-
ние в целом по характеру своего значения тым), (класс, для которого я организую экскурсию)
приближается к отдельному слову: дать пощечину, и мн. др.; стол отца: (стол, который принадлежит
железная дорога, белый гриб. Те несвободные сло- отцу), (стол, за которым работает отец), (стол, кото-
восочетания, в которых отсутствуют современные рый сделал отец) и мн. др. Такие ситуативные зна-
живые синтаксические связи и отношения, предме- чения словосочетаний в "Грамматике" не рассмат-
том грамматики не являются (например, шутка риваются.
сказать; не разлей вода (о неразлучной дружбе, Существуют словосочетания, совмещающие в
друзьях), разг.). Не являются также предметом себе два значения (два разных отношения). Таковы
грамматики несвободные словосочетания с утра- словосочетания типа чтение Маяковского, посеще-
ченным, стершимся лексическим значением одного ние родственников, приглашение юриста, откры-
из компонентов (бить баклуши, точить лясы, ба- тие мастера. Вне языкового окружения (контек-
лясы) или, тем более, обоих компонентов (ни- ста) здесь можно констатировать только значение
чтоже сумняшеся, шутл.; с бухты-барахты. разг.). отношения действия и предмета, с которым это дей-
Свободные словосочетания могут быть лекси- ствие связано. Значение же более определенное, а
чески не ограниченными и лексически ограничен- именно - одно из двух: определительно-субъектное
ными. Первые образуются на основе связей, не или объектное ((читает Маяковский) или (читают
ограниченных лексико-семантически, вторые - на Маяковского), (посетили родственники) или (посе-
основе связей, лексико-семантически ограничен- тили родственников), (пригласил юрист) или (при-
ных или закрытых. Степень лексико-семантиче- гласили юриста), (открыл мастер) или (открыт ма-
ской ограниченности может быть очень различна; в стер)) выявляется у таких словосочетаний в усло-
большинстве случаев при образовании словосоче- виях контекста и проверяется показанными здесь
таний действуют те или другие ограничения, иду- соотношениями.
щие от лексических значений соединяющихся слов; Заключение
такие ограничения отмечены при описании подчи- Функционируя в предложении, словосочета-
нительных связей слов, а также при описании зна- ния занимают в нем разные позиции; при этом они
чений форм слов. могут претерпевать существенные формальные и
3. Значение словосочетания семантические изменения. Очевидно что, словосо-
Как уже сказано, словосочетание имеет свое четания играют самую важную роль в процессе
значение: это - то отношение, которое возникает строения предложение. Все такие явления помо-
между знаменательными словами, соединивши- гают лучше понимать грамматику русского языка.
мися на основе того или другого вида подчинитель-
ной связи. Значение словосочетания лежит в обла- Список литературы
сти грамматической семантики. Характер его двой- 1. О.Н. Чарыкова, И.А. Стернин. Введение в
ственный. Для одних словосочетаний значение языкознание. - Воронеж, 2005.
целиком определяется грамматическими значени- 2. Ф. Юревич, Russian Language Journal / Рус-
ями соединившихся слон и характером связи; та- ский язык, Vol.34, No.119 (Fall 1980), pp.1-15 pub-
ковы, например, определительные отношения при lished by: American Councils for International Educa-
согласовании; для других словосочетаний - и таких tion (ACTR/ACCELS)
большинство - самый характер связи предопределя- 3. Ю.С. Маслов Введение в языкознание. М.,
ется фактором не только грамматическим, но и лек- 1975.
сико-семантическим. Например, в словосочетании, 4. Н.Д. Арутюнова Предложение и его смысл.
возникающем на основе соединения глагола с М., 1976
вин. п. беспредложным, значения объектное (чи-
тать книгу) и обстоятельственное (читать час)
Қ.ОРАЗЫМБЕТОВТЫҢ ИЛИМИЙ МИЙНЕТЛЕРИНДЕ ИБРАЙЫМ ЮСУПОВ
ДӨРЕТИЎШИЛИГИНИҢ ҮЙРЕНИЛИЎИ
Байниязова Т.Қ.
филология илимлери бойынша филосософия докторы (PhD), үлкен илимий хызметкер
Өзбекстан Республикасы Илимлер академиясы Қарақалпақстан
бөлими Қарақалпақ гуманитар илимлер илим-изертлеў институты
Нөкис, Қарақалпақстан, Өзбекстан
THE STUDY OF IBRAGIM YUSUPOVʼS WORK IN THE SCIENTIFIC WORK OF

K.ORAZIMBETOV
Bayniyazova T.
Senior Researcher
Karakalpak Research Institute of Humanities
Doctor of Philosophy on Philological Sciences
Nukus, Republic of Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan
Аннотация
Бул мақала Қ.Оразымбетовтың илимий мийнетлеринде шайыр И.Юсупов дөретиўшилигиниң үйре-
нилиўи мəселесине бағышланған. Қ.Оразымбетов тəрепинен ҳəзирги қарақалпақ лирикасында көркемлик
изленислер, сондай-ақ ҳəзирги қарақалпақ лирикасында көркем формалардың эволюциясы ҳəм типологи-
ясы проблемаларын изертлеў барысында əдебий майданда И.Юсуповтың жетекшилик етиўи, шайыр тəре-
пинен өзине тəн дөретиўшилик мектеп жаратылыўы айрықша итибар бериледи. И.Юсуповтың миллий
əдебиятты раўажландырыў жолындағы хызмети, оның дөретиўшилик тулғасы келешекте де əдебиятшы-
алымлардың турақлы дыққат орайында болатугыны ҳаққында жуўмаққа келинген.
Abstract
This article is devoted to the study of the art work of the poet Ibragim Yusupov in the K.Orazimbetovʼs
scientific research. By the process of research of the problem of artistic searches in modern Karakalpak lyrics, as
well as the evolution and typology of art foms in modern Karakalpak lyrics, K.Orazimbetovʼs attention is focused
on the leading role of I.Yusupov in the literary field, the creation of a kind poetic school. The author comes to the
conciusion that I.Yusupov’s merit in the development of national literature, his creative personality will be in the
center of attention of literary Study in the future.
Таяныш сөзлер: шайыр тулғасы, қарақалпақ лирикасы, дөретиўшилик изленис, əдебий мектеп, поэ-
зия, шығарма.
Keywords: personality of the poet, Karakalpak lyrics, creative searches, literary school, poetry, work.
тапты. Жумыста илимпаз ХХ əсирдиң 80-жыллары
Қарақалпақ əдебиятының көрнекли ўəкили, лирикасының характерли өзгешелигин белгилеп
қарақалпақ поэзиясының байтереги И.Юсуповтың береди ҳəм шайырлардың дүньяны, ўақытты
дөретиўшилиги миллий əдебияттаныўда турақлы түсиниўге болған умтылыўшылығы көпшилик
дыққат орайындағы объектлердиң бири болып жағдайда жемисли жуўмақланғанын
табылады. Әдебий сын тарийхы бойынша тастыйықлайды. Лирикалық шығармаларға баҳа
мийнетлерде [1], қарақалпақ əдебияты, миллий бериўде əҳмийетли критериялардың бири ретинде
поэзияға арналған изертлеўлерде, баспа сөз қосықтың не ушын жазылғанлығын билиў, бунда
бетлеринде жəрияланған сын мақалаларда шайыр сезимине тəсир етиўши нəрсеге (повод)
шайырдың өзине тəн жолы, прозалық, поэзиялық, итибарды қаратыў зəрүр, деген принципке жүгине
драмалық шығармалар дөретиў жолындағы отырып, Қ.Оразымбетов И.Юсуповтың «Пəлекли
изленислери талқыланды. Шайырдың қоста түнеў» атлы қосығын анализлеў барысында
дөретиўшилиги бойынша Қ.Султанов, төмендегише жуўмақ жасайды: «бул қосықта
Г.Есемуратов, В.Ульяшовтың монографиялары тəбият ҳаққында сөз етиў де, муҳаббат, өмир, заман
жарық көрди [9]. Сондай-ақ, Ж.Мақсетова, ҳаққында сөз етиўлер де араласып жүрсе
М.Мəмбетова, А.Хамидова, Д.Пахратдинов, тематикалық жақтан жоқарыдағыдай принципте
Қ.Мəмбетовлар тиккелей И.Юсуповтың (лирикалық шығармаларды сиясий лирика,
шығармаларын үйрениўдиң ҳəр түрли философиялық лирика деп бөлип үйрениў ‒ Т.Б.)
аспектлерине бағышланған диссертацияларды қосықты қандай лириканың тайпасына жатқарыўға
жақлады [4]. Усы қатарда белгили илимпаз болады? Ҳеш қайсысына!» [6, 52]. Усылайынша,
Қ.Оразымбетовтың изертлеўлери итибарға ылайық. илимпаз Қ.Оразымбетов И.Юсуповтың пенен бир
Қ.Оразымбетовтың «Ҳəзирги қарақалпақ қатарда С.Ибрагимов, Х.Дəўлетназаровтың
лирикасында көркемлик излениўшилик (80- лирикалық дөретпелерин таллаў арқалы лирикалық
жыллар)» атамасындағы изертлеўинде шығармаларды философиялық-медитативлик ҳəм
И.Юсуповтың дөретиўшилиги өз сəўлелениўин
сиясий лирика деп бөлген оның мəнисине жуўап көркем формалардың эволюциясы ҳəм
береди, деген жуўмаққа келеди. типологиясы бойынша жүргизген изертлеўлери
Сондай-ақ, Қ.Оразымбетов тəрепинен илимий орталықта қоллап-қуўатланып, қарақалпақ
лирикада форма саласындағы излениўшилик əдебияттаныўында бул изленислердиң илимий
мəселеси сөз етилгенде, сүўретлеў қураллары, əҳмийети ҳəм зəрүрлиги айрықша атап өтилди.
қосық қурылысы, поэтикалық дүркинниң Мысалы, белгили илимпаз П.Нуржанов: «автордың
раўажланыўы сыяқлы мəселелерге дыққат бул көркем формалар туўралы илимий-теориялық
аўдарылады. Жумыстың II бабында Ж.Избасқанов, жақтан улыўмаластырылған пикирлери, ойлары,
Б.Генжемуратов, С.Исмаилов, К.Реимов ҳəм т.б. болжаўлары ҳəзирги пайыттағы əдебий теориялық
қарақалпақ шайырларының қосықлары менен бир ой-пикир дүньямызға қосылған белгили үлес
қатарда, И.Юсуповтың «Пəлекли қоста түнеў», болғанлығын атап өтиўимиз керек», деп жазған
«Байыўлы» сыяқлы дөретпелери таллаўға болса [5], филология илимлериниң докторы,
тартылады ҳəм, усылайынша, И.Юсуповтың профессор Қ.Жəримбетов төмендегише пикир
лирикалық форма таңлаўдағы изленислерине билдиреди: «Соңғы 30 жыллықтағы миллий
унамлы баҳа бериледи [6, 72-74, 87-88, 93-94, 98- лирикамыздың эволюциялық раўажланыў
99]. жолларын тарийхый көринисте ашып берген,
Буннан кейинги ўақытта Қ.Оразымбетов ҳəзирги лирикада мазмун ҳəм форма
тəрепинен қарақалпақ лирикасының теориялық қатнасларының дəрежесин айырған, ҳəзирги
проблемаларын үйрениўге бағышланған «Ҳəзирги миллий лириканың əдебий байланыслар, əдебий
қарақалпақ лирикасында көркем формалардың тəсирлер нəтийжесинде рəңбəрең формалар,
эволюциясы ҳəм типологиясы» (2004) жанрлар менен толысыў процесин көрсеткен, киши
монографиясы жарық көрди. Монографияда лирикалық формалардың көркемлик тəбиятын,
қарақалпақ шайырларының лирикалық олардың əдебий қубылыс сыпатында
дөретпелери таллаўға тартылады, соның менен өзгешеликлерин дурыс анықлаған, қосық
бирге И.Юсуповтың дөретиўшилик изленислерине қурылысы элементлериниң (қатарлар, уйқаслар,
айрықша орын ажыратылғанының гүўасы боламыз. бəнтлер, ырғақ ҳ.т.б.) əмелий хызметлерин анық
Бунда илимпаз өз устазы С.Ахметовтың белгилеп берген. ...Қəне, енди илимий ой-пикирлер
И.Юсуповтың шайырлық шеберлигине тийисли шеңберин кеңейтетуғын, илимий ҳəм əмелий
айтылған: «Алыс Малайзия кешелеринде», «Төк пайдасы анық көринип туратуғын, заман талабына
таўындағы ойлар» қосықларында шайырдың ең толық жуўап бере алатуғын, ҳадал мийнеттен
тийкарғы жетискенлиги ‒ эпикалық сюжетти туўылған, сынасаң сын, минесең мин көтеретуғын
лирикаға сиңдире алыўында, деген пикирине нəзер усындай жумыслар бола берсе» [2].
қаратады [7, 12]. Мийнетте мазмун ҳəм форманың Жоқарыда аты аталған илимий изертлеўлерден
бирлиги, қосықтың финалында берилетуғын тысқары, Қ.Оразымбетовтың авторлығындағы
жуўмақ, турмыслық материалға жантасыў, дəстүр «Пародия түп нусқаға мүнəсип болса», «Туфлий
ҳəм новаторлық ҳəм т.б. илимий-теориялық қайда, шаш қайда?!», «Поэзия сарайының
əҳмийеттеги мəселелерди үйрениў барысында сəрдары», «Миллий орнаментлерге оранған
көпшилик орынларда И.Юсуповтың лирикалық поэзия», жоқлаў формасындағы «Поэзия
дөретпелеринен мысал келтирилген. Әсиресе, аспанында бир жулдыз сөнди» сыяқлы
жумыстың «Лирикалық топлам – айрықша көркем И.Юсуповтың дөретиўшилигине арналған
форма сыпатында» деп аталған бабының екинши мақалалары баспа сөз бетлеринде жəрияланған
бөлиминде И.Юсуповтың дөретиўшилиги тиккелей болып, оларда шайырдың шығармаларын түсинип
объект сыпатында таңлап алынып, шайырдың оқыўға, миллий поэзияны раўажландырыў
«Дузлы самаллар» топламына əдебий-теориялық жолындағы оның хызметин үйрениўге тийисли ой-
талқы жасалған, бунда автордың дөретиўшилик пикирлери сəўлеленген [8].
нийетинен келип шығып, лирикалық топлам дүзиў Солай етип, Қ.Оразымбетовтың илимий
тəжирийбесине (лирикалық топламға атама қойыў, жумысларында И.Юсупов дөретиўшилиги ҳəр
алғы сөз, аннотация жазыў, эпиграф байлаў, т.б.) тəреплеме таллаўға тартылды ҳəм шайырдың
дыққат аўдарылған. тулғасы, поэтикалық шеберлиги, қарақалпақ
Солай етип, ҳəзирги қарақалпақ лирикасында поэзиясында өзине тəн жол салғаны айрықша атап
көркем формалардың эволюциясы ҳəм өтилди.
типологиясы проблемасын үйрениўде илимпаз И.Юсуповтың тəкирарланбас шайырлық
Қ.Оразымбетов И.Юсуповтың қарақалпақ талантынан дөреген шығармалары қарақалпақ
поэзиясын раўажландырыўдағы дөретиўшилик əдебияттаныўының дыққат орайында турыўы
изленислерин жоқары баҳалап, «қарақалпақ нызамлы қубылыс болып табылады. Өйткени,
поэзиясында поэтикалық мектеплер қəлиплести. илимпаз Қ.Жəримбетовтың көрсетип өткениндей,
Бул мектеплердиң ең көрнеклиси И.Юсуповтың И.Юсупов «өзиниң баслы қуралы болған поэзия
мектеби болды. И.Юсуповтың мектеби ўəкиллери арқалы халқымыздын руўхында, ишки дүньясында
интеллектуаллық əдебият жаратты» деген ҳадаллык, дурыслық, туўысқанлық, дослық,
жуўмаққа келеди [7, 181]. жолдаслық, ўатан сүйиўшилик, азаматлық, пəк
Өз гезегинде, Қ.Оразымбетов тəрепинен 1980- муҳаббат, oғaн садықлық сезимлерин оятты ҳəм
жыллардағы қарақалпақ лирикасында көркемлик тəрбиялады. Оның өлмейтуғын поэзиясы келешек
излениўшилик, ҳəзирги қарақалпақ лирикасында əўладларды да усындай ҳасыл сезимлер менен
тəрбиялай алады, деп исеним менен айтыўымызға творчествосы ҳəм Европа əдебияты (əдебий
болады. ... Ҳəзир қайтыс болғанына он бир жыл байланыслар ҳəм əдебий тəсирлер мəселеси). ‒
болса да оның китаплары ең көп оқылатуғын, Нөкис, 1999; Пахратдинов Д. И.Юсупов
адамлар излеп журетуғын ҳасыл мүлкке, дөретиўшилигинде Шығыс классиклери
халқымыздың қəдирли руўхый ғəзийнесине дəстүрлери (əдебий байланыслар ҳəм тəсирлер). ‒
айналды» [3, 73]. Нөкис, 2001; Мамбетов Қ. Ибрайым Юсупов
Бул жағдай, шайырдың жүйрик қəлеминен поэмаларының жанрлық өзгешеликлери. ‒ Нөкис,
дөреген шығармалары, оның көркемлик дүньясы, 2019.
қулласы ‒ И.Юсуповтың дөретиўшилик тулғасы 5. Нуржанов П. Лирикамызды үйрениўдеги
қарақалпақ əдебияттаныўында келешектеги жаңа бағдар. // Устаз жолы, 2005 жыл 28-май
илимий изертлеўлерге аркаў болары сөзсиз, деп 6. Оразымбетов Қ. Ҳəзирги дəўирдеги
тастыйықлаўға тийкар жаратады. қарақалпақ лирикасында көркемлик излениўшилик
(80-жыллар). / Оразымбетов Қ. Танламалы
Әдебиятлар шығармалар топламы. Еки томлық. Том I. – Нөкис:
1. Ахметов С. Қарақалпақ əдебий критикасы Билим, 2018. – 408 б.
ҳəм əдебият илиминиң тарийхынан. – Нөкис: 7. Оразымбетов Қ. Ҳəзирги қарақалпақ
Қарақалпақстан, 1980. – 168 б.; Ахметов С. лирикасында көркем формалардың эволюциясы
Қарақалпақ əдебий сыны: изертлеўлер. Нөкис: ҳəм типологиясы. – Нөкис: Билим, 2004. – 188 б.
Қарақалпақстан, 1993. ‒ 296 б. 8. Оразымбетов Қ. Таңламалы шығармалар то-
2. Жəримбетов Қ. Сынасаң сын көтергендей пламы. Еки томлық. Том II. – Нөкис: Билим, 2018.
мийнет. // Әмиўдəрья, 2006, №2 – 384 б.
3. Жəримбетов Қ. Мəңги булақ (Уллы шайыр 9. Султанов Қ. Заманлас жаным менен. –
Ибрайым Юсуповтың поэзиясы ҳаққында гейпара Нөкис, Қарақалпақстан, 1972.– 144 б.; Есемуратов
ойлар) // Әмиўдəрья, 2019, №4, 73-78 б. Г. Ибрайым Юсуповтың поэзиясы. – Нөкис:
4. Мақсетова Ж. Ибрайым Юсуповтың Қарақалпақстан, 1976. – 116 б.; Ульяшов В. Ветер
поэтикалық шеберлиги. ‒ Ташкент, 1991; земных дорог: Литературный портрет Ибрагима
Мəмбетова М. И.Юсупов поэзиясының қосық Юсупова. – Ташкент: Изд. лит. и иск-ва им.Гафура
қурылысы. ‒ Нөкис, 1999; Хамидова А. И.Юсупов Гуляма, 1980. – 144 с.
THE ROLE OF EUPHEMISMS IN THE ENRICHING OF THE GERMAN AND THE ENGLISH
VOCABULARIES
Yusifov E.,
PhD, associate professor of Azerbaijan University of Languages
Baku
Yusifova K.
Senior teacher of Azerbaijan University of Languages
Baku
Abstract
Research indicate that euphemisms are not always used to beautify, but also to soften, alleviate, and
sometimes to hide the essence of something. In order to increase, strengthen and sweeten the artistic effect of
speech, the word artist creates a series of euphemisms in the choice of words, sometimes knowingly using softer,
indirect, covert and well-intentioned expressions. In the German and the English languages, euphemisms are
divided into 4 main groups according to the sources: religious euphemisms, socio-moral euphemisms, political
euphemisms, socio-aesthetic euphemisms.
Religious euphemisms reflect socio-moral ideas that have a social, philosophical and moral content. Unlike
religious euphemisms, socio-spiritual euphemisms contain various ethical norms in society – human morality,
behaviour and attitudes. Political euphemisms are formed and used for certain political purposes. In every class
society, the ruling circles try to deceive the masses by covering up their negative, vicious and unpleasant activities,
and thus they achieve their reactionary and bandit goals. Socio-aesthetic euphemisms reflect the laws of etiquette
and dignity.
Analyses indicate that euphemisms arise as a product of human creative thinking and contain the requirements
of the specific characteristics of the word artist. Thus, it is obvious that euphemisms have a sharp effect, they are
an important method and means in the language to explain a certain point, to reveal an intended issue. From this
point of view, euphemisms can be considered as one of the necessary and useful linguistic techniques in the
language, because the word is the main means and the first element of the language.
Keywords: a series of euphemisms, euphemistic sets, religious euphemisms, socio-moral euphemisms, po-
litical euphemisms, socio-aesthetic euphemisms.
In linguistics, euphemisms have been studied they mean to express meaning in a harsh, rough,
since the XIX century. At the end of the nineteenth cen- negative sense, effectively (2, 327-328).
tury the German scientist G. Paul presented them as the S. Abdullayev notes that the meaning of any
well-known scheme of semantic changes. Works by A. euphemism is “speaking well”. “Speaking well” is, first
Meyer, who studied taboos and euphemisms in ancient of all, the truth of speaking well, turning the truth into
society, attracted the attention of scientists to this phe- a favourable reality, putting it in an appropriate form
nomenon in the first half of the twentieth century. But (1, 260).
only during the last decades they have become the ob- We believe that sometimes the success of the idea
ject of close attention of scientists. Scientists have been conveyed to the listener depends on the rich language
in generally unanimous in the definition of extralin- material and especially the euphemisms, and this
guistic nature euphemisms. depends more on the speaker’s ability to use language
In linguistic literature, a special linguistic material and euphemisms. At the same time, this word
phenomenon, which is closely related to the change of gives the speaker the impression of expressing a deep
the meaning of a word, is characterized as a euphemism meaning, a broad idea in a few words, attracting more
for the expression of an event or object in the objective attention by adding the shades of meaning and variety
reality in various indirect ways. The term “euphemism” to his thoughts, giving a beautiful, pleasant, gentle and
of Greek origin is used to mean “a way of expressing softening effect. This skill requires the speaker to pay
words and expressions in other words.” This term refers special attention to the use of euphemisms. Euphe-
to the renaming of an expression of an object or event misms are often taken as additional meanings of words.
by another word or a combination of words, rather than In that case, they are not the literal meaning of the word.
by the words in which it is usually called. This Euphemistic expressions sweeten the event, story,
descriptive name is not always used in the sense of speech, attract the attention of the listener and increase
beautification, but also in the sense of softening, his influence in self-awareness, creating a more effec-
alleviating, and sometimes concealing the essence of tive, stronger confidence in the listener, emotionally
something. For this reason, euphemisms can be called conveying the idea to him.
the most widespread means of expression in literary Euphemisms are divided into several groups in
language, which strengthen, sweeten and soften the terms of the way they reflect life events. There are
speech and the meaning. In order to increase, various reasons for the emergence of euphemisms in
strengthen and sweeten the artistic effect of speech, the language. Euphemisms in German and English are
speaker creates a series of euphemisms in the choice of divided into 4 main groups according to their sources:
words, sometimes knowingly using softer, indirect, 1) religious euphemisms; 2) socio-moral euphemisms;
covert and well-intentioned expressions. 3) political euphemisms; 4) socio-aesthetic
It should be noted that language is completely euphemisms.
national while thinking and cognition are universal Each type of euphemism has its own
processes. Although language is closely related to the characteristics, each of which forms a combination of
objective reality and thinking, there are many similar or words and expressions of euphemistic nature, and at the
completely compatible linguistic phenomena in same time their repetition increases the power and
different languages. Euphemisms also exist in different influence of thought. These features, which are
languages as one of those linguistic phenomena. In characteristic of euphemisms, are clearly observed in
general, linguistic events show that euphemisms are the following examples. For example: instead of the
genetically closely related to religious taboos. verb sterben / to die the expressions ins Gras beissen,
H. Vantsek, who studies euphemisms and die Radischen von unten begucken / to decеase, to pass
dysphemisms in German, characterizes euphemisms as away; instead of Teufel / satan the expressions der
Hüllwörter, Hehlwörter – secret words, hypocritical Böse, der Widersacher, der Schwarze / devil are used.
words, words that serve to cover something up, and These kinds of euphemisms both improve a person
generally calls them means of softening effect. spiritually and positively and affect the change in his
According to him, deceit and hypocrisy, indirect psychology, creating enthusiasm in him.
expression, consolation and restraint can be considered The oldest euphemisms derived from taboo words
the main sources of euphemisms. Therefore, the idea of are called religious euphemisms. These types of euphe-
softening, covering up plays an important role in misms encompass religious and superstitious concepts,
language expressions (7, 82). including human life, death, and disease. As people fear
According to A. Babayev there were many vulgar God, they are afraid to use the names of angels, devils,
words and expressions at the initial stage of the wild animals, insects and indirectly use various names
formation of literary language but under the influence and euphemisms. For example: der Allwissende, der
of culture the use of vulgar words was not acceptable Allmächtige, Er, himmlischer Richter, potz, potz Wet-
and then euphemisms appeared. Therefore, in ter, potz Stern, potz Blitz / Heavens, Good Heavens,
connection with the development of modern culture, Lord, Good Lord, Oh, My Eye, Gracious and so on.
many euphemisms have emerged in the language, and „Wenn du vor deinem himmlischer Richter dich
we have accepted these euphemisms as good speaking, nicht mehr genierst“ (H.Mann).
softening of any harsh meaning, and rescuing it from Religious euphemisms are widespread not only in
vulgar shades. Dysphemisms are the opposite of linguistic literature, but also in the socio-political life of
euphemisms. In fact, while dysphemisms are taboo, a number of peoples. These types of euphemisms re-
flect socio-moral ideas that have a social, philosophi- Along with the emergence and development of each
cal, and moral content. In religious euphemisms, the class society, various negative socio-spiritual events
description of life events is organically combined with and the words and expressions that express them also
the expression of a person’s inner feelings, and they al- appear in any language. Such euphemisms are
most form a series of religious euphemisms to express characterized by ethical norms, such as human
emotions related to certain life events. morality, behaviour and attitudes, which are inherent in
In ancient times, people were afraid to mention the every class society, both in the epoch of feudalism and
name of satan because they were afraid of him, and capitalism, and in the period before or after it.
sometimes they thought that the devils would easily In his book “The Scientific Revolution of Mr.
find them by uttering his name. Therefore, the follow- Eugen Dühring” F. Engels noted that if we look closely,
ing series of euphemisms, which replaced the word sa- we see that different moral norms have been formed in
tan, were widely used: Böse, Schwarze, Deibel, Deixel, all three class societies, such as the feudal aristocracy,
Teixel, Teuxel, Henker, Versucher, Wiedersacher, alter the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. It can be concluded
Feind, böser Feind, Popanz, Geier, Kuckuck /Evil, that people form their moral views and worldviews in
Black, executioner, tempter, old enemy, bad enemy, accordance with the instance of the class society in
vulture, cuckoo and so on. which they live, consciously or unconsciously,
Weiss der Henker, pardon, aber das Leben ist eine involuntarily in certain practical relationships, as well
richtige Kalamität (F.C.Weiskopf). as in life conditions (4, 113).
Verfluchte Gören, der Deubel soll euch holen O. Behaghel notes that this is the reason why
(W.Bredel). words and expressions with different meanings appear
In addition, the people avoided using that word in the language. For example, the word sich betrinken
because they were afraid of death and that is why they has several hundred variants that are stylistically
tried to use euphemisms in order to express their similar to one another (3,116).
thoughts. For example, instead of the word Tod /death M.D. Stepanova and I.I. Chernysheva characterize
they used Sensenmann, Knochenmann, Vetter Hein, euphemisms as softening, relieving and beautifying
Streckebein / grim reaper, bone man, cousin Hein, means and they link them with the multisystems in the
stretch leg; instead of the word Sterben / death they development of meaning of words and expressions,
used Ableben, Heimgang, Hintritt, Hingang, noting that they arise for the following reasons:
Hinscheiden, Trennung, Auflösung / going home, 1. Euphemisms arose in ancient times due to fear
entering, going, passing, separation, dissolution, etc. of natural and unnatural beings. For this reason, taboo
For these reasons a series of euphemisms have words used in German cover lexical terms that are more
emerged in German to replace the verb sterben /to die. closely related to religion and superstition. For
In his book “Life of words” K.Nyrop notes that several example: instead of Teufel the words Gottseibeiuns, der
years ago L.Morandi investigated and found more than Böse, der Schwarze, der Versucher, a series of
two hundred equivalents of the verb to die in Italian. euphemisms such as instead of der Bär the word der
K.Nyrop claims that the equivalent of the verb to die Braune were used. Thus, in Northern Europe, since the
can be found in German more than twice (5, 16). people were afraid to pronounce the bear’s name they
If we look at a series of euphemisms which are called them “Braune”;
used instead of the verb sterben /to die in German and 2. In some unpleasant situations, the use of the
English, we will see that such words and expressions words and expressions that express tenderness, care,
are used in the everyday speech of the German and the kindness, gentleness is widely used. For example:
English people: heimgehen, erbleichen, erblassen, instead of Krankheit the words Unwohlsein,
verscheiden, hinuntergehen, ausleiden, hinübergehen, Unpässlichkeit are used.
entschlummern, einschlummern; das Zeitliche segnen, 3. In the sense of flirtation, dialect, instead of
für immer einschlafen, die Augen schliessen, zur Geliebte the word Freundin was used (6, 44).
ewigen Ruhe gehen, den Geist aufgeben, dem Gebote According to S.Abdullayev, euphemisms are used
der Natur folgen, in die Wohnung des Friedens as common names for language movements today such
kommen, seine Stunde ist gekommen, den letzten as – to obscure the real truth, to cover up the facts, to
Atemzug tun, nicht mehr unter den Lebenden sein / go present the reality in gloomy lines, sometimes to
home, turn pale, pass away, go down, suffer, pass over, distort, to falsify the content of the name, to deviate
fall asleep forever, bless the temporal, close your eyes, from its true essence, to deliberately confuse reality,
go to eternal rest, give up the spirit, follow the sometimes incomprehensible to show, in part, idiom,
commandments of nature, come to the dwelling of rhetoric, and so on (1, 262).
peace, your hour has come, take your last breath, no As it is known, moral euphemisms reflect the
longer be among the living, etc. events of life, human desires, thoughts and feelings,
2. Euphemisms have been uttered by wise elderly and form opinions about man and the events connected
people and have been enriched and multiplied from with him. These types of euphemisms are sometimes
generation to generation, from language to language. presented through animals, plants, and objects through
The peculiarity of euphemisms lies in its humanity and the use of artistic language, so that they are moral,
nationality. Since euphemisms have features of folk instructive, and indirectly express the shortcomings of
wisdom, they can also be called moral-educational human relationships and bring them to the reader’s
words. Socio-moral euphemisms contain different attention. In such euphemisms, the speaker gives all the
ethical norms in society and arise for different reasons. details of people’s lives, their inner world, desires and
aspirations, thoughts and ideas, and the difficulties they 3. Political euphemisms are formed and used for
face. As the ruling circles always try to hide the certain political purposes. In every class society, the
negative aspects of life, for this purpose, the speaker ruling circles try to deceive the masses by covering up
tries to use soft, gentle, lovable, charming, their negative, flawed and unpleasant activities, and
compassionate expressions to change their minds in thus they achieve their reactionary and bandit goals.
other words. These types of euphemisms primarily Therefore, they can easily deceive the masses by using
cover negative socio-moral phenomena such as the words and expressions which are often unknown
drunkenness, theft, crime and anti-social defects, and incomprehensible to the people. Such euphemisms
shortcomings and immorality. For example, instead of play a more important role in the political activity of
the word Lüge /lie the words Historie, Anecdote, class societies. For example, during World War II, the
Chronicle, Unwahrheit / History, Anecdote, Chronicle, German Nazis tried to hide their reactionary activities
falsehood; instead of the verb lügen / to lie the verbs by using the words Annexion instead of Länderraub /
dichten, phantasieren, spinnen, eine lebhafte Phantasie Land robbery and Nationalsozisten instead of
haben, das lange Messer handhaben, die Wahrheit Faschisten /Fascists. They deceived the people with
verschweigen / fantasize, spin, have a lively their reputation, and especially with the legend of the
imagination, handle the long knife, withhold the truth; invincibility of Hitler’s German army, by giving wide
instead of the verb betrügen /to seduce the expression coverage to such a series of euphemisms in their
jemandem ein X für ein U vormachen / fool someone political activities. For this purpose, a series of
into an X for a U; instead of the verb saufen /to get euphemisms has been widely used in German literature.
drunk the expressions sich benebeln, zu tief ins Glas For example, instead of the verb erschiessen the soft,
sehen, zu viel auf die Lampe giessen, sich ein Licht beautiful expressions such as Schluss machen,
anzünden, einen Tropfen über den Durst trinken / get fertigmachen, verschwinden lassen, den Fall erledigen,
foggy, look too deep into the glass, pour too much on schachmatt setzen are widespread.
the lamp, light a lamp, drink a drop over your thirst; According to Abdullayev, linguistic facts confirm
instead of the verb stehlen / to thieve the following that it is impossible to imagine the speech behaviour of
series of euphemisms are widely used: mausen, klauen, political figures, diplomats, government officials
klemmen, stibitzen, organisieren, Mein und Dein without periphrasis, especially without euphemisms
verwechseln, etwas mitgehen heissen, lange Finger and various exaggerations. Therefore, euphemistic sets
machen, lange Finger haben, eine kleine have a more debilitating, neutralizing, and minimizing
Unregelmässigkeit begehen, Finger nicht in der Tasche effect (1, 271).
halten, geographische Untersuchungen in fremden We believe that political euphemisms are so rich
Taschen machen / mouse, steal, pinch, organize, mix up and complex that the concept of euphemism does not
mine and yours, go with something, make long fingers, cover them all. They are developed in the socio-
have long fingers, commit a small irregularity, do not political sphere, and these euphemisms are formed in a
keep fingers in your pocket, do geographic single dimension, in harmony. In this case, a series of
investigations in someone else’s pockets. socio-political euphemisms can substitute each other.
Der andre aber machte späterhin geographische However, as language develops, a new group of
Untersuchungen in fremden Taschen (H.Heine). political euphemisms emerges in the political lexicon
While speaking about the lies of synonyms and of different peoples in connection with emerging the
different names of the same things in the language, S. political terms, which differ in their shades of meaning
Abdullayev notes that euphemisms serve the concept of and power of expression. Such a group of euphemisms
being polite, adapting to the requirements and orders of has its own peculiarities of development. The speaker
the time, socio-political situation, taking into account sometimes describes the event, explains the subject, the
the tendencies, dangers, tastes of the time, epoch, en- intended issue, the conversation in such a way that he
suring personal safety, in many cases, compliance with achieves a successful, good-natured mood inconveying
the requirements of coexistence, adherence to psycho- the axis and system of these or other events, life events,
logical and religious taboos, rules, and adherence to as well as method of expression of life events and his
ethical and moral standards (1, 596). thoughts about it to the listener with different ways.
As a result of research, we come to the conclusion 4. Socio-aesthetic euphemisms reflect the laws of
that socio-political, moral and educational content etiquette and dignity. Euphemisms are alludes to
plays an important role in socio-moral euphemisms. certain words and expressions or events. Euphemisms
Thus, in such euphemisms, events are described in a arise as a product of human creative thinking and
pompous manner, and people in a solemn way. The contain the requirements of specific features of the art
speaker sometimes completes the idea with good-na- of speech. These types of euphemisms are often used in
tured, pompous words, and such euphemisms reflect the process of speech and communication to express a
the conciseness of the idea. In such euphemisms, socio- certain attitude to life events, sometimes to arouse love
moral ideas find their concrete expression; therefore, or hatred in the listener, or to exalt something in his
these euphemisms attract attention with their unique eyes, to expose, to explain the way out of the situation,
harmony and beauty of expression. The national way of etc. For this reason, if we look at the following series
life and national ideology are strong in social and Moral of euphemisms, we can clearly see the followings:
euphemisms. The product of nationalism, belonging to instead of the expression schwanger sein /to be
the people, and especially the figurative thinking of pregnant the expressions in anderen Umständen sein,
each nation is more pronounced in such euphemisms. guter Hoffnung sein / to be dual, to be in a different
situation; instead of the verb gebären / to give birth the from spiritual shocks, cover up their sufferings and give
expressions dem Kinde das Leben schenken, das Kind them a good mood.
zur Welt bringen, zur Welt kommen, das Licht der Welt A series of euphemisms causes new shades of
erblicken / to give life to the child, give birth to the meaning of existing words in the language to form. For
child, come into the world, see the light of day are used. example: ins Gefängnis kommen- zu Vater Philipp
In some cases, the words and expressions expressing kommen, auf Wasser und Brot gesetzt werden; im
swearing, insults are substituted by such euphemisms Gefängnis sitzen – Zeit hinter Schloss und Riegel
in a very high way. For example: instead of Betrüger / verbringen, staatliche Entfettungskur durchmachen,
liar, swindler the words Ehrenmann /respectable, hinter schwedischen Gardinen sitzen; Henker- Meister
honorable person; instead of Luder /lowly, vile the Peter, Hauptkassierer, der ungenannte Mann;
expressions so eine Person / such a person ; instead of hingerichtet werden- mit der Jungfer Hänfin Hochzeit
Feigling /coward, lung the words Grosser Held /brave, machen, eine hanfene Halsbinde bekommen; the words
great hero are used. Such euphemisms, which depict and expressions that make up a series of synonyms such
life events in a figurative and pleasant way, differ from as, um die Ecke bringen- sich vom Halse schaffen, aus
one another in style and specific features. Socio- dem Wege schaffen, verschwinden lassen, töten, kalt
aesthetic euphemisms also aggravate the language with machen and others form new shades of semantic
words and expressions by creating a series of synonyms meaning as a result of the transfer of euphemistic
in the language, enriching the vocabulary of the meaning in the language. From this point of view,
language, and in some cases obscuring the insidious euphemisms as a semantic-lexical category play an
goals and desires of people belonging to the upper important role in the enrichment of the vocabulary of
classes. the German language, not only in terms of quantity, but
Thus, the implied words and expressions are also in terms of quality.
substituted by other ones. The speaker can increase the Research indicates that euphemisms arise as a
emotional power of thought using not the direct widespread language-communication phenomenon in
meaning of the word, but its additional, even the language in different ways:
conventional meaning. The using of the euphemisms 1. One of the most important ways in which
creates an attractive communication environment to euphemisms arise is through the metaphorical transfer
express the mood in a poetic way. of words and expressions that exist in the language. For
The formation of euphemisms in the language is example: instead of the word Gott / God the expressions
usually closely related to the field of activity of the himmlischer Richter / Ruler of the Heavens; instead of
speaker. For example, the verb sterben / to die forms a the verb sterben / to die the verbs heimgehen,
series of different euphemisms for different erbleichen / to disappear; instead of the expressions
occupations, as can be seen more clearly in the wahnsinnig sein / to be mad, to lose one’s mind the
following examples: der Matrose läuft in den Hafen ein expressions eine Schraube los haben, verrückt / to miss
/ A sailor enters the port; der Bergmann fährt in die a screw are used.
Grube / A miner goes to the mine; der Beamte wird in 2. One of the most important ways in which
eine andere Welt versetzt / The officer changes his euphemisms arise is closely related to metonymy. For
place to another world; der Anwalt tritt vor einen example: instead of the word Gott / God the words der
höheren Richter / The lawyer (human rights activist) Allwissende, der Allmächtige / Omniscient,
appears before the authoritative judge; Der Gelehrte Omnipotent; instead of the word Teufel / satan the
gibt den Geist auf / The scholar surrenders his soul; der words der Böse / forces of evil; instead of the
Pfarrer segnet das Zeitliche / The priest blesses the expression im Gefängnis sitzen / to be in prison the
time; der Soldat bleibt auf dem Platze / The soldier expressions hinter Schloss und Riegel sein / to be a
stays in place; der Reisende zieht die Reisestiefel an / prisoner are used.
The traveler wears shoes; der Gesandte wird abgerufen 3. Lithotic structures are important in the
/ The ambassador is called back to his country. formation of euphemisms. For example: instead of
In the above examples, we can see that they are a betrunken sein /to be drunk the expressions angeheitert
product of beauty, perfection, style and thoughtful sein, ein bisschen lustig sein / to be a little merry, to
creativity in the process of speech, they are said with rejoice; instead of stehlen / to steal the expressions eine
great enthusiasm and pleasure. In general, the kleine Unregelmässigkeit begehen / to make a little
emergence of euphemisms serves as a fundamental disorder; instead of krank / sick the expressions nicht
stimulus, desire, intention and motivation for word wohl sein, unpässlich sein / to be a little sad, not to be
creation, because it is necessary to cover up any good, not to be safe are used.
concept, substitute it with another word, change it and 4. Derived words from other languages and
create new words and expressions in the language. The dialects play an important role in the formation of
simplicity and conciseness of euphemisms increase euphemisms in the language. For example: instead of
their effectiveness, strengthen the idea that they are Lüge / lie the words Historie Anecdote / history,
spoken and connected, and at the same time sharply anecdote; instead of Teufel / satan the dialect word like
criticize the meaning of euphemistic expressions, Deubel are used.
satirical attitudes and moods that calm them 5. Jargonisms also have a place in the formation of
psychologically. By using such words, an atmosphere euphemisms. For example: instead of stehlen / to steal
of high spirits is created which keeps the people away the verbs mausen, klauen, stibitzen /whipping – that is,
quietly, slowly); instead of sterben / to die the more precisely, influences to the perception of the word
expressions ins Gras beissen / to draw are used. artist. Euphemisms draw strength from the spiritual and
6. Some abusive speech also plays a role in the moral energy and moral life of the people as an indica-
formation of euphemisms. For example: instead of the tor of moral values and worthlessness. Whoever uses
adjectives verflucht / cursed, filthy, disgusting the euphemistic possibilities such as softening, concealing,
words verflixt / abominable are used. and covering up, more correctly and skillfully always
While speaking about the power of euphemisms, succeeds.
such sweet-sounding words soften, calm and weaken In general, the characteristic feature of euphe-
the listener. Thus, it is clear that euphemisms have a misms is that the style of expression of the thought is
sharp effect, they are an important method and means set in accordance with its content, inner meaning, sof-
in language to explain a certain point, to reveal an in- tening effect is influenced to the expression, its emo-
tended issue. From this point of view, euphemisms can tional meaning. Excitement, high tone, attention, and
be considered as one of the necessary and useful lan- calmness are used for euphemistic expressions. Words
guage techniques, because the word is the main means spoken in a calm, ordinary way have a deeper and more
and the first element of the language. In fiction, the au- serious meaning. For this reason, euphemisms are im-
thor creates a series of euphemisms, sometimes using a portant in enriching the vocabulary of the language as
number of euphemistic expressions that are important means of artistic and linguistic expressions, which
in relation to the idea being expressed in order to in- serve to convey the intended thought, idea to the lis-
crease the emotional power of speech and its impact. tener, the reader, the other side in a softer, more covert,
We would like to note that in order to increase the indirect way.
emotional impact of the thought expressed in the pro- References
cess of communication, to create a strong, pleasant feel- 1. Abdullayev S. Ә. Qeyri-səlis dilçilik təcrübəsi.
ing in the listener, the softening expression of the Bakı, “Victory”, 2013
thought requires a special skill from the speaker. The 2. Babayev A.M. Dilçiliyə giriş. Bakı, “Maarif”,
use of a series of euphemisms, in other words, euphe- 1992
mistic expressions, which are often used in ordinary 3. Behaghel O. Die deutsche Sprache, Halle
speech and works of art, and even serve to strengthen (Saale), 1954
the artistic and emotional strengthening of speech and 4. Engels Fr. Hern Eugen Dührings Umwälzung
expression, is preferred. As some euphemisms are more der Wissenschaft, Berlin, 1953
common and easily understood by the majority, the 5. Nyrop K. Das Leben der Wörter, Leipzig, 1903
word artist prefers to use these terms in communica- 6. Stepanova M.D., Cernyşeva I.I., Lexikologie
tion. der deutschen Gegenwartssprache, Moskau, “Vyssaja
Linguistic facts indicate that the approach to eu- Skola”, 1986
phemisms in the context of a wide semantic group, the 7. Christiane Wanzeck, Lexikologie,
field of words, as the richness of the language’s possi- Beschreibung von Wort und Wortschatz im Deutschen,
bilities of expression, the expression of the same con- Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht GmbH, Göttingen, 2010
cept in different words leads to its fragmentation, or
PHYSICAL SCIENCES
INTERACTION OF NIKEL ATOMS WITH GROUP VI IMPURITIES IN THE SILICON LATTICE
Bakhadirkhanov M.,
Tashkent State Technical University,
Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Iliev X.,
Tursunov M.,
Termez State University,
Termez, Uzbekistan
Karshiyev Sh.
Abstract
The results of the study of silicon alloyed with Ni and Se atoms are given. The introduction of nickel was
carried out by dusting the silicon surface and then by “low temperature” diffusion for 0.5 h at T = 1150˚C. Addi-
tional heat treatment of Ni and Se alloyed samples was performed in the same way (T = 820˚C, for 0.5 hours). The
composition of the samples was studied using SEM. The change in the properties of Si <Ni, Se> is explained by
the formation of binary complexes of nickel and selenium atoms in the crystal lattice of silicon.
Keywords: binary complex, nickel, selenium, open circuit voltage, short circuit current.
INTRODUCTION silicon have a sufficiently high solubility N~10 18 cm-3

Silicon remains the main material for modern elec- and they are in the electroneutral state [2].
tronics. The introduction of an electroneutral molecule The starting material was monocrystalline silicon
or complex objects containing introductory atoms of obtained by the Chokhralsky method with specific re-
sistance p-type ρ=0,5 Ohm·cm, and n-type ρ=100
various elements into a silicon lattice leads to the detec-
tion of new effects [1]. This paper presents the results Ohm·cm. In these samples, the optically active oxygen
of studies of solar cells based on silicon added with Ni concentration is NO2 = (5÷6)·1017 cm-3. The sample size
and Se atoms. We know that thermal and radiation de- is 1×4×0.8 mm3.
fects in silicon are mainly determined by the optically All samples were mechanically and chemically
active oxygen concentration. Because the control of treated under the same conditions. The electrical pa-
such oxygen concentration creates a great technological rameters of the samples were determined using the Hall
opportunity. the study of nickel and oxygen segregation effect. The contact part of the samples was coated with
processes is important. This is because nickel atoms in nickel with a chemical hypophosphite solution.
Table 1.
The average value of the initial samples is the electrical and optical parameters.
Source material Conductivity type 𝝆 µ p, n cm-3
KDB-0,5 p 0,5 329 4·1016
KEF-100 n 97 1340 4,8·1013
THE EXPERIMENTALLY PART increased by 22% compared to Si <B, Se> (SC), while
Diffusion of nickel atoms was carried out at T the Uoc value increased from 427 mV to 480 mV, ie by
=1150 °C for t=30 minutes in quartz ampoules using 12% (Table 2). The increase in the parameters of (SC)s
the “low temperature stepwise” diffusion method. Dif- after heat treatment Si <B,Se> was explained by the
fusion of the Se atoms was then performed at t = 1200 hetering of selenium atoms to recombination in silicon
°C for t=30 min. As a result, p-n-shaped structures, ie [3-4]. After the diffusion process, such properties of se-
photocells, were obtained. Given the relatively high lenium atoms are almost non-existent, as they do not
binding energy in the NiSe molecule and the high dif- have time to become electroactive due to rapid cooling
fusion coefficient of nickel, the additional heat treat- after diffusion. Long-term additional heat treatment ac-
ment temperature was selected at T = 820 °C. After ad- tivates the formation of complexes, which has led to
ditional heat treatment, the photocell (SC) voltage was uncontrolled intrusions and heterogeneity of point de-
measured and the short-circuit current density (Jsc) was fects.
measured. In Si <B, Ni, Se> photocells, the J sc value
Table 2.
Electrophysical parameters of solar cells after additional heat treatment at a temperature of T = 820 °C.
Samples Jsc, mА/cm2 Uoc, mV Pmax, mW/cm2
Si<B, Se> 18 427 7,686
Si<B, Ni, Se> 22 480 10,560
Si<B, Ni, Se> settings SC +22% +12 % +37.4%
Si<B, Se> change in relation to SC
Thus, the technologically optimal conditions for additional heat treatment (complex formation) was T=
the formation of complexes of the Si2NiSe type were 820 °C. After diffusion and additional heat treatment, it
determined - the diffusion temperature of selenium and was found that SC parameters increased by Uoc - 12%,
nickel input atoms was T = 1160 °C, the temperature of Jsc- 22%, Pmax - 37.4% [5-6].
Figure 1. Composition of complexes of nickel and selenium atoms (SEM) formed in silicon after diffusion.
Si Si Si Si Si Si
Si Se Si Se Ni
Si Si Si
Si Ni Si
Si Si Si
Si Si Si
a) b)
Figure 2. Possible options for the formation of nickel-selenium complexes in the silicon lattice. a) - in adjacent
nodes of the silicon lattice, b) - in the interstices of the silicon lattice.
CONCLUSION best parameters than expensive many cascade photo el-

After the experiments, we determined the compo- ements based АIIIBV (Figure 2). That what is the new
sition of the sample using an electron microscope (Fig- scientific branch which requires carry out the complex
ure 1.). The results showed that the amount of nickel experimental and theoretical investigations [7-8].
and selenium atoms in silicon was the same. This indi- CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
cates that nickel and selenium atoms in silicon combine The authors declare that they have no conflict of
to form binary complexes. The results of the increase in interests.
silicon salinity Uoc – 12 %, short-circuit current Jsc – 22
%, power Pmax - 37.4 % also confirm the results. The References
new materials that is Si enriched with binary cells of 1. Mildvitskii M.G., Chaldishev V.V., Nano size
Si2BVI++Ni-- type allows us create on one’s base the new atom clusters in semiconductors is the new method to
optoelectronic and nano electronic devices and also formation of materials properties. Review (in Russian).
high effective photo elements based Si having same the // Fizika i texnika poluprovodnikov. Russia. 1998. V.
32. Issue 5. pp. 513-522.
2. Bakhadirxanov M.K., Iliyev X.M., Mavlonov nomena in Silicon with Nanoclusters of Manganese At-
G.Kh., Ayupov K.S., Isamov S.B., Tachilin S.A. Si oms // Semiconductors, 2021, Vol. 55, No. 6, pp. 636–
with magnetic nano clusters of Mn atoms is the new 639
class photo magnetic materials (in Russian) // Jurnal 6. Bakhadyrkhanov M.K., Mavlonov G.Kh.,
texnicheskoy fiziki. Russia. 2019. V. 89. Issue 3. pp. Isamov S.B., Iliev Kh.M., Ayupov K.S., Saparniyazova
421-425. Z.M., and Tachilin S.A. Transport Properties of Silicon
3. Bakhadyrkhanov M.K., Askarov Sh.I, and Doped with Manganese via Low Temperature Diffu-
Norkulov N. Some Features of Chemical Interaction sion // Inorganic Materials. 2011. Vol. 47, No. 5, pp.
between a Fast Diffusing Impurity and a Group VI El- 479-483.
ement in Silicon. // Physics state solid. 1994. No. 142. 7. Iliev Kh.M, Тursunov M.O., Koveshnikov S.V.,
pp 339-346. Khudaynazarov Z.B. Research of properties of silicon
4. Bakhadyrkhanov M.K., Iliev Kh.M, Тursunov with binary nanoclusters with participation of Mn and
M.O., Isamov S.B., Koveshnikov S.V., Madjitov M. Se atoms // Semiconductor Physics and Microelectron-
Kh. Electrical Properties of Silicon Doped with Man- ics. 2020, Vol. 2, Issue 2. pp. 59–62.
ganese via High-Temperature Diffusion // Inorganic 8. Ismailov K.А, Iliev X.M, Tursunov M.O, Is-
Materials. 2021. Vol. 57, No. 7, pp. 655-662. maylov B.K. Formation of complexes consisting of im-
5. Bakhadyrkhanov M.K., Isamov S.B., Zikrillaev purity Mn atoms and group VI elements in the crystal
N.F., Тursunov M.O. Anomalous Photoelectric Phe- lattice of silicon. // Semiconductor Physics, Quantum
Electronics & Optoelectronics. 2021, Vol. 24, No. 3,
pp. 255–260.
ДИЕЛЕКТРИЧЕСКАЯ ПРОНИЦАЕМОСТЬ ТВЕРДОГО РАСТВОРА (𝑨𝒔𝟐 𝑺𝒆𝟑 )𝟎,𝟖 − (𝑨𝒔𝟐 𝑺𝟑 )𝟎,𝟐
Гурбанов М.М.,
кандидат физико-математических наук, доцент,
Годжаев М.М.,
кандидат физико-математических наук, доцент,
Гашимова А.И.
доктор философии по физико-математическим наукам,
кафедра обшей физики и методики преподавания физики,
Сумгаитский государственный университет
Сумгаит, Азербайджан
DIELECTRIC PERMEABILITY OF A SOLID SOLUTION (𝐀𝐬𝟐 𝐒𝐞𝟑 )0,8 - (𝐀𝐬𝟐 𝐒𝟑 )0,2
Gurbanov M.,
Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences,
Associate-Professor,
Gojayev M.,
Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences,
Associate Professor,
Hashimova A.
PhD on of Physical and Mathematical Sciences,
Department of general physics and methods of teaching physics,
Sumgait State University
Sumgait, Republic of Azerbaijan
Аннотация
В данной работе приводятся результаты измерений диэлектрической проницаемости твердого рас-
твора (𝐴𝑠2 𝑆𝑒3 )0,8 − (𝐴𝑠2 𝑆3 )0,2 . Приводятся табличные данные значений индуктивности, сопротивлений,
электропроводности, эффективности, реактивных и комплексных сопротивлений. В работе также показана
возможность определений молекулярной поляризации по экспериментальным данным диэлектрической
проницаемости.
Abstract
In this study, the dielectric constant of a solid solution (As2 Se3 )0,8 − (As2 S3 )0,2 was measured.
Measurements were made on a high-precision E7-20 (RLC) imitation measuring device. The values of inductance,
resistance, conductivity, efficiency, reactive resistance, and complex resistances are given in tabular form. The
possibility of determining the molecular polarization on the basis of experimental values of dielectric constant is
shown.
Ключевые слова: индуктивность, емкость, активное сопротивление, реактивное сопротивление, про-
водимость, диэлектрическая проницаемость, коэффициент поляризации.
Keywords: inductance, capacitance, active resistance, reactive resistance, conductivity, dielectric constant,
polarization coefficient.
𝐴𝑠2 𝑆𝑒3 and 𝐴𝑠2 𝑆3 compounds are promising ma- (𝐴𝑠2 𝑆𝑒3 )0,8 − (𝐴𝑠2 𝑆3 )0,2 solid solution was syn-
terials for the development of optical memory elements thesized from the literature on the basis of existing
and resistance converters. In these materials, the con- methodology and X-ray analysis was performed. It was
version effect is mainly associated with the transition found that this solid solution is also a crystalline ana-
from the glass phase to the crystalline phase. Electrical logue of the 𝐴𝑠2 𝑆𝑒3 compound and crystallizes in a
conductivity and dielectric constant play a key role in monoclinic structure. Cage parameters a=11,95Å;
the management of such inverters. These materials are b=9,63Å; c=4,26Å ; β=90028′ was measured [3]. The
also used in laser technology [1, 2]. samples were prepared in the form of a flat capacitor to
The study of the physical properties of solid solu- die the electrical parameters. In this case, the thickness
tions obtained on the basis of these compounds is also of the samples was 0.05 ÷ 0.08 cm. Measurements were
relevant in terms of expanding the scope of practical made on an E7-20 (RLC) imitation measuring device
application. In this study, the values of a number of with high accuracy and sensitivity. Here, as in tradi-
electrical parameters of the solid solution tional methods, voltmeter-ammeter measurement
(𝐴𝑠2 𝑆𝑒3 )0,8 − (𝐴𝑠2 𝑆3 )0,2 determined by the modern method is used.
E7-20 (RLC) imitation measuring device are given in However, this method has many advantages. First
tabular form and the possibility of calculating the po- of all, it should be noted that the measurements are
larization coefficient is shown. made at very high speeds (25 measurements per sec-
ond). Here, at the same time, inductance (L), capaci- measuring system, where it is divided into two sinusoi-
tance (C), active resistance (R), conductivity (G), effi- dal voltages and converted into a form visible in num-
ciency (Q), reactive resistance (X) and complex re- bers. The values of the measured parameters are deter-
sistance (Z) are determined. mined by calculation and are displayed.
Another advantage of this method is that measure- This measuring device also has software, and the
ments can be made in an electric field with a wide range values of all studied parameters are determined and rec-
of frequencies (𝑓 = 20 ÷ 106 𝐻𝑠). At the same time, orded [4].
the accuracy of the measurements is higher. The rela- The results of measurements carried out in the
tive error when measuring L, C and R parameters is ± electric field of different frequencies at room tempera-
0.001%. ture for a solid solution (𝐴𝑠2 𝑆𝑒3 )0,8 − (𝐴𝑠2 𝑆3 )0,2 are
The working frequency used in the measurement given in the table.
is transferred from the generator to the converter in the
Table
𝑓, 𝑘𝐻𝑠 𝐶, 𝑝𝐹 𝑅, 𝑀𝑂𝑚 𝑍, 𝑀𝑂𝑚 𝜀
0,025 2,7 9900 2400 35,64
0,5 2,4 4600 133 31,68
5 2,3 700 14 30,36
10 2,2 400 7 30,09
20 2,1 100 3,5 29,71
100 2,4 3,4 0,65 31,94
200 2,5 9,9 0,32 33,13
500 2,6 10 0,12 34,32
1000 3,1 1,6 0,05 40,65
As can be seen from the table, as the frequency of theoretical models. The value of β calculated on the ba-
the electric field changes, both the active and complex sis of the dielectric constant corresponding to the aver-
resistances decrease, and the value of the dielectric con- age frequency intervals of the field for a solid solu-
stant, as well as the electric capacitance, remains almost tion (𝐴𝑠2 𝑆𝑒3 )0,8 − (𝐴𝑠2 𝑆3 )0,2 was ~3 ∙ 10−22 𝑠𝑚3 .
unchanged. Such a change can be attributed to the mo- It should also be noted that the conversion effect
lecular polarization that takes place within the sub- in memory elements made from the studied solid solu-
stance under the influence of the field. tion (𝐴𝑠2 𝑆𝑒3 )0,8 − (𝐴𝑠2 𝑆3 )0,2 is due to the phase tran-
In order to study the possible changes in the mo- sition between the glass and the crystal structure hap-
lecular structure within a substance under the influence pens. The high electrical conductivity of these materials
of an electric field, the molecular polarization based on is due to the sliding or displacement of atoms inside the
the table values of dielectric constant of a solid solu- crystal.
tion (𝐴𝑠2 𝑆𝑒3 )0,8 − (𝐴𝑠2 𝑆3 )0,2 can be determined.
It is known that there is such a relationship be- References
tween the dielectric constant (ɛ) and the polarization 1. С.В. Немилов. Оптическое материаловеде-
coefficient (β). ние: Термодинамические и релаксационные свой-
𝜀−1 𝑛𝛽
= ∙∙∙ (1) ства стеклообразуюших расплавов и стекол. М.:
𝜀+2 3
here - n is the number of charged ions per unit vol- 2014. 120 c.
ume. Its value can be determined in this way by the mo- 2. Г.З. Виноградова. Стеклообразование и фа-
lar mass (M), density (ρ) and Avagadro constant NA of зовы равновесия в халькогенидных системах М.:
the substance. Наука, 1984. 176 c.
𝑁 3. Abrikosov N.Kh., Bankina V.F., Poretskaya
𝑛 = 𝜌 𝐴 ∙∙∙ (2) L.V., Shelimova L.E. Semiconductinq II – VI, IV – VI
𝑀
From these formulas we get and V – VI compounds. Plenum, New York, 1969,
3(𝜀−1)𝑀
𝛽= ∙∙∙ (3) 252s.
(𝜀+2)𝜌𝑁𝐴
4. Справочник по радиоэлектронным устрой-
Thus, by finding the value of β, it is possible to
ствам: в 2-х томах. Под ред. Д.П. Линде – М: Энер-
draw some conclusions about the molecular changes
гия (http:// lib.mexmat.ru) /books/ 1978. 378 с.
that take place within matter on the basis of existing
TECHNICAL SCIENCES
RESEARCH OF DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CNC LATHES
Shevchenko O.
Doctor of Sciences in Engineering, Professor,
Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute
Abstract
The article presents the methodology and results of experimental studies of the dynamic characteristics of a
CNC lathe. The sequence of conducting research, the necessary apparatus and equipment are recommended. The
influence of the dynamic characteristics of the main components of the machine on the accuracy of the shape of
the cross-section of the surfaces of the parts processed on it was evaluated, and ways of improving the quality of
turning processing were recommended.
Keywords: CNC lathe, dynamic characteristics, accuracy of parts processing.
The occurrence of oscillating processes in ma- the planes perpendicular and parallel to the bed guides,
chine tools negatively affects the accuracy and quality parallel to the directions of the Py and Pz components of
of the machined surfaces of parts, reduces the techno- the cutting force. The impact on the object of measure-
logical capabilities of the machine tool. The availability ment is carried out by an impulse impact, and free
of knowledge about the real dynamic characteristics of damping oscillations are simultaneously recorded
individual components of the machine tool makes it along two coordinates. Accelerometers are installed us-
possible to determine ways to improve the dynamic ing permanent magnets on the surfaces of the corre-
quality and to develop recommendations for improving sponding unit of the machine tool.
its design. Experimental determination of frequencies To determine the values of natural frequencies os-
of self-oscillations of components and elements of the cillations of unites; frequencies with the highest levels
machine tool, their spectral analysis allows to deter- of vibration acceleration are selected from the spectrum
mine resonant phenomena during the operation of the (amplitude-frequency characteristic). Further, these
machine and to recommend measures to reduce their data are compared with the graphs of changes in the
harmful effects [1]. amplitude of oscillations over time after the impulse ex-
Experimental researches of the dynamic charac- posure, and a conclusion is made about the actual val-
teristics of lathes are recommended to be carried out in ues of the frequencies of natural oscillations of unites
the following sequence: - determination of natural os- under research.
cillation frequencies of individual units of the machine; Vibrometer with a non-contact eddy current sen-
- determination of frequency spectra of relative oscilla- sor is used to study the relative vibrations of the tool
tions of the tool and workpiece without cutting at dif- and the workpiece without cutting and during cutting.
ferent spindle rotation frequencies and during cutting; - Sensor is fixed on the faceplate of the turret head of the
definition of logarithmic decrements of oscillations of machine in such a way that there is a gap of 0.5-0.8 mm
machine tool units. between its measuring surface and the cylindrical man-
To register and analyze vibrations, it is necessary drel clamped in the chuck of the lathe. Vibrometer reg-
to have equipment for vibration diagnostics with piezo- isters the fluctuations of the gap between the mandrel
electric accelerometers, an analog-to-digital converter and the measuring surface of the sensor. The dimen-
and a computer program for frequency analysis of vi- sions of the mandrel and the measurement scheme are
brations. When registering the relative vibrations of the shown in Fig. 1. To reduce the impact of the mandrel
tool and the workpiece at idle speed and during cutting, runout, it is necessary to ensure its accurate installation
it is effective to use a vibration meter with a non-con- in the spindle chuck with a radial runout of no more
tact eddy current sensor. than 1μm, or after installation in the chuck, perform a
When determining the natural frequencies of os- clean turning of the measuring surface of the mandrel,
cillations of the units, measurements are performed in which will compensate for the errors of installation [2].
a) b)
Fig. 1. The dimensions of the mandrel with a set of replaceable sample parts (a) and the arrangement of sensors
during the determination of the relative vibrations of the cutting tool and the workpiece during cutting (b), where
1 – the mandrel with the replaceable sample part, 2 – the faceplate of the turret head, 3 – toolholder, 4 – eddy
current sensor, 5 and 6 – accelerometers
In the course of research, the natural oscillation frequencies of the following unites of the lathe model
1П420ПФ40 were determined: - a short mandrel with a length of 150 mm and a diameter of 40 mm, when meas-
ured at a distance of 100 mm from the end of the chuck; - turret head faceplate; - turret housing; - spindle headstock
housing; - caliper slides, etc. (examples in the Table 1).
Table 1
Frequencies of free oscillations of units of the lathe in the range of 0-1000Hz
Logarithmic decrement of os-
Basic frequency, Hz
№ Measurement object cillations, λ
Direction Py Direction Pz Direction Py Direction Pz
Mandrel in the chuck: projection
1. 432 450 0,25 0,34
100mm, d=40mm, length l=150mm
2. Turret head faceplate 120 110 0,52 0,57
3. Turret head housing 265 265 0,3 0,27
4. Longitudinal slides of the caliper 75 75 0,24 0,27
5 Spindle headstock housing 97 97 0,77 0,77
The research of the relative vibrations of the cutter (51 dB). In the main drive of the lathe, which consists
and the workpiece without cutting on the working lathe of a motor, a belt drive and a spindle assembly, the main
was carried out in the range of rotation frequencies of source of the increased level of oscillations at a fre-
the spindle unit 200÷4000 rpm (3.33÷66.6 Hz) with a quency of 48.5 Hz is the belt drive. By visual observa-
resolution of 200 rpm. In Fig. 2 shows the total spec- tions of the operation of the transmission during the ex-
trum of the maximum values of vibration accelerations periment, an increase in the amplitudes of the belt os-
in the frequency range 0÷100 Hz. Change in rotation cillation was registered during the rotation of the
frequency after 200 rpm allows you to introduce se- spindle with frequencies close to 3000 rpm. The source
quentially forced oscillations with a discreteness of of resonance was eliminated by introducing an addi-
3.33 Hz into the system. The highest level of relative tional belt tension roller into the belt drive.
oscillations was registered at a frequency of 48.5 Hz
Fig. 2. The total spectrum of the maximum values of vibration accelerations of the relative vibrations of the
cutter and the workpiece without cutting during spindle rotation in the frequency range of 200÷4000 rpm with a
discreteness of 200 rpm
The evaluation of the influence of the dynamic In Fig. 3 shows an example of the circular graph
characteristics of the main components of the machine of the surface of the processed sample No. 20 according
on the accuracy of the shape of the cross-section of the to the plan of the experiment with cutting conditions V
surfaces of the parts processed on it was carried out by = 373 m/min (3500 rpm), S = 0.12 mm/rev, t = 2.0 mm.
processing a batch of steel parts by carbide plate cutter The circular graph shows the traces of relative oscilla-
at cutting conditions that varied in the following range: tions of the cutter and the workpiece during cutting in
cutting speed V = 80÷400 m/min; feed S = 0.06÷0.3 the form of errors in the shape of the cross-section of
mm/rev; cutting depth t = 0.5÷2.5 mm. Cutting re- the sample part. Oscillations with frequencies corre-
searches were carried out according to the plan of a sponding to multiple harmonics of the spindle rotation
three-factor five-level experiment 35//36 [3]. Errors of frequency are displayed on the circular graph in the
the shape of the cross section of the parts, which were form of facets. The reason of part facets may be the un-
estimated by deviations from roundness, at S = 0.06 even stiffness along the angular coordinate of the
mm/rev, t = 0.5÷1.5 mm, V = 100÷300 m/min did not clamping three-cam spindle chuck, which held the
exceed 3 μm. mandrel with the sample parts during cutting and was a
source of parametric fluctuations.
Fig. 3. Circular graph of the surface of the processed part with cutting conditions V = 325 m/min (2800 rpm), S
= 0.24 mm/rev, t = 0.5 mm
As a result of the data analysis according to the roundness parameter by the minimum value for feed S
experimental plan 35//36, a mathematical model with a = 0.15 mm/rev gave the following results: out-of-
multiple correlation coefficient of 0.973 and an approx- roundness - 1.22 μm; at t = 1.0 mm and V = 170 m/min.
imation error of 9.12% was obtained. In Fig. 4 shows The analysis of the regression coefficients of the math-
the results of calculating the dependence of the devia- ematical model showed that the deviation from the
tion from the roundness of the surfaces of the machined roundness of the machined surfaces of the parts is in-
parts on the cutting mode. Optimization of the out-of- fluenced by all the parameters of the cutting modes.
а)
б)
Fig. 4. Calculation results according to the plan of the experiment 53//36 dependence of the non-roundness of the
surfaces of the parts processed on the lathe 1П420ПФ40 from cutting speed V (m/min), feed S (mm/rev) at cut-
ting depth t = 0.5 mm (a) and t = 1.5 mm (b)
include the basic components of the dynamic system of
Analysis of the data shown in Fig. 4, allows you the lathe, the drive of the main movement with a belt
to draw the following conclusions: - lathe model transmission and the cutting process. The results of re-
1П420ПФ40 provide high accuracy and quality of search of the dynamic characteristics of the machine
parts processing, which in some cases allows to tool were used in the development of a mathematical
abandon the finishing operations of grinding; - ra- model of the closed dynamic system of the lathe.
tional conditions of turning steel parts with a carbide
plate cutters have been determined to obtain the References
smallest processing errors; - the process of shaping 1. Kuznecov Ju.N., Drachev O.I., Luciv I.V.,
the surface during cutting, which is determined by Shevchenko O.V., Voloshin V.N. (2015) Dinamika
the relative oscillations of the cutter and the part, is stanochno-instrumental'noj osnastki dlja
influenced by the dynamic system of the machine vysokojeffektivnoj tokarnoj obrabotki: monografija,
tool, which includes the elastic subsystems of the Staryj Oskol: TNT, – 432 p.
spindle-chuck-part and caliper group, processes in 2. Shevchenko O.V. (2011) Doslidzhennia
drives and the cutting process. tokarno-revolvernykh verstativ za parametramy yakosti
Conducted vibration diagnostics of the lathe // Prohresyvni tekhnolohii i systemy
model 1П420ПФ40 made it possible to determine the mashynobuduvannia / Mizhnarodnyi zbirnyk
natural frequencies and logarithmic decrements of os- naukovykh prats - Donetsk: DonNTU, vyp. 42. p. 286-
cillations of the main components of the machine tool, 293.
the dynamic characteristics of which mainly depend on 3. Lapach S.N., Chubenko A.V., Babych P.N.
its dynamic quality. In addition, the main factors whose (2000) Statystycheskye metody v medyko-
dynamic characteristics have a significant impact on byolohycheskykh yssledovanyia s yspolzovanyem
the accuracy of the machine tool are determined. These Excel. – K.: MORYON, – 320 p.
ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ВИХОДУ ФРАКЦІЙНОГО МАТЕРІАЛУ ПРИ РУЙНУВАННІ МАРТИТОВИХ

РУД СТРУМЕНЯМИ ВОДИ В ЗАЛЕЖНОСТІ ВІД НАПРЯМУ ЇХ ЗРІЗАННЯ
Ковбик К.М.
Асистент кафедри підземної розробки родовищ корисних копалин
Криворізький національний університет
DETERMINATION OF YIELD OF FRACTIONAL MATERIAL BY DESTRUCTION OF MARTITE

ORE BY WATER JETS DEPENDING ON THE DIRECTION OF THEIR CUTTING
Kovbyk K.
Assistant of Department of Underground Mining of Mineral Deposit
Kryvyi Rih National University
Анотація
Впровадження технологій гідромеханізації гірських робіт в умовах Криворізького залізорудного ба-
сейну - є актуальним питанням. Розробки покладів обводнених багатих залізних руд класичними спосо-
бами які непристосовані для цього, супроводжуються великою кількістю втрат рудної сировини, або не-
можливості відпрацювання покладу. Використання технології свердловинного гідро видобування корис-
них копалин дозволить використовувати потоки води з дренажних свердловин або зумпфу для безпечного
без вибухового руйнування масиву. Метою статті є - висвітлення результатів виконаних дослідів з руйну-
вання мартитових руд методом свердловинного гідро руйнування по їх нашаруванню. Встановлення зале-
жностей виходу фракції руд від тиску струменя води та напряму їх зрізання.
Abstract
The introduction of mining hydro mechanization technologies in the conditions of the Krivoy Rog iron ore
basin is a topical issue. The development of deposits of flooded rich iron ores by classical methods unsuitable for
this is accompanied by a large number of losses of ore raw materials or the impossibility of mining the deposit.
The use of borehole hydraulic mining technology will allow the use of water flows from drainage wells or a sump
for the safe, non-explosive destruction of the massif. The purpose of the article is to highlight the results of the
experiments performed on the destruction of martite ores by the method of borehole hydraulic destruction by their
stratification. Determination of the dependences of the output of the ore fraction on the pressure of the water jet
and the direction of their cutting.
Ключові слова: руйнування руд, обводнення родовищ, гідровиймання, руйнування струменями води,
шари породи, гідромеханізація, підземна розробка.
Keywords: Ore destruction, flooding of deposits, hydraulic mining, destruction by water jets, rock layers
hydromechanization, underground development.
Гірничо-технологічні властивості основних рі- дозволяють будувати прогнозні кореляційні залеж-

зновидів природно-багатих залізних руд Криворізь- ності по одному з відомих параметрів. Тому деяка
кого басейну, як об’єктів свердловинної відбійки частина покладів багатих залізних руд є перспекти-
вибухом, для різних глибин вивчені досить повно. вною для впровадження технологій гідровиймання.
Гірничо-технологічні властивості частини мартито- Визначено що в діапазоні 4 <η <20% залежність
вих руд вимивання з вмістом заліза більше 64% і межі міцності зразків мартитових руд на одновіс-
пористістю більше 20%, як об’єктів свердловиної ний [σсж] від пористості η має обернено пропорцій-
гідромоніторної відбійки, особливо для умов гли- ний характер, а залежність між вмістом заліза Fe і
боких горизонтів шахт Кривбасу, в достатньому об- пористістю η має в діапазоні 4 <η <20% лінійний
сязі не вивчались. характер [1, 2]. Дослідження також показали, що
Аналіз досліджень і публікацій. Для основ- для руд цього типу відзначається певна закономір-
них типів руд і порід залізорудних родовищ Укра- ність у зміні щільності, пористості, міцністно-дефо-
їни і особливо Кривбасу раніше проведені ґрунто- рмаційних характеристик як з глибиною, так і по
вні експериментальні вимірювання та аналітичні простяганню. Відзначається, що найбільш низька
узагальнення основного комплексу фізико-механі- міцність при будь-яких видах навантаження влас-
чних властивостей, що використовуються в розра- тива високо пористими мартитовими рудами з гра-
хунках традиційних гірничо-технологічних і гір- нобластовою мікрогранульованою структурою, що
ничо-геомеханічних процесів розробки [1, 2]. Вста- є наслідком гіпергенних процесів дезінтеграції і ви-
новлено, що в найбільш поширених мартитових луговування кварцу. При цьому вплив пористості в
рудах між мінералогічними складами і масовим діапазоні 20-40% і вище на показники міцності і
вмістом заліза, а також основними характеристи- вміст заліза в мартитових рудах. Разом з тим прак-
ками щільністних і деформаційно-міцнісних влас- тика показує, що при гідрогеологічній підготовці
тивостей спостерігаються закономірні зв’язки, що
горизонтів до очисної виїмки в масивах багатих ви- залізних руд були розроблені і виготовлені перено-
лужених мартитових руд, вміст заліза досягає 68- сна малогабаритна експериментальна гідромоніто-
69,5%, повсюдно відзначається інтенсивний винос рна установка, а також стаціонарний і пересувний
з дренажних і гідрогеологічних свердловин знач- гідродовидобувні комплекси, що включають дос-
них обсягів порошкових рудних матеріалів, що во- відчені гідромоніторної установки, що з’єднуються
лодіють при насиченні водою пливучими властиво- як з шахтними водонапірними магістралями, так і з
стями. Цей факт є принциповою підставою для про- напірними водяними насосами [6-8].
ведення досліджень щодо примусового На рис. 1.1 представлена технологічна схема
гідравлічного руйнування і переміщення по сверд- проведення дослідження переносною гідромоніто-
ловинах гідросуміші руд зазначеного типу. Дослі- рною установкою в гірських виробках шахт. Свер-
дження [3, 4] показали, що характер зміни гідроди- дловинний (шпуровий) гідромонітор, включає: сто-
намічних параметрів гідромоніторних струменів в вбур з металевих труб довжиною 2м, зовнішнім ді-
значній мірі залежить від початкового тиску води аметром 36мм і внутрішнім діаметром 24 мм;
на виході з насоса і діаметра вихідного отвору на- гідромоніторну головку довжиною 60мм і діамет-
садки. Найбільш простою і оптимальниою, з точки ром 40мм з прямоточним або бічним розміщенням
зору гідродинаміки потоку, конструкцією підвід- замінних струї формуючих насадок; важелі ручного
ного каналу є пряма труба довжиною, що переви- управління для поздовжнього і обертального пере-
щує 50 діаметрів її внутрішнього каналу та закінчу- міщення струменя в свердловині. Як генератор ти-
ється насадкою конструкції Никонова-Шавловсь- ску води використовується шестерний високо напі-
кого [5]. рний насос НШ-50, що забезпечує постійну витрату
Постановка задачі. Експериментально визна- технологічної води Q = 3,0 м3/год і розвиває тиск
чити особливості механізму руйнування мартито- Р0 = 12 МПа, контрольоване при різних початкових
вих руд струменями води. Визначити кількісні та діаметрах струменя d0 = 3-5 мм манометром зі шка-
якісний вихід фракції при такому руйнуванні ма- лою 0-25 МПа. Приводним двигуном насоса слу-
сиву від руйнування по нашаруванню, та в хрест. жить асинхронний електродвигун потужністю
Викладення матеріалу та результати. Про- 3,6кВт і зі швидкістю обертання валу 1450 об/хв.
ведення дослідно-методичних і дослідно-експери-
ментальних досліджень по свердловинній відбійці
Рис. 1.1. Технологічна схема проведення дослідно-методичних досліджень по руйнуванню залізорудного

масиву через свердловину переносної гідромоніторної установки: 1-свердловина; 2-ствол гідромонітора;
3 - головка з гідро насадкою; 4-важелі управління; 5-рукав високого тиску; 6-станина генератора тиску
води; 7-насос; 8-електродвигун; 9-дросель; 10-манометр; 11-водовід; 12-ємність для води;
13-пульповоди; 14 – пульпо відводів; 15-ємність для збору продуктів руйнування (пульпи); 16 -
трубопровід; 17 - гідросуміш.
Комплекс включає свердловинний гідромоні- воднення гідросуміші, блок підготовки напірної те-
торний агрегат, систему доставки гідросуміші від хнологічної води і систему оборотного водопоста-
гирла видобувних свердловин до місця зневод- чання.
нення, вузол розвантаження (навантаження) і зне- Отриманій результати гранулометричного
складу руд зведені в таблицю 1.1.
Таблиця 1.1
Гранулометричний склад проб руди
Клас крупності, мм Вихід класу, %
Тиск струменя води, МПа
1,5 2,5 3,5 4,0
+1,0 18,2 28,9 30,0 30,3
-1,0 +0,5 21,8 14,2 24,3 26,0
-0,5 +0,25 15,2 19,7 13,7 16,2
-0,25 +0,1 22,3 24,4 23,8 23,0
-0,1 22,5 12,8 8,2 4,5
Середній діаметр шматка, мм 0,544 0,663 0,729 0,753
Процентний вміст виходу фракцій руди класу -0,1 +0,0 в залежності від тиску водяних струменів і
орієнтації щодо шаруватості рудного масиву представлено на рис. 1.2
Рис. 1.2. Залежності виходу руди класів (-0,5 + 0,0мм) і (-1,0 + 0,0мм) від початкового тиску водяних
струменів, спрямованих по шаруватості - 1 і в хрест шаруватості - 2 рудних масивів
Висновки та напрямок подальших дослі- проявления горного давления на глубоких горизон-

джень. Вперше встановлена залежність виходу тах Криворожского бассейна, - К.: Наукова думка,
фракції руд при їх відбиванні за допомогою методу 1972.- 46с.
гідроруйнування від розташування слоїв породи. 3. Исследование гидравлического разруше-
По шаруватості і в хрест. Виявлено: ния угля. М.: Наука, 1968.- 183с.
1. Величина виходу фракції -0.5мм до 0.0 мм 4. Никонов Г.П., Кузьмич И.А., Гольдин
залежить від тиску. Чим вище тиск тим дрібніше Ю.А. Разрушение горных пород струями воды
стає фракція. высокого давления. - М.: Недра, 1986. - 143с.
2. Величина виходу фракції залежить від сло- 5. Шавловский С.С. Основы динамики струи
їстості порід, зрізання в хрест дає більш крупну при разрушении горного массива. - М.: Недра, 1979.
фракцію, ніж зрізання вздовж шарів. - 173 с.
Як подальший розвиток планується й надалі 6. Исследование и разработка аванпроекта
досліджувати міцністні, деформаційні, та фізико- скважинной гидротехнологии для условий шахт
механічних властивості мартитових руд при їх руй- Кривбасса: Отчет о НИР (закл.) / КГРИ; рук. В.М.
нуванні струменями води. Розробка технології Тарасютин, №1-902-92. – Кривой Рог, 1992. – 57с.
впровадження методу свердловинного гідроруйну- 7. Исследование возможности получения су-
ванян масив. перконцентрата в условиях шахты «Юбилейная»
рудника «Сухая Балка»: Отчет о НИР (закл.) /
Список літератури АГНУ; рук. В.М. Тарасютин, № 1-И-98. – Кривой
1. Глушко В.Т., Борисенко В.Г. Инженерно - Рог, 1993. – 49с.
геологические особенности железорудных место- 8. Экспериментальные исследования и разра-
рождений - М.: Недра, 1978.-253с. ботка эффективных способов скважинной гидроде-
2. Балута А.М., Ривкин И.Д., Тохтуев Г.В. зинтеграции и обогащения рыхлых разновидностей
Ожидаемые горно-геологические условия и формы окисленных руд шахт ПО «Кривбассруда»: Отчет о
НИР (закл.) / КТУ; рук. В.М. Тарасютин № 1-74-93.
– Кривой Рог, 1996. – 102с.
СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ МЕТОДЫ УМЕНЬШЕНИЯ ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕННОГО ТРАВМАТИЗМА
СТРОИТЕЛЬНОЙ ОТРАСЛИ
Петросова Л.И.
к.т.н., доц.
Каримбаев Р.К.
магистр
Абдумаликова О.
студентка
Ташкентский государственный технический университет
MODERN METHODS OF REDUCING OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES IN THE CONSTRUCTION

INDUSTRY
Petrosova L.,
Candidate of Technical Sciences, Assoc.
Karimbayev R.,
Master's degree
Abdumalikova O.
student
Tashkent State Technical University
Аннотация
В статье рассмотрены причины производственного травматизма, определены опасные факторы риска
в строительной отрасли. Предложены мероприятия по повышению культуры безопасности рабочих.
Разработаны анкеты для работников, с целью выявления ответственности сотрудников.
Abstract
The article examines the causes of occupational injuries, identifies dangerous risk factors in the construction
industry. Measures to improve the safety culture of workers are proposed. Questionnaires have been developed
for employees in order to identify the responsibility of employees.
Ключевые слова: строительная отрасль, травматизм, опасные факторы, риск.
Keywords: construction industry, injuries, dangerous factors, risk.
В настоящее время в республике Узбекистан зуются критерии обеспечивающие высокое каче-

активно развивается строительная отрасль. Список ство строительства, такие как квалифицированные
строительных компаний и организаций в Узбеки- специалисты, финансовые показатели, качество вы-
стане ежегодно увеличивается (рис.1). Для опреде- полненных работ, опыт работы, техническая база и
ления надежности строительной компании исполь- конкурентоспособность.
Рис. 1. Рост строительных компаний
На строительных площадках занято большое – 10 % и прочие – 21 %, менее плотники, монтаж-

число рабочих различных специальностей, каждая ники , машинисты – 7 %. (рис.2.)
из которых подвержена производственному трав- Работа монтажников и электросварщиков ха-
матизму. Анализ несчастных случаев в строитель- рактеризуется постоянной изменяемостью относи-
ных компаниях показал, что наибольший травма- тельно монтируемого элемента. Большая часть
тизм получают рабочие таких специальностей как несчастных случаев происходит в результате паде-
водители – 28 %; электросварщики – 14 %; слесари
ния людей с высоты, поэтому строителям необхо- обеспечивающие санитарно-гигиенические усло-
димы современные средства техники безопасности, вия, предупреждающие возникновение профзабо-
устраняющие производственный травматизм и леваний.
30%
25%
20%
15%
травматизм
10%
5%
0%
водители слесари
Рис. 2. Диаграмма несчастных случаев
Работники, выполняющие работу на высоте 5 документации, а также контроль в сфере строитель-

м и более от поверхности грунта, перекрытия, рабо- ства.
чего настила, должны обязательно иметь предохра- С целью реализации стратегии республики
нительный пояс [1]. Согласно наблюдениям, из- научные исследователи кафедры «Безопасность
вестно, что производственные травмы во многих жизнедеятельности» Ташкентского государствен-
случаях связаны с организационными, техниче- ного технического университета тесно сотрудни-
скими и медицинскими причинами: плохая органи- чают со специалистами строительных компаний.
зация труда, нарушение трудовой и производствен- Проводят обучение, научные семинары и совмест-
ной дисциплины, недостаточная квалификация и ные мастер-классы по охране труда.
подготовка работников по охране труда, высокая Авторами статьи разработан метод анкетиро-
степень износа строительной техники и оборудова- вания рабочих с целью определения факторов
ния, а также отсутствие эффективных средств кол- риска несчастного случая. Результаты анкетирова-
лективной и индивидуальной защиты работников. ния показали, что большинство рабочих не пони-
В Республики Узбекистан принята стратегия мает своей ответственности перед опасностями,
по модернизации, ускоренного и инновационного ошибочно считая, что за травматизм рабочих отве-
развития строительной отрасли на 2021 — 2025 чает руководство компании, а не он сам. Это под-
годы [1]. Стратегия предусматривает обеспечение тверждает отсутствие культуры безопасности рабо-
внедрения на объектах строительной отрасли си- чих и мотивации к добросовестной работе.
стемы управления охраной труда в соответствии с Одной из методик уменьшения травматизма
системой стандартов безопасности труда, междуна- является внедрение системы инвестиций в кадры,
родного стандарта ISO:45001, включающей выяв- мотивации посредством участия работников в во-
ление потенциальных угроз, оценку, контроль и просах соблюдения требований безопасности и ги-
управление профессиональными рисками на строи- гиены на рабочих местах. Так например, в компа-
тельных площадках, привлечение ведущих зару- нии «ENTER Engineering» разработан комплекс мо-
бежных специалистов для проведения мероприятий тивационных мероприятий, которые внедрены в
по повышению квалификации специалистов (лек- практику проведения конкурсов по номинациям :
ций, семинаров, тренингов и пр.). Внедрение си- «Лучший специалист в области охраны труда»,
стемы периодической аттестации сотрудников «Лучший работник, не получивший травма-
уполномоченных органов и организаций, оказыва- тизм во время работы» и др. Для проведения инно-
ющих государственные услуги и осуществляющих вационных конкурсов привлекаются ведущие IT-
разрешительные процедуры, экспертизу проектной специалисты.
Рис. 3. Празднование в компании «ENTER Engineering»
Результаты конкурса подводятся ежегодно с С целью уменьшения факторов риска несчаст-

обязательным вручением в Международный день ных случаев, необходимо также повысить класси-
охраны труда – 28 апреля почетных грамот, нагруд- фикацию рабочих, усилить надзор, использовать
ных знаков, премий, сувениров, льготных путевок в работников по специальности.
санатории. На рис.3 показан завершающий этап
проведения празднования дня охраны труда. Список литературы
Таким образом, хорошая организация труда – 1. Стратегия по модернизации, ускоренного и
это основа предотвращения несчастных случаев на инновационного развития строительной отрасли
производстве. Риск несчастного случая можно зна- Республики Узбекистан на 2021 — 2025 годы. УП-
чительно уменьшить, если содержать пути прохода, № 6119 от 27 ноября 2020.
рабочие площадки и лестницы в надлежащем по- 2. Санитарные правила и гигиенические тре-
рядке. Опасности падений можно предотвратить бования к организации строительного производ-
исправными рабочими и пешеходными площад- ства и строительных работ. СанПиН № 0289-10.
ками и защитными конструкциями. Освещение Ташкент -2010.
должно быть в порядке. Риски несчастных случаев, 3. Волков И.И., Вахрушева О.М. Снижение
связанные с использованием станков и других тех- уровня аварийности и травматизма в строитель-
нических устройств, можно заранее предотвратить стве. Научные труды КубГТУ, № 3, 2019.
лишь одной исправностью техники, соответствую- 4. Петросова Л.И., Каримбоев Р.К., Озотбе-
щей всем требованиям, а также ремонтом старой кова М. Охрана труда в промышленном секторе.
техники. К рискам несчастного случая часто отно- Международный педагогический журнал «Наука
сится умышленное подвергание себя опасности, а 21 века». Часть 66. ISSN 2542-2367. Красноярск.
потому к управлению рисками относится и кон- Февраль. 2022, С.34-36.
троль, и личный пример активных руководителей. 5. Муртонен М. Оценка рисков на рабочем
[3]. Недостаток культуры охраны труда, которая месте – практическое пособие. Серия «Охрана
обязана проникать во всю производственную дея- труда»: Международный опыт. Выпуск 1. Опыт
тельность, не только приводит к увеличению рис- Финляндии. МОТ, 2007.
ков несчастных случаев, но и негативно сказыва- 6. Макаров П.В. Методические указания по
ется на экономической эффективности производ- оценке уровня профессионального риска Н. Новго-
ства, его стабильного развития, а в конечном род: ННГАСУ, 2013. – 40 с.
результате и на увеличении или уменьшении раз- 7. Плошкин, В.В. Профессиональные риски в
мера оклада работника. Предупреждение производ- строительстве: учебное пособие / В.В. Плошкин //
ственного травматизма – было и остается комплекс- М.-Берлин: Директ-Медиа, 2016. - 371с.
ной проблемой, требующей усиленного внимания
специалистов разного профиля.
№52 (2022)
VOL. 1
ISSN 3353-2389
Polish journal of science:

 has been founded by a council of scientists, with the aim of helping the knowledge and scientific achieve-
ments to contribute to the world.
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braries.
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 before publication, the articles pass through a rigorous selection and peer review, in order to preserve the
scientific foundation of information.
Editor in chief –J an Kamiński, Kozminski University

Secretary – Mateusz Kowalczyk
Agata Żurawska – University of Warsaw, Poland

Jakub Walisiewicz – University of Lodz, Poland
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Barbara Lewczuk – Poznan University of Technology, Poland
Andrzej Janowiak – AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland
Frankie Imbriano – University of Milan, Italy
Taylor Jonson – Indiana University Bloomington, USA
Remi Tognetti – Ecole Normale Superieure de Cachan, France
Bjørn Evertsen – Harstad University College, Norway
Nathalie Westerlund – Umea University, Sweden
Thea Huszti – Aalborg University, Denmark
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Enda Baciu – Vienna University of Technology, Austria
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POLISH JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

Editor in chief –J an Kamiński, Kozminski University

Agata Żurawska – University of Warsaw, Poland

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Рис. 2 - Второй сектор: переработка чипсов в крошку на вальцах

ISSUES OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE ECONOMY OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN IN THE

Введение земля, остальные 14-как плод научно-технического

Конечно, вопросы цифровизации и» Инду- ТОО» Корпорация Казахмыс«,»Казхром". "Кроме

THE SPIRITUAL AND BEHAVIORAL ETIQUETTE AS THE BASES OF IMPROVING SOCIO-

Outcomes and services

Relevance. Rhinosinusitis is an inflammatory dis- functioning of the mucociliary apparatus. The MA of

Figure 1. Introduction of MUSTANG 2000

Figure 2. Technique of conducting nasal cavity LILT.

After the proposed therapy, the concentration of

SMART HEALTHCARE SYSTEM FOR CARDIOVASCULAR PATIENTS USING MACHINE

I. INTRODUCTION affects all or part of an organism's structure or function,

Figure 1. Nature of the diagnosis conversation between doctor and patient.

Figure 2. Language most preferable during diagnosis.

PSYCHOSOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEART FAILURE

Relevance of the research topic error-free execution of a skill acquired as a result of

WORD COMBINATION IN RUSSIAN GRAMMAR

Bведение В зависимости от характера главного компо-

THE STUDY OF IBRAGIM YUSUPOVʼS WORK IN THE SCIENTIFIC WORK OF

INTRODUCTION silicon have a sufficiently high solubility N~10 18 cm-3

CONCLUSION best parameters than expensive many cascade photo el-

DIELECTRIC PERMEABILITY OF A SOLID SOLUTION (𝐀𝐬𝟐 𝐒𝐞𝟑 )0,8 - (𝐀𝐬𝟐 𝐒𝟑 )0,2

ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ВИХОДУ ФРАКЦІЙНОГО МАТЕРІАЛУ ПРИ РУЙНУВАННІ МАРТИТОВИХ

DETERMINATION OF YIELD OF FRACTIONAL MATERIAL BY DESTRUCTION OF MARTITE

Гірничо-технологічні властивості основних рі- дозволяють будувати прогнозні кореляційні залеж-

Рис. 1.1. Технологічна схема проведення дослідно-методичних досліджень по руйнуванню залізорудного

Висновки та напрямок подальших дослі- проявления горного давления на глубоких горизон-

MODERN METHODS OF REDUCING OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES IN THE CONSTRUCTION

В настоящее время в республике Узбекистан зуются критерии обеспечивающие высокое каче-

Рис. 1. Рост строительных компаний

На строительных площадках занято большое – 10 % и прочие – 21 %, менее плотники, монтаж-

Рис. 2. Диаграмма несчастных случаев

Работники, выполняющие работу на высоте 5 документации, а также контроль в сфере строитель-

Рис. 3. Празднование в компании «ENTER Engineering»

Результаты конкурса подводятся ежегодно с С целью уменьшения факторов риска несчаст-

Polish journal of science:

Editor in chief –J an Kamiński, Kozminski University

Agata Żurawska – University of Warsaw, Poland

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