CCNA Voice Prep: Cisco IP Phone Boot Process and Registration

12/04/2020 CCNA Voice Prep: Cisco IP Phone Boot Process and Registration - Intense School
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CCNA Voice Prep: Cisco IP Phone

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Boot Process and Registration

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In the eyes of the normal user, powering up a Cisco IP phone looks so simple: Just
plug the phone into the Ethernet jack, wait for a minute or two, and calls can be
made when the phone’s directory number appears. It might look simple to the
everyday user, but in fact there’s a lot more than meets the eye. The CCNA Voice
candidate is expected to understand the process of IP phone boot-up and
registration as this knowledge is helpful in troubleshooting phone issues.
resources.intenseschool.com/ccna-voice-prep-cisco-ip-phone-boot-process-and-registration/ 1/11
INTENSE Before
SCHOOL we dig deeper
INFOSEC into this CERTIFICATION
INSTITUTE process, weTRACKER
need to lay the foundation on how the
phone powers up and how it gets its IP address. Figure 1 shows a simple voice
network infrastructure with the components and how these interact with each
other.
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Figure-1 Simple Voice Network
Powering Up Cisco IP Phones
There are three ways to power up the phones: using PoE (power over Ethernet) Cisco
pre-standard or 802.3af, through a power patch panel, or through Cisco power
bricks. These all supply DC (direct current) power
to the phone.
Power over Ethernet (Inline Power)
The power is supplied through the UTP cable. The UTP cable is composed of
eight wires and it has been known that only four of the eight wires are used
to transmit data. The other four can be used to deliver power to devices such
as IP phones, video cameras, and wireless access points. The Cisco pre-
standard PoE is Cisco’s implementation before IEEE finalized the 802.3af
standard. The main differences between the two are the amount of power
provided and the method used for device discovery. The 802.3af compliant
Cisco switches can provide a maximum of 15.4W. The 802.3af endpoint
devices specify through CDP how much power they require from the switch,
while the pre-standard devices don’t. Cisco pre-standard devices, such as IP
phones, require only a small amount of power (around 6-7 watts). A Cisco
switch can provide 802.3af to a non-Cisco phone through LLDP (Link Layer
INTENSE SCHOOL Discovery

INFOSECProtocol)
INSTITUTE , the CERTIFICATION
IEEE version of CDP. A newer PoE Plus IEEE standard
TRACKER
803.3at now provides up to 25.5W of power.
Cisco POE switches are capable of providing sufficient power per port, but
there are some other features in the switch that might consume power,
which may affect the phones. Power budgeting is a practice wherein the
CISCO power availability in the2016
switch is 2015
being monitored and can be allocated
manually. Below is the command on how to check the current switch inline
power usage.
PREP EXERCISES
Switch# show power inline fastethernet 4/1
AND LABS
Available:677(w) Used:11(w) Remaining:666(w)
PROJECT
Interface Admin Oper Power(Watts) Device Class
MANAGEMENT
From PS To Device
--------- ------ ---------- ---------- ---------- ------------------- -----
MICROSOFT
Fa4/1 auto on 11.2 10.0 Ieee PD 0
IT TRAINING
Interface AdminPowerMax AdminConsumption

CLOUD
(Watts) (Watts)
COMPUTING
---------- --------------- --------------------
Fa4/1
UNCATEGORIZED 15.4 10.0
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You can manually configure inline power and even restrict it. Below are some
configuration examples. It is a good practice to issue “power inline never” on
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interfaces like trunk ports that will not have any endpoint devices connected to
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them.
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Switch(config)# interface fastethernet 3/2
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Switch(config-if)# power inline consumption 7000
Switch(config-if)# end
Switch(config)# interface fastethernet 2/2

Switch(config-if)# power inline never
Switch(config-if)# end
Power Patch Panels PoE
If your organization has no desire to replace the current switches that are not
PoE-capable, one option is to use power patch panels. This option is not as
widely used as the inline power provided by a PoE switch. This power patch
panel looks like a typical patch panel or sometimes a switch. Cisco used to
sell their own power patch panel back in the day when this was an interim
solution to slowly replace non-POE switches with POE-capable ones. The
figure below illustrates how this solution is implemented.
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Figure-2 Power Patch Panel
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Power Bricks or AC Adapter

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This solution can be used if there only a few phones in the location and it’s
UNCATEGORIZED
not economically wise to purchase a PoE switch, which has a cost
BUSINESS SKILLS
significantly higher than a non-PoE one. In some cases where phones are
installed with expansion modules that will require more power than POE is
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capable of, using power brick is the solution.
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VLANs
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Once the phone is powered up, it must get its IP address so it can communicate
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with the network; but, before it can get its IP from a DHCP server, it must know what
VLAN it belongs to. Basically, a VLAN is a broadcast domain on which all devices that
belong to a VLAN can “hear” each other. It can be said that a VLAN is an IP subnet
due to the fact that the best practice in implementing VLANs is to have one IP
subnet per VLAN (multiple IP subnets can be used but not advisable). For more
information on VLANs visit this article written by my colleague.
Voice VLANs
In a switch, you can configure a data VLAN or a voice VLAN. You can configure
the same VLAN for data and voice, but this practice is not recommended.
Separating data and voice VLANs provides security, thus preventing any
packet sniffing software from capturing voice packets and converting them to
audio. It is easier to manage DHCP allocations if the phones and computers
are in different VLANs. Another benefit of this segregation is a simpler
deployment of QoS which can prioritize voice traffic over the rest.
Most implementations use the switchport at the back of the Cisco phones to
connect the computers. This is to save port consumption on the switch. You
might wonder, “How will the data and voice VLANs be separated if they are
connected to the same port on the switch?” The Cisco IP Phone switchport
works like a full-fledged port on a standard switch and can actually send and
receive 802.1Q tagged packets. It will not tag any packets coming from the
PC but will tag its own packet with its corresponding voice VLAN. How does
INTENSE SCHOOL the phone

INFOSEC know its ownCERTIFICATION
INSTITUTE VLAN? It isTRACKER
“automagically” reported by the switch to
the phone using CDP. Figure 3 below illustrates this operation.
Even though the switchport is only an access port that can accommodate
one VLAN by definition, the voice VLAN is allowed. Configuring voice VLAN
allows the port to become a “mini trunk.” Years ago, to allow data and voice
CISCO VLAN, the port had to be configured
2016 2015as a trunk.
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Figure-3 Data and Voice VLANs
MANAGEMENT
The excerpt below shows how to configure an interface and verify voice VLAN
MICROSOFT
on a switch. It is recommended that you configure “spanning-tree portfast” on
IT TRAININGswitchports where the phones connect so that the port will immediately go
into the forwarding state thus saving time on boot-up and registration.
CLOUD
Switch(config)#interface fastethernet0/2
COMPUTING
Switch(config-if)#switchport mode access
UNCATEGORIZED
Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan 100
Switch(config-if)#switchport voice vlan 150
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Switch(config-if)#spanning-tree portfast
VIRTUALIZATION
Switch(config-if)#end
LEADERSHIP
Switch#sh vlan
VLAN Name Status Ports
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---- -------------------------------- --------- -------------------------------
INTERVIEWS1 default active Gi0/3, Gi0/4

100 Data active Fa0/2, Fa0/3, Fa0/4, Fa0/5
Fa0/6, Fa0/7, Fa0/8, Fa0/9
Fa0/10, Fa0/11, Fa0/12, Fa0/13
Fa0/14, Fa0/15, Fa0/16, Fa0/17
Fa0/18, Fa0/20, Fa0/22, Fa0/23
Fa0/24, Fa0/25, Fa0/26, Fa0/27
Fa0/28, Fa0/29, Fa0/30, Fa0/31
Fa0/32, Fa0/33, Fa0/34, Fa0/35
Fa0/36, Fa0/37, Fa0/39
Fa0/40, Fa0/41, Fa0/42, Fa0/43
150 Voice active Fa0/2, Fa0/3, Fa0/4, Fa0/5
Fa0/6, Fa0/7, Fa0/8, Fa0/9
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
Once the phone is in the correct voice VLAN, it can request its own IP address
through a DHCP server. DHCP operates on UDP ports 67 and 68, port 67 being the
port used by the server and 68 by the client. The request is done through a
broadcast message issued by the client to inform the DHCP that a device requires
an IP address.
Configuring a Router-Based DHCP Server
INTENSE SCHOOL This INFOSEC

will come in handyCERTIFICATION
INSTITUTE in case the TRACKER
DHCP scopes for the phones have not
been added or the site itself doesn’t have its standalone DHCP server. In the
output below, the first thing is to indicate is which IP you don’t want to assign
to phones and PCs using the “ip dhcp excluded-address” command. This
TOPICS command should include

CONTRIBUTORS the router’s
CONTENT ARCHIVESown IP address,
CONTENT which serves as the
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gateway, or anything else that has been pre-allocated. Next is to create the
CISCO 2016 2015
pool and indicate what network that pool will assign addresses from. The
CISCO EXAM“default-router” option will
2014 be the2013
default gateway of the end-point devices
that issued the DHCP request. Voice VLAN requires option 150 in order for the
PREP EXERCISES
phones to know which TFTP server to download the configuration from. It is a
AND LABS common practice to make the CUCM or CUCME the TFTP server but using
third-party TFTP servers is viable.
PROJECT
Router#configure terminal
MANAGEMENT
Router(config)#ip dhcp excluded-address 10.100.1.1 10.100.1.5
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Router(config)#ip dhcp excluded-address 10.150.1.1 10.150.1.5
IT TRAININGRouter(config)#ip dhcp pool Data

Router(dhcp-config)#network 10.100.1.0 255.255.255.0
CLOUD
Router(dhcp-config)#default-router 10.100.1.1
COMPUTINGRouter(dhcp-config)#dns-server 4.2.2.2
Router(dhcp-config)#exit
UNCATEGORIZED
Router(config)#ip dhcp pool Voice
Router(dhcp-config)#network 10.150.1.0 255.255.255.0
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Router(dhcp-config)#default-router 10.150.1.1
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Router(dhcp-config)#option 150 ip 10.150.1.1
Router(dhcp-config)#dns-server 4.2.2.2
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IP Helper-Address Command
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In most cases, the DHCP server doesn’t reside in the same VLAN as the
phones. As we all know, the DHCP works through a broadcast method to
request and provide IP addresses. Since the DHCP client and DHCP server
reside in different VLANs, the broadcast request from the client will not reach
the server. The “ip helper” command is used to forward these requests by
converting the broadcast into a directed-broadcast or into unicast. The IP
address indicated in the “ip helper-address” command is the IP address of the
DHCP server from which the DHCP client should get its IP address. The DHCP
will know which IP address to lease to the client by looking at the source of
the packets, which in this case is the interface of the router (default gateway)
that the broadcast was received from.
Router(config)#interface Gi0/1.100
Router(config-if)#ip helper-address 100.100.100.1
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#interface Gi0/1.150
Router(config-if)#ip helper-address 150.150.150.1
Cisco IP Phone Boot Process
Now that you have understood the concepts on how the phone boots up and gets
its IP address, it will be easier to understand the IP phone boot process. The
statements below walk through the boot and registration processes.
INTENSE SCHOOL 1. The Cisco

INFOSEC IP phone is
INSTITUTE connectedTRACKER
CERTIFICATION to a switch and is powered up either
through PoE, power patch panel, or power brick.
2. The Cisco switch informs the phone, through CDP, the voice VLAN it
should use for the voice traffic.
TOPICS 3.CONTRIBUTORS
The Cisco IP phone CONTENT
requests ARCHIVES
an IP address on its voiceARCHIVES
CONTENT VLAN. JOB BOARD CAREERS
4. The Cisco IP phone receives from the DHCP server an IP address along
CISCO 2016 2015
with other information, such as default gateway, DNS server, domain
CISCO EXAM name, and also option
2014150 which
2013 indicates the IP address of the TFTP
server.
PREP EXERCISES
5. The Cisco phone contacts the TFTP server and downloads its
AND LABS configuration file. The phone knows which file to download by basing
it on its own MAC address. The file syntax is as follows: SEP<Mac
PROJECT
Address>.cnf.xml. These xml files are created when the administrator
MANAGEMENT adds the phone in the CUCM or CUCME. The phone will upgrade its
firmware based on what is indicated on the xml file. The configuration

MICROSOFT
file will also contain information of all the call processing devices
IT TRAINING CUCM or CUCME which the phone can register to. Cisco IP Phones can
have up to three servers.
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6. The phone will try to register to the first call processing server listed
COMPUTING and, if it fails, it will move to the next server until it successfully registers
with one.
UNCATEGORIZED
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Once the phone has successfully downloaded its base configuration from the TFTP
server, it will try to communicate to the call processing servers, using SIP (session
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initiation protocol) or SCCP (skinny client control protocol), depending on the
VIDEOS
firmware installed on the phone. The phone identifies itself to the server using its
MAC address. The server then looks at its database and sends the operational
INTERVIEWS
configuration to the IP phone. This configuration is different from what has been
received from the TFTP. This contains the phone DN’s (directory number) soft-key
layout, speed dial, URL of the services available, phone screen background, and a lot
more.
The phone will communicate with the call processing servers using SIP or SCCP. The
phone mostly doesn’t do anything by itself; it always asks the call processing servers
what to do. For example, if someone presses the buttons and if someone calls the
phone, the call processing servers will tell the phone what to display and to sound a
ring tone, respectively.
I hope you’ve learned something from this article. The next ones will discuss the
administration and management of the call processing servers. Have a good one
now!
References:
POE
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/switches/lan/catalyst6500/ios/12.2SX/configuration/guide/power_over_ethernet.html
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/phones/ps379/products_qanda_item09186a00808996f3.shtml
POE Configuration Guide
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/switches/lan/catalyst4500/12.2/25sg/configuration/guide/PoE.html
INTENSE VLANs
SCHOOL INFOSEC INSTITUTE CERTIFICATION TRACKER
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/switches/lan/catalyst6500/ios/12.2SX/configuration/guide/vlans.html
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/switches/lan/catalyst3550/software/release/12.1_19_ea1/configuration/guide/swvoip.html
DHCP
CISCO 2016 2015

http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/ios-xml/ios/ipaddr_dhcp/configuration/12-4t/dhcp-
12-4t-book.html
CCNA Voice 640-461 Official Cert Guide by Jeremy Cioara

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Fidelus Technologies LLC • 5 years ago

This is a complete information on Cisco IP phone boot process and registration. I
appreciate your complete technical guidance. Great Work!
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12/04/2020 CCNA Voice Prep: Cisco IP Phone Boot Process and Registration - Intense School

INTENSE SCHOOL INFOSEC INSTITUTE CERTIFICATION TRACKER

TOPICS CONTRIBUTORS CONTENT ARCHIVES CONTENT ARCHIVES JOB BOARD CAREERS

CISCO 2016 2015

CISCO EXAM 2014 2013