Quality Requirements

Quality Requirements Edition 4.
1 European Enamel Authority
Edition 5.0
QUALITY REQUIREMENTS
EUROPEAN ENAMEL ASSOCIATION
© EEA 2014 page 1

Quality Requirements Edition 5.0 European Enamel Association
QUALITY
REQUIREMENTS
EUROPEAN
ENAMEL ASSOCIATION
published by
Deutscher Email Verband e.V. – Germany

Österreichischer Emailverband. – Austria
Stichting Email – Belgium and The Netherlands
Vitreous Enamel Association – Great Britain
Vitreous Enamellers Society (part of IOM3) – Great Britain Edition 5.0
Italiano Smalti Porcellanati – Italy
Association Pour l’étude de l’Email Vitrifié – France
www.european-enamel-association.eu
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Contents 4.10 Determination of the adherence of the porcelain and vitreous enamel
to the substrate page 19
0. Preface page 7 4.11 Determination of the resistance to thermal shock page 19
1.0 Procedure for testing, obtaining and retaining the page 8 4.12 Determination of the porosity by the high voltage test (destructive) page 19
“European Enamel Association” label / certificate 4.13 Determination, detection and location of defects (non-destructive) page 19
1.1 General Requirements page 8 4.14 Determination of the resistance to abrasion page 19
1.2 Procedure for obtaining the ”European Enamel Association” 4.15 Determination of the resistance to chemical corrosion by boiling
certificate / label by an enamelling company (the applicant) page 8 of a solution of sodium pyrophosphate page 19
1.3 Procedure for obtaining the ”European Enamel Association” label by a 4.16 Determination of the permeability to hydrogen page 19
company which assembles or factors parts enamelled by 4.17 Determination of gloss page 19
subcontractors page 13 4.18 Determination of scratch resistance page 19
1.4 Flow sheet procedure page 14 4.19 Determination of colour difference page 19
2.0 Definitions page 15 4.20 Determination of edge coverage page 19
3.0 Quality requirements for porcelain and vitreous enamelled 4.21 Determination of resistance to heat page 20
products with the “European Enamel Association” label page 16 4.22 Determination of the resistance to fish scaling page 20
4.0 Test methods for vitreous or porcelain enamelled products 4.23 Requirements, measurements and tests for cookware,
with the “European Enamel Association” label page 18 ovenware (& kettles) page 20
4.1 Production of the test specimens page 18 4.24 Determination of the resistance of domestic utensils to
4.2 Measurement of the thickness of the base substrate metal page 18 mechanical dishwashing page 20
4.3 Measuring the thickness of the porcelain and vitreous enamel coating page 18 4.25 Determination of the resistance to chemical corrosion by hot
4.4 Determination of the resistance to chemical corrosion by citric acid sodium hydroxide solution page 20
or other acids at room temperature page 18 4.26 Determination of abrasion resistance page 20
4.5 Determination of the resistance to chemical corrosion by 4.27 Determination of the steel surface activity
boiling citric acids page 18 (pickling, speed, weight loss) page 20
4.6 Determination of the resistance to chemical corrosion by 4.28 Determination of the quality of steel for enamelling page 20
boiling water and/or water vapour page 18 4.29 Determination of the quality of Aluminium for enamelling page 21
4.7 Determination of the resistance to chemical corrosion by 4.30 Identification of defects for hot water tanks
boiling detergent solution page 18 (non-destructive - visual only) page 21
4.8 Specification and determination of the release of toxic elements page 18 4.31 Determination and measurement of protective current
4.9 Determination of the resistance to impact page 18 requirements for hot water tanks page 21
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4.32 Determination and control of Lead and Cadmium release for 4.49 Determination against climatic impact like weathering and
hot water tanks page 21 UV-resistance page 22
4.33 Determination of the chemical corrosion rate in hydrochloric 5.0 Abbreviations page 23
acid vapour page 21 6.0 Basic characteristics of vitreous or porcelain
4.34 Determination of the crack formation temperature page 21 enamelled surfaces page 24
4.35 Determination of the resistance to chemical corrosion by 7.0 Application areas page 25
boiling sulphuric acid page 21 7.1 Cookers page 26
4.36 Method for the packing of heat exchanger elements page 21 7.2 Kitchen sinks page 28
4.37 Determination of the resistance to long-term chemical corrosion 7.3 Refrigerators and freezers page 30
exposure to boiling water page 21 7.4 External steel parts of small household appliances page 32
4.38 Determination of the resistance to chemical corrosion by 7.5 Steel hollow ware page 34
drinking water page 21 7.6 Hollow ware made of cast iron page 36
4.39 Determination of the adherence of porcelain and vitreous 7.7 Exterior enamelling of frying-pans, casseroles and pots page 38
enamel to steel of more than 3 mm thickness page 21 of Aluminium
4.40 Determination of thermal shock resistance of enamelled 7.8 Washing machines, drums and spinner baskets, page 40
articles into water page 21 wash kettles, dish-washers and dryers
4.41 Determination of thermal shock resistance of enamelled articles 7.9 Sanitary ware, bathtubs and shower basins page 42
in an air-stream page 21 7.10 Bathtubs, shower basins of cast iron page 44
4.42 Determination of the adhesion of porcelain and vitreous enamels 7.11 Room/space-heating and geysers (water heaters) page 46
on Aluminium under the action of an electrolyte (spalling test) page 22 7.12 Hot water tanks (boilers) page 49
4.43 Quality requirements for regenerative, packed and enamelled 7.13 Architectural panels for outdoor applications page 51
heat exchangers for air-gas and gas-gas heaters page 22 7.14 Architectural panels for indoor applications page 54
4.44 Determination of the fluidity behaviour, fusion flow test page 22 7.15 Chalkboards page 57
4.45 Determination of the coefficient of mean linear thermal 7.16 Projection boards page 59
expansion of glass page 22 7.17 Whiteboards page 61
4.46 Characteristics of the porcelain and vitreous enamel coatings 7.18 Regenerative, packed heat-exchangers page 64
applied to steel for writing surfaces page 22 7.19 Heat exchanger sheet pairs and tubes for page 71
4.47 Characteristics of the porcelain and vitreous enamel coatings recuperative exchangers
applied to steel panels intended for architecture page 22 7.20 Industrial tanks page 74
4.48 Determination of the resistance against corrosion and creeping 7.21 Valves and fittings of cast iron in contact with water page 77
after mechanical impact page 23
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7.22 Armatures, form parts, pipes, valves and agitators for page 79 8.5.2 Requirements set on water to be used in the enamelling shop page 107
the chemical industry 8.5.3 Conditions of grinding page 109
7.23 Waste-pipes of cast iron page 81 8.5.3.1 Test of the fineness of grinding page 110
7.24 Silos for animal feed page 83 8.5.3.2 Examination of test sieve residue page 110
7.25 Dung silos page 85 8.5.4 The flow characteristics of porcelain and vitreous enamel slip (slurry) page 110
7.26 Agrarian articles page 88 8.5.4.1 Terms of rheology page 111
7.27 Signs and advertising boards page 90 8.5.4.2 Determination of the density of slips page 112
8.0 EEA – specifications page 93 8.5.4.3 Determination of the flow behaviour of porcelain and vitreous
8.1 Cast iron, suitable for enamelling page 93 enamel slips by simple methods page 112
8.1.1 Cast iron with lamellar graphite complying to DIN 1691 page 93 8.5.4.4 Determination of the flow-characteristic of porcelain and
8.1.2 Cast iron with spherical graphite complying to DIN 1693 page 94 vitreous enamel slips by means of rotary viscosity meter page 114
8.2 Examination of metal pre-treatment page 96 8.5.4.5 Determination of the flow-characteristic of enamel slips page 114
8.2.1 Control of the sheet steel pre-treatment page 96 by means of viscosity tester.
8.2.1.1 Testing of degreasing baths page 96 8.6 Testing of porcelain and vitreous enamel coatings page 115
8.2.1.2 Determination of acid concentration, sulphuric acid pickling page 96 8.6.1 Determination of resistance to boiling water by long page 115
8.2.1.3 Determination of bivalent iron, sulphuric acid pickling page 97 terms exposure
8.2.1.4 Determination of nickel sulphate, nickel-exchange bath page 97 8.6.2 Determination of the resistance to drinking water page 116
8.2.1.5 Determination of bivalent iron in the nickel-exchange bath page 98 8.6.3 Testing of adherence of porcelain and vitreous enamels enamel
8.2.1.6 Determination of the nickel deposit on sheet steel page 98 to steel of more than 3 mm thickness and cast iron page 117
8.3 Examination of porcelain and vitreous enamels and additives 8.6.4 Determination of thermal shock resistance of porcelain and vitreous
for enamelling page 99 enamelled articles in water page 118
8.3.1 Surface tension of porcelain and vitreous enamels page 99 8.6.5 Determination of thermal shock resistance of porcelain and vitreous
8.4 Porcelain and vitreous enamel powder for the electrostatic enamelled articles in an air-stream page 118
application on sheet steel page 101 8.6.6 Admissible differences of application thickness on corrugated page 119
8.4.1 Testing of powder fineness page 101 and undulated pairs of sheet steel panels for heat exchanger
8.4.2 Testing of powder fluidity page 102 8.6.7 Determination of the resistance against corrosion and page 120
8.4.3 Testing of powder adhesion page 103 creeping after mechanical impact
8.4.4 Testing of the electrical resistance of the powder page 103 8.6.8 Determination against climatic impact like weathering page 120
8.5 Examination of enamelling clays page 105 and UV-resistance
8.5.1 Testing of setting agents and other accessory materials page 106 8.7 Valuation of enamelling defects page 121
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8.7.1 General tips page 121

8.7.2 Valuation of burn-off in the enamelling page 122
8.7.3 Valuation of cracks in the enamelling page 123
8.7.4 Valuation of pores in the enamelling page 124
8.7.5 Valuation of chipping/spalling in the enamelling page 125
8.7.6 Valuation of defects as can be caused by deposits of page 125
impurities from different production lines
8.7.7 Valuation of black specks in the enamelling page 127
8.7.8 Package pressure page 127
9.0 Supporting companies page 128
Smelting plants page 128
Steel works page 129
Enamelling companies page 130
Consultants page 131
Suppliers page 132
10.0 Addresses
10.1 EEA-members page 133
10.2 Addresses to order page 134
10.3 Editor page 134
11.0 Certified Companies Page 135
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0. PREFACE The European National Associations united in the EEA are convinced that the
above mentioned harmonized quality requirements, EEA certification, as well as
The European Enamel Association (EEA) is a European federation of national EEA lobbying efforts will contribute greatly to the significance and success of
associations, dealing with “porcelain and vitreous enamel” industrial articles, and porcelain and vitreous enamelled products in today’s and future markets in and
coming from the following European countries: outside Europe.
Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands and United Kingdom.
The EEA represents the porcelain enamel sector in continental Europe European National Associations
The main scopes of the European Enamel Association (www.european-enamel-
association.eu) are: Deutscher Email Verband e.V.
1. The editing, managing and controlling of “harmonized quality requirements” for (DEV (DE))
enamelled articles being manufactured and sold in Europe. Please find in following pages
Österreichischer Email Verband
the edition 5.0 of the EEA quality requirement handbook. (OEV (A))
2. EEA Certification of enamelling companies for compliance towards:
*selected “EEA quality requirements” (out of chapter 7) Stichting Email, The Netherlands/Belgium
*”EN-ISO product standards” for enamelled products (in case such standards are taken (SE (B,NL))
up in the relevant quality requirement(s) from chapter 7 of the EEA handbook)
Vitreous Enamel Association
3. Provide sufficient representation level for assistance in selected lobbying topics related
(VEA (UK))
to porcelain and vitreous enamelling.
Vitreous Enamellers Society (part of IOM3)
Note: Marketing efforts are dominantly left over to each individual company. (VES, (UK))
Centro Italiano Smalti Porcellanati
The technical Content of Edition 5.0 (2020) is the last update of Edition 4.1 (2014).
(CISP (IT))
The front pages (1 to 7) of Edition 5.0 have been actualized for the current
EEA situation. Edition 5.0 of the EEA quality requirements can be obtained free of Association Pour l’étude de l’Email Vitrifié
charge as an electronic version from the EEA administration or through the national (APEV (FR))
associations. Alternatively this edition can directly be downloaded from the EEA
website. It is allowed to distribute this edition to other interested parties
Companies who want to be EEA certified are requested to contact either their
national association or the EEA President or Secretary. The detailed EEA
certification procedure is explained in chapter 1 of the EEA Manual.
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1.0 PROCEDURE FOR TESTING, OBTAINING AND RETAINING THE ”EUROPEAN 1.1 General Requirements
ENAMEL ASSOCIATION” CERTIFICATE / LABEL.
Products which display the ”European Enamel Association” quality label are required to
Contents: comply with the quality requirements specified in subsequent sections of this document,
1.1 General Requirements for the area(s) of application. The rules for the use of this label and / or certificate have
1.2 Procedure for obtaining the ”European Enamel Association ” certificate / been established by the Executive Committee (EC) of the European Enamel Association
label by an enamelling company. (EEA). This committee consists of one member nominated by the European National
1.3 Procedure for obtaining the ”European Enamel Association” certificate / Enamelling Associations for each country and the secretary of the EEA. The nominated
label by a company which assembles or factors parts enamelled by member shall be a representative of the national association.
subcontractors
1.4 Flow sheet diagram
1.2 Procedure for obtaining the ”European Enamel Association” certificate / label
by an enamelling company (the applicant)
See also flow sheet diagram 1.4
1.2.1
An applicant wishing to obtain certification for use of the ”European Enamel Association”
label shall submit, in writing, a certification request for the application area (number(s )
out of chapter 7) to be considered, to the EEA Secretary. Within two weeks, EEA will
confirm receipt of the request in writing, and also that it is being considered.
1.2.2
If one or more of the applications is rejected, the applicant may appeal to the Executive
Committee (EC) of the EEA. They will either:
a) cancel the decision
b) confirm the decision
The decision of the Executive Committee shall be final.
The applicant shall be required to pay a registration fee to EEA to start the certification
procedure. The cost of this fee shall be reviewed annually by the EC of the EEA.
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1.2.3 1.2.7
If the application is accepted, then a specific EEA audit needs to take place at the The EC may, after hearing the appeal of parties concerned, shall give one of two findings:
company’s expense within six months after the receipt of the request. The external audit a) The committee may authorize a re-audit at the company’s expense. The
team or auditor needs to be proposed to EEA by the applicant and needs to be accepted result of this re-audit is final.
by EEA (chairman TC, chairman EC, secretary). b) The committee may reject the appeal.
During this specific EEA audit, the auditor needs to verify that the specific EEA quality
The decision of the Executive Committee is final.
requirements (chapter 7) have been taken up into the quality manual (documentation) of
the company. Secondly the auditor needs to verify that the company meets these
requirements for the products of concern to be certified. 1.2.8
For ISO 9001 certified companies, the above mentioned audit process may also occur
When accreditation for use of the “European Enamel Association” label has been granted,
integrated in an ISO 9001 audit. In all cases the external auditor needs to conclude that
the company meets all or not the EEA quality requirements and recommends EEA the EEA will issue a numbered certificate with the company name and the approved areas
certification or not for the company products of concern. of application; and signed by the chairman of the EC and TC. The applicant shall be required
to sign up to the rules for use of the “European Enamel Association” label and shall be entitled
1.2.4
to introduce the “European Enamel Association” label in the form of:
Following this initial audit, the company will have the opportunity to introduce corrective
a) An EEA certificate with the company name and the approved area(s) of
actions if required. The final audit will take place not later than three months after the original
application. Examples are given on the EEA website
audit.
b) Certification in the form of a seal and/or label on their products and
1.2.5 correspondence.
The audit report with the recommendations of the Quality Assessor(s) shall be sent to the
secretary of EEA, who will circulate it to the EC and TC members for approval. The EEA 1.2.9
Technical Committee (TC) shall then make the decision to recommend that a EEA The applicant shall be required to pay an annual fee for the license to use the ”EEA” label.
The cost of this license shall be reviewed annually by the EC of the EEA.
certificate / label be granted or not. The EEA Secretary will inform the company as soon as
possible, but not later than two weeks after the confirmation by the TC.
1.2.10
1.2.6 Validity of the ”European Enamel Association” certificate /label.

If the application is rejected, the company may submit an appeal to the EC of the EEA The EEA certificate / label is valid for a period of three years. When certification expires,
within 30 working days. the EEA shall grant a new certificate, if no rejection (§1.2.11) has taken place. The ”EEA”
certificate / label may be used by the company on approved area(s) of application only, until
a final rejection is received during an audit (§1.2.11).
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1.2.11 b) Confirm of the failure decision

Annual ”EEA” certificate / label auditing procedure: The decision of the Executive Committee is final.
In the years between the regular audits (each 3 years) the EEA secretary will send a request
to the company to submit to the Secretary of the EEA a statement of EEA compliance to 1.2.15
all certified application areas, undersigned by both the quality manager and the managing Where the failure decision is confirmed, the applicant is not be permitted to use the ”EEA”
director of the certified company. Alternatively the company may deliver yearly an audit label. If the applicant wishes to be considered for continuing use of the ”EEA” label, then
report performed by an EEA approved “external” auditing team or auditor. the applicant shall be required to re-apply for accreditation as laid down in this chapter 1.
The validity period of the certificate is three years. Before the expiration date on the 1.2.16
certificate, a recertification audit, performed by an “external” EEA approved auditing team The costs involved for the auditing shall be set between applicant and auditor.
or auditor, needs to be organized by the certified company, followed by repeating the
steps mentioned in §1.2.3 till 1.2.10 till the EEA certificate renewal and undersigning by 1.2.17
EEA. The company shall pay towards EEA once a registration fee; as well as an annual fee for
the license to use the certificate / label .Payments shall be made within the EEA stipulated
In the event of an audit failure, the applicant shall be given a period of two months to payment terms of 60 days. Failure to comply will result in the applicant being suspended
undertake corrective actions, after which a re-audit will take place. until payment is received.
1.2.12 1.2.18
If there is a failure of the re-audit, the applicant shall not be permitted to continue the use Auditing Requirements
of the ”EEA” label until approval is regained.
Control of documents and apparatus
1.2.13
The applicant may appeal against a suspension of using the EEA certificate / label to the 1.2.18.1
EC of the EEA. The EC of the EEA shall give their judgement within two months from the Relevant internal testing documents and evidence of test results shall be required. This
date of the appeal. An appeal will not suspend the rejection. shall include testing and results to ISO, CEN, national or EEA standards detailed in these
quality requirements.
1.2.14 ISO 9001 certified companies shall submit their ISO 9001 accreditation documents
The EC of the EEA may, after hearing the parties, agree to: including details of procedures, testing and production, the results obtained and standards
a) Annul the failure decision maintained.
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1.2.18.2 quality requirement. The inspection procedure is based on ISO 2859, in which the size
These documents shall demonstrate that correct methods of setting up apparatus, testing, of the random test is a function of the size of the batch. The method of selection and the
and calibration are in use. number of random test pieces or square meter required must comply within the batch to
be inspected.
1.2.18.3
Documents showing the planned frequency and the date of the last calibration shall be 1.2.18.7
available. The number of random tests depends on the size of the batch and should meet the
specified quality requirement as mentioned in the corresponding AQL table (1.2.18.10).
1.2.18.4
If a subcontractor is used for the test procedure, then the relevant documents for the tests 1.2.18.8
and/or calibration shall be required. This control also effects a testing body, subcontractor, A batch is presumed to meet the requirements when the number of pieces in the random
or third party. test which do not meet the related requirements, is not higher than the approval criterion for
the corresponding quality level, as given in the AQL tables (1.2.18.10.)
Test results
1.2.18.9
1.2.18.5 Where the system for control of coating thickness does not meet the stated requirements,
For products which are already enamelled, results of measurements and tests that have the tables should be used for indicating the test frequency during the EEA performed
been carried out, (as part, of the quality control process ) shall be available. This includes inspection.
relevant documents, test results, logbooks and other records. Records, areas of
responsibility for control, measuring and registration shall be available. These documents 1.2.18.10 : AQL tables : see next pages
shall provide the basis for the EEA audit. Fully documented test method(s) and the
result(s) obtained are required to prove conformance to this standard. Results must be
expressed in the specified units.
Test-frequency
1.2.18.6
The inspection of a batch shall be on the basis of a random test and assumes it to be
representative of the quality of the batch. The acceptable quality level (AQL) is defined as
the maximum percentage of the pieces or square meters in a batch that do not meet the
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1.2.18.10 AQL-Tables
Inspection level S4 Inspection level II
Random test Approval criterion from the quality level Size of the Batch Random test Approval criterion from the quality level
From Up to n AQL 2.5 AQL 4.0 AQL 6.5 N
- 90 5 0 0 1 From Up to n AQL 2.5 AQL 4.0 AQL 6.5
91 150 8 0 1 1 - 90 13 1 1 2
151 280 13 1 1 2 91 150 20 1 2 3
281 500 20 1 2 3 151 280 32 2 3 5
501 1200 20 1 2 3 281 500 50 3 5 7
1201 3200 32 2 3 5 501 1200 80 5 7 10
3201 10000 32 2 3 5 1201 3200 125 6 10 14
10001 35000 50 3 5 7 3201 10000 200 10 14 21
35001 - 80 5 7 10 10001 35000 315 14 21 21
35001 - 500 21 21 21
Inspection level I
Size of the Batch Random test Approval criterion from the quality level
N
From Up to n AQL 2.5 AQL 4.0 AQL 6.5

- 90 5 0 0 1
91 150 8 0 1 1
151 280 13 1 1 2
281 500 20 1 2 3
501 1200 32 2 3 5
1201 3200 50 3 5 7
3201 10000 80 5 7 10
10001 35000 125 7 10 14
35001 - 200 10 14 21
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1.3 Procedure for obtaining the ”European Enamel Association” label by a

company which assembles or factors parts or products enamelled by
subcontractors
1.3.1
Where the applicant assembles or factors enamelled parts which have been enamelled
by a subcontractor and wishes the finished product to qualify for an ”EEA” label, then the
company shall demonstrate that the requirements detailed in sections 1.2 are satisfied by
the appropriate subcontract enamellers.
In the opposite case when the EEA certified company is an (exclusive) jobber and
responsible for only the quality of the enamelling without having direct influence on
the quality of the supplied base material e.g. the steel, the final enamel quality shall
be agreed between the jobber and it’s customer.
1.3.2
This shall be accomplished by submission of relevant documents delivered by the
subcontractor(s), in accordance with the instructions given in these quality requirements.
The applicant may also choose to have the audit carried out at the subcontractor, if
required.
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1.4 Flow sheet procedure
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2.0 DEFINITIONS 2.7

The department carrying out the process is the vitreous or porcelain enamelling
Terminology: department.
Porcelain and Vitreous Enamel, the Porcelain and Vitreous Enamelling Process and
Porcelain and Vitreous Enamelled Products. 2.8
The personnel involved in the process are often referred to as vitreous or porcelain
2.1 enamellers.
The general public experience confusion about the definition of ”enamel”.
2.9
2.2 The coated metal is porcelain and vitreous enamelled e.g. porcelain and vitreous
Enamel should more properly be called ”porcelain and vitreous enamel”. enamelled steel.
2.3 2.10
There is no standard accepted definition of porcelain and vitreous enamel in the English An exception to these definitions is an enamel which is applied to glass and fused to the
language. glass surface.
2.4 2.11
The most generally accepted definition is: Some organic paint finishes may be incorrectly described as ”enamels”. This is an
”Porcelain and vitreous enamel is a mainly vitreous material, which is obtained by unfortunate but widely operated custom which leads to confusion of the general public.
the melting or fritting of a mixture of inorganic materials. This fritted material may be These finishes should be described as ”enamel paints”.
applied to a metal substrate in either the form of a suspension in water or a dry pow-
der, in one or more layers, which will, when heated to a temperature sufficient for 2.12
fusion to take place, be bonded chemically and physically to the metal substrate.” In some other languages there may be other forms of confusion. For example the word
”enamelling” (as translated) may be used to mean the material, the process and the
2.5 finished product.
The process is porcelain and vitreous enamelling.
2.6
The material produced by fritting is a porcelain and vitreous enamel frit.
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3.0 QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR PORCELAIN AND VITREOUS ENAMELLED 3.6

PRODUCTS WITH THE ”EUROPEAN ENAMEL ASSOCIATION” LABEL Surfaces of parts of the same colour should not show unacceptable colour differences,
when inspected at a normal inspection distance and under standard light conditions.
3.1
The porcelain and vitreous enamel should comply with the definitions given in section 2 3.7
of these requirements and needs to be at least as stringent in terms of quality than the The thickness of the porcelain and vitreous enamel coating should be as consistent as
equivalent European standard. possible and should not show excessively increased thickness at curved surfaces or at
small radii, to ensure that the useful quality of the final enamelled product is not diminished.
3.2
The basis metal should be suitable for enamelling. It should be manufactured and treated 3.8
so that it is not the source of defects in the enamel coating which would influence the quality The thickness of the porcelain and vitreous enamel coating should meet the maximum and
and value of the final enamelled product. the minimum values as defined for the specified area(s) of application.
3.3 3.9
The dimensions and the thickness of the material should be appropriate to the specific The porcelain and vitreous enamel coating should show good adherence to the basic metal.
requirements of the enamelling process to ensure satisfactory mechanical stability of the
final enamelled product. The product should be designed and produced to minimize the risk 3.9.1
of damage to the enamel coating, for example by avoiding excessively sharp radii during The porcelain and vitreous enamel coating should also meet the minimum requirements for
forming, elimination of unsuitable welding practice and care to avoid the development of other physical properties defined for the specified stated area(s) of application.
stresses during firing.
3.9.2
3.4 The chemical resistance of the porcelain and vitreous enamel coating should be in
The porcelain and vitreous enamel coating should have sufficient corrosion resistance for accordance with the specified area(s) of application and should meet the quality
the specific area(s) of application. requirements which are defined for the specified stated area(s) of application.
3.5 3.9.3
The surface of the porcelain and vitreous enamel coating should not show obvious or The porcelain and vitreous enamel coating should have a minimum hardness of 5 on the
Mohs (EN15771).
substantial defects on inspection at a distance which is normal for the application, under
diffuse light conditions. (See also EEA specification 8.7)
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3.9.4
The product and the porcelain and vitreous enamel coating should meet the requirements
for the specific area(s) of application as detailed in Section 7 of these Quality
Requirements.
3.9.5
The following specifications are recommended for the specification of the basis substrate
material:
3.9.5.1
Cold rolled steel as detailed in EN 10209
3.9.5.2
Hot rolled steel as detailed in EN 10025 or EN 10111
3.9.5.3
Cast iron as detailed in EEA-specification 8.1
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4.0 TEST METHODS FOR PORCELAIN AND VITREOUS ENAMELLED PRODUCTS 4.5 Determination of the resistance to chemical corrosion by boiling citric acids
WITH THE ”EUROPEAN ENAMEL ASSOCIATION” LABEL The determination of the resistance to chemical corrosion by boiling citric acids, should
be carried out using the methods as specified in EN ISO 28706-2/11, using apparatus as
The test methods, to which enamelled products with ”European Enamel Association”
specified in EN ISO 28706-2/6.
label should be subjected depending on their application area, are detailed in this section.
4.6 Determination of the resistance to chemical corrosion by boiling water and/or

4.1 Production of the test specimens
water vapour
The test specimens are produced according to EN ISO 28764.
The determination of the resistance to chemical corrosion by boiling water and/or water
4.2 Measurement of the thickness of the base substrate metal vapour should be carried out using the methods as specified in EN ISO 28706-2/14, using
The thickness of the base substrate metal is measured either before the porcelain and the apparatus as specified in EN ISO 28706-2/6.
vitreous enamel coating is applied (EN 14127 ultrasonic thickness measurement) or after
coating with porcelain and vitreous enamel by removal of the porcelain and vitreous enamel 4.7 Determination of the resistance to chemical corrosion by boiling detergent
by grinding or chemical dissolution; or by means of an examination of the cross section, solution
using a microscope equipped with a suitable magnification. The determination of the resistance to chemical corrosion by boiling detergent solution
should be carried out using the methods as specified in EN ISO 28706-3/10, using the
4.3 Measurement of the thickness of the porcelain and vitreous enamel coating apparatus as specified in EN ISO 28706-2/6.
Measurement of the thickness of the porcelain and vitreous enamel coating should be
carried out using a coating thickness meter with a measuring accuracy of 0,01mm. For The test is to be carried out during 2,5 hours. The effect is measured by the loss of mass
ferrromagnetic substrate materials the methods specified in EN ISO 2178 should be used of the test plates to be given in g/m2.
and for non-ferromagnetic substrate materials the methods specified in EN ISO 2360
should be used. The method using an examination of the cross section with a 4.8 Specification and determination of the release of toxic elements
microscope, as specified in EN ISO 1463 may also be used. The specification and determination of the release of toxic elements must comply with the
requirements specified in the national laws of the country.
4.4 Determination of the resistance to chemical corrosion by citric acid or other
acids at room temperature
4.9 Determination of the resistance to impact
The determination of the resistance to chemical corrosion by citric acid or other acids
The resistance to impact of the porcelain and vitreous enamel coating should be carried
should be carried out using the methods as specified in EN ISO 28706-1/9. out using the Wegnerpistol, as specified in ISO 4532. The resistance to impact should be
carried out at a distance of at least 20 mm from the edges and the sides.
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4.10 Determination of the adherence of the porcelain and vitreous enamel to the 100 grams sodium pyrophosphate (analytical grade)
substrate 1000 ml distilled water
The testing of the adherence of the porcelain and vitreous enamel coating should be The solution should be freshly prepared.
carried out using the method as specified in EN10209 Annex C. The test should be carried out for 5 hours of hard boiling during which heavy vapour
bubbles must be rising from the bottom of the apparatus. The effect is measured by the loss
4.11 Determination of the resistance to thermal shock of mass of the test plates and given in g/m2 . (This test solution will need to be made up
The determination of the resistance to thermal shock should be carried out using the
hot as the solubility at 20º C is approximately 50 g/L, and also that this test solution is twice
methods as specified in ISO 2747, unless the objects concerned are not suitable for this the concentration of that used in the ”Hoover” test.)
test method. In these cases the test method should be agreed and specified in the
quality requirements. 4.16 Determination of the permeability to hydrogen
The determination of the permeability of a steel to hydrogen should be carried out using the
4.12 Determination of the porosity by the high voltage test (destructive) methods as specified in EN 10209 Annex A1.
The determination of the porosity by the high voltage test of the porcelain and vitreous
See part 3.3 of EN 14866/December 2003.
enamel coating should be carried out using the methods as specified in ISO 2746 and EN
ISO 28721-1/4.3. High voltage test at 20 kV – subsequently 12 kV 4.17 Determination of gloss
The determination of gloss should be carried out using the methods as specified in EN ISO
4.13 Determination, detection and location of defects (non-destructive)
2813. (This covers measurements at 20º, 60º and 85º. The USA measure specular gloss
The non-destructive determination and detection of defects in the porcelain and vitreous
of ceramic surfaces at 45º {ASTM C246} – The angle of measurement must be specified
enamel coating should be carried out using either method A or B as specified in EN ISO
by agreement.)
8289-1. The test method selected should depend on the specific application circumstances
EN ISO 8289-2 will apply for enamel slurry.
4.18 Determination of scratch resistance
The determination of scratch resistance should be carried out using the methods as
4.14 Determination of the resistance to abrasion specified in EN ISO in
Now see 4.26 15695.
4.15 Determination of the resistance to chemical corrosion by boiling of a solution 4.19 Determination of colour difference
of sodium pyrophosphate The determination of colour difference should be carried out using the methods as
The definition of the resistance to chemical corrosion of a solution of sodium specified in ISO 11664and ISO 18314.
pyrophosphate should be carried out using EN ISO 28706-2/15 (see 4.7), using the
following test solution: 4.20 Determination of edge coverage
The determination of edge coverage should be carried out using the method as specified
in EN ISO 28723.
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4.21 Determination of resistance to heat 4.27 Determination of the steel surface activity (pickling speed, weight loss)
Determination of the resistance to heat should be carried out using the methods as The determination of the steel surface activity should be carried out using the methods as
specified in ISO 4530. specified in EN 10209: Annex B.
4.22 Determination of the resistance to fish scaling 4.28 Determination of the quality of steel for enamelling
The determination of the resistance to fishscale should be carried out using the methods The determination of the quality of steel for enamelling should be carried out using the
as specified in EN 10209 Annex A2, by which the test sheet (150 mm x coil width) is pre- methods as specified in EN 10209 for cold rolled steel and EN 10025 or EN 10111 for hot
treated without nickel. The front and back sides are enamelled with a fishscale sensitive rolled steel.
porcelain and vitreous enamel supplied by the several manufacturers of enamel/frit. Coating
thickness, firing temperature, firing time and potential thermal treatment shall be specified Also qualities from EN 10149 for HSLA steels and EN 10222-1 for steel forgings for
by the frit supplier. See part 3.3 of EN 14866. pressure applications are used.
4.23 Requirements, measurements and tests for cookware, ovenware (& kettles)
The requirements for measurements and tests for cookware are specified in EN 12983, for
ovenware EN 13834 (and for kettles in EN 13750)
4.24 Determination of the resistance of domestic utensils to mechanical

dishwashing
The determination of domestic utensils to mechanical dishwashing should be carried out
in a quality agreement between the enamelling company and the customer.
4.25 Determination of the resistance to chemical corrosion by hot sodium

hydroxide solution
The determination of the resistance to chemical corrosion by hot sodium hydroxide should
be carried out using the methods as specified in EN ISO 28706-4/10 and EN ISO
28721-2/4.2.
4.26 Determination of abrasion resistance

The determination of the abrasion resistance should be carried out using the methods as
specified in ASTM C501. For some applications ISO 6370-1 and ISO 6370-2 can be used.
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4.29 Determination of the quality of Aluminium for enamelling 4.36 Method for the packing of heat exchanger elements
The quality of Aluminium for enamelling should be pure Al > 99,5 %, Al or The method of packing of heat exchanger elements in baskets should be carried out using
Al-Mn (Mn < 1,7 %) Mg max 0,01 %. For other alloys a test enamelling should be done the methods as specified in EEA Specification 8.7.8
before production.
4.37 Determination of the resistance to long-term chemical corrosion exposure to
4.30 Identification of defects for hot water tanks (non-destructive - visual only) boiling water
The visual identification of defects should be carried out using the methods as specified in The determination of the resistance to long-term chemical corrosion exposure to boiling
DIN 4753; BS 3831 Appendix A; IVE Atlas of Defects. water should be carried out using the methods as specified in EN ISO 28706-2/14 and EEA
Specification 8.6.1.
4.31 Determination and measurement of protective current requirements for hot
water tanks 4.38 Determination of the resistance to chemical corrosion by drinking water
The determination and measurement of protective current requirements should be carried The determination of the resistance to chemical corrosion by drinking water should be car-
out using the methods as specified in DIN 4753. ried out using the methods as specified in EN ISO 28706-2/11, EN ISO 28706-1/9 and EEA
Specification 8.6.2. Testing time is 48 hours and temperature 60°C.
4.32 Determination and control of Lead and Cadmium release for hot water tanks
The determination of the release of lead and cadmium should be carried out using the
4.39 Determination of the adherence of porcelain and vitreous enamel to steel of
methods as specified in DIN 4753 and the UBA-Assessment Guideline for enameled
more than 3 mm thickness
and ceramic materials in contact with drinking water. There may be differing requirements
The determination of the adherence of porcelain and vitreous enamel to steel of more than
for the limits for this specification dependent on national laws. (See also Clause 4.8).
3 mm. Thickness should be carried out using the methods as specified in EEA
Specification 8.6.3.
4.33 Determination of the chemical corrosion rate in hydrochloric acid vapour
The determination of the chemical corrosion rate in hydrochloric acid vapour should be
4.40 Determination of thermal shock resistance of enamelled articles into water
carried out using the methods as specified in EN ISO 28706-2/13
and EN ISO 28721-2/4.1. The determination of the thermal shock resistance of enamelled articles into water should
be carried out using the methods as specified in EEA Specification 8.6.4.
4.34 Determination of the crack formation temperature
The determination of the crack formation temperature should be carried out using the 4.41 Determination of thermal shock resistance of enamelled articles in an air-
methods as specified in ISO 13807. stream
The determination of the thermal shock resistance of enamelled articles in an air stream
4.35 Determination of the resistance to chemical corrosion by boiling sulphuric acid should be carried out using the methods as specified in EEA Specification 8.6.5.
The determination of the resistance to chemical corrosion by boiling sulphuric acid should
be carried out using the methods as specified in EN ISO 28706-2/12.
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4.42 Determination of the adhesion of porcelain and vitreous enamels on Aluminium 4.48 Determination of the resistance against corrosion and creeping after
under the action of an electrolyte (spalling test) mechanical impact
The determination of the adhesion of porcelain and vitreous enamels on Aluminium should see EEA specification 8.6.7
be carried out using the methods as specified in ISO 13805.
4.49 Determination against climatic impact like weathering and UV-resistance
4.43 Quality requirements for regenerative, packed and enamelled heat exchangers see EEA specification 8.6.8
for air-gas and gas-gas heaters
This standard defines the minimum requirements and the functional characteristics of the
porcelain and vitreous enamel coating applied to profiled steel heat exchanger panels in
regenerative heat exchanges, before as well as after packing in the baskets. See EN ISO
28763.
4.44 Determination of the fluidity behaviour, fusion flow test

Method as specified in EN ISO4534.
4.45 Determination of the coefficient of mean linear thermal expansion of glass
Method as specified in EN ISO 20274 and ISO 7991.
4.46 Characteristics of the porcelain and vitreous enamel coatings applied to steel
for writing surfaces
This standard defines the requirements and the functional and aesthetic characteristics of
porcelain and vitreous enamel coatings applied to plane steel for use as writing surfaces
(whiteboards and chalkboards). EN ISO 28762.
4.47 Characteristics of the porcelain and vitreous enamel coatings applied to steel
panels intended for architecture
This European standard specifies the requirements for porcelain and vitreous enamel coat
ing applied to plane rolled steel for both exterior (exposed to weathering) and interior parts of
the buildings. It includes the functional and aesthetic characteristics and resistance to
graffiti of these coatings. EN ISO 28722.
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5.0 ABBREVIATIONS sig.diff. significantly different

TC Technical Committee EEA
ASTM American Society for Testing Materials TrinkwV Trinkwasserverordnung (Germany)
ASQ German Working Association for Statistical Quality Control TÜV Association for Technical Supervision (Germany)
BAM Federal Institution for Testing of Materials UBA Umweltbundesamt (Germany)
BS British Standard VEA Vitreous Enamel Association
BSI British Standards Institute
CEN European Committee for Standardization
CIE International Commission for Lighting
DEV German Enamel Association
DIN German Institute for Standardization
DNA German Committee for Standards (within DIN)
EC Executive Committee EEA
EEA European Enamel Associati
EN European Standard
EOQC European Organization for Quality Control
IEI International Enamellers Institute
ISO International Standards Organization
ITE International Tests for Enamel of the IEI
IVE Institute of Vitreous Enamellers
MPA Material Test-Institute
NEN Dutch Standard
NHR Standardization Board for Heating and Air Conditioning
NMP Standardization Board for Material Testing
NNI Dutch Institute for Standardization
ÖEV Austrian Enamel Association
PEI Porcelain Enamel Institute
RAL Committee for Terms of Delivery and Quality Assurance
RKW Rationalizing Curatorship of the German Economy
SE Stichting Email Enamel Foundation The Netherlands/Belgium
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6.0 BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF These characteristics of porcelain and vitreous enamelled surfaces are not included in the
PORCELAIN AND VITREOUS ENAMELLED SURFACES following section (7.0), which specifies defined quality requirements for each area of
application.
Porcelain and vitreous enamelled products exhibit a number of beneficial and unique
combinations of characteristics and properties
• It has a high corrosion resistance

• It is available for a wide range of uses, in varying applications and designs
• It is available in a large choice of colours
• It is available in glossy or matt surfaces
• It is capable of further decoration
• It combines the composite benefits of the hardness and strength of glass, with
the strength and resilience of the base metal
• It is scratch and abrasion resistant
• It is frost resistant to - 60 ºC (special porcelain and vitreous enamels: -273,15 ºC)
• It is thermally stable to + 450 ºC (special porcelain and vitreous enamels: +900 ºC)
• It shows good climate and weather resistance
• It is resistant to acid and environmental attack
• It is non-combustible (class A according to DIN 4102)
• It is non fading and colour stable
• It is resistant to photo-chemical effects
• It is hygienic and resistant to bacteria
• It shows no allergic reaction
• The finished product requires little maintenance and is easy to clean
• It is manufactured from natural resources
• It employs environmentally friendly manufacturing and processing practices
• It uses non-organic solvents i.e. water
• It is fully recyclable
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7.0 APPLICATION AREAS
In addition to the general quality requirements, the porcelain and vitreous enamelled pro-
ducts with ”European Enamel Association” label/certificate have to meet the
requirements applicable to the hereunder mentioned application areas. The relevant
requirements carry the number of the hereunder mentioned application areas.
7.1. Cookers 7.23. Waste-pipes of cast iron

7.2. Kitchen sinks 7.24. Silos for animal feed
7.3. Refrigerators and freezers 7.25. Dung silos
7.4. External steel parts of small household appliances 7.26. Agrarian articles
7.5. Steel hollow ware 7.27. Signs and advertising boards
7.6. Hollow ware made of cast iron
7.7. Exterior enamelling of frying pans, casseroles and pots of Aluminium
7.8. Washing machines, drums and spinner baskets, wash kettles,
dish-washers and dryers
7.9. Sanitary ware, bathtubs and shower basins
7.10. Bathtubs, shower basins of cast iron
7.11. Room/space-heating and geysers (water heaters)
7.12. Hot water tanks (boilers)
7.13. Architectural panels for outdoor applications
7.14. Architectural panels for indoor applications
7.15. Chalkboards
7.16. Projection boards
7.17. Whiteboards
7.18. Regenerative, packed heat-exchangers
7.19. Heat exchanger sheet pairs and tubes for recuperative exchangers
7.20. Industrial tanks
7.21. Articles of cast iron in contact with water
7.22. Armatures, form parts, pipes, valves and agitators for the chemical industry
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7.1. QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR PORCELAIN AND VITREOUS ENAMELLED COOKERS (free standing and built in)
7.1.1 Application area
This norm is applicable for cookware of enamelled cast iron or steel plate, such as:
- burner caps
- pan supports
- hobs
- control panels
- cavities
- baking plates
- outside panels
7.1.2 Test methods
Item Name Comparable standards

4.2 measurement of the thickness of the base substrate metal EN 14127
4.3 measurement of the thickness of the enamel coating EN ISO 2178, EN ISO 2360, EN ISO 1463
4.4 determination of the resistance to chemical corrosion by citric acid
or other acids at room temperature EN ISO 28706-1/9
4.9 determination of the impact resistance ISO 4532
4.10 determination of the adherence of the enamel to the substrate EN 10209 Annex C
4.17 determination of gloss EN ISO 2813, ASTM C246
4.21 determination of the resistance to heat ISO 4530
4.28 determination of the quality of steel for enamelling EN 10209 for cold rolled steel and EN 10025 or EN 10111 for hot rolled steel
or EN 10149 for HSLA steels
and EN 10222-1 for steel forgings for pressure applications
4.39 determination of the adherence of enamel to steel of more than 3 mm thickness EEA Specification 8.6.3
4.40 determination of thermal shock resistance of enamelled articles into water EEA Specification 8.6.4
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7.1.3 Quality requirements
Test method Requirement Remarks Frequency
4.2 material thickness burner lid and grates made of cast iron min. 3 mm determination during design
troughs, baking trays and external parts min. 0,70 mm
switch panels min. 0,60 mm
baking ovens min. 0,50 mm
4.3 thickness enamel coating cast iron burner caps and pan supports max. 0.60 mm S4/AQL 6.5
other applications max. 0.40 mm
4.4 cold citric acid min. class A + when taking into production a sig.diff.
enamel recipe, but at least 1x a year
4.9 impact resistance at 20 N no damage > 2 mm diameter after 24 hours when taking into production a sig.diff.
4.10 adherence min. 3; for thick material min ”good” may be done on test sheets (see 4.1) in production 1 x a day
according to EEA 8.6.3
4.17 gloss degree max. allowed difference at a measuring angle of 60 is: for burner caps, hobs, when taking into production a sig.diff.
+ 4 at gloss 0 - 30 control panels and outside panels enamel recipe, but at least 1x a year
+ 6 at gloss 30 - 70
+ 8 at gloss 70 - 100
4.21 resistance to heat burner caps and pan supports 400 °C during 3 hours; when taking into production a sig.diff.
4.28 steel quality in accordance with norm EN 10209 determination during design
4.39 adherence for cast iron: min. good may by done on test sheets (see 4.1) in production 1 x a day
4.40 thermal shock resistance burner caps and pan supports 380 °C (5x) for pan supports only in production 1 x a day
hobs 200 °C (5x) applicable for the fingertips
baking platies 260 °C (5x)
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7.2. QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR PORCELAIN AND VITREOUS ENAMELLED KITCHEN SINKS
This norm is applicable for enamelled steel and enamelled stainless steel sinks.
7.2.2 Test methods

4.4 determination of the resistance to chemical corrosion by citric acid or
other acids at room temperature EN ISO 28706-1/9
4.5 determination of the resistance to chemical corrosion by boiling citric acids EN ISO 28706-2/11, EN ISO 28706-2/6
4.7 determination of the resistance to chemical corrosion by boiling detergent solution EN ISO 28706-3/10, EN ISO 28706-2/6
4.9 determination of the resistance to impact ISO 4532
4.26 determination of abrasion resistance ASTM C501, ISO 6370-1 and ISO 6370-2
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4.2 material thickness min. 0.90 mm determination during design
4.3 thickness enamel coating max. 0.50 mm S4/AQL 6.5
4.4 cold citric acid min. class A when taking into production a sig.diff
2
4.5 boiling citric acid max. 15 g/m per 2 1/2 hour when taking into production a sig.diff
4.7 detergent solution max. 20 g/m2 per 24 hours test duration 24 hours when taking into production a sig.diff.
resistance enamel recipe, but at least 1x a year
4.9 impact resistance at 20 N no damage > 2 mm on test sheets may be when taking into production a sig.diff.
diameter after 24 hours conform to EN ISO 28764 enamel recipe, but at least 1x a year
4.10 adherence min. 2 on test sheets may be in production 1 x a day
conform to EN ISO 28764
4.26 abrasion resistance max. 0.1 gram in accordance with ASTM C501 when taking into production a sig.diff.
sandpaper S33/1kg/1000 rotations enamel recipe (exclusive colour oxides)
but at least 1x a year
4.28 steel quality in accordance with norm EN 10209 is recommended: determination during design
DC04EK / DC05EK / DC06EK
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7.3. QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR PORCELAIN AND VITREOUS ENAMELLED COMPONENTS OF REFRIGERATORS AND FREEZERS
This norm is applicable for enamelled components in refrigerators and freezers, such as:
- the interior lining
- vegetable/fruit tray
- outside panels
7.3.2 Test methods

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4.2 material thickness min. 0.60 mm determination during design
4.3 thickness enamel coating max. thickness interior lining: S4/AQL 6.5
interior lining 0.30 mm thickness counts for one-layer-system
outside panels and vegetable tray 0.40 mm outside panels and vegetable tray:
thickness counts for ground- and
cover layer
4.4 cold citric acid class A when taking into production a sig.diff.
4.10 adherence min. 3 on test sheets may be in production 1 x a day
conform to EN ISO 28764
DC04EK / DC01EK
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7.4 QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR PORCELAIN AND VITREOUS ENAMELLED EXTERNAL STEEL PARTS OF SMALL HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES
This norm is applicable for enamelled external steel parts of:
- toasters
- barbecues
- hot-plates
- baking forms
7.4.2 Test methods

4.8 determination of the release of toxic elements national laws
4.10 determination of the adherence EN 10209 Annex D
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4.8 release of toxic elements conform requirements of the national laws when taking into production a sig.diff.
enamel recipe
4.10 adherence min. 2 1x a day
DC04EK
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7.5. QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR PORCELAIN AND VITREOUS ENAMELLED STEEL HOLLOW WARE
This norm is applicable for enamelled steel hollow ware, which is suitable for electrical as well as for gas cooking and existing out of the following categories:
- frying-pan and pots
- saucepans
- lids
- kettles (coffee- and teapots)
7.5.2 Test methods

4.6 determination of the resistance to chemical corrosion by boiling water and/or water vapour EN ISO 28706-2/14, EN ISO 28706-2/6
4.8 specification and determination of the release of toxic elements national laws
4.11 determination of the resistance to thermal shock ISO 2747
4.23 requirements, measurements and tests for cookware, ovenware (& kettles) for cookware EN 12983, for ovenware EN 13834
(and for kettles in EN 13750)
4.24 determination of the resistance of domestic utensils to mechanical dishwashing EN 12875-1
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4.3 thickness enamel coating interior max. 0.35 mm, exterior max. 0.45 mm exclusive decor S4/AQL 6.5
4.4 cold citric acid min. class A when taking into production a sig.diff.
enamel recipe, but at least 2 x a year
2
4.5 boiling citric acid interior max. 5 g/m per 2 1/2 hours on test sheets conform EN ISO 28764 when taking into production a sig.diff.
2
exterior max. 10 g/m per 2 1/2 hours enamel recipe, but at least 2 x a year
4.6 water boiling water interior max.2,5 g/m2 per 24 hours on test sheets conform EN ISO 28764 when taking into production a sig.diff.
test duration 48 hours enamel recipe, but at least 2 x a year
2
water vapour interior max.5 g/m per 24 hours on test sheets conform EN ISO 28764
duration test 48 hours
4.8 release of toxic elements conform requirements national laws when taking into production a sig.diff.
enamel recipe
4.9 impact resistance at 20 N no damages > 2 mm diameter after 24 hours only bottom is to be tested weekly min. 3 pans/pots
4.10 adherence min. 3 weekly min. 3 pans/pots
4.11 thermal shock resistance min. 280 °C not applicable for lids when taking into production a sig.diff.
enamel recipe, but at least 1 x a month
7.5.4 Remarks
Except from the quality requirements mentioned here above, also the requirements as mentioned in 4.23 need to be met. For the testing frequency at 4.9, 4.10 and 4.11 applies
that these tests can be carried out on the same three pans, taking into account that the tests are carried out in the sequence 4.11 - 4.9 - 4.10.
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7.6. QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR PORCELAIN AND VITREOUS ENAMELLED HOLLOW WARE MADE OF CAST IRON
This norm is applicable for hollow ware of enamelled cast iron suitable for electric cooking as well as for gas cooking,
and that consists of the following categories:
- frying-pans, casseroles, pots

- saucepans
- lids
7.6.2 Test methods

4.23 requirements, measurements and tests for cookware, ovenware (& kettles) for cookware EN 12983, for ovenware EN 13834
(and for kettles in EN 13750)
4.24 determination of the resistance of domestic utensils to mechanical dishwashing EN 12875-1
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4.3 thickness enamel coating internal 0.20-0.50 mm in production S4/AQL 6.5
external max. 0.70 mm exclusive décor
4.4 cold citric acid internal min. class A when taking into production a sig.diff.
4.5 boiling citric acid internal weight loss:
max. 10 g/m2 per 2 1/2 hours on test sheets conform EN ISO 28764 when taking into production a sig.diff.
2
4.6 boiling water internal weight loss: max. 5 g/m per 24 hours on test sheets conform EN ISO 28764 when taking into production a sig.diff.
water vapour internal weight loss: max. 10 g/m2 per 24 hours when taking into production a sig.diff.
4.7 detergent solution in consultation but claim per 24 hours on test sheets conform EN ISO 28764, when taking into production a sig.diff.
enamel recipe
4.9 impact resistance at 20 N no damages > 2 mm diameter after 24 hours daily min. 3 pans/casseroles/pots
4.11 thermal shock resistance 220 °C not applicable for lids daily min. 3 pans/casseroles/pots
4.39 adherence min. ”good” daily min. 3 pans/casseroles/pots
7.6.4 Remarks
Except from the quality requirements mentioned here above, also the requirements as mentioned in 4.23 need to be met.
For the testing frequency at 4.9, 4.10, 4.11 and 4.23 applies that these tests can be carried out on the same three pans/casseroles/pots, taking into
account that the tests are to be carried out in the sequence 4.23, 4.11, 4.9 and 4.10.
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7.7. QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR EXTERIOR PORCELAIN AND VITREOUS ENAMELLING OF FRYING-PANS, CASSEROLES AND POTS OF ALUMINIUM
This norm is applicable for exterior enamelled parts of:
- frying-pans, casseroles and pots

- saucepans.
7.7.2 Test methods

4.29 determination of the quality of Aluminium for enamelling
4.42 determination of the adhesion of enamels on Aluminium under the action
of an electrolyte (spalling test) ISO 13805
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4.3 thickness enamel coating 0.05 - 0.15 mm S4/AQL 6.5
4.29 Aluminium quality pure Al > 99.5 % Al or Al-Mn (Mn < 1.7 %), when taking into production
Mg max. 0.010 %
4.42 adhesion ISO 13805 when taking into production a sig.diff.
7.7.4 Remarks
Except from the quality requirements mentioned here above, also the requirements as mentioned in 4.23 need to be met.
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7.8. QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR PORCELAIN AND VITREOUS ENAMELLED WASHING MACHINES, DRUMS AND SPINNER BASKETS, WASH KETTLES, DISH-WASHERS AND DRYERS
This norm is applicable for parts of washing boilers, drums and spinner baskets, enamelled parts such as:
- washing machines: washing drums, spinner baskets, cover-tops and outside parts
- washing kettles: bottom plates and lids
- dish-washers: rinsing-areas and outside panels
- dryers: outside panels
7.8.2 Test methods

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4.2 material thickness min. material thickness: determination during design
washing machines: drums 0,9 mm
centrifugal drum: 0,8 mm
cover plates and outer cladding: 0,7 mm
wash boiler: Ø < 460 mm 1,0 mm, Ø > 460 mm 1,25 mm
dish-washers: rinsing area 0,9 mm
outer cladding: 0,7 mm
dryer: 0,7 mm
4.4 cold citric acid cover-tops and outside panels of washing machines, when taking into production a sig.diff.
dish-washers and dryers: min. class A enamel recipe, but at least 1 x a year
4.6 boiling water and water: weight lost max. 5 g/m2 per 24 hours test duration 48 hours when taking into production a sig.diff.
water vapour: weight lost max. 10 g/m2 per 24 hours test duration 48 hours when taking into production a sig.diff.
water vapour
is not applicable for outside panels, enamel recipe, but at least 1 x a year
dish-washers, dryers and
washing machines
4.7 detergent solution weight lost: max. 20 g/m2 per 2.5 hours; test duration 2.5 hours when taking into production a sig.diff.
4.10 adherence min. 3 on test sheets may be conform to
EN ISO 28764 in production 1 x a day
4.11 thermal shock resistance washing kettles: 240 °C on test sheets may be conform to when taking into production a sig.diff.
EN ISO 28764 enamel recipe, but at least 1 x a year
DC03ED / DC06ED / DC04EK
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7.9. QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR PORCELAIN AND VITREOUS ENAMELLED STEEL SANITARY WARE, BATHTUBS AND SHOWER BASINS
This norm is applicable for bathtubs, shower basins and enamelled steel sanitary ware, such as:
- piss-pots and slop-pails

- wash-bowls and rinsing-tubs for bathrooms
- humidifiers and cisterns
7.9.2 Test methods

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4.2 material thickness min. thickness for:
chamber pot and rinse bucket: 0,75 mm determination during design
wash basins and sinks, humidifier and water tanks: 0,90 mm,
bathtubs: 2,00 mm, shower basins: 1,50 mm
4.3 thickness enamel coating max. thickness 0.60 mm S4/AQL 6.5
min. thickness 0.20 mm
4.4 cold citric acid min. class A + when taking into production a sig.diff.
humidifiers and cisterns min. class A; enamel recipe, but at least 1 x a year
medical bathtubs class AA
cold sulphuric acid min. class A +, medical bathtubs class AA
4.5 boiling citric acid max. 5 g/m2 per 2.5 hours, when taking into production a sig.diff.
4.6 boiling water 10 g/m2 per 24 hours test duration 48 hours when taking into production a sig.diff.
4.7 detergent solution wash-bowls, rinsing-tubs and bathtubs test duration 2,5 hours when taking into production a sig.diff.
max. 8 g/m2 per 2.5 hours recipe, but at least 1 x a year
4.10 adherence < 2 mm min. 3, on test sheets may be conform in production 1 x a day
for medical bathtubs min. 2, > 2 mm min. 2 to EN ISO 28764
but at least 1 x a year
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7.10. QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR CAST IRON BATHTUBS, SHOWER BASINS
This norm is applicable for cast iron bathtubs and shower basins for household and medical applications.
7.10.2 Test methods

cast iron quality DIN EN 1561
4.7 determination of the resistance to chemical corrosion by boiling detergent solution - test apparatus according EN ISO 28706-2,
- test solution according EN ISO 28706-3/9
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cast iron quality
4.3 thickness enamel coating minimum 0.60 mm S4/AQL 6.5
4.4 cold citric acid - citric acid class A +, for medical bathtubs and when taking into production a sig.diff.
shower basins class AA enamel recipe, but at least 1 x a year
cold sulphuric acid - sulphuric acid class A +, for medical bathtubs and
shower basins class AA
4.5 boiling citric acid resistance weight loss: max. 5 g/m2 per 2.5 hours enamel recipe, but at least 1 x a year
4.6 boiling water weight loss: max. 10 g/m2 per 24 hours test duration 48 hours when taking into production a sig.diff.
4.7 detergent solution weight loss: max. 8 g/m2 per 2.5 hours, test duration 2,5 hours when taking into production a sig.diff.
4.9 impact resistance at 20 N no damage > 2 mm diameter when taking into production a sig.diff.
after 24 hours enamel recipe, but at least 1 x a year
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7.11. QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR PORCELAIN AND VITREOUS ENAMELLED PIECES OF APPARATUS FOR ROOM/ SPACE-HEATING AND GEYSERS (WATER-HEATERS)
(for power plant heat exchangers see 7.18 and 7.19)
This norm is applicable for enamelled pieces, such as:
- steel panels for room heating

- steel combustion-chambers
- wall-grids which are applied in pieces of apparatus for space-heating and geysers, which can be fired with gas, coal, as well as oil (petroleum).
- chimney tubes and pipes
7.11.2 Test methods

4.13 determination, detection and location of defects (non-destructive) EN ISO 8289
4.21 determination of resistance to heat ISO 4530
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4.2 material thickness panels, space heating and continuous flow heaters
min. 0,70 mm determination during design
chimney inserts and -tubes, heaters, boilers for
central heating and air heating min. 0,90 mm
4.3 thickness enamel coating wall-grids, cladding panels, geysers combustion areas S4/AQL 6.5
max. 0.40 mm, chimney tubes and pipes,
heat-exchangers max. 0.30 mm
4.4 cold citric acid wall-grids and panels space heating: on test sheets conform EN ISO 28764 when taking into production a sig.diff.
not acid resistant upper side: class A on test sheets conform EN ISO 28764 enamel recipe, but at least 1 x a year
geysers: class A
combustion areas gas fired: not acid resistant
oil fired: class A
4.10 adherence min. 2 on test sheets may be conform in production 1 x a day
to EN ISO 28764
4.13 defects heat-exchangers normal: max. 20 defects/m2 not applicable for borders in production 1 x a day
according to method A not valid in case cermet is applied in production 1 x a day
heat-exchangers low temperature: not valid for borders
max. 20 defects/m2 according to method A not valid in case cermet is applied
4.21 resistance to heat when overloading of 50 °C above normal application application temperature determined in draft-stage and when
temperature after 48 hours no bubbles, chipping off, changing enamel recipe
melting or open palpable cracks
4.28 steel quality in accordance with norm EN 10209 is recommended: DC04EK determination during design
4.40 thermal shock resistance panels space-heating, geyser 250 °C (test 5 x), combustion the thermal shock resistance of the when taking into production a sig.diff.
areas gas fired 250 °C (5 x), oil fired 400 °C (5x) pieces is to be determined by heating to enamel recipe, but at least 1 x a year
heat-exchangers 350 °C (5 x) wall-grids: not applicable the temperature as recorded in the table
and afterwards cooled down in water
of 20 ± 2 °C
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7.11.4 Remarks
For steel-plated combustion-spaces and heat-exchangers counts that in case the enamel layer show so-called drain lines, then the enamel layer may be max. 1 mm thick at those
areas.
For normal central heating heat-exchangers which are used only for floor-heating at low temperature, the requirements for low temperature heat-exchangers apply.
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7.12. QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR PORCELAIN AND VITREOUS ENAMELLED HOT WATER TANKS (BOILERS)
This norm is applicable for enamelled steel hot water stock tanks (boilers) in which water is heated that is also meant for consumption, with an operating principle according
to CEE publication 11, part II, section E (2nd edition, November 1996), and that may be equipped with a magnesium anode (that can or not be foreseen with a magnesium
anode)
GENERAL: THE PRODUCTS MEANT FROM THIS GROUP NEED TO MEET THE REQUIREMENTS AS DESCRIBED IN THE DIN 4753
7.12.2 Test methods

steel quality EN 10025, EN 10204, EN 10209, DIN 50049, DIN 4753
general requirements – construction DIN 4753
general requirements – enamelling DIN 4753
4.6 determination of the resistance to chemical corrosion by boiling water and/or water EN ISO 28706-2/14, EN ISO 28706-2/6
4.8 vapour
Specification and determination of the release of toxic elements UBA-guideline + national laws + DIN 4753-3
4.30 identification of defects for hot water tanks (non-destructive - visual only) DIN 4753-3; BS 3831 Appendix A; IVE Atlas of Defects
4.31 determination and measurement of protective current requirements for hot water DIN 4753-3
tanks
4.32 determination and control of Lead and Cadmium release for hot water tanks UBA-guideline + national laws (see also clause 4.8) + DIN 4753-3
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steel quality, construction and enamelling see DIN 4753 when taking into production
4.3 thickness enamel coating min. 0.15 mm 1%
4.4 cold citric acid min. class A solution 10 % HCl when taking into production a sig.diff.
test duration 1 hour enamel recipe, but at least 1x a year
4.6 boiling water max. 8.5 g/m 2
testing time: 2 periods of 3 weeks, when taking into production a sig.diff.
on test sheets may enamel recipe, but at least 1 x a year
be conform to EN ISO 28706
4.9 impact resistance at 10 N no damage > 1.5 mm diameter after 24 hours on test sheets may be conform to when taking into production a sig.diff.
EN ISO 28764 enamel recipe, but at least 1x a year
4.10 adherence DIN 4753 on test sheets may be conform to in production 1 x a year
EN ISO 28764, fire conditions should be
specified.
4.28. steel quality in accordance with norm EN 10025 is recommended: S235J / S275J recommendation during design
in accordance with the new EN-design is recommended: S235EK1, S275EK1
“hot rolled enamelling steels for one-sided enamelling”
in accordance with EN 10111 is recommended: DD11
For certain non-critical parts, also qualities
DC02EK / DC04EK in accordance with EN 10209 are used
4.30 defects DIN 4753-3 100 %

4.31 protective current DIN 4753-3 Test done on tank capacities <1000L in production 1 x a day
requirements
4.32 physiological control UBA guidelines for enamels in contact with drinking Test done according to EN 12873-1 See § risk based testing program of the 4MS
water document on the Certification and approval of
products in contact with drinking water
4.40 thermal shock resistance 3 tests: 200 °C, repeat 5 x on test sheets may be conform when taking into production a sig.diff.
to EN ISO 28764 enamel recipe, but at least 1 x a year
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7.13. QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR PORCELAIN AND VITREOUS ENAMELLED ARCHITECTURAL PANELS FOR OUTDOOR APPLICATIONS
This norm is applicable for enamelled architectural panels for outdoor applications of which the base material consists of steel.
GENERAL: THE PRODUCTS MEANT FROM THIS GROUP NEED TO MEET THE REQUIREMENTS AS DESCRIBED IN EN ISO 28722:
„Vitreous and porcelain enamels – Characteristics of the enamel coatings applied to steel panels intended for architecture“
7.13.2 Test methods

4.12 determination of the porosity by the high voltage test (destructive) ISO 2746
4.18 determination of scratch resistance EN ISO 15695
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4.2 material thickness min. 0.75 mm, not valid for laminated panels determination during design
4.3 thickness enamel coating max. 0.40 mm not applicable if covered with several S4/AQL 6.5
colour layers in order to achieve special (when coil production,1 x per 100 m2)
decorative effects
enamel recipe, but at least 1 x per year
4.5 boiling citric acid max. weight loss: 18.5 g/m2 per 2.5 hours when taking into production a sig.diff.
4.9 impact resistance at 20 N no damage when taking into production a sig.diff.
> 2.0 mm diameter after 24 hours enamel recipe, but at least 1 x a year
4.10 adherence min. 2 on test sheets may be conform to in production 1 x a day
EN ISO 28764
4.12 porosity max. 10 defects per m2 in production min. 1 %
or:
4.13 determination of defects max. 10 defects per m2 in accordance with EN ISO 8289 method B in production min. 1 %
or max. 5 defects per m 2 in accordance with EN ISO 8289 method A in production min. 1 %
4.18 scratch resistance min. 7 N when taking into production a sig.diff.
min. 4 N for metallic finishes and enamel recipe (exclusive colour oxides),
silk-screened finishes but at least 1 x a year
ISO 6370-1 and ISO 6370-2 but at least 1 x a year

DC01EK / DC04EK / DC04ED
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7.13.4 Remarks
The thickness of the sheet material and/or the panel construction must ensure that distortion cannot be imposed through manual force.
Articles must be equipped with sufficient protection against corrosion at the back side.
Finished flat architectural panels may not deviate more than 0.75 % in flatness with respect to the longest side and diagonal of the article, and must meet the requirements of
the manufacturer with regard to sheet thickness, sheet quality, construction and technical design of the article. The inspection frequency for this additional requirement during
production is at least 1 x per month. Panels are measured in the position in which they will be installed.
Possible firing marks at the back side of the non-glued panels must be retouched in order to prevent corrosion. The inspection frequency for this additional requirement during
production is at least 1 x a day.
Appearance (colour, structure and brightness of the products) must be equal to the appearance of an enamelled sample that has been approved of by the interested
partners. The inspection frequency for this additional requirement during production is 100 % of the material.
The enamelled surface shall be visually examined either in natural light or in artificial daylight D 65 (see EN-ISO-105-J03). The surface shall be examined from a minimum distance
of 1.5 m, or at the distance at which the fixed panel would normally be viewed, whichever is the greater. The enamelled surface exposed to the atmosphere shall be free from
defects liable to change the general appearance of the panel.
Resistance to graffiti: After eight days of ageing, inks, varnishes, lacquers or paints, shall be easily removable with suitable solvents without any visible gloss or colour change
in the enamel surface.
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7.14. QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR PORCELAIN AND VITREOUS ENAMELLED ARCHITECTURAL PANELS FOR INDOOR APPLICATIONS
This norm is applicable for enamelled architectural panels for indoor applications of which the base material consists of steel.
“Vitreous and porcelain enamels – Characteristics of the enamel coatings applied to steel panels intended for architecture“
7.14.2 Test methods

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colour layers in order to achieve special
decorative effects (when coil production, 1 x per 100 m2)
to EN ISO 28764
4.18 scratch resistance 7N when taking into production a sig.diff.
min. 4 N for metallic finishes and silk-screened finishes enamel recipe (exclusive colour oxides),
4.26 abrasion resistance max. 0.1 gram conform to ASTM C 501 when taking into production a sig.diff.
sandpaper S33/1kg/1000 rotations enamel recipe (exclusive colour oxides),
ISO 6370-1 and ISO 6370-2 but at least 1 x a year
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7.14.4 Remarks
The thickness of the sheet material and/or the (laminated or non-laminated) panel construction must ensure that distortion cannot be imposed through manual force.
Finished flat architectural panels may not deviate more than 0.75 % in flatness with respect to the longest side and diagonal of the article, and must meet the requirements of
the manufacturer with regard to sheet thickness, sheet quality, construction and technical design of the article. The inspection frequency for this additional requirement during
production is at least 1 x per month. Panels are measured in the position in which they will be installed.
Appearance (colour, structure and brightness of the products) must be equal to the appearance of an enamelled sample that has been approved of by the interested partners.
The inspection frequency for this additional requirement during production is 100 % of the material.
The enamelled surface shall be visually examined either in natural light or in artificial daylight D 65 (see EN-ISO-105-J03). The surface shall be examined from a distance at
which the fixed panel would normally be viewed. The enamelled surface shall be free from defects liable to change the general appearance of the panel.
Resistance to graffiti: After eight days of ageing, inks, varnishes, lacquers or paints, shall be easily removable with suitable solvents without any visible gloss or colour change
in the enamel surface.
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7.15. QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR PORCELAIN AND VITREOUS ENAMELLED CHALKBOARDS
This norm is applicable for enamelled chalkboards of which the basic material consists of steel or laminated steel.
“Vitreous and porcelain enamels – Enamel coatings applied to steel for writing surface – Specification“
7.15.2 Test methods

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(in coil production 1 x per 100 m2)
4.9 impact resistance at 20 N no damages > 2.0 mm diameter after 24 hours when taking into production a sig.diff.
to EN ISO 28764
4.17 gloss degree 2-20 measuring angle 60° S4/AQL 6.5
sandpaper S33/1kg/1000 rotations enamel recipe (exclusive colour-oxides),
ISO 6370-1 and ISO 6370-2 but at least 1 x per year
7.15.4 Remarks
The surface of the chalkboards must be suitable and easy to write on. Removal of writing should go smoothly with a dry felt eraser or latex sponge.
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7.16. QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR PORCELAIN AND VITREOUS ENAMELLED PROJECTION BOARDS
This norm is applicable for enamelled projection boards of which the basic material consists of steel or laminated steel.
7.16.2 Test methods

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4. 3 thickness enamel coating max. 0.20 mm S4/AQL 6.5
4.9 impact resistance at 20 N no damages > 2 mm diameter after 24 hours when taking into production a sig.diff.
to EN ISO 28764
4.17 gloss 5-90 measuring angle 60° S4/AQL 6.5
sandpaper S33/1kg/1000rotations enamel recipe (exclusive colour-oxides),
ISO 6370-1 , ISO 6370-2 but at least 1 x per year
7.16.4 Remarks
The white surface must be suitable for projection applications.
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7.17. QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR PORCELAIN AND VITREOUS ENAMELLED WHITEBOARDS
This norm is applicable for enamelled whiteboards of which the basic material consists of steel or laminated steel.
„Vitreous and porcelain enamels – Enamel coatings applied to steel for writing surface – Specification“
7.17.2 Test methods

4.19 determination of colour difference ISO 11664, ISO 18314
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4.9 impact resistance at 20 N no damages > 2.0 mm diameter after 24 hours when taking into production a sig.diff.
to EN ISO 28764
4.17 gloss min. 35 measuring angle 60° S4/AQL 6.5
min. 4 N for metallic finishes and silk-screened finishes enamel recipe, but at least 1 x per month
4.19 cleanability ΔE* < 0,5 after a thorough wet cleaning, the surface when taking into production a sig.diff.
contamination or colour fading under enamel recipe, but at least 1 x per year
influence of the marker pigment may not
exceed ΔE* = 0,5.
4.26 abrasion resistance max. 0.1 gram conform to ASTM C501 when taking into production a sig.diff.
ISO 6370-1, ISO 6370-2 but at least 1 x per year
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7.17.4 Remarks
A. The surface must be easy to write on with dry-erasable, water-soluble or permanent felt markers.
Writing with dry erasable felt markers should be easy to wipe off with a felt eraser or a cotton cloth.
Water-erasable writings should be easy to wipe off with water. Permanent felt-marker writing should be easy to remove with alcohol or any other solvent.
B. The whiteboard must have a surface hardness of min. 5 according to the scale of Mohs.
This requirement must at least be checked when taking into production a significantly different enamel recipe.
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7.18. QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR REGENERATIVE, PACKED AND PORCELAIN AND VITREOUS ENAMELLED HEAT-EXCHANGERS FOR AIR-GAS AND GAS-GAS HEATERS
This norm is applicable for the steel, the enamel and the enamel and the enamelled profiled heat-exchanger plates, before as well as after packing in baskets (See 4.43 EN 14866).
7.18.2 Test methods
A. Steel base
3.9.5.1 steel analysis EN 10209 / part 4.2 EN ISO 28763
4.16/4.43 determination of the permeability to hydrogen EN 10209 Annex A1, See part 4.3 of EN ISO 28763
or 4.22/4.43 determination of the resistance to fish scaling EN 10209 Annex A2; See part 4.4 of EN ISO 28763
4.27 determination of the steel surface activity (pickling speed, weight loss) EN 10209 Annex B
B. Enamel frits
4.35 determination of the resistance to chemical corrosion by boiling sulphuric acid EN ISO 28706-2/12
4.44 Determination of the fluidity behaviour, fusion flow test EN ISO 4534
4.45 Determination of the coefficient of mean linear thermal expansion of glass EN ISO 20274, ISO 7991
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C. Enamelling
3.5 visual assessment ISO 10141, EEA 8.7 / part 3 & 6.4 EN ISO 28763
4.13 determination, detection and location of defects (non-destructive) EN ISO 8289-1 and EN ISO 8289-2
4.20 determination of edge coverage EN ISO 28723
4.35 determination of the resistance to chemical corrosion by boiling sulphuric acid EN ISO 28706-2/12
D Package
3.5 visual assessment ISO 10141, EEA 8.7 / part 3 & 7.2 EN ISO 28763
4.20 determination of edge coverage EN ISO 28723
4.36 method for the packing of heat exchanger elements EEA Specification 8.7.8
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A. Steel base
Certificate (3.1 according to EN 10204) to be provided by steel manufacturer, stating:
steel analysis according to norm suitable for double-sided enamelling per melt
4.16 /4.43 > = 120 does not apply for steel types DC06EK per coil
hydrogen permeability and DC06ED
or 4.22/4.43 fish scale test no fish scales allowed per coil
4.27 pickling speed if required in consultation with the steel manufacturer per coil
and the enameller
B. Enamel frits
The enameller has to use checked enamel frits for this object.
The guarantee should be given by the frit manufacturer in a certificate
The requirements and the test recipes are determined in consultation between enameller and frit manufacturer.
The results are given in a certificate according to EN 10204 3.1
4.6 resistance against boiling if required by the enameller per 10,000 kg
2 2
water and/or vapour air-gas: 20 g/m /48h; gas-gas: 6 g/m /48h
4.35 resistance against per 5,000 kg
2 2
boiling sulphuric acid air-gas: 10 g/m /48h; gas-gas: 2 g/m /48h
4.40 resistance against if required in consultation with the frit manufacturer and the per 10,000 kg
thermal shock enameller; 5 x 350 degrees C, according EN 14866 annex A
4.44 fusion flow if required in consultation with the frit manufacturer and the per 10,000 kg
enameller
4.45 coefficient of expansion if required in consultation with the frit manufacturer and the per 10,000 kg
enameller
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C. Enamelling
4.3 thickness enamel coating the mean of the 54 measurements (36 measurements at point for measuring method: see § 4 1 % in production
number 1 and point number 2 of the corrugated panel plus the
18 measurements at point number 3 of the undulated panel)
shall be 150 µm ± 30 µm, unless a different mean is agreed
between customer and supplier at the time of ordering.
Along the area bordering the edge of the panel the total
thickness may measure up to 600 µm (i.e. 2 sides of 300 µm)
plus thickness of the substrate. If a different mean has been
agreed between customer and supplier then total enamel ISO 1463 measurements other than those on the
thickness along the area bordering the edge of the panel may indicated position points shall be
vary, but should be kept to a minimum to avoid chipping, determined using a microscope
spalling etc.
With the exception of edges and suspension holes, the
application thickness beside the measuring point (such as both
sides of the notches of the corrugation) shall nowhere fall
below 80 µm
4.10/4.43 adherence min. 2 A on test sheets conform to EN ISO 28764 in production 2 x per day
and EN ISO 28763
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C. Enamelling (cont.)
3.5 visual assessment fundamental defects may not occur fundamental defects are: blisters, burn-off, 100 %
chipping, copper heads, cracking, crazing,
fish scales, spalling and tearing as
described in EN 14866 part 3 & 6.4.
4.13 open defects maximum number of open defects: defects in form of cracks in a random check op 10 pairs of panels
in accordance with method B air-gas heaters: 50/m2 are not permitted out of a production of 1000 pair of
2
gas-gas heaters: 15/m panels; alternatively the number of
defects on pairs of heat exchanger
panels may be determined by checking
1% of production on a 2 hours cycle.
4.20 edge covering for air-gas heaters requirements in consultation with the
enameller and the end user
for gas-gas heaters if required by the customer
the edge covering of the pair of panels shall be determined
in accordance with EN 14863. The mean has to be agreed
between customer and supplier at the time of ordering
flatness requirement after the enamelling if required in consultation
between enameller and packager
4.35 boiling sulphuric acid Maximum mass loss: test specimens shall be prepared in 1 x per 5 tons frit
air-gas heaters: 10.0 g/m 2
accordance with EN ISO 28764 and shall
gas-gas heaters: 2.0 g/m 2 be pre-treated and enamelled under the
same circumstances as the production
of the heat exchanger plates. They
shall have an enamel layer thickness
of 150 μm ± 20μm.
4.40 thermal shock 5 x 350 °C on test sheets conform to EN ISO 28764,
resistance the resistance is tested on sheets of 1 x per order
100 x 100 mm with an enamel coating
thickness of 150 +/- 20 μm. The sheets
are cooled down in water of 20 °C
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D. Package
Test method Requirements Remarks Frequency
3.5 visual assessment for air-gas heaters requirements in consultation with the the visual examination shall be performed one basket per rotor ring shall
enameller and the end user after pressurizing the basket complete be tested
for gas-gas heaters: a visual examination should be carried with elements but without the pack being
out for defects such as chipping, cracking or spalling welded
(see Clause 3). Special attention shall be given on the contact
points between the corrugated and undulated plates
(the 2nd, the middle and the last but one pair of panels in the
basket)
4.20 edge covering for air-gas heaters requirements in consultation once per ring
with the enameller and the end user
for gas-gas heaters the edge covering shall be determined
on three pairs (corrugated + undulated) of panels per
basket (the second, the middle and the last but one pair
of panels in the basket) and there shall be an overall edge
covering of ≥ 95 %
4.36 package pressure 5000 - 8000 (± 1000) kg/m2 profile related 100 %
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7.18.4 Remarks (see also EEA 8.6.6)
On behalf of the test method 4.3 the following regulations must be complied with.
Adjustment of the measuring equipment shall be carried out on profile concerned.
Contrary to chapter 4.3 the measurement shall be carried out from point A to I (see figure).
The test points are situated at least 50 mm from the edge.
The measuring points on the corrugated panel are market with the numbers 1 and 2, on the undulated panel with 3.
This will result in 54 measurements from each pair of panels tested, 36 from each corrugated panel and 18 from each undulated panel.
Examples are shown in the figure.
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7.19. QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR PORCELAIN AND VITREOUS ENAMELLED HEAT EXCHANGER SHEET PAIRS AND TUBES FOR RECUPERATIVE EXCHANGERS
This norm is applicable for the steel and the enamel coating of the heat exchanger sheet pairs and tubes in recuperative exchangers.
7.19.2 Test methods
A. Steel-base
3.9.5.1 steel analysis EN 10209
4.16/4.43 determination of the permeability to hydrogen EN 10209 Annex A1, See part 3.3 of EN 14866 (12/2003)/ See EN ISO 28763
or
4.22/4.43 determination of the resistance to fish scaling EN 10209 Annex A2; See part 3.3 of EN 14866/ See EN ISO 28763
4.27 determination of the steel surface activity (pickling speed, weight loss) EN 10209 Annex B
B. Enamelling
3.5 visual assessment EEA 8.7, NEN 2711
4.34 determination of the crack formation temperature ISO 13807
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A. Steel base
Certificate (3.1. according to EN 10204) to be provided by steel manufacturer, stating:

steel analysis according to norm suitable for double-sided enamelling per melt / shipment
4.16 / 4.43 > = 120 does not apply for steel types DC06EK per coil
hydrogen permeability and DC06ED
or 4.22 / 4.43 fish scaling test no fish scales allowed per coil
4.27 pickling speed in consultation with the steel supplier and the enameller per melt / shipment
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B. Enamelling

3.5 visual assessment external: fundamental defects may not occur fundamental defects are flake off, chip 100 %
internal: in consultation off, copper heads, fish scales, pull off, bur-
ning through as described in NEN 2711
4.3 thickness enamel coating 120 - 400 μm 2 % in production
4.9 impact resistance at 20 N no damages > 2.0 mm diameter after 24 hours on test sheets may be conform when taking into production new recipe,
to EN ISO 28764 but at least 1 x a year
to EN ISO 28764
4.13 defects external < 25 / m2 per individual sheet according to defects in the form of cracks 2%
method B; average < 10 / m2 with respect to sheets are not permitted
forming part of a heat exchanger bloc. Internal method and
quality requirement to be discussed in consultation with
principal and enameller, depending on application
flatness requirement after the enamelling if required in consultation between if required in consultation between
enameller and customer enameller and customer
4.35 boiling sulphuric acid max. 3.0 g/m2 Test specimens shall be prepared in 1 x per 10 tons enamel
accordance with EN ISO 28764 and shall
be pre-treated and enamelled under the
same circumstances as the production
of the heat exchanger parts. They shall
have an enamel layer of 150 μm ± 20 μm.
4.40 thermal shock resistance 5 x 350 °C on test sheets may be conform to ISO when taking into production new enamel
2723, the resistance is tested on sheets recipe, but at least 1 x a year
of 100 mm x 100 mm with an enamel
coating thickness of 150 + 20 μm.
The sheets are cooled down in water of
20 ± 2 °C.
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7.20. QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR PORCELAIN AND VITREOUS ENAMELLED INDUSTRIAL TANKS
This norm is applicable for enamelled panels for industrial tanks (not chemical vessels). The steel quality must be suitable for enamelling and is to be agreed upon between the enameller
and the steel manufacturer / supplier.
7.20.2 Test methods

3.5 visual assessment EEA 8.7
3.9.3 determination of the hardness referring to Mohs EN 101
4.12 determination of the porosity by the high voltage test (destructive) ISO 2746
4.25 determination of the resistance to chemical corrosion by hot sodium hydroxide solution EN ISO 28706-4/9
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3.5 visual assessment internal 0 defects in production 100 %
external max. 5 defects/m2 (*)
3.9.3 hardness hardness Mohs ≥ 5 on test sheets when taking into production a sig.diff.
4.3 thickness enamel coating 0.34 ± 0.16 mm S4 AQL 2.5
4.4 cold citric acid min. class A EN ISO 28706-1 in production 1 x per month
cold sulphuric acid min. class A in production 1 x per month
cold hydrochloric acid min. class A solution 10 % in production 1 x per month
test duration 15 minutes
4.5 boiling citric acid weight loss: max. 5 g/ m2 per 2.5 hours on test sheets conform to EN ISO 28764, when taking into production a sig.diff.
test duration 2,5 hours, EN ISO 28706-2 enamel recipe, but at least 1 x a year
2
4.6 boiling water weight loss: max. 10 g/m per 48 hrs. vapour phase on test sheets conform to EN ISO 28764, when taking into production a sig.diff.
weight loss: max. 5 g/m2 per 48 hrs. liquid phase test duration 48 hours, EN ISO 28706-2 enamel recipe, but at least 1 x a year
4.7 detergent solutions weight loss: max. 5 g/m2 per 24 hours EN ISO 28706-3 when taking into production a sig.diff.
4.9 impact resistance max cracking: at 20 N no damage > 2 mm ø ISO 4532 when taking into production a sig.diff.
after 24 hours enamel recipe, but at least 1 x a year
4.10 adherence min. 2 on test sheets conform to EN ISO 28764 in production 1 x a month
or 4.39 min. ”good” on test sheets conform to EN ISO 28764 in production 1 x a month
4.12 porosity internal 0 defects EN 14430 in production 100 %
4.25 sodium hydroxide 80° C max. 8 g/m2 per 24 hours test duration 24 hours when taking into production a sig.diff.
EN ISO 28706-4 enamel recipe, but at least 1 x a year
4.28 steel quality double-sided enamel grade steel quality
or suitable construction steel for applied processing
(*) Defects at the outside: 5 defects of max. 1 mm diameter (on a test surface of 1 m2);
Max. 5 defects are allowed to be repaired, for example by means of a sealing kit.
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7.20.4 Remarks
Depending on the application, additional requirements can be demanded.

The visual final inspection of the tanks is to take place after mounting (assembling).
In case not specifically recorded, the above mentioned requirements are applicable as well for the internal as for the external enamel coating.
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7.21. QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR PORCELAIN AND VITREOUS ENAMELLED VALVES AND FITTINGS OF CAST IRON IN CONTACT WITH WATER
This norm is applicable for parts of cast iron in contact with raw water and drinking water.
7.21.2 Test methods

3.9.5.3 cast iron quality DIN EN 1561, DIN EN 1563
4.19 determination of colour difference ISO 7724 Pt. 1, Pt. 2 and Pt. 3
4.26 determination of abrasion resistance ISO 6370-1 and ISO 6370-2
4.48 determination of the resistance against corrosion and creeping after mechanical impact EEA specification 8.6.7
4.49 determination against climatic impact like weathering and UV-resistance EEA specification 8.6.8
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3.9 hardness hardness Mohs scale ≥ 4 respecting cutability when taking into production a sig.diff.
4.3 thickness enamel coating 200 – 600 μm (flat area) the coat thickness depends on S4/AQL 6.5
≥ 150 μm (edge covering) the intended use
4.4 cold citric acid class AA each lot
suitable for soil class III soil class III when taking into production a sig.diff.
4.6 boiling water no visible change of surface 48 hours water 100°C, when taking into production a sig.diff.
structure, loss of gloss is acceptable steam ≥ 100°C enamel recipe, but at least 1 x a year
4.9 impact resistance at 10 N no damages > 1,5 mm diameter after 24 hours DIN 3475 when taking into production a sig.diff.
4.13 surface properties single defect ≤ 1 mm diameter, less than 7 pores visual check without magnification S4/AQL 6.5
within 35 mm circle
4.18 scratch resistance no creeping, no loss of adherence 3 days in distilled water ≥ 80°C when taking into production a sig.diff.
4.19 colour difference even and smooth surface small colour differences at edges when taking into production a sig.diff.
are legal enamel recipe, but at least 1 x a year
4.26 abrasion resistance no creeping, no loss of adherence test with 100 N, 60 mm relatively when taking into production a sig.diff.
3 days in distilled water ≥ 80°C enamel recipe, but at least 1 x a year
4.40 thermal shock no visible defect temperature difference = 200°C when taking into production a sig.diff.
4.48 mechanical impact no creeping, no loss of adherence 3 days in distilled water ≥ 80°C when taking into production a sig.diff.
resistance enamel recipe, but at least 1 x a year
4.49 weathering & UV no separation, no loss of cycle time 12 hours, 10-50°C, when taking into production a sig.diff.
resistance corrosion resistance, no chalky 30-75% rel. humidity, afterwards enamel recipe, but at least 1 x a year
change of colour 168 hours UV-radiation 300 W, 0,5 m
then 3 days in distilled water ≥ 80°C
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7.22. QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR ARMATURES, FORM PARTS, PIPES, VALVES AND AGITATORS FOR THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
This norm is applicable for:

- parts of steel
- parts of cast iron
- parts of stainless steel
7.22.2 Test methods

4.33 determination of the chemical corrosion rate in hydrochloric acid vapour EN ISO 28706-2/13
4.34 determination of the crack formation temperature ISO 13807
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4.3 thickness enamel coating 0.8 - 2.5 mm (cast iron) the coating thickness depends of the in consultation between enameller
1.0 - 2.2 mm (steel) enamels used and the intended use and customer
4.25 corrosion rate in sodium ≤ 0.40 mm/a when taking into production a sig.diff.
hydroxide solution enamel recipe, but at least 1 x a year
4.33 corrosion rate in ≤ 0.08 mm/a when taking into production a sig.diff.
hydrochloric acid enamel recipe, but at least 1 x a year
4.34 crack formation ≥ 190 °C when taking into production a sig.diff.
temperature enamel recipe, but at least 1 x a year
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7.23. QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR WASTE-WATER-PIPES OF CAST IRON
This norm is applicable for cast iron waste-pipes.
7.23.2 Test methods

3.9.5.3 cast iron quality DIN EN 1561
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3.9.5.3 cast iron quality EEA-specification 8.1 when taking into production
4.3 thickness enamel coating < 1.5 mm 1%
4.4 cold citric acid class AA when taking into production a sig.diff.
cold sulphuric acid class AA enamel recipe, but at least 1 x a year
4.5 boiling hydrochloric weight loss: max. 10 g/m2 per 24 hours test duration 48 hours when taking into production a sig.diff.
acid resistance enamel recipe, but at least 1x a year
4.6 boiling water weight loss: max. 10 g/m2 per 24 hours test duration 48 hours when taking into production a sig.diff.
4.9 impact resistance at 20 N no damages when taking into production a sig.diff.
> 2 mm diameter after 24 hours enamel recipe, but at least 1 x a year
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7.24. QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR PORCELAIN AND VITREOUS ENAMELLED SILOS FOR ANIMAL FEED
This norm is applicable for enamelled silos for animal feed, made from steel.
This norm is n o t applicable for enamelled dung silos and industrial tanks.
For these silos apply 7.20 and 7.25.
7.24.2 Test methods

4.13 determination, detection and location of defects (non-destructive) EN ISO 8289-1, EN ISO 8289-2
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3.5 visual assessment internal 0 defects, external max. 5 defects/m 2 in production 100 %
4.2 material thickness in accordance with the requirements as to the strength when taking into production
4.3 thickness enamel coating inner and outer 0.34 ± 0.16 mm S4/AQL 2.5
4.4 cold citric acid min. class A EN ISO 28706-1 when taking into production a sig.diff.
2
4.5 boiling citric acid internal 7 g/m per 2.5 hours EN ISO 28706-2 when taking into production a sig.diff.
4.6 boiling water internal 7 g/m2 per 48 hours liquid phase test duration 48 hours, EN ISO 28706-2 when taking into production a sig.diff.
4.8 release of toxic elements conform to the national laws when taking into production a sig.diff.
enamel recipe
4.9 impact resistance inner and outer: at 20 N no damage > 2.0 mm when taking into production a sig.diff.
diameter after 24 hours enamel recipe, but at least 1 x a year
4.10 adherence min. 2 (metal less than 3 mm) on test sheets conform to EN ISO 28764 in production 1 x a month
4.13 defects inner max. 5 defects per m2 according to S4/AQL 2.5
EN ISO 8289 and no defects > 1 mm diameter,
reparations (touch up) are allowed
4.25 sodium hydroxide 80 °C max. 8 g/m2 per 24 hours test duration 24 hours when taking into production a sig.diff.
4.28 steel quality double-sided enamelling steel quality
4.39 adherence min. ”good” (metal more than 3 mm) on test sheets conform to EN ISO 28764 in production 1 x a month
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7.25. QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR PORCELAIN AND VITREOUS ENAMELLED DUNG SILOS
This norm is applicable for enamelled panels for dung silos.

The appropriate steel quality is to be agreed upon between the enameller and the steel manufacturer.
7.25.2 Test methods

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3.5 visual assessment internal 0 defects, external max. 5 defects/m 2 in production 100 %
4.3 thickness enamel coating 0.34 ± 0.16 mm S4/AQL 2.5
4.4 cold citric acid min. class A EN ISO 28706-1 when taking into production a sig.diff.
4.5 boiling citric acid weight loss: max.7 g/m2 per 2.5 hours on test sheets may be conform when taking into production a sig.diff.
to EN ISO 28764, EN ISO 28706-2 enamel recipe, but at least 1 x a year
2
4.6 boiling water weight loss: max. 7 g/m per 48 hours liquid phase EN ISO 28706-2 when taking into production a sig.diff.
on test sheets may be conform enamel recipe, but at least 1 x a year
be conform to EN ISO 28764,
test duration 48 hours
4.9 impact resistance at 20 N no damage on test sheets may be conform when taking into production a sig.diff.
> 2.0 mm diameter after 24 hours to EN ISO 28764, ISO 4532 enamel recipe, but at least 1 x a year
4.10 adherence min. 2 (metal less than 3 mm) on test sheets conform to EN ISO 28764 in production 1 x a month
4.13 defects inner max. 5 defects per m2 according to conform to EN ISO 8289 S4/AQL 2.5
EN ISO 8289 and no defects > 1 mm diameter, see remarks 7.25.4
Reparations (touch up) are allowed
4.25 sodium hydroxide 80 °C max. 8 g/m2 per 24 hours test duration 24 hours when taking into production a sig.diff.
4.28 steel quality two-side enamelling quality steel
4.39 adherence min. ”good” (metal more than 3 mm) on test sheets conform to EN ISO 28764 in production 1 x a month
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7.25.4 Remarks
One per 10 panels is to be inspected. When during this inspection defects are found, they may be repaired with the appropriate materials.
When defects are found all following panels are to be inspected until 20 panels come up to the requirements. Max. 5 repairs per m2 are allowed.
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7.26. QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR PORCELAIN AND VITREOUS ENAMELLED AGRARIAN ARTICLES
This norm is applicable for enamelled cattle water-troughs in cast iron.
7.26.2 Test methods

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4.2 material thickness min. 3.0 mm when taking into production
4.8 release of toxic elements conform requirements of the national laws when taking into production a sig.diff.
4.39 adherence min. ”good” on test sheets may be conform in production 1 x a day
to EN ISO 28764
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7.27 QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR PORCELAIN AND VITREOUS ENAMELLED SIGNS AND ADVERTISING BOARDS
This norm is applicable for enamelled signs and advertising boards of which the base material consists of steel.
7.27.2 Test methods

4.12 determination of the porosity by the high voltage test (destructive) ISO 2746, EN 14430
4.26 determination of abrasion resistance ASTM C501
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4.2 material thickness min 0.75 mm is not valid for laminated panels determination during design
colour layers in order to achieve special (when coil production, 1 x per 100 m2)
decorative effects
4.5 boiling citric acid max. weight loss: 18.5 g/m2 per 2,5 hours only for outdoor application when taking into production a sig.diff.
4.9 impact resistance at 20 N no damage when taking into production a sig.diff.
> 2.0 mm diameter after 24 hours enamel recipe, but at least 1 x a year
4.10 adherence min. 2 on test sheets may be conform to in production 1 x a day
EN ISO 28764
4.12 porosity max. 10 defects per m2 in production min. 1 %
or: only for outdoor application
4.13 determination of defects max. 10 defects per m 2 in accordance with EN ISO 8289 method B in production min. 1 %
or max. 5 defects per m2 in accordance with EN ISO 8289 method A in production min. 1 %
enamel recipe (exclusive colour oxides),
4.28 Steel quality in accordance with norm EN 10209 is recommended: determination during design
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7.27.4 Remarks
The thickness of the sheet material and the construction must ensure that distortion cannot be imposed through manual force. This can be achieved by installing stiffeners such
as flanged rims or otherwise, as determined in the design.
Articles must be equipped with sufficient protection against corrosion at the back side.
Signs may not deviate more than 1 % in flatness with respect to the longest side and diagonal of the article, and must meet the requirements of the manufacturer with regard
to sheet thickness, sheet quality, construction and technical design of the article. The inspection frequency for this additional requirement during production is 1 % of the material,
but at least 1 x per month. Signs are measured in the position in which they will be installed.
Possible firing marks at the back side of the non-glued panels must be retouched in order to prevent corrosion. The inspection frequency for this additional requirement during
production is at least 1 x a day.
Appearance (colour, structure and brightness of the products) must be equal to the appearance of an enamelled sample that has been approved of by the interested
partners. The inspection frequency for this additional requirement during production is 100 % of the material.
The enamelled surface shall be visually examined either in natural light or in artificial daylight D 65 (see EN-ISO-105-J03). The surface shall be examined from a minimum distance
of 1.5 m, or at the distance at which the fixed panel would normally be viewed, whichever is the greater.
In certain conditions and in agreement with the manufacturer signs and advertising boards for interior use may be produced with lower resistance against citric acid.
Graffiti has to be removed with a sponge or cloth and an appropriate solvent. After eight days of drying at ambient temperature, ink and varnish colours should also be washable without
visible traces (does not apply for precious metal coatings).
The quality requirements and testing regulations also apply for silk-screened-art enameled articles. However they are not valid for artistically free designed enameled articles (for the
latter, special arrangements can be made).
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8.0 EEA-specifications The silicon content plays an important role. Low silicon contents, below 2.5 %, are slowing
down the ferritisation process so that it is not finalized after the enamelling process has
8.1 Cast iron, suitable for enamelling been completed. An elevated outgassing, due to the conversion of perlite, causes pores
and pin holes during the final stage of firing.
8.1.1 Cast iron with lamellar graphite complying to DIN EN 1561 (grey cast iron)
Because of the perlite stabilizing effect, manganese contents more than 0.45 % should be
Chemical analysis avoided. They lead to an embrittlement and to a formation of strong stresses in the
composite material cast iron / enamel.
The following limiting values of the main elements should be kept:
a) Carbon, total C 3.20 - 3.40 Particularly critical for the enamelling are the trace elements Chromium, Molybdenum,
b) Carbon, combined C max. 0.20 Nickel, Titanium and Vanadium if the above mentioned maximal concentrations are
c) Silicon Si 2.50 - 3.25 exceeded. Consequently the perlite is that much stabilized, that only an incomplete
d) Manganese Mn max. 0.45 composition to ferrite takes place during enamelling. It leads to a fluctuating expansion
e) Phosphorus P 0.25 - 1.00 behaviour of the casting, depending upon its wall thickness.
f) Sulphur S max. 0.12
The Sulphur content is in particular to consider by applying the wet enamelling process for
Trace elements: cast iron. Sulphur contents up to max. 0.12 % in general do not cause defects.
g) Chromium Cr max. 0.05 Higher Sulphur contents can lead to severe difficulties in the enamelling because of the
h) Copper Cu max. 0.10 diffusion of Sulphur towards the cast iron surface. During the hot process the velocity of
i) Molybdenum Mo max. 0.05 oxidation is that much increased, that the thereby formed quantities of iron oxide cannot be
j) Nickel Ni max. 0.10 absorbed by the enamel.
k) Titanium Ti max. 0.05

The formation of stresses within the composite system cast iron / enamel is mainly, under
l) Vanadium V max. 0.05
consideration of different designs, a matter of the structure of the cast iron. After the casting
m) Tin Sn max. 0.10
process the structure must be Perlitic, not Cementitic.
n) Sum Cr + V + Ti max. 0.12
For the enamelling process the surface of the cast iron has to be clean and free of burned-
Saturation value: Sc = min. 1.04 max. 1.08 in sand. Its medium roughness should not exceed 300 microns.
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For cleaning the cast iron prior to enamelling only angular shot blasting material on the basis 8.1.2. Cast iron with spherical graphite complying to DIN EN 1563
of cast-steel or chilled cast iron has been proved. Both grades are having the essential (spherical graphite iron)
hardness and edge stability (Vickers-Hardness HV above 650). Fractionated corundum
also is very well suitable. Chemical analysis
The following limiting values of the main elements should be kept:
Cast iron with spherical graphite

Structure after thermal treatment
Ferritic Ferritic/Perlitic
a) Carbon, total C 3.00 - 4.00 3.00 - 4.00
b) Carbon, combined C max. 0.10 max. 0.50
c) Silicon Si 2.80 - 4.00 2.40 - 3.00
d) Manganese Mn max. 0.20 max. 0.40
e) Phosphorus P max. 0.05 max. 0.05
f) Sulphur S max. 0.005 max. 0.005
g) Magnesium Mg max. 0.05 max. 0.05
h) Aluminum Al max. 0.005 max. 0.005
Trace elements
i) Chromium Cr max. 0.05
j) Copper Cu max. 0.10
k) Molybdenum Mo max. 0.05
l) Nickel Ni max. 0.05
m) Titanium Ti max. 0.05
n) Vanadium V max. 0.05
o) Tin Sn max. 0,05
p) Sum Cr + V + Ti max. 0,12
Saturation value Sc = min. 1.04 max. 1.08

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In cast iron with spherical graphite the element Magnesium has the function to convert the basis of cast-steel or chilled cast iron has been proved. Both grades are having the essential
lamellar crystallizing carbon (graphite) into the spherical state of crystallization during hardness and edge-stability (Vickers - Hardness HV above 650). Fractionated corundum
casting and the following thermal treatment. is also very well suitable.
Due to the ferritic structure and the spherical form of graphite, steel-like elasticity
properties are attained.
Besides the nucleus formation and separation of spherical graphite, magnesium binds
Sulphur as Magnesium Sulfide. This Magnesium Sulfide is preferably absorbed by the slag
of which it reduces its surface tension considerably, so that magnesium slags cannot be
wetted by glasses.
Castings are contaminated and not s u i t a b l e f o r enamelling if an inadequate

slag separation takes place during the casting process. Notice has to be taken of a good
slag separation. Particularly good enamelling results are attainable if a spherical graphite
iron can be produced with a magnesium content less than 0.05 %.
Just as negative as on lamellar cast iron are the trace elements Chromium, Molybdenum,
Nickel, Titanium and Vanadium if the max. concentrations, as mentioned, are exceeded.
Consequently the perlite is that much stabilized, that only an incomplete decomposition to
ferrite takes place during enamelling. This is not only leading to a fluctuating expansion
behaviour depending on the wall thickness of the casting; there are also zones having a
structural transformation during enamelling by which a degassing occurs.
As for the enamelling of lamellar cast iron, the surface of the casting has to be clean and
free of burned-in sand.
The medium roughness should not exceed 300 microns.
For cleaning the cast iron prior to enamelling only angular shot blasting material on the
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8.2 Examination of metal pre-treatment 8.2.1.2 Determination of acid concentration, sulphuric acid pickling
8.2.1. Control of the sheet steel pre-treatment Analysis instructions:

8.2.1.1 Testing of degreasing baths Take a cooled (20 0C) sample of the pickling bath solution into a 100 ml measuring flask
and top up to the mark with distilled water. 10 ml of this solution ( = 1 ml original ) are to
Explanation be pipetted in an Erlenmeyer flask. After an addition of about 100 ml distilled water, about
Customary emulsifying degreasing is based on the emulsification of oily or greasy residues 5 g Ammoniumsulphate and 5 drops Bromocresol green, titrate with 0.1 n NaOH until the
in blends of hydrocarbons under the addition of surfactants or wetting agents. These are colour changes from orange to blue.
mostly long catenary organic compounds possessing a lipophilic (on-grease accumulating)
and a hydrophilic (on-water accumulating) part of a molecule. There are anionic or cationic ml consumption 0.1 n NaOH x 4.9 = g H2SO4 / l pickling solution
active or non-ionogenic surfactants. Due to skillful combinations optimal degreasing
results for each, oil, grease and emulsions are achieved by the manufacturers of degreasing Required reagents:
agents. Ammoniumsulphate
Bromocresol green
The multiplicity of combinations in degreasing agents does not permit to name a simple 0.1 g Bromocresol green dissolved in 100 ml ethanol
and in general valid analysis for enamelling works. For controlling the degreasing baths 0.1 n caustic soda solution
manufacturers of degreasing agents issue obligatory processing guidelines.
Because of the complicated control of degreasing baths it is recommendable to register

on a daily basis the m2 - surface throughput and its degree of fouling. A good general view
about the efficiency of degreasing baths results from the quantity of degreasing agents
used, the surface throughput and the degree of fouling.
Quick-test of degreasing baths

In order to check the effectiveness quickly, the following small-scale test should be carried
through several times per day.
A degreased component out of production is to be immersed for about 30 sec. into the pick-
ling bath (e.g. hot, 9 % sulphuric acid) and consequently rinsed with cold water. The water
film on the surface must remain closed and should not pull apart.
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8.2.1.3 Determination of bivalent iron, sulphuric acid pickling 8.2.1.4 Determination of nickel sulphate, nickel-exchange bath
Purpose and scope Purpose and scope

Too high a content of iron (II)-sulphate can lead to a crystallizing pickling bath while cooling In order to guarantee an even nickel deposition the concentration of nickel sulphate is
down. The concentration of iron in pickling baths has to be checked regularly. to be kept constant.
Analysis instructions Analysis instructions:

0
5 ml of a cooled (20 C) sample of the pickling bath solution is to be mixed with about 100 25 ml of a cooled (20 0C) sample of the nickel bath is to be diluted with about 100 ml distilled
ml distilled water and 10 ml Reinhardt-Zimmermann-solution in an Erlenmeyer flask and water in an Erlenmeyer flask. After about 20 ml ammonium chloride solution has been
titrated under strong agitation with 0.1 n KMnO4-solution. The titration is brought to an end added, it has to be mixed with a triethanolamine solution. This solution has to be slightly
when after the last addition of potassium permanganate the solution still shows after one acidic so that the masking of iron by triethanolamine can be realized. If necessary some
minute a light pink. drops of hydrochloric or sulphuric acid can be used for adjustment. The slight acidic
solution is to be set ammoniacal with about 25 ml ammonia and after the addition of Murexid
ml consumption 0.1 n KMnO4 x 1.1 = g Fe2+ / l pickling solution
titrate with:
0.1 m Complexon-III-solution until the colour changes from brownish pink to deep violet.
Required reagents:
Reinhardt-Zimmermann-solution:
ml consumption 0.1 m Complexon-III-solution x 1.1 = g NiSO4 x 7H2O / l nickel
67 g MnSO4 x 4 H2O, 138 ml H3PO4 (density 1.70) and
bath solution
130 ml H2SO4 ( density 1.82 ) are to be filled up with 1000 ml distilled water.
Required reagents:
0.1 n potassium permanganate solution
Ammonium chloride
54 g NH4Cl per liter
Ammonia 25 %, p.a.
Triethanolamine - solution
TriEthanol diluted in water in a proportion 1 : 1
Murexid
Murexid is mixed with NaCl in a proportion 1 : 200
0.1 m Complexon-III-solution
Complexon-III-solution is the bisodium salt of the ethylenediaminetetra
acetic acid (mol. weight 372.1) and is known under the trade name
Titriplex® (Merck) and Idranal® (Riedel de Haen)
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8.2.1.5 Determination of bivalent iron in the nickel-exchange bath 8.2.1.6 Determination of the nickel deposit on sheet steel

In order to guarantee an even nickel deposition and to avoid a crystallization by cooling, the It is often desirable to make knowledge of the nickel quantity deposited onto the steel.
iron(II)sulphate must be checked.
Analysis instruction
Analysis instructions: A sample of a defined size (approx. 5 X 5 cm) is to be cut out of a component that is to be
0
25 ml of a cooled (20 C) sample of the nickel bath solution is to be diluted with about 100 examined. The deposited nickel on its surface has to be taken off by a cold 10% nitric acid,
ml distilled water in an Erlenmeyer flask and after addition of about 20 ml 20 %-sulphuric then rinse the sample thoroughly with distilled water. Warm up the nitric acid solution and
acid and 5 drops diphenylaminosulfonic acid to be titrated with 0.02 n K2Cr2O7- solution. blend it with about 10 g of tartaric acid in order to mask possible dissolved iron. Set up the
Near the end point the green colour of the solution deepens. The titration is brought to an solution with ammonia whereby ironhydroxide must not precipitate; in case of this, increase
end when the colour of the solution changes from green to blue-violet. the amount of tartaric acid.
ml consumption 0.02 n K2Cr2 O7 x 0.04 = g Fe2+ / l nickel bath solution Precipitate the nickel with 10 ml of a 2% alcoholic dimethylglyoxime solution and pass the
red precipitate through a “white-ribbon” filter, rinse thoroughly with distilled water and dis-
Required reagents: solve it in about 5 ml of a 10% nitric acid.
Diphenylaminosulfonic acid: Dilute the clear solution with water, set it up with ammonia to slight ammoniacal, add
0.2 g Diphenylaminosulfonic acid to be dissolved in 100 ml n H2SO4 Murexid and titrate with 0.01m Complexion-III solution till the colour changes from
0.02 n K2Cr2O7-solution brownish-
pink to deep violet.
mlconsumption0.01mComplexion-III-solutionX5.87 = g Ni/m2 steel surface

cm2 sample surface
List of reagents:
10% nitric acid Tartaric
acid Dimethylglyoxime
solution
2 g dimethylglyoxime are dissolved in alcohol
Murexid
Murexid is to blend with NaCl in a proportion 1 : 200
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0.01m Complexion-III-solution 8.3 Examination of enamels and additives for enamelling

Complexion-III is the disodium salt of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid
(mol.wt. 372.1 and available as Titriplex® (Merck) and Idranal® (Riedel de Haen)). 8.3.1 Surface tension of enamels
Explanation
Surface tension or interfacial tension is, the surface of a liquid effecting, inwards directed
force. Because of these molecular forces liquids attempt to reduce their surface. Quite
small amounts of liquids endeavour to form a spherical shape. The higher the surface
tension the sooner the ideal spherical shape is attained (Mercury has a high, water a low
surface tension in relation to it). There are substances by which the surface tension of
liquids can be altered.
In the field of enamels and enamelling the surface tension is an object, when the material
changes over from the solid to the liquid state and vice versa. This takes place while melting
as well as while firing the enamel. Porcelain and vitreous enamels with a high surface
tension are aligned during firing towards the metal substrate; those with a low surface
tension towards the surface against air. In fact, the frit manufacturer greatly attends to this
and chooses an oxide composition of the enamel accordingly. Quincke (1868),
Winkelmann and Schott (1884) and others had found relations between surface tension
and the oxide composition of glasses. Dietzel picked up the tasks and obtained similar
correlations to the oxide composition of enamels. In 1942, he published a list of surface
tension factors comprehending a lot of enamel raw materials. The factors have been
established for mN/m percentage by weight. They permit a quite exact predetermination of
the surface tension of enamels. Later on, the list has been enlarged several times. In the
rank described below a small excerpt out of the table of these factors is given to calculate
the surface tension of enamels. The factors relate to 1 percent by weight at times.
-10 - 5.9 0.1 0.8 1.5 3.0 3.4 4.1 4.5 6.2 6.6
MoO3 Cr3O3 K2O B2O3 Na2O TiO2 SiO2 ZrO2 CoO/ NiO Al2O3 MgO
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As a comparison, the surface tension of:
Aluminum enamels = 170 to 250 mN/m

Cover coats = 220 to 250 mN/m
Ground coats = 240 to 300 mN/m
Measurement of surface tension of enamels

To measure the surface tension of enamels, one makes use of the drop method. Like all
measuring methods referring to this, the drop method also postulates an absolute
observance of many working and instrument parameters.
The discussion upon measuring procedures and conditions is not the aim of this
specification sheet.
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8.4 Enamel powder for the electrostatic application on sheet steel 8.4.1 Testing of powder fineness
The parameters of a powder affecting its workability in the enamel shop are residue of pow- The particle size distribution and especially the share of grains > 60 μm in powder
der, fluidity, electrical resistance as well as adherence of the powder on the sheet steel after enamels affects the application properties in the enamelling shop. It can be determined by
electrostatic application. They are to be registered in the laboratory and to be reproduced the known PRINCE test sieve (screen aperture 0.06 mm = 60 μm = 10000 mesh/cm2).
within quantitatively acceptable limits.
The residue of the powder in percentage by weight is a measure for the frequency of the
The following standard data have proved to be characteristic for an electrostatic powder: particles > 60 μm.
- Residue of powder RP > 40μm in % The figures can be reproduced up to an exactness of ± 0.5%. With laser or XRF-methods –
- Fluidity of powder FP in g/s also used for the production control of powder enamels – a complete granulometric analysis
- Short time powder adherence STPA in % including statistical information (d50, standard deviation) can be obtained.
- Surface resistance of powder SRP in Ω cm
(the resistivity is mostly determined in Ω cm)
From instrumental and external influences cleared measuring data is condition of a basic
research in the field of electrostatic powder application as well as quality control in the plant
and information concerning the powder behaviour in the enamel shop.
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8.4.2 Testing of powder fluidity Fluidity meter (sketch)
The fluidity of a powder means the ability to get whirled up in a gas stream. This property is A – air flow regulation unit
essential for how the powder can be transported through the tubes and pipes of a powder B – control panel
installation. Also the output of the spray guns is depending on it. The fluidity can be mea- C – fluidizing cylinder with
measured by the SAMES fluidity meter type AS100 or comparable. perforated bottom
D – weighing container
In order to get reproducible results, the following parameters are essential: E – inlet pressurized air
F – fine regulator air flow
a. the regularity of the powder G – coarse regulator air flow
b. the temperature and humidity of the air stream H – switch button
c. the velocity of the air stream I – graduated air flow meter
d. the geometry of the fluidizing bottom and the powder outlet J – pressure indication
K – powder outlet
Test procedure:
250 g of powder is filled into the cylinder C with perforated bottom (see fig.). The powder is
to be fluidized with a well-defined air stream (rel. humidity < 5 % C, temp. 25 °C, airflow ca.
200 N1/h) and additionally stirred with a spatula for one minute. After the fluidized powder
has reached a maximum volume in the cylinder, the outlet K is opened and the powder
trickling out in a container D during 30 seconds is then weighed. The average value in
gram can be used as a direct indication for fluidity of the powder which will be expressed
as gram/30 s. Quite generally a minimum fluidity of 70 g/30 swill be required, the individual
values being dependent on the specific conditions in the powder booth.
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8.4.3 Testing of powder adhesion 8.4.4. Testing of the electrical resistance of the powder
For the determination of the powder adhesion a special impact apparatus has been The electrical resistance of enamel powder can be determined by a simple principle. The
developed (see fig.). A 200 x 200 mm stainless steel sheet, covered with about 20 g enamel powder (80 g) is placed between two electrodes formed as tank and stamp (see fig.). By
powder on one side, is fixed on the pendulum arm C by a screw. After removing the applying an electrical voltage a current begins to flow; its intensity is a measure for the
positioning bolt D the pendulum arm bounces on the rack E. By this impact a part of the resistance of the enclosed powder.
powder drops. The steel sheet is then removed from its fixture and the remaining powder
is reweighed. The quotient of the powder on the steel sheet in g before and after the impact, The reliability of the test result depends essentially on the amount of powder, the surface
multiplied by and geometry of the electrodes and the pressure of the stamp onto the powder. Standard-
100 gives the value of adhesion in %. ized measuring conditions can be achieved in a standard cell (see fig.) with integrated
resistance device. The graduation allows readings up to 1016 Ω. Between the electrodes in
Because the powder adhesion drops with the time between powder coating and impact, an the tank and the stamp, two paths for the current are available:
interval of 15 min. has been defined for standard applications. Under these conditions the
powder adhesion should have a minimum value of 60 %. a. the path of high resistance (> 1016 Ω ) throughout the enamel particles
b. the path of minor resistance along the surface of the particles.
Impact Apparatus (sketch)
As the current always chooses the way of the lowest resistance, it flows principally along
A – fixed test plate the surface. This means, that the determined Ω-value is identical to the surface resistance
B – adjusting bench for pendulum arm of the powder. Multiplication of this value with the quotient of the electrode area (stamp)
C – pendulum arm in cm2 and the thickness of the powder layer gives the specific surface resistance in the
D – positioning bolt dimension Ω • cm. These values have been reported mostly. As the specific resistance is a
E – rack constant property of a solid material - according to the volume resistance – this parameter
should not used for the characterization of powders of low density and surface conductivity.
Therefore, the surface resistance in Ω • cm is best suited for the expression of the electrical
resistance of powders. Despite the fact, that the figures are only relative, the measuring
results achieved under standard conditions allow for a effective comparison of different
electrostatic powders.
Correlation between surface resistance and powder adhesion

A good powder adhesion prerequisites, that the enamel particles spread onto the sheet
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steel keep their electrical charge for some time. The Coulomb interaction between the A – measuring cell of PTFE Measuring Principle
negatively charged particle (powder) layer and the positively charged steel plate will only B – electrode stamp
continue as a long as the charge difference remains. After the entire loading of the particles C – bottom plate
has flown off, the particles fall down. Consequently, enamel particles must have dielectric D – vertical adjustment
properties and have therefore a high current flow resistance. Untreated enamel powder E – steering rods
does not adhere because of the relatively high conductivity of the surface bound OH- F – clamp
groups and adsorbed water. By coating the powder with reactive Silanol components the G – ground
harmful influence of the OH-groups and traces of water can be eliminated and the surface H – diode socket
conductivity can be reduced considerably. As a result, coated powders show an increased I – printer connection
surface resistance of about 7 orders of magnitude! K – electrode connection
L – power supply
The surface resistance is a measure of the efficiency of the particle coating. Moreover, it M – switch button
indicates whether the coated powder withstands any attack by humidity out of the air after N – voltage control
ageing. Powders with a high surface resistance (>1014 Ω) result in good figures for the O – resistance range
powder adhesion. P – resistance display
Standard Cell Commercial Measuring Unit
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8.5 Examination of enamelling clays 2. pH-value of the clay-water-suspension

Stir 50 g clay into 100 ml distilled water. Store it for 30 minutes and measure the pH-value
Purpose and scope of the unfiltered sludge. pH-values between 4.3 and 5.5 are valid.
The rheological effects of enamelling clays in enamel suspensions can be classified by a
methylene blue titration. The following should be controlled: 3. Determination of colour co-ordinates
The colour of the fired clay is to be checked in a white enamelling as described.
1. Adsorption of methylene blue A white enamelling with a standard clay is to be compared to such a white enamelling with
2. pH-value in aqueous suspension a test clay. For milling, a Rosetti-mill is used with the following formula:
3. Colour co-ordinates
4. Cleanliness Standard frit 100.00
Clay 3.50
Analysis instruction Sodium aluminate 0.15
Potassium carbonate 0.10
1. Determination of the methylene blue adsorption Water 47.00
0
Dry the clay at 105 C. Weigh precisely a sample of 2.2 g blue clay or 2.5 g white clay and boil it
for 5 minutes in 25 ml of distilled water. Add 3 ml 6n H2SO4 and mix intensively for at least 30 The specific gravity of the slip should be at least 1.7 g/ml.
seconds. After being cooled, add 25 ml methylene blue solution (I) and stir for Apply the enamel slip onto normal sheet steel plates over ground coat and fire them ac-
5 minutes (magnetic stirrer). Place one drop of this suspension onto a filter paper. When the cording to the type of the standard frit (e.g. 820 0C; 3 minutes).
ending edge is achromatic, titrate the suspension with methylene blue solution (II) till the
ending fluid edge gleams blueish; that is to say until the clay does not absorp any more In order to determine the colour co-ordinates use a Hunterlab or similar colour measuring
methylene blue. In order to guarantee a complete adsorption, the supply of methylene blue apparatus.
during titration has to be slow. Stir about 2 minutes between supply and checkup.
Consumption = a ml. 4. Control of cleanliness
100 g clay are to be suspended in water, intensively stirred and screened through a 3600
(25x3.2)+(ax1.6) = mg methylene blue per 1 g clay mesh sieve (=100 μm mesh aperture). The residue is to be mingled into 100 g white enamel
g weight of sample slip. A test enamelling on ground coated sample plates must result in a faultless white
enamelling.
As a measure of a classification of enamelling clays, the following figures are valid:
Blue clay 40-46 mg/g
White clay 33-38 mg/g
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Required reagents: 8.5.1 Testing of setting agents and other accessory materials
Methylene blue solution (I)
Dissolve 3.2 mg methylene blue in 500 ml distilled water of about 70 0C. Put Purpose and scope
0
this solution in a 1000 ml measuring flask and fill up at 20 C with distilled water. Testing of setting agents and other accessory materials can mostly be done in the
laboratory of the enamelling shop. The various analytical processes presuppose training
Methylene blue solution (II) and experience.
Dissolve 1.6 g methylene blue in 500 ml distilled water of about 70 0C. Put this
solution Normally, setting agents are genuine or chemically pure chemicals supplied by the chemical
in a 1000 ml measuring flask and fill up at 20 0C with distilled water. industry with their final quality control.
6n sulphuric acid It is substantial for the processing plant to store the setting agents according to their
Mix 167 ml concentrated H2SO4 (Density 1.84) with 700 ml distilled water and fill up storage specifications. Some of them, e.g. sodium aluminate, are hygroscopic. That is to
to 1000 ml with distilled water. say, they adsorb water, so that the agent cannot be used for enamelling.
In case of doubt about the correct storage of accessory materials, suppliers or

manufacturers should be contacted for the
corresponding specifications.
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8.5.2 Requirements set on water to be used in the enamelling shop Units of water hardness of different countries and their conversion factors
(mval/kg = 28 mg CaO or 50 mg CaCO3 per 1000 ml water):
Generally
In general water is not considered to be an enamel raw material, although it is used with Germany:
about 30% in the enamel slip. The other consumer of water in the enamelling shop is the 10GH = German degree of hardness = 10 mg CaO per 100 ml water
pre-treatment line. Requirements upon the quality of water as requested by these two 10GH = 1.780FH = 1.250BH = 17.8 ppm = 0.357 mval/kg
users are quite different.
France:
Water for the pre-treatment 10FH = French degree of hardness = 10 mg CaCO3 per 1000 ml water
The particular pre-treatment steps are finishing with a rinse. Task of the rinse is to wash-off 10FH = 0.560GH = 0.70BH = 10 ppm = 0.2 mval/kg
emulsified and saponified greases, oils and salts. No chemical reaction must take place be-
tween the products arising from the various working processes and the rinsing water. The Great Britain:
to be used water must be extensively free of alkaline earths. The percentage of alkaline 10BH = British degree of hardness = 1 grain CaCO3 per gallon = 14.3 mg
earths in the water is expressed in degree of water hardness which can be inquired from CaCO3 per 1000 ml water
the water supplier. In order to achieve the highest possible production assurance, the use 10BH = 0.80GH = 1.430FH = 14.3 ppm = 0.286 mval/kg
of at least cation-desalinated water is recommended.
USA:
Water for the preparation of the enamel slip ppm = 1 part per million = 1 mg CaCO3 per 1000 ml water
On earth, water is the most widespread solvent. The purer a water, the more eager it is to 1 ppm = 0.0560GH = 0.10FH = 0.070BH = 0.02 mval/kg
assimilate ions. With the preparation of enamel slips this dissolving behaviour is undesired
because it is looked upon equivalent to the leaching process of enamels. A too high alkali Regulations for the analysis of water
content in the water of the slip normally influences the setting characteristics of the clay in a
negative way. The properties of the slip become uncontrollable because of the longer lasting Determination of the pH-value
dissolving process. The use of harder waters for milling is proven. Thereby, additions of clay The pH-value indicates the acidic or alkaline character of the water. It is measured on an
and setting agents can be reduced. In order to have always the same level of calcium in the electrometric basis with potentiometers. For the calibration of the testing instruments, test
milling water, one adjusts by adding calcium silicate hydrate to about 350 GH, which is the solutions are available.
degree of saturation.
Determination of the conductivity
The conductivity is measured on an electrometric basis with potentiometers.
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Determination of the total hardness Test report

Take 100 ml of the water to be tested and mix it with a few drops ammonia and one indicator To be mentioned are:
buffer tablet. Titrate with Complexon-A from red violet via grey till the colour changes into Kind and origin of samples
green. Place and date of test
Water temperature
ml consumption of Complexon X 5.6 = o German hardness pH-value and conductivity of water
Total-, Calcium- and Magnesium hardness
Determination of the calcium and magnesium hardness
Mix 100 ml of the water to be tested with 4 ml potash lye and 5 - 10 drops of 0.4%
Calcon carboxylic acid. In presence of Ca-ions the solution is wine red. Titrate this with
Complexon-C-solution till the colour changes into net blue.
ml consumption of Complexon X 2.4 = o German calcium hardness
The magnesium hardness is calculated :
Magnesium hardness = total hardness - calcium hardness
Required reagents
Complexon A
Indicator buffer tablets for the determination of hardness
Ammonia solution p.a. (about 25%)
Complexon C
Potash lye
50 g solid potassium hydroxide to be dissolved in
50 ml distilled water
!!! wear protective glasses !!!
Calcon carboxylic acid solution
0.4 g Calcon carboxylic acid to be dissolved in 100 ml methanol
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8.5.3 Conditions of grinding When the fine grains are washed out, the coarse particles, being bigger than the mesh
8.5.3.1 Test of the fineness of grinding aperture of the test sieve, remain on the test sieve. The sieving procedure is over as soon
as clear water runs out of the sieving funnel. Then, close the measuring tube with the stop-
Purpose and scope per, fill it with water and put the sieving funnel on it. Allow a strong jet of water to pass from
Wet milling of enamels requires to focus on the fineness of grinding and to strive for an al- the outside through the sieve. Remove any existing air bubbles by gentle knocking and
ways stable grain structure. For testing the fineness of grinding, simple devices, which are dislodge the sieve residue by agitation after which it drops into the measuring tube, where
easy to attend, are available. For usual enamellings, adequate results are obtainable. But the amount can be read on the graduation of the scale.
one must be aware of too high expectations from these hand tests. Simple test equipment
cannot be precise and has not been geared for that purpose. The percentage of the coarse particles in the slip is calculated by a multiplication of the
read off units by factor 1.7. It would be absurd to calculate the percentage down to the
The PRINCE enamel test sieve proved itself in practice. It comprises the following decimal point, because the sensitivity of this test is not that precise. It is just a typical handy
items: Sieving funnel of transparent plastic with test sieves made of phosphor bronze in a check, suitable in the best manner for the shop.
plastic screw base (different colours depending on the screen aperture) :
- Measuring tube with scale and stopper PRINCE and FERRO developed test methods for the determination of the fineness of
- Funnel tube grinding, but with distinguished graduation figures. The existing relations between these
- Measuring beaker of plastic ( formerly brass) two methods can be tabulated:
The screen aperture of test sieves is depending on the purpose of the slip. For dipping or GraduationonthedevicesofPRINCE andFERRO
spraying, black sieves of 100 μm mesh aperture = 3600 mesh per cm2, for electrostatic 0.5 3.5
applications, blue sieves of 75 μm mesh aperture = 6400 mesh per cm2 are in use. Aluminum 1 5.5
enamels are even finer ground. Test white sieves of 40 μm mesh aperture = 16900 mesh 2 7.3
per cm2 are essential. The sieves are standardized in accordance with ISO3310/1 3 8.7
4 10.0
Operating instructions The test method PRINCE requires a sample of 12.5 ml, whereas the test with the conical
To check the fineness of grinding, fill the measuring beaker (12.5 ml) to the brim with the FERRO test sieve needs 250 ml.
slip under test. Rinse the sample through the funnel tube onto the test sieve and wash the
slip through the test sieve. Best is to swing the sieving funnel in a container of water.1) By using this test method, one catches the coarse grains only; consequently only a few
percent of the total grain structure. In order to diminish this lack, it is advisable to use a test
1)
The widespread method to press the slip through the test sieve by means of a strongjet sieve which permits a test sieve residue of at least 3 scale graduations. Preferably use test
of water is wrong. By this, the test sieve netting expands, so that the coarser particles are sieves of 6400 to 10000 mesh instead of 3600 mesh test sieve. One can also use a laser
forced through. An experienced checker will be able to measure almost any desired fine- particle size analyser to get a full grain size distribution.
ness of grinding.
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8.5.3.2 Examination of test sieve residue 8.5.4 The flow characteristics of enamel slip (slurry)
Purpose and scope Elucidation

In order to reduce the share of defects in enamelling, it is recommendable to investigate Enamel slips do belong to the muds and are in the widest meaning not a Newtonian liquid.
the collected sieve residue, that is left over from the test of fineness of grinding, thoroughly. For the most part, muds are colloidal systems i.e. one phase is very fine distributed but
Such residue delivers references to mill damage and other dragged-in contamination. embedded in another phase. The media can be in a solid, liquid or gaseous state. Colloids
are not in a thermodynamic equilibrium. One of their most important properties is, that their
After the test of fineness of grinding, the sieve residue is in the measuring tube. Pour a part internal surface is much larger than their external one. Systems with solid state particles
of the supernatant water, shake and mix the sieve residue with the rest of the water and embedded in liquids are called suspensions. Independence of the size of the solid state
pour it onto a filter paper or white cloth. Should the sieve residue consist not only of enamel particles, one has to differentiate between coarse dispersive, colloid dispersive and
particles but also of other materials, then further measures are recommended to find out molecular dispersive systems. The transitions are floating and are numerically not defined.
which foreign matter it is and from where it originates. White, very hard particles are mostly If in a colloidal system, the gaps between the solid state particles are repleted with liquid
porcelain or steatite caused by broken milling balls or mill lining. Smudgy or sticky, greyish and are then getting smaller than their average diameter, the system solidifies; the liquid
looking pellets which can be crushed, are clay minerals. In this case, after the mill was suspension becomes a gel. The viscosity of muds mainly depends on the velocity gradient,
loaded, clay formed a big clot in the mill, not being wetted by the mill water. Also particles the flow duration and pressure. In aqueous solutions temperature only plays a
of rust are no rarity. Their origin can be of various kinds. In any case, one should search subordinated role and is sufficiently described as room temperature, quite different to oil
for the sources of contamination, because black, grey or white specks in the enamelling emulsions. In this case, the functional relationship of the oil temperature strongly influences
often arise from contaminated slips. In most of these cases these contamination can be the rheological properties.
recognized in the sieve residue.
Enamel slips are intrinsic viscous liquids with a flow limit and superimposed thixotropy.
To make sure, that the sieve residue is not causing defects in the enamelling, take a bigger They consist of a mixture of ground frits, water and additions like clay, quartz, colouring
quantity of slip, screen it and stir about 5 - 10 g of this residue into 100 ml of slip in use. oxides, setting agents and substances which subsequently influence the dry enamel layer.
Test plates enamelled with this mixture will indicate the defects which can derive from the
sieve residue. Various demands are imposed upon the flow behaviour of the enamel slip. It is supposed to
be relative viscous, it is not allowed to settle and must have an easy workability for
application. It must be uniformly distributed on the article. The applied wet layer should not
move when transported. The dried biscuit must be free of cracks and has to have enough
biscuit strength to withstand the transfer onto the firing chain without any damage.
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These requirements exclude any subjective opinion of the slip. Its physical characteristics 8.5.4.1 Terms of rheology
like density, flow behaviour etc. must be secured by defined data and permissible limits.
Viscosity
The science of flowing is called rheology. The term ”Flowing” is not to be explained in just Viscosity is a measure of the internal friction of a substance, i.e. the force to conquer the
one sentence. One knows about fast, viscous, uniformly and jerky flowing. Water e.g., interior of a body to affect its appearance.
flows uniformly and fast, paste is viscous and emulsions like body lotions are viscous but
can be liquidfied by shaking. In order to describe the flow of a substance, some more From a scientific point of view, viscosity is the proportion of shearing strength to the slope
rheological terms are in use (see also DIN 13342). of velocity. This interdependence graphically represented in the corresponding coordinate
system for perfect liquids shows a straight line intersecting the origin of the coordinates.
Liquids without this behaviour, e.g. enamel slips, are non-Newtonian.
Yield point
The start of flow is called yield point. Flow only starts after some defined force has been
applied or stops after force removal.
Thixotropy
Thixotropy is the transition of a substance from a gel to a liquid and vice versa.
Shearing strength
Shearing strength is the requisite force to shift two plates against each other having a liquid
in between them.
Slope of velocity
The shearing strength allows a liquid to flow in the gap between two plates. Consequently
different decreases of velocity will arise in dependence of each kind of a liquid.
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8.5.4.2 Determination of the density of slips 8.5.4.3 Determination of the flow behaviour of enamel slips by simple methods

The density or specific gravity is the weight of one liter of slip in kilogram. The slip density The meaning of this specification sheet is to determine the slip properties by simple
results from densities of the single components. Frit, quartz and clay have in average a methods. The equipment required is reasonably priced and easy to handle, though always
density of 2.6 g/cm3. There are also enamels available with a higher or lower density. The the sum of several flow parameters is registered.
frit supplier has this information. Water has a density of 1.0 g/ml. Colouring oxides have very
different densities. They can be as high as 4 g/cm3 and more. The small quantities of setting
With the described equipment, the following is obtained:
agents can be neglected by the calculation of the density of slips.
1. Dipping test sheet or cylinder Yield point and Thixotropy

To predetermine the slip density, divide the sum of the weights of the single components
2. Enamel slip gauge Viscosity and Thixotropy
by the sum of their volume.
3. Slump test Viscosity and Thixotropy
4. Outflow cup Flow in pipes
The fineness of grinding of the slip has no influence upon its density.
1. Dipping test and dipping cylinder

Method of operation
One liter or a part of the slip can be weight out. Normally, the PRINCE density meter The flow of a slip can be simulated with plane or shaped sheet sections. By weighing and
with a volume of 100 ml is used. conversion into one square meter of surface, the amount of slip left on the to be enamelled
part is obtained. This amount permits an estimation of the subsequent application thick-
ness of enamel. This test method is among other things affected by varied manual draw-out
velocities.
Method of operation:
A test sheet of defined dimensions is dipped into the slip and withdrawn obliquely. After
the excess slip has drained off, the amount left on the sheet is determined by weighing.
Since the area of the sheet is readily measured, it is easy to calculate the specific amount
applied.
There is no need for any calculation if the same sheet is used frequently. Then the applied
weight is a direct measure. For external use, the application weight has to be expressed
in g/m2, because the size of the test sheet is unknown to the interlocutor. In order to fit a
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larger surface within small space, the test sheet is bent to give a cylinder. The results by Helpful information can be achieved with regard to the judgement of fluidity of muds in
this are more accurate. closed pipes (pump feeding).
The application weight and the observations made of the flow, can be, in a limited way, the Unsuitable for the judgement of application properties of enamel slips are the DIN or Ford-
criteria of the application behaviour of the slip. beaker and the Lehmann-Viscosity meter.
2. Enamel slip gauge

The PRINCE enamel slip gauge has been developed in order to characterize the
consistency of the slip quickly, without weighing. The device allows comparisons of slips
of the same type and consists of a blade of stainless steel, sized 27 • 4 cm with ten holes
with steadily increasing diameters from 5 - 14 mm.
Use the gauge to stir the slip under test, then lift out the blade vertically with uniform
velocity. By draining the slip off the blade, the holes open up, incipient with the lowest,
the biggest. The number of open holes can be of information about the application
behaviour.
The test method is among other things affected by varied manual draw-out velocities.
3. Slump test
The slump test belongs to the more costly but also more exacting test methods. The spread
of a fixed volume of slip on a panel scored with concentric rings is measured. The test pro-
vides information about viscosity and thixotropy. Both properties are covered by one sum
in which the spreading of watery slips is predominantly affected by its viscosity. An existing
thixotropy affects the test results of viscous enamel slips.
A metal cylinder is placed in time, no real statement can be made about the application
behaviour of enamel slips. It has been tried again and again to change the design of outflow
cups, enabling them for mud processing, but non representative or reproducible results
have been achieved.
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8.5.4.4 Determination of the flow-characteristic of enamel slips by means of 8.5.4.5 Determination of the flow-characteristic of enamel slips by means of
rotary viscosity meters viscosity testers

The principle of rotary viscosity meters in combination with coaxial cylinder-measuring Viscosity testers are rotary viscosity meters, with which one is able to measure the
systems allows the absolute measurement of single flow-characteristics. In the ring slot, torsional shearing stress with the help of given velocity gradients. According to
between the plates formed to cylinders, there is the to be measured liquid. By a construction and measuring-system, the measurements are directly comparable to
defined motion of the cylinders against each other and a measurement of the appearing continuous working devices. Due to the fact, that viscosity testers are only able to do
forces, the measuring problem can be solved in a mathematical way. point determinations, no flow diagram is available. As a measuring system, the Searle-
system is used predominantly. The adjustable velocity gradient steps should be in-between
One distinguishes from two forms in the execution of the measuring system: 75 to 600 s-1.
1. The Searle-system: The inner cylinder (body of revolution) rotates with a constant or Viscosity testers provide very good measurements for the internal control of enamel
slips.
variable rate of revolutions, while the outer cylinder (measuring beaker) is in a fixed state.
The liquid in the ring slot flows and generates a torque, that is directly depending on the
liquid’s viscosity.
2. The Couette-system: The outer cylinder rotates and makes the liquid in the ring slot flow.
The resistance of the liquid against the shearing action transfers a directly on the viscosity
of the liquid depending torque onto the inner cylinder.
Details of standard measuring-systems are described in DIN 53018.
The relation between the torsional shearing stress and the velocity gradient are nowadays
automatically seized in a flow diagram. Out of this, the flow-characteristics of a liquid or a
mud can be seen. Because of the fact, that most of the laboratories are equipped with desk
calculators, single measurements can be printed and can be compared to one another.
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EEA2020
8.6 Testing of porcelain and vitreous enamel coatings 29. to 33. day daily water-replacement (5. week)
34. and 35. day no water-replacement
8.6.1 Determination of resistance to boiling water by long-term exposure 36. to 40. day daily water-replacement (6. week)
41. and 42 day no water-replacement
Purpose and scope 43. day: The test plates are, just like on the 22. day,
The enamelling of devices and receptacles, that have to face repetition of stress by means cleaned, dried and weighed.
of boiling or hot water, is tested for its constancy by a long-term exposure. Because of the
high expenditure of time that is necessary for the test according to EN ISO 28706-2/13, one Testing-device
has to - especially for hot water tanks - take some peculiarities into account. Apparatus according to EN ISO 28706-2/5
Method of testing Testing-time

The tests will be made according to EN ISO 28706-2 and the DIN 4753. Deviating from If no further arrangements have been made, a testing-time of 2 x 3 weeks is valid; the
the, under 7.3 mentioned boiling period, the testing time is set for 6 weeks, but during the second testing round is rated.
vapour phase a glass-plate (borosilicate glass 3.3 according to DIN 3585). The testing
solution is completely desalinated water of 1 mS/m conductance maximum. The water is to Testing-temperature
be renewed according to the following scheme: If no further arrangements have been made, a testing-temperature of ‘boiling’ is valid.
1. to 5.day daily water-replacement (1. week) Test plates

6. and 7.day no water-replacement The test plates should be made out of the same steel as the to be tested receptacle. Be-
8. to 12. day daily water-replacement (2. week) cause of the weighing accuracy, the plates should not be thicker than 2 mm. The enamel-
13. and 14.day no water-replacement ling should be of a thickness of at least 0.25 mm and its surface should be free of weak or
15. to 19. day daily water-replacement (3. week) defective spots.
22. day: The test plates are removed out of the The test plates can be produced either in the laboratory or in the enamel shop. In the last
device and are cleaned and weighed. case, the test plates should be hooked on a stainless steel hook and should be fired in the
After the weighing, the test plates interior of a receptacle of the production. Using this method, the sample enamelling gains
are put in the device again. The second the same thermal treatment experience as the receptacle-enamelling. Three test plates
testing round starts just like the first day. have to be tested. The average weight loss should not be higher than 8.5g/m2.
23. to 26. day daily water-replacement (4. week)
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EEA2020
Testing report 8.6.2 Determination of the resistance to drinking water

In the testing report, the following has to be mentioned:
kind and origin of the test plates Purpose and scope
place and date of testing Fittings, molded bodies, pipes and receptacles can get in contact with drinking, natural and
single weight losses and average treated water. The stress can be highly variable, according to water hardness and index of
pH. The relevant temperatures are beneath the usual room temperature. In this
specification sheet a method is described, that tests the resistance of enamels to the attack
of such water. To test the influence of the bicarbonate-hardness, the tests take place at a
temperature of beneath 100 0C.
Method of testing
The prepared test plates are to be put into the corresponding casings and put into the
device according to EN ISO 28706-4, the enamelling towards the inside. The device is
heated up to the wanted temperature and filled with the water, that has been heated up to
the testing-temperature. The filling-capacity is about 320 ml. After the agreed testing-time
has passed, the device is to be emptied, the samples have to be taken out, according to
EN ISO 28706-4, and cleaned. Afterwards, the enamelling has to face the ‘pencil-test’, ac-
cording to EN ISO 28706-1.
Testing-time
If no further arrangements have been made, a testing-time of 48 hours is valid.
Testing-temperature
If no further arrangements have been made, a testing-temperature of 60 0C is valid.
Test plates
Two test plates or cuts out of devices have to be tested.
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EEA2020
Testing report 8.6.3 Testing of adherence of porcelain and vitreous enamel to steel
In the testing report, the following has to be mentioned: of more than 3 mm thickness
kind and origin of the test plates
place and date of testing Purpose and scope
resistance class, according to EN ISO 28706-4 (classes AA-unclassified) The test method described in this specification sheet is to classify the adherence of enamel
testing-time and -temperature to steel on enamelled articles made of steel heavier than 3 mm of thickness.
Test method
The enamelling of the test piece is to destroy by impact. The destruction can be executed
by a dynamic ball-indentation or a blow of a hammer. Because of the chipping and splintering
enamel safety glasses are absolutely to be worn during this test.
Test device
No binding regulation
Judgement of the test-spot

Following the destruction by only one single impact, relics of enamel on the steel surface
must be clearly visible. The steel surface may not appear silvery bright. Because of the un-
defined mechanical shock method, a classification into ranks of adherence is not possible.
One virtually has to decide between ”good” or ” insufficient”.
Test report
To be mentioned in the test report:
kind and origin of the test piece
place and date of testing
location of the test-spot on the test piece
judgement of adhesion
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EEA2020
8.6.4 Determination of thermal shock resistance of porcelain and vitreous enamelled 8.6.5 Determination of thermal shock resistance of porcelain and vitreous enamelled
articles in water articles in an air-stream

A lot of enamelled articles are subject to thermal shocks during usage. This specification This specification sheet describes a test procedure to determine the thermal shock
sheet describes the quenching stability which is not to be mixed up with the resistance to resistance of especially heat exchanger panels. (For the thermal shock resistance of
thermal shocks of cooking utensils or other hollowware. The latter applies to DIN ISO 2747. cookware and similar hollowware DIN ISO 2747 is valid).
Test method Test method

Small enamelled articles, cut-outs of utensils or test plates are to be used for this test. Enamelled plates out of production, sized DIN A4, are to be used for testing. They are to
These are to be heated up to the claimed temperature (on air) and immediately after that to be heated up to the required temperature (on air). Following the heating-up phase the test
be quenched ( entirely immersed ) in water of about 15 0C. This process is to be repeated plates are to be kept at this temperature for 10 minutes and then cooled down to ambient
according to the quality requirements. Damage of the enamelling, visible by the naked eye, temperature by an air stream. This testing cycle has to be repeated 5 times. No visual dam-
is not permitted. There are at least three, preferably five samples to be tested. age of the enamelling is permitted.
Test device Test device

No binding regulation No binding regulation
Test temperature Test temperature

The quenching temperature is a matter of arrangement in each case. For heat exchanger panels a testing temperature of 350 0C is valid.
Test report Test report

In the test report to be mentioned: To be mentioned in the test report:
kind and origin of sample kind and origin of test plates
place and date of testing place and date of testing
quenching temperature and number of quenchings testing temperature and number of test cycles
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EEA2020
8.6.6. Admissible differences of application thickness on corrugated and undulated Consideration

pairs of sheet steel panels for heat exchanger The mean out of the 36 measurements on points No. 1 and 2 of the corrugated panel must
be < 250 μm. A peak thickness on these points of < 300 μm is permissible, but only one
Purpose and scope measurement, out of the 36, may be 20% above the maximum value. The average thick-
Enamelled heat exchanger panels are exposed to mechanical and chemical demand. In ness on the 18 measuring points No. 3 of the undulated panel must be < 200 μm. The
both cases, the application thickness of the protecting enamel layer is of decisive maximum thickness is < 250 μm, merely one measurement can be as high as 300 μm. With
importance. Due to the nature of these parts, an absolutely even application is not the exception of edges and suspension holes, the application thickness should nowhere
fall below 80 μm.
possible. Hence, this specification sheet tries to plot the requirements for admissible
tolerances. On the edge area the entire thickness of the panel may measure 750 μm + thickness of
the sheet.
Test method
Use a thickness measuring instrument of an accuracy of 0.01 mm. Measurements are to
be carried out from point A to I on the front and reverse side of the panel, according to the
sketch represented at the bottom. The test points are situated about 50 mm off the edge.
The measuring points on the corrugated panel are marked with No. 1 and 2, on the
undulated panel with No. 3. Per pair of panels (one corrugated and one undulated) 54
measurements (36+18) result from this test.
Illustration: Optical layer distribution on undulated sheet steel (enlargement 6 : 1)
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8.6.7 Determination of the resistance against corrosion and creeping after 8.6.8 Determination against climatic impact like weathering and UV-resistance
mechanical impact
The weathering test is carried out on sample plates conform to DIN EN ISO 11341. First use
The mechanical impact is carried out with a sharp edged falling mass. a cycle of temperature and humidity of 12 hr, 10-50 °C, 30-75% relative humidity. Then
Height of fall: 300 mm use the water corrosion test related to DIN ISO 2744 using 80 °C and 3 days. Finally the
Weight of mass: 0.2 kg plates must be inspected for corrosion, partial detaching of the surface or any change of
Material of mass: like steel 1.2210 the surface structure.
Hardness of mass: > 60 HRC
Geometry of mass: Conus 60 °, radius r = 2 mm
Afterwards the test plate with the impact spot is taken in a water resistance test as de-
scribed in EN ISO 28706-3, with a deviating solution of distilled water, using a
temperature of 80°C during 72 hours (3 days).
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EEA2020
8.7 Valuation of enamelling defects therefore on enamellings unavoidable. The defect frequency will be reduced down to a
8.7.1 General hints minimum by a neat operation in good controlled plants, a n d utilization of defined and
checked base materials.
Definition
Defects in the enamelling are locally limited interruptions of the compactness or structure For the optical surface quality, real and to the functional purpose of the workpiece adjusted
of the glasslike coating. The local penetration of one layer by another is likewise to be seen control standards are in particular an important criterion. Relating to this, a too severe
as a defect on multilayer enamellings, as in this case it is also a structural interruption. standard reduces in general the entire product quality. The susceptibility to mechanical
Structural interruptions are not always visible by naked eye. Physical or chemical analyses damage (chipping, cracks) increases with the rise of enamel thickness. With each rework
may be used for the detection of defects. operation, the application thickness increases inevitably. To secure the corrosion
resistance on difficult accessible areas of articles with a high corrosion demand, special
By judging the defects one should consider, whether thereby a diminution of function of the testing methods can be helpful (e.g. measurement of the protective current requirement on
article or merely an optical detraction arises. The optical Valuation is independent of the enamelled hot water tanks).
functional application.
If by agreement with a client of certain articles, a certain number of defects (pores) is not to
Typical enamelling defects are : be infringed, porosity tests complying to the defined standards ISO 2746 (high voltage)
Burn off (EEA 8.7.2) respectively to EN ISO 8289, NEN 2709 (sponge test with low voltage) have to be carried
Cracks (EEA 8.7.3) out. Note: High voltage can cause open defects (pores) from big blisters.
Pores and Inclusions (EEA 8.7.4)
Chipping, Spalling (EEA 8.7.5)
Contamination, fallen-on (EEA 8.7.6)
in different production areas
Black Specks in the (EEA 8.7.7)
enamelling
The common characteristic of enamellings is the melting together of siliceous (glass-like)

and metallic components in a temperature range of 500 - 950 0C. By this, reactions with
the formation of gasses occur (mainly H2, CO and CO2). Detrimental secondary effects can
be suppressed but never entirely eliminated. Within an industrial process, contaminations,
also from different production lines are never entirely avoidable - their effects intensify by
Illustration: Big blister in an enamel layer. Its thin glass-skin can be disturbed by the high
the reaction with the molten enamel at elevated temperature. A certain part of defects is
voltage test. (enlargement 200 : 1)
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EEA2020
8.7.2 Valuation of burn-off on enamellings As a result of the firing process, high amounts of iron oxide withdraw the opacifying TiO2
from the enamel layer, due to the formation of iron Titanate (needle like crystals). The
Definitionandcause covering power in the defect area is reduced - as a black line is formed (optical
Burn-offs or burnings are locally limited defects, caused by a too thin applied enamel impairment). In the reach of burnings, corrosive stressed articles do not have a
coating. Due to an excessive oxidation of the metal substrate by firing, the enamel coat complete protection against corrosion. Therefore burnings are to be bound by perfect
could not form a regular stratified structure or it has been destroyed by a super saturation processed cutting edges and welding seams.
of metal oxides.
Consideration and description
Typical burnings occur on cutting edges or in the reach of welding seams. The thickness of The judgement of the laminar expansion of burnings is performed by naked eye and, as
the destroyed enamel layer is not measurable with customary types of measuring agreed upon, to be measured out. The dimension of the destroyed surface is to be ex-
instruments complying to ISO 2178. The determination has to be carried out on cross pressed in cm2.
sections with the help of a light-microscope.
On difficult accessible containers, equipped with protecting anodes, a measurement of the
The illustrations (Enlargement 50 : 1 resp. 500 : 1) display the result of a poor cutting edge protective current requirement can be an indication for the extent of burnings.
with a direct-on white enamelling.
Test report
place and date of the testing
description of defects, number and extent
location of defects on the enamelled article.
Direct-on white enamelling Direct-on white enamelling

on a squeezed-off edge (50 : 1) on a squeezed-off edge (500 : 1)
© EEA2020 page 122

EEA2020
8.7.3 Valuation of cracks in enamellings The formation of cracks, as a result of a too long and unreasonable influence of high
temperature, (e.g. more than 530 0C) often displays a metallic luster as a result of the
Definition and cause diffusion of metal oxide.
Following the definition of DIN 50903: Cracks are mostly laminar interruptions in enamel-
lings. They often run vertical to the surface, but occur also under different angles. Their Test report
causes are mainly mechanical - or thermal tensions in the compound system. In the test report to be mentioned:
Under thermal shocks, tensile stresses are built up due to different expansion behaviours kind and origin of the piece
of the metal substrate and the enamel to which an enamelling is less resistant as to place and date of testing
compressive stresses. Unreasonable deformations or impact stresses on finished description of defects, number and extent.
enamellings set off cracks.

The judgement of damage by cracks is performed by naked eye. One differentiates be-
tween:
a. open, piercing cracks
b. open, non-piercing cracks
c. masked cracks
Open, piercing cracks are interruptions in the enamel layer down to the metal substrate.
They can be made visible clearly by physical (e.g. electrostatic) or chemical methods.
Open, non-piercing cracks cease in the enamel layer. They cannot be made visible by such
method, as there is no prerequisite reaction with the metal substrate. Wet or dry pigments
are rubbed into the enamel surface, in order to recognize such crack formation. These Illustration: Formation of cracks in an enamel layer (enlargement 200 : 1)
pigments concentrate on the edges of cracks, by which they clearly indicate the crack
propagation.
Masked (inner) cracks glimmer in the enamel layer like mother-of-pearl, dependent on the
lighting equipment and lighting angle.
© EEA2020 page 123

EEA2020
8.7.4 Valuation of pores in enamellings Consideration and Description

The judgement of damage by pores is performed by naked eye. One differentiates:
Definitionandcause
Following the definition of DIN 50903: Pores are locally limited interruptions in the enamel- a. open, pulling through pores
ling. Pores are caused by gas reactions during the firing process. Their largest extent is b. open not pulling through pores
mostly found vertically to the enamel surface. Pores are often - especially in light coloured
direct-on enamellings - connected with black specks. In these cases, gas reactions during Open, pulling through pores are interruptions in the enamelling down to the metal
firing convey the adhesive layer, being rich in iron oxides, towards the surface. substrate. They can be made visible by physical (e.g. electrostatic) or chemical methods.
Open, not pulling through pores cease in the enamel layer. They cannot be made visible by
such method, as there is no prerequisite reaction with the metal substrate.
Test report
In the test report to be mentioned:
description of defect, number and size
Direct-on enamelling / pore with black speck (enlargement 200 : 1)
Conventional enamelling with a pore not pulling through (enlargement 200 : 1)
© EEA2020 page 124

EEA2020
8.7.5 Valuation of chipping / spalling on enamellings 8.7.6 Valuation of defects as can be caused by deposits of impurities from different
production lines
Definitionandcause
Chipping or spalling on enamellings are mechanical destructions caused by cold Definitionandcause
deformation, impact or inner stresses being self-caused within the composite material. In almost every manufacturing process of the enamelling shop (Raw manufacturing- Metal
Chipping or spalling on cutting edges is mostly leading back to an imperfect cutting pretreatment - Milling - Application - Drying - Firing) there are characteristical deposits of
operation or to a too heavy application of enamel. On principle the cause of chipping is, impurities. Inclusions in the enamelling arise in dependence of the contaminating process:
as far as possible, to be cleared on the spot. Defects from a defective mill-lining (Fig. 1 and 2) or superficially molten-on deposit:
Scale, deposited in the furnace (Fig. 3)
The judgement of damage is performed be naked eye. The description has, among other If sulphuric acid is used in a pickling plant sulphates can be transported (e.g. by hangers
things, also to assess the reverse side of the damaged part.
or via air streams) to the firing area. Deposited spots leave characteristical dimples behind
because of a decrease of the surface tension.
Test report
(Fig. 4 and 5)
kind and origin of test piece
Fig. 1
description of defect, number and extent
Defective mill-iron shaving
complete state of the article
Fig. 2
© EEA2020 page 125

EEA2020
Defective Sulphate dimple

mill-lining material (cross section)
Fig. 3
Scale deposit Consideration and description
At first the judgement of defects is to be performed by naked eye. Often these defects are
(e.g. by scale deposit in the furnace) only blemishes because the enamel layer beneath the
defect is undamaged. Deposits on the pretreated part or deposited during application can
damage the entire layer, whereby the corrosion resistance could be in question.
Test report
In the test report to be mentioned:
Fig. 4 kind and origin of the test piece
Sulphate dimple place and date of testing
description of defects, number and extent
complete state of the test piece.
Fig. 5
© EEA2020 page 126

EEA2020
8.7.7 Valuation of black specks in the enamelling 8.7.8 Packing enamelled plates in baskets for regenerative heat exchangers
Definitionandcause The way of packing in the baskets should be that the “notches” of the corrugated and
On light coloured direct-on enamellings (white or coloured) black specks can appear. In undulated plates always must be crossed.
these cases reacting gases convey, during firing, the adhesive layer respectively a trans-
parent layer (being rich in FeTiO3) towards the surface. By conventional enamellings the The tuning of the pressing force for packing shall be done on the required pressing force
ground coat layer then reaches the surface of the cover coat. as written down in the specifications for the heat exchangers.
The calculation of the pressure on the filled basket is: P = F / A

P = pressure in kg/m2
F = pressing force in kg
A = pressed area in m2
The calculation of A = (the one side surface area in m2 of the lower plate in the basket
+ the surface of the upper one) / 2.
© EEA2020 page 127

EEA2020
Quality Requirements Edition 5.0
European Enamel Association
9.1 EEA-Members
Deutscher Email Verband e.V. (DEV)

An dem Heerwege 10
D-58093 Hagen (Germany)
info@emailverband.de
Association Pour l’étude de l’Email Vitreous Enamel Association (VEA)

Vitrifié (APEV) 39 Sweetbriar Way, Heath Hayes
Chez La Maison de l’Email GB-Staffordshire WS 12 2US
199 bis Rue de la République Morez
F - 39400 Haute de Bienne (France) Vitreous Enamellers Society (part of IOM3) The
Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining
contact@matiere-email.com
1 Carlton House Terrace, GB-London SW1Y 5DB
Centro Italiano Smalti Porcellanati

(C.I.S.P.)
Via Matteo Bandello, 5
I - 20123 - Milan, Italy
cisp@cisp.it
Österreichischer Emailverband
Mühlengasse 32,
A-3400 Klosterneuburg (Austria)
office@emailverband.at
Koninklijke Metaal Unie – Stichting Email

Einsteinbaan 1, NL-3439 NJ
Nieuwegein
info@metaalunie.nl
© EEA2020 page 128

EEA2020
10.2 Addresses to order the Quality Manual.
The Quality Requirements Manual of the EEA can be downloaded free of

charge from the website of the EEA:
www. european-enamel-association.eu.
or
from the websites of the national associations (see chapter 9)
European Enamel Association

Rue Belliard 12
1040 Brussels, Belgium
info@european-enamel-association.eu
www.european-enamel-association.eu
© EEA2020 page 129

EEA2020
11.0 EEA Certified companies
GLS Tanks International GmbH Ferro Techniek B.V.

Industriestr. 6, A - 3860 Heidenreichstein (AT) Bremstraat 1
Tel: +43 2862 53187-0, Fax: +43 2862 53187-820 NL-7011 AT Gaanderen (NL)
E-Mail: office@glstanks.com / Internet: www.glstanks.com Tel.: +31 315 339811, Fax: +31 315 339899
E-Mail: info@ferrotechniek.com: / Internet : www.ferrotechniek.com
Riess Kelomat GmbH
Maisberg 47, A - 3341 Ybbsitz (AT) Tatramat (Stiebel Eltron) Slovakia s.r.o..
Tel: +43 7443 863150, Fax: +43 7443 86654 Hlavná 1
E-Mail: f.riess@riess.at / Internet: www.riess.at SK-05801 Poprad, Slovenska Republika (SK)
Tel.: +421 52 7127 150, Fax: +421 52 7731 748
Polyvision N.V. E-Mail: tatramat@tatramat.sk: / Internet : www.stiebel-eltron.sk
Zuiderring 56, B - 3600 Genk (B)
Tel.: +32 89 323130, Fax: +32 89 323131
E-Mail : info@.polyvision.com / Internet: www.polyvision.com
Omeras GmbH
Am Emaillierwerk 1 D - 08315 Lauter-Bernsbach (DE)
Tel.: +49 3771 5674-0, Fax: +49 3771 5674-40
E-Mail: info@omeras.de / Internet www.omeras.de
Bergheimer Emaillierwerk GmbH & Co. KG

Glescherstr. 126, D - 50126 Bergheim (DE)
Tel: +49 2271 49007-0, Fax: +49 2271 49007-99
E-Mail: philipp.huber@bew-email.de / Internet: www.bergheimer.de
Stiebel Eltron GmbH & Co. KG

Dr.-Stiebel-Straße 33, D - 37603 Holzminden (DE)
Tel: +49 5531 702-0, Fax: +49 5531 702-480
E-Mail: info@stiebel-eltron.de , Internet: www.stiebel-eltron.de
© EEA2020 page 130

EEA2020

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Quality Requirements Edition 4.

1 European Enamel Authority

© EEA 2014 page 1

Deutscher Email Verband e.V. – Germany

8.7.1 General tips page 121

See also flow sheet diagram 1.4

1.2.6 Validity of the ”European Enamel Association” certificate /label.

1.2.11 b) Confirm of the failure decision

Inspection level S4 Inspection level II

From Up to n AQL 2.5 AQL 4.0 AQL 6.5

1.3 Procedure for obtaining the ”European Enamel Association” label by a

1.4 Flow sheet procedure

2.0 DEFINITIONS 2.7

3.0 QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR PORCELAIN AND VITREOUS ENAMELLED 3.6

4.6 Determination of the resistance to chemical corrosion by boiling water and/or

4.24 Determination of the resistance of domestic utensils to mechanical

4.25 Determination of the resistance to chemical corrosion by hot sodium

4.26 Determination of abrasion resistance

4.44 Determination of the fluidity behaviour, fusion flow test

4.45 Determination of the coefficient of mean linear thermal expansion of glass

Method as specified in EN ISO 20274 and ISO 7991.

5.0 ABBREVIATIONS sig.diff. significantly different

• It has a high corrosion resistance

7.0 APPLICATION AREAS

7.1. Cookers 7.23. Waste-pipes of cast iron

7.1.1 Application area

7.1.2 Test methods

Item Name Comparable standards

7.1.3 Quality requirements

Test method Requirement Remarks Frequency

7.2.1 Application area

7.2.2 Test methods

Item Name Comparable standards

7.2.3 Quality requirements

Test method Requirement Remarks Frequency

7.3.1 Application area

7.3.2 Test methods

Item Name Comparable standards

7.3.3 Quality requirements

Test method Requirement Remarks Frequency

7.4.1 Application area

This norm is applicable for enamelled external steel parts of:

7.4.2 Test methods

Item Name Comparable standards

7.4.3 Quality requirements

Test method Requirement Remarks Frequency

7.5.1 Application area

7.5.2 Test methods

Item Name Comparable standards

7.5.3 Quality requirements

Test method Requirement Remarks Frequency

7.6.1 Application area

- frying-pans, casseroles, pots

7.6.2 Test methods

Item Name Comparable standards

7.6.3 Quality requirements

Test method Requirement Remarks Frequency

7.7.1 Application area

This norm is applicable for exterior enamelled parts of: