BS 1400: June"iS73

B$! uD c 669.3
U 412,ri 69.3-
14

Specificationfor

w Copperalloy lngots
r and copperand
copper alloy castings
I

I
.!,

ii

h A m e n d m e n t iss s u e ds i n c ep u b l i c a t i o n

Amd.\o T ext affected

I
I
t l

'e i

S t a n d a r d Isn s t i t u t i o r r2 P a r kS t r e e t ' L o n d o nW 1A 2 B S
tsritish
I c i c l ' l r . . i t r ' ( ) i - ( 1- ' t ) t ] 1 1 i l { i
icle r. -'l(")-l--
BS1400: 1973

Ccntents
l) r ,t,' l) t o.'

( ' , r - . " ' . ' t . : : l : l f ( r :1 . . : i l l : ' , r ) l l S I rrsitlcl'rtrnt ctrr]cr i.5 \ 1 c ' c i t a n i cparlc l p c r t i r . s i'
lt

l:1rii\\ t)t.ii
1
i .(r C crti fl c:rtcof coi npl i l rtc,-' ll
-1.7 i tccl :rnrrrti ort artdreprl i r ll
S p e c i fc a t i o n 3.8 L : l e c t r i c ec lo n d u c t i v i t y 11

1 . R e q u i r e n r e nat ps p l i c a b l teo b o t h i n g o t s 4 . I n s p e c t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t sf o r c a s t i n g s
a n dc a s t i n g s
-l.l Gcneral ll
T
4: i tl i ni rnunrrequi rements appl i crbl eto
,1
.i
al l cas,ts ll
t o i r c s u p p l i e db y t h e p u r c h a s e r.' .a 4 . 3 A d d i t i o n a il n s p e c t i o r te q u i r e n r r ' n t s
l'oi'lrrtllvsis .',' to be choscnw hereappl i cabl e l3
t es i s:u rrp l efo s r n re c h a n i c rl n n d r e c o r dk e e p i n q
1 . 4 I d e n t i f i c a t i oa l5
5
Appendices
I .( r 5
t- 6 A . C ol ourcode for i ngots t0
t.\ Ir-.'Il(t
6 B . S h e p eo f s t a n d a r dt e s tb a r s ll
C . G u i d et o i n s p e c t i o n g r a d i n g l3
l.') tc-: i. 6
: r'
I l l r ' : r r u n t b e r su l e 6 D . I n l o r n t r t i o nt o b e i n c l u d c ' idn the purchaser' s
^\4
t e s ts c h e d u l e -T

E . A g r r i d ct o l l l o y s e l e c t i o n
1 /

2 . R e q ui r e m e n t asp p l i c a b l et o i n g o t s _o

( - 'r ' ; l - ' : - ri 6 Tables

i r r " . ' J - . r : l r: : 6 l. C l r e r r r i ccaol r t r p o s i t i oonl - C r o u pA r n g o t s 8
fil--:r,r;i,.i I ? . C h e l n i c acl o r n p o s i t i oonf C r o u p B i n g o t s I
Ijrl-r.:Jlrcr 7 3 . C h e r n i c aclo n r p o s i t i oonf G r o L r pC i n g o t s l0
\lr-1,:nr;.i. 1 4 . t r l e c h a n i cparl o p e r t i e os f s c p a r a t c lcya' s t
I ; r- : , ' - 1i ,i : r 7 t e s tb a r sf o r i n g o t s l0
Idr';rtiilc;ii..,n 7 5 . C h e n r i c aclo r n p o s i t i oonf G r o u pA c a s t i n g s l6
l i r l , ' l : : r . r)t ;i rI t r b t p r o v i d e dby 6 . C h e m i c acl o m p o s i t i o no i G r o u pL lc a s t i n $ l7
i i r : r ' : : .n ,: . -: ' 1 . C h e n r i c aclo m p o s i t i o no i G r o u pC c a s t i n p l8
\ l ; ' . r 5 ; l ; l ; -C X : i t t i l t a t i OO
n f HTBI 8. Ir' l echani cal properti esof testsampl es for
castings 19
R e q u i r e m e n tasp p l i c a b l e
to castings
F i g ur e s
G en er a l ' c a s tt o s h a p e test
' bar pattern
1. B.N.F.N{.R.A.
I r r e c d o l ritr , . , n cr . ' I e l t s di mensi ons :l
( ' l r c i t itu l l c o t t t l ' ' . ' sl iio n 2. S and casttest bar 22
D i n r e n s i o n s: . r n
t i I o l er a nc e s 3 . R e c o m m e n d ecdh i l l c a s tt e s tb a r 22
 BS 1400: 1973

t-l
l-ore\^/orc
T h i sI J r i t i s h S t e n d a r di s t l t e s e c o n dr e v i s i o inn n r e t r i ct e r m so f t l r eS c h : d u l co 1 - c o p p carl l o vi n i . ' r s l n c l c o p p c ra n , j
c o p p c ra l l o l ' c a s t i n gtsh. e p r e p a r a t i o on f r v h i c hr v a sa u t h o n z e d b 1 i n e \ o 1 - F e r r o u sN l e t a l Isn d : . i r r r , 5 1 0 , - , O . r U ,
Coltrnritiee.
I n t hiss eco n dre v i s i c l th tt c o n l y c l ta n g eosf a techni calnaturea13to al l rl w a recl ucti on of i ' r.-.-l rcl tcr,, of
m e c l t a n t c tael s t sf o r c h i l l - c a sAt B I a n d A 8 2 a n d t h e q u o t i n go f s t r e s s . , ' a l ui nc sN i m m 2 .F o r c . . : : . r i pa l l o l , si n t l i e
l 9 6 l e d i t i o n t. h e d e r n a n dh a d d r o p p e dt o a p o i n t w h e r et h e i ri n c i u s i o n r v a sn o l o n g e rw a r r a n r . j u p c l i.n t h e l 9 ( r 9
e d i t i o nt h e f o l l o r v i n g a l l o vwse r ed e l e t e dH : C C 2 ,L B 3 .G 2 . S C B 2 S , C B 5 .D C B 2a n d I J T B I . F u : : 5 c . r n t o r a c .l l o y '
LG 3 wa: delc te di n v i e rvo f re s e a rc a h n d e x p e ri ence havi ngproved:hrr i f offersno acl vanta{ :3s .-\' r.ral l ov LG . l and
t hat in m anyc a s e sL G 2 e q u a l si t i n p e rfo rmance.
T wo ner val l o y si v e rea d d e d ,n a n re l yc o p p er-chromi um desi gnated C C l -TF and brassfor pres.srrre di ecl st ilg
des ignat ed P C BI .
I n t h e c a s eo f t h e p h o s p h o br r o n z e( c o p p e r - t i n - p h o s p h o pr ur es .) . ' i o u sdl ve s i g n a t ePdB 3i n t h : 1 ( ) 6 1c c l i r i o n .
t h e d e s i s n a t i ohna sb e e nc h a n e e dt o C T I a n d t h e c o m p o s i r i ornn o d i f i e dt o m a k ei t a t i n b r o n z . ' r c o p p e r - t i n ) i n
t. ^l .r" o1n, '. ; r ' p ' t p r - l i r i l nT. h i s i s b e c a u s iet i s a d l ' a n t a g e o u s
wurr|\ t o l i m i t t h e p h o s c h o r ucso n t e n ti n o r t i r r : - r i r n p r o v ei t s
s u i t r b i l i r fi o r t h e p r o d u c t i o no f c o r r o s i o nr e s i s t a nsta n dc a s t i n g sp ,a r r i c u l a r lfyo r a c i ccl o n c i i r i i : ' sl .n 6 t l i i sa l l 9 r ,; :
p r i n r l r i l vi n c l u d e da sa m a t e r i a fl o r s h a p c dc a s t i n grsa r h e r h a nf o r b e a r i n g s .
T it e c henr i c acl o mp o s i ti o n o s i a l l a l l o y ' sh avebeenrevi erved and i n certai ncases val ueshai e --,-.-r-' reyi1 secl in
a c c o r d r n crev i t h t h e l a t c s ta g r e e dp r a c t i c e .
I n o r d e rt o p r o v i d eg u i d a n c e t t t t l t eu s s g e a n d a v a i l a b i l i r l ' otfh e a l l c - r vtsh.e r , h a v eb e e ns r , , r : - : r li n r o r l l r c e
c r t c gor ies .

G r r t u p . ' 1A. l l o l ' si n c o n t r n t ) n

u s e( p r c l c r r e df o r a l l E l n c r : ipl u r p c s e s )P: 8 4 . L P B I , L I J I . L B - l .l - ( ; 1 , L C - +S
, CBI.
S C 8 3 .S C I ] 6 D , C I ]I . D C I } 3 .P C BI .

G r r n l pB . S p c c i apl u r p o s e a l l o y ' s ( [ o r e p p l i c r t i o n s r e q u i r i n g t h c i r p a r t i c u l a r pI {r C
o pCc. r. tCi cCsi )- :T F , P B l .
P B ] .C T I . L B 5 .L G I , A B I . A B ] . C I \ l A I .C N I A ] I, I T B I , } { T 8 3 .

( , r o t t pc . A l l o y ' si n l i r n i t e dp r o d u c r i o nL: B I c r G 3 . G 3 - T F ,s c B . 1 .
, ,
T I t i ss t ' n e r agl r o u p i n gh a sb e e nn t a i n t a i n etdh r o u g h o utth i ss t a n d r r da. n c lt a b l e sq u o t i n gs p e ; . : i c a t i o n
r equir enientan s d a l s od e s i g ni n fo rttta ti o nl trv eal l beencl rssi t' i ed i n i hi s rvay.The stanci ard covr..:i l spr-' ctrup
r e q u i r e r r t e nf ot sr i n g o t sa n d c a s t i n gisn m o r ed e t a i lb y i n c o r p o r a t i nagm o d i f i e df o r m o f B S l - : r - . w 6 i c i tl a s n p g .
been$it hdr r r v n .T h e s p e c i fi c a ti o lna y sd o rv na mi ni munrrequi rement i or the proporti onof ci r.' .1i cal.i l ai yses
r n d m e c l t r n i c rtle s t sf o r a l l i n g o t sa n d c a s t i n gssu p p l i e dt o t h i ss t a n d a r dI .n a d d i t i o na s e r i e o
s r-:ptionll
ins pec t ion t es tsfo r c ri ti n 9 5i s i n c o rp o ra te d w h i chma-v* be sel ected accordi ngto the requi renrei ::- of ti repurchlser
a n ds p e ' - i t i eadc c o r d i n g t o a s e t f o r m o f c o d i n gI.n m o s tc a s eps a r t i c u l acr o n d i t i o n sw i l l a l s on e : 1 t o b c s p e c i f i c . t l
m d t h e s er r e t o b e l a i d d o r v nb y t h e p u r c h a s eorn a ' p u r c h l s e r ' tse s rs c h e d u l e ' p r o v i d eadt t 5 e : : q u i n s t a g e .
A p p e n d i rE s i v e sd e s i g ni n f o r n t a t i o ni .n c l u d i n g u i d m c eo n a l l o vs e l e c t i o nI.t m u s tb e e n : n l . : . ' ; i z et hda t t i r i s
s ec t ionis l- t r rin t' o n tta ti o no n l v a n d i s n o t I p rr t of tl te nrei nspeci fi c:ti on.

\ O T I r . . ' \ l l t ' ' t t l i o ni s d r r r ' , n t o c c r t i f i c l t i o n f l c i l i i i t - . so f f c r r . db r ' t s S I .s e et h c i n s i r j eb a c k c o r . r - .orf t h i s S t a n t l : r ;

 DS 1400: 1973

Br i t i s l rS t a r r d a r S
d p e c iifc a t i o nf o r

Copperalloy ingots and

copper and copper alloy castings

1 . R e q u i r e m e n tasp p l i c a b l et o b o t h i n g o t sa n d c a s t i n g s
1.1 Scope
I : , i , i i : i t i - ' lSt t l r r d a rsdp : ' J i l - irre- c' sl u i r e n t cf.onrtcso p p ear l l o yi r r g o tasn dc a s t i n gasn di o r h i g Jct o n d u c t i v i t l , c o p p e r
.*\t_-._\.

\ ) T l . l l t ' - 't i t l r ' s o l t l r c l t r r i t . l t S t a n d a r d sr r ' l ' e r r c dt o i n r h i s s t a n d a r da r e l i s t c - do n

t h e i n s i d eb a c k c o v e r .

1. 2 T e r mi n o l o g y
l l.l Cl:l
. ' \ ., . ' , 1 l S l r r l t C t l k t - l t t , sc . i t h e f:

t . r t i t . . i r r t r d r r c (l ) l o n . - f u r n a c e n r e l t ,o r
l l r i l r c p r t , d u C l( ) l t r i l cC . r u C i b l lel e l t . o r
{ - : i : i t ' r r r r o t l t t c t o i l t n u l t t b e r o f f u r n a c e o r c r u c i b l e m e l t s r i , h e r es u c h a r e a g g r c g a t e caln c lr n i . r e i ip r i o r
to
\-'ll:-::l'1.

\ \ . ' : : l l l : . ' r , r i l l L ' l l t so i a r l r e l t i n gf u r n a c eo r p o t a r e s u p p l c m c n t e df r o n r t i m e

t o t i n t e b 1 , t 5 c a c l d i t i o no f m e t a l t o
: , - . - - l : ' . - '.l:rrl l r ' - i - - ( l L l r lbt u
c .l k o f m o l t e n n r e t a l ,s a m p l e sn r u s t b c t a k e n t h r o u g h o u t t h e p c r i o c ic l f o p e r a t i o no l t h e
l - . : : . * - " r- l : I - i ' i r : C : c l l l l t i voc f t h e c a s t st h e r e f r o m .I n c o n t i n u o u sn r e l t i n gf o r t h c p r o d u c t i o n o f c a s t i n g s ,
a c a s ti s t o
: r , i , i ; . : c i s l - < Or g o f m e t a l n i e l t e d .

l . l . l P u r c h a s e rT. i r c ' p u r c i t a s eirs t o b e t a k e n a s t h e c l r g a n i z a t i o n i s s u i n gt h e o r d e r f o r t h e i n g o t s o r c a s t i n g s

' : ' - ' : n : . . l ' I n i h . - c. : t s t o ' i a f o u n d $ o p e r a t e db y a n o r g a n i z a t i o nw h i c h a l s o m a n u f a c t u r e sf i n i s h e c j
r r r o d u c t s t. h e
: : : : ' : 1 r l r l l l r s . . sr i l t , i t i di n c l u d e t h e a p p r o p r i a t ed e p a r t m e n to f t h a t s a m e o r g a n i z a t i o n .

l . l ' i T i ' C o n d i t i o n ' T h c T F c o n d i t i o n i s s o l u t i o nh e a t t r e a t e da n d p r e c i p i t a t i o nt r e a t e da n d i s a p p l i c a b l e

to
: ) . ' i r , ' t sr " h i c h r r c l r r ' i i p i t a t i o n t r e a t e df o l l o i v i n gT B t r e a t m e n t .

1 . 3 I n f o r m a t i o n t o b e s u p p l i e db y t h e p u r c h a s e r

T:-'-':: r c has er
s liallpro ri d eu ' i th h i s e n q u i rya n do rd erfor al l i ngotsand casti ngs
the fol l ow i ng.
( i r T h e d e s i g n l t i o no i t h e m a t e r i a(l s e eT a b l e sI t o 3 f o r i n g o t sa n dT a b l e s5 t o 7 f o r c a s t i n g s ) .
t l r \ \ l l e t h e ri t i s t l t ep u r c h a s e ri'ns t e n t i o nt o i n s p e c t l i e m a t e r i aal t t h e s u p p l i e r 'ws o r k s .

[:, r caslittgs r,,lt/r'

tl i T h e c a s t i r t Ir): r o c e stso b e u s e d .
(i r \ \ } e t h er r re c r r i f i c a t oe f c o r n p l i a n ci se r e q u i r e d .
( - <I A i u l l r n r r rkr c d - u pd r a w i n ga n dd e t a i l so f t h e p a t t e r ne q u i p m e nitf t h e s ea r et o b e p r o v i c i e c l .
(( r I ' s p e c r i . r rc . r J i n gw . h e r ea p p l i c a b l(cs c es e c t i . n 4 ) .
{- t T c s rs c i r c t l r r l rc' ., , h e raep p l i c a b l(es e cA p p en c l i xD ) .

1 . . 4 T e s t s a m f ) 1 , ' f: c. y a n a l y s i s

IIS l i 9 9 ! t v c sqc r r c r : rglu i < .l a n o

cen p ro c e d u refo r s a mpl i ngl i qui d metalandvari oussol i dshapes,and these
i e c()rlr nr endat ions s lt < ;u l d b e fo l l o w e dw h e ns a mp l i n gfor chemi calanal ysi s. S peci alformsof sol i d testsampl es
n a 1 'b c r equir edlir r s o rn ep h y s i c a n l re th o c losf a n a l y si s.
.

4
 ,v*
ra
F

{
t
t BS 1400: 1973

L-
I
I
t

I
1 . 5 P r o v i s i o no f t e s t s a m p l e sf o r m e c h a n i c a lt e s t s
of the Il ri ti shS tartrl .trd
T ir e t es ts ant p l essh a l lb c o f s u i ta b l cs i z efo r m achi ni ngto the di mensi ons tcrrsi l etcst
I
I
p i e c e s h o w ni n B S 1 8 ,P a r t l .
I i ng ot in
I y i n sandmoul dsfrom tl rc re-mel ted
shal lbe separatelcast
1. 5. 1T es ts r m p l e s fo ri n g o ts .T h e te s ts a mp l es
I fo rm s h o w ni n A p p e n d i xB, e xceptfor i ngotsorderedfor di e casti ngpurposes.w hcn chi l l moulds
t t r eappr opr ia te

I s hallbe us ed( s e e1 .5 .3 ).

1.5.2.Testsamplesfor sand castings. castin sandmoulds in the appropriate

The test samplesshallbe separately
form shownin Appendix B at the sametime and from the samecastas the castingsthey reprcsentand
\ w i th th e c a s ti n g w
s h e rea p p l i c a bl e-

II
heat - t r eat ed

1.5.3Testsamplesfor chill and die castings. shallbe separatelycastin chill nrouldsin an

The test samples
appropnateform at the sametime and from the samecastas the castingsthey represent.A recommendedform ot
test bar is shownin Appendix B.

w 1.5.4Testsamplesfor continuouscasting.Test samplesshallbe taken from the actualcastingsand machinedtcl

t he lar gesprt a c ti c a b l de i me n s i o ns e l e c te fro
treatmentthe test samplesshallbe takenafter heat treatment.
If standardtest piecesare precludedby the shapeof the casting,e.g.thin-walledmaterial,then tlte shapeol'
ct to hc: it
d m thosel i stedi n B S l 8 P art l . In the caseof materi elsubl e

t he t es tpiec e sa n d th e re s u l tsto b e o b ta i n e dshal lbe the subj ectof agreement betw eenthe purchl scrand the
s upplier .

1.5.5Testumples for centrifugalcastings in chill moulds.Testsamplesshallbe separatelycastin chiil nrouldsin

appropnate form at the same time and from the samecastasthe castings,or takenfrom the actualclstitlgs.as
agreedbetweenthe purchaserand the supplier.A recommended form of separatelycastchill bar is shtrrvrtin
A p p e n d i xB .
shal lbe heat-treated
I n t he c as eo f n ra te ri asl u b j e c tto h e a ttre a tmentthe testsampl es or
w i th the cesti ngs
t ak c nf r om t h e c a s ti n gas fte r h e a ttre a tme n t.

1.5.6Testsamplesfor centrifugalcastingsh sendmoulds.Test samplesshallbe separatelycastin sandntouldsiii

t5e appropriateforrn at the sametime and tiom the samecastas the castingsor taken from the acturl castings.:s
form of separatelsand
agr eedbet we e nth e p u rc h a s ear n d th e s u p p l i er.A recommended y castbar i s show ni rt
Appendr-x B.
In the caseof materialsubjectto heat treatmentthe testsamplesshallbe heat-treatedwith the castirtgs or
t ak enf r om t h e c a s ti n gapfte rh e a t tre a tme n t.

1 . 6 M e c h a n i c a lt e s t s

1. 6, 1T ens ilete s t.T e n s i l ete s tp i e c e s h a l lb e preparedfrom testsampl es castasspeci fi edi n 1.5, by tnrchi n ingt o
the dimensionsof the British Standardproportionaltestpieces.Neitherthe testsamplesnor the test piecesshaii
be wor k edor h e a t-tre a te de,x c e p tw h e res p eci fi ed, beforethey aretested.
T he pr epa ra ti o n o I th e te s tp i e c e sa, n d th e testi ngprocedure shai ibe asl ai d dow n i n B S l 8 P art l .
rvi thB S l 6l 0 and shai lcompl y rvi th the requi rcrn t 'nt s
i n accordance
T he t es t in gn ra c h i n es h a l lb e c a l i b ra te d
for Crrdc'A.

a rsJr h e s t r e s sr t u ' h i c ha n o l l - p r o p o r t i o r l l l
1 . 6 . 2 0 . 1 % p r o o f s t r e s (sR n ) .0 . 2 7 ,p r r r t r t ' s t r e(sRsn ) i s d c . l - r n e
c - q u rlto 0 .2 % o f th e o ri g i n a!.]r
elons ; r t ir r n. l rrl c. l cngth,occurs.l t si rrl lbe dctr' nl i nedi n accrl rdl i ' tc:e $' i th IIS lS
Ihrt l.
,, e 0 .1 % p .' rma n e nst c .ts tr essntl v be userJ
A lt c . lr at iv c l yth asa brsi sfor acceptartce i f agreedbctw ' t.elptt t r cit . t s. 'r
anr Js upplic rl n d s i u l l b e c i c tc rrn i n cidn .rc c ordrn.:e rr' i rhIJS l S P ert l . The vduc' sfor thi s test art' l pl troxi tt t lt cl''
equiv lL- ' nt t o th c 0 .) i b p ro o t s trc s sv a l u r' s .

1. 6. 3t i. r r r in r-.sIls.rrti
. n c stc s s tss h l l l b c n rl ..Jir-. n j ccordrrncc rvi thl l S l -+ 0usi l tg,rvl tercve r prl s' ,i bl,:t e 10 tttrl tb r r ii
m
u p , i 1 0 0 0k g l o : r . 1\ \. ' h er c t h i s i s n o t s u i t l b l c 'a. n u l t c n r r t i v cp r c s c r v i r l g I r fD ? r l t i o o f l 0 s l r t l u l bc ttsctl-
d
 t
I
t
I
I

BS 14C0: 1973 I
I
q$$ Y
t
I
; ' i st ] t e
T i r . . t c s t s l r l i l c o r r . , i s t9 t ' t I r c c r l c t c r p r i n a t i o n st,h ! . i ] \ ' e r e g to' f l h c t h r e c l t l r t l t t c s s t t t t t t t L l c rbsc i r l g r r - ' q r r c i c d I
I
I
I
B r i n ' : i ll t l r d r t c s sI t L t r r r i r ctrt f t h c n t e t c r i ; l l .
t l

t
I

1.7 Retests I
t

tsth e tensi l ctcst, ttt' o furthcr testpi c' ccs

Si i o u l d; .t rc s t pi. ' c cf ail to l n c ' c tth e rc -q u i re l n e ntri
rvhi chrt' prcscnlti l e II
one oi the furtl ter tcst pi eces ntect the requi rententsoi thc'
sl r'e c as tr r r ayLr ct 'c . , t c di n th e s a n tcn tu rn e r.Sh o u l d t
to col ttpl y* ' i th tl te standard' S houl dt' ' rth
rc,n silc t es t ,t 5c ilgr ir s o r c rs ti n g sre p re s e n tetldi c ' re b shal
y lbe deented I
o i r1 ., s et es tpic c c sf ai l to n re e tth e rc q u i re m e n o tsf the tensi l etest.the i ngotsor casti ngs represented therr' b1'
not to conrplywith ttrestandard.
shrlibr-cleenred

1 . 8 F a c i l i t i e sf o r t e s t i n g

Fo r ri t ak ingt es r son s a n rp l ecsa s ta ss p e c i fi e idn 1 .5 ,the suppl i ershal lprovi deand preparethe necessar)' test
p re cesanc, is uppr ly lab o u i a n d a p p l i a n c efo
rhissrrndard.Unlessother*,iseagreed,materialfor testingshall remain the property of
the
the
i n accordul ce$' i th
s r s u c hte s t i ngasmay be carri edout on hi s premi ses
supplier.
necessary
Faiiing
arrengements for
II
flciijriesat his orvn rvorksfor maiiingthe prescribed
nr.liiitgtestseiservhere.
tests,the supplier shallmake
@
1.9 Independent test
to the compositionor ttie test
Shrruidrirerebe a cirsputeabout the complianceof the materiaiwith regard
, e p u rc h a s earn dth e suppl i ershal l have the ri ght to havetestsmadeby a mutual i y
rco u i rc nr entofs t S iss ta n d a rdth
3 C J r ' r , n t ltbc lsct i n ga ut i r o r i t y .
1 1 c r c s ult sobt aine db y th e i n d e p e n d e nte t s ti n ga u thori tyshal lbe acceptedas fi nal .l f the materi aldoesnot
co n p li, *' r r h r hiss t an c l a rdth , e c o s t o f i n d e p e n d e ntet sti ngsharlbe borneby the suppl i er;i f the materi alcompl i es
ri i i i i r iuss r r ndar dt hc c o s ts h a l lb e b o rn eb y th e p u rc haser.

1.10 The rounding of numbers rule

ya i u esbet r v een t 6c limi ts o f c o mp o s i ti o na n dme c h a ni cal properti esshow n(not di mensi onal are
tol erances)
' ro u n d i n g ' ru l ei n a c cordance
w i th B S 1957.U nder thi s rul e the determi ned
su b i e; t o t hc applic a ti o no f th e
ar er ounCc dt o th e l a s tp l a c eo f fi g u re s ta te da sl i mi ts.
va i u es
The iollor,'ingcxrnrplesillustratethe applicationof the roundingrule.

S p e c i f i c a t i o nl i m i t s Extreme values which round

to specification limits

mn. max. mrn. max.

0.0s0 0 . 0 5 05
0.1 0.6 0 . 15 0.65
6.0 9.0 5.5 9.4

6.0 9.0 5.95 9.0s

7.0 10.0 6.6 r0 . 5
1.5 10.5 7 . 4 6, 10.54
i

s p p l i c a b l eto ingots
2. Requirementa
2.1 General
I h c i n g o t s s h a l l c . . , r r r l t l yw i t h t h e general
requirements ed i n S ecti onI togetherw i th the speci ti c
specifi
l ' : , t . L: : , - ' ' , 1C1I t 1: ; ; l i: ' , ' , 'i r i r e I t i W .

2.2 Freedomfrom defects

The ingotsshallbc l'reefrom harmful defects.

6
 BS 1400: 1973

2 . 3 C h e m i c a cl o m p o s i t i o n
q i v e r ri r l i ' . r i r i . t l

T 5 e c S c r i l i u i ; ; g r l p i . r s i t i gonf t h e i n g o t ss h a l lc o m p l y ' r ' i l l tt l t c . r i r p : ' , i r i u : :r c q L t i t c t n . ' l : t s

i---,.

of analYsis
2.4 Frequency
A t leas tone s amp i es h a l lb e ta k e n a n d a n a l y s e fromd eachcast.For castsof tw o tonnesor morc ' l t l castt$' o
A l l ei r' rrrcntsl i steind
s am pies s hallbe ta k e na n c la n a l y s e do, n e a t th ebegi nni ngancloneat the end of eachcast.
l determi nedon eachsampl e.
t he s pec if ic ati oinn c l u d i n gth e i mp u ri ti e ss h a l be

2 . 5 M e c h a n i c a lP r o P e r t i e s
at lc'rst one bar shall
W her em ec han i c ate l s tsa re re q u i re dfo r i n g o tsasl i stedi n Tabl e4. testbarsshallbe castand
be t es t edt o r ep re s e neta c hc a s t-
T he m ec han i c aplro p e rti e s h a l ib e d e te rm i ned on testpi ecesi n 1.5.The resultsshallcomply's'ith the
a p p r o p r i a treeq u ir e m e n t s .

2.6 Inspection

A ll ins pec t ion a n d re s ri n go f i n g o tsd e s c ri b e d in thi s standardshal lbe carri edout bY 'the suppl i crurtl essothenvise
agr eedbc t wee nth e p u rc h a s ear n d th e s u p p l i erand statedon the enqui ryand order.
i i te m:rteri air t
T he pur c ha s esrh a l ln o ti fy th e s u p p l i e rw h e npl aci ngthe orderi f i t i s hi s i ntenti onto i nspect
al l reasonablfaci
e l i ti esto sati sfl hi
' rnsel fti rat the
t he s upplier 'w s o rk . T h e s u p p l i e rs h a l la ffo rdthe purchaser
m ar er ialis in ac c o rd a n cw e i th th i s s ta n d a rdFor . thi s purposethe purchaser or hi s representati vc .b1'pri or
nl x)'
. sel ectancii denti fythe testsampl esfor testi ngui d to rvi tnc.ss ttre
ar r angem ent a ,tte n dto i n s p e c tth e m a te ri a i to
t e s t sb e i n gm a d e .

2.7 ldentification
thecoloursbeingthc'se
by colourmarking.
Alloysshallbeidentified to
appropnate
Erchcastshallbeidentifled.
in accordance
themateriel otherwise
with AppendixA unless by
speci{ied thepurchaser.

2 . 8 I n f o r m a t i o nt o b e p r o v i d e db y t h e s u p p l i e r
sirallprovicle
Thesupplier concerning
inforrnation lnd a copyol
perbatchof ingotsdelivercd
thenumberof casts
analyses
therelevant andmechanicrl whereapplicable.
testresults
@
II 2 . 9 M i c r o s c o p i ce x a m i n a t i o n o f H T B l

pr opor t ionof a l p h ap h a s ed e ri v e dfro m th e a v erage oi at l fi

eest
l subj ected
T es tpiec esof a l l o y H T BI s h a l lb e p o l i s h e da n detchedand si ral be
r' ecounts
to mi croscopi ccxarni i rrti on'The
shal lbe not l essthrn I 5 fl - oi thc tot ll

II ar ea.A t leas ro n e te s ts fu e lbl e rn a d eto re p re sent eachcast.

II
I
I
I
I

I
d,t
t i.-

II
I
I
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I
 nS 140C: 1973

h
C.!
! 2:t
v u

?
z.Z
_:
ta)
(\a

+
r/)
C
jl -Q 6r+z+ f ?

(a)
|/)
c-
A
tt

I A
< ra)
a.l
= lrR o. A
Etr)r t-llttl

(1
-on
rrl
L , ,

3: a.
!-drt
\CrGC ra
F
v
i =:! - L
a ) '

I
jl

r. Or.t O O ra*:
I '.-. c)
c;i+ d ,j o-:
i ^ =r--1 -.rcl
q

t -
=
- a =
v
J) 6 c-)

z
I i
) Oo
V V o
{ -

? cc
a El =;*
- l . c
rr - ;1 t d,3
lx
:?
OO I
.v
lbcl::-

'Ja
V=q
= i--R o? .,i o
= f-- l l lt >\
t * t I

-
a \ \ = i . ;- Ot*l tr)OO nrc)
\^ <)
-nf a*
-=,
= | a.:oor-r -)ol\t 3c r-iA -:A A
-,-a
\r ----: =
I H
a
\:= O F- rr-
e2;o a
lcJ ci I i 1)
* , r/.)
a.i
! :". +?q qqq €
= | -: -i
=\O\C \OO(\l
=C)
Or4 C
-j* * |
; } Y
<Q
\o l\l ON \.) I* :-
(\l >::
v € .i
=o
*r n*< * -* G:--
i OO . - O- O
- r.l '=>oo.J
- -: O -C q- 'P
- :'>-=- -'d,^i =i I H

' i - -FlIr
o F-o t- q)
^{ -?-
'.= a2

::ts
Q . n : l -
1x
A a
.l ! - ' J -
e ' ) = ( a
,'/. 1
t=j"=;;=;,:
i - ir! t')- C
' l ol !
^ ! v
,r,1 y.6.i=
7E, - 1 -I - -
--J.=C-==
4 . 4 )

C " t l 3 >' !- ''-

o
,1, .sE=e5=
*l--I Ii.o =='A
, '5c = ; |
t t
-
!.=27=ih
. J e - _ -

: - - . :: -: r- ta
, I Ol n
3.,.O:
,. ; -
t q . - = ' =

- J - -

-k=,tJ,j
L. -r ., r- ^/ P
- ='

'...- =
.==laJ--t,
- -
= 4 r 1 - r
/- / , .

- .=t -
q ; - - ' J , - -

<Fciz:t
^ j^i -:.di,i
q, . J = -
. . r . . ! 6 m t
C.) ^ P O * g E -
:i u a a:z f< F
. , .
!-/ \./
\ e H
.= C
^n a\A!-r'
I
!t dFs :f,2 z F ZZ +-#(./r):

B
 BS 1400: 1973

ao c.
t ()
a t L,FN

v?q
F -li
I |r r l l| :

= *l
14 o or')c la
t v
(r|(\la-l
-i-f A
- : l l l ^
lcl
C) .r, - t ! l i v

? t= cs) =" c ' * F* lA

x O ta)
**
(n(n +
2E -: qq'''?
OCO At

t
rO
+o.v; aO
ccr+ i,l A
(\a O d L t:..i
c- bo'=

2. n qv] q
.e:=
\JqcE io rr r r |l l ! | ,-
(\@_

** t
gE O
(a
\r-t
oc(r)
trt qnq l-
taa
.o=
0)fttL
ci id+ t6t.) | , ; ttii
-,2

.:l vl orno
zl .w:=
c)
I
-l \Jtr.! l i
l l

TT

c c\t
Ar-i ;
-
€C
a)
.v=
H ;
o
*+i
tal rnio L C J

(^l
.qj.1
l ^ l ^
6 9
r v l v

* -
6

Y. (a (r) OOrn
** *T
(.lo
€ d- . . i q r- o-
6c)

AE ctl o\
€A-
\x-
O T z.
f':J
I lo | | lc :.{ r u:
?i: q
; (a 0 , ) q

;;: GI t- 'arl 6q')

€3;o E N llltlt o),o

i. ( cJ

.A (\{ -. \o (?) t\ dq cn q
E
5
1 9 a
(\ao rt otl
e-\ v
gl
r-l
i -
:
trtt \a a-g
t/)n;
F !(r
cr
q,,
y-.
O;T
>,

I v, \.o I
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I t, -- ,.,
A
i*r
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s -, i-q
ci-oJ € >4*=
F
Q,_:i
2. ttttlt A v.^-L

; ;:l
g *;4!
U :IcN.c - a
F t *

** F
. <
4 l . _ J

(, \nln *o O
ol
t s F ;
4 -

i; r c) ..9 F =
o ro 97+.7j
(\l -
A _ ' 9 L

? ' cro
^ ! tr,,.=(')
t l -, v; "! Z a a
c'-
---rO=
a=r;-=

e
) q
L l
v ' J

-
^ r O
t s ! L
'o, E:=
= E :
- q) cJ- 'r::3.o:;
*:
^ - b ^
+i ,-, !1 a d
v A ^ L '
(J.:.;
- : v -
;.i
t ^ v ^
un2c^
= -o . c.)
- - u;;-
k *
F I H L r -

E\?E'
E 6
-7i;C
dta' n a

>.-.t 9 ;
i - d m u . r
i d ' Y F - -

{
I - ; i *
> =.l.oP

I OJ \
;
;.,
=i > ;LF3
c
:
iFJ.3,:
.= 3 c
*fr 'r ?
=- , .!r i.3'-:E c!3
E - ( . l

r,r l-l +
- d :
A1 i

./,, '{' -o * ? . 1--+

: c
ti
_ '.
.;i - ' ' - - t J g
l! =
o=c
t.l i c.o
t " - ' . i
F F e i -
^ a l 4 ' ,
!
c
T
F ,8 ^ ) - F 4 q V U
ifr ;?f ii_:; rg= F ZZ'r +-+<

I
 {
I
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t
SS 14CC: 973 I
t
I
I

4r,
e . C l r e r n i c i c: lo m p o s i t i o no f G r o u pC i n g o t s
TaLrl3

L.ii I (;l (;J s('tl-1':

I I
I
I

I
I
I

\lrtr'riel
7 6 . / g / 0l 5
,' ti s 10,' 2 Nickcl Naval trrlss I'tlr santl I
lcadcdbronze
I
t u n n t ct a l gunmetrl c a st i n g

I
I
[: ir.'n:'-'n
ts nllll. ; IT'll\. nlln. tnl]x. nltn. nl:l\. , niln. nl.r\.

tI
I (7
a'c it I
i iL ,,7 it .,c

I
RE\ t . t{
ttt. E\1. 60.0 63.0
8.0 10.0 9.7 10.5 6.s 7.5 1.0 r 1.5

I
t.0 I.75 2 . 75 1.75 3.0 RE\I.

13.5 16.5 1.5 0 .l 0 0.s0 0.5

0.02 0.02

J,
2.0 1.0 5.25 5.75

0.15r
0.01t 0.01*
0.02*

A n t t m e .n t ' 0 . 2 0r o .r o .
0 . 0 2r 0.01*
0.03 * 0.02*

I t l : . r n r p u r i t i se 0.50
'nc
\ O - I i I . ' \ i t : , 1 1 ' ssthsa l i c ; u r i e d o u t f o r t h e e l c m c n t si n h e a v l ' t y p e a n d f o r t h e c l c m c n t s i n l [ h t t y ' p c r n a r k c d r v i t h a n a s t e r i s k .
\ O T i I T o t r l r m p L r r r t r :isn c l u d ea U e l c m e n t si n l i g h t t y p c .
- S('lj-i.
0 . 1 i i r n a r r n r u r : il c a d i f r e q u i r e d .

y i s t t e s t b a r sf o r i n g o t s( i n a c c o r d a n c e
T a b l e4 . M e c h a n i c apl r o p e r t i e so f s e p a r a t e l e with

ry
t h e r e q u i r e m e n tosf 2 . 5 )

Tensile strength 0,2 % proof stress E l o n g a t i o n o n

5.65JSo

I
Desi,mation Material
Chill I Sand Sand ChiII
cast i cast cast cast
I
min. I min. min. min.

N/mm2 N/mm2 N / m m 2i N / m m ' % "/a

II
(=llPu) (=I{P6) (=NIP.;| 1=r{Pu;
'
ABl A l u m i n i u r r : b r o n z - e( f o p p e r - a l u m i n i u m ) s00 540 170* 200 18 18
i
A l u m i n i r rr : t b r o n z e ( c o p p e r - a l u m i n i u m ) 640 6s0 2s0 lJ i
! a
I J

C o p p c r -r r r .nr g an c s c - a l u m
i n i um 6s0 670 310 18 2't
i
( l o p p c r -r r r .nr g a n c s c - a l u m i n m
iu 744 I
I
j
470 170 210 I ia 1'1

I I T B3

d*
' IIigh tcrrsik'bcta brassf 400 tl
ltoo
' I'or infornration
orrlr..
i F o r m e r l l , d c : ; i g n a t c rt ir r i n r p c r i a lu n i t s 3 0 t o n a n d 4 g t o n r e s p e c t i v e l y .

10 I
I
i
 BS 1400: 1973

to castings
applicable
3. Requirements
3.1 General
i n S ecti on1, w i th the ' pc;tti c requi ::n lcnt s
speci fi ed
T he c as t ingssh a l lc o mp l y w i th th e g e n e ralrequi rements
givenbelowand rvhereapplicablethe inspectionrequirements specifiedin Sectiort4.

3. 2 F r eed o m fro m d e fe c ts

shallbe clean and free from harmful defects-

The castings
th:i
Any castingmay be deemednot to comply with the standardbecauseof castingdeie:ts nr)twithst.';-rdiltg
for chemicalcompositionand mechanical
the requirements propertieshavebeenfulfil-le:-

\ 3.3 Chemicalcomposition

II The chemicalcompositionof the castinp shallcomply with the appropriaterequiremertsgivenin Tacles5-7-

and tolerances
3.4 Dimensions
s- T he dim en s i o nasn d to l e ra n c eos f th e c a sti ngs
andthesupplier.
thepurchaser
between
j
as agr ee
shal lconformto the w orki ngdraw i ngand soeci fi cati on

3.5 Mechanicalproperties
properties
Themechanicil fromthetestpi ecesspeci fi cdrn 1.5 shal lcompl v ui i i l the apprc:i i at e
obtained
givenin Table8.
requirements

3.6 Certificateof comPliance

A cerrificateof compliancewith all test requirementscarriedout shallbe providedwin eachbatch $ hen
r ci
requested by the purchaser.The suppliershallatsoprovidewhen requiredinformation concerningthe numbe
.rr1, p., batchof castingsdeliveredand a copy of the relevantanalysesand test resuits-

3.7 Reclamationand repaar

and his
Rec lam ati oann d /o rre p a i ro f a n y c a s ti n gis not permi tredw i thout the w ri tten approva,of the purch:ser
of the methodsof repairproposed,with the e.rceptionof the circumstancei covered b1'rhe follov'u:s
acceptance
paraeraph.
Castingsin aluminiumbronzeAB l, AB2 or Ctr{AalioysC}vlAl, CMA2 may be repai:edb;- weldineunless
specifiedby the purchaser.Each repairedareashallbe fully re-inspected
otherrvise in arct'rdancervilh the
of the originalorder or test schedule.
requirements

conductivitY
3.8 Electrical
HCCi and ct'Dr€r
The suppler shallensureihat the electricalconductivityof castingsin high conductiviq;copper
c hr om iumC C I-T F s h a l lc o m p l y w i th th e conducti vi tyrequi rements quoted i n Tabl e 6.
out b1 fil€crlS'ri l
Unles otherrvisespecifiedby the purchaserconductiviiytestingof castingsshallbe carried
c alibr r t ede d d y c u rre n tte s ti n gL rs tru me ntusedunderti recondi ri onsrecommended b1' the manufactl l rerTh:
'
f ac ef or t e s ti n gs h d l b e s u i ta b l yp re p a re d.
be suiil;ient to ii":
Nrernarivelythe resistivityshallbe dcternrinedon a tc'stcastingthe lengthof which shrii
t he ac c ur a c l ' re q u i rcadn d s u i ta b l efo r th e nrethodof testi ngenrpl tryed.
F c r c di b rl ti o n a n d i n c a s eo f d i s p u tci l rc-nreasurcntr'trf Ittresi sti vi tyshrl l be carri ci cut i rt accori l :n cc"r 'i: li
B S , l: jlq t t) tn tc c u ra c yo f tl .1 2 ,.
R c s i s ti vi tt,shdlbc ci l cul l tt-di rtnr the rnr.l surecl res:ii nsc ;ri ' teri t l l :s bcc'l
"
oi 20 C.
c ot t c r ' t i- 'tdt' rI tc tttp e r:rtu re

4. Inspectionrequirements for castings

4.1 General
' I ' his
s p r' c i l -i cths c frc q u en c y o t' l n .rl vsi sand rl rtr' hrni cl ltcsti rrg.
s r . c ri trn rvhi chshal lbc " ' l :i cl i ottt' l -' :i l c r 't ', :
r l' o r k .l n , j
r ' r . i c d i 1 { . 1 l r r c : r d c t l u ; r tl c' u r ; r l lg o o i lq u l l i i y g e n L ' r u i t l r t l t e n t l r j o r i t yo f c ' " i i l t i i ' ;l l t l l i 1 - . : 1 t ) l ' ' t 1
r ( ' ( l ' . l riit l l r . ' t l t Sl t c r ' d b c s P c c i l ) t ' d .
11
 !
l

ffiS14C0: 1973 i
I ,

@n ,}t

\ \ i l . . i r l ' r r r t l r r . irr r s i l t ; c l r t r lirs n c c c s s u r l 'r h c n t h i s s h . l l t r c b : r s r ' do r t t h e p r \ ) c L ' d u r cd c s c r i b c di n 4 . 3 u i l d t l r c

t i L u u , : l { su n r l i t , i { . r r d c r : , 1 r .b: c. i lc o d c ' da c . \ ) r d i n g l yr r t d I t c s t s c h c d u l cs r r p p l i c db y t h e p u r c h l s c r .
. 1 . 11 1 1 5 p , . t c t:irt r ri rcllc s r i s q t t t - c l s t i p q st l c s c r i b c tiln t h i s s t : r n d l r ds h l i l lb c c r i r r i c d0 t r t i r Y t h e s u p p l i c r u t t l c s s
trtltl.:-\\lSt'lltlll-....l.,Jtr,lcetttltt'1rrtrclt:ts..r:lIldtlrestt;lplic.r.1.li.'ittspcctitltlrt.riilircttlt-tt[Ssirlr1lbcsttctl
1
I
c n c l u . r \ ,t , r r l c t r i : i J , , o rt e s : s c h c d u l er v l t , - ' raep p l i c l b l c ' . I
T i t : p g r c l r : l s t rs [ a l l n . . r i f y t h e s u p p l i r . rw l l e n p l l ; i n g t h r - o r d e r i i i t i s h i s i r t t c r t t i o nt o i n s p e c tt h c r n a t c r i l l l t
i cc i i i t i e s t o s l t i s f y h i r n s c l l ' t h a t t l t e
r l r r .s . r r p i i c r ' s\ \ , ! ) r k s . ' [ ' ] r cs u p p l i e r s h . r l lr i f o r d t h e p u r c h a s c rd l r . ' e s t - r r l r b h
I
r r r : r l c r i Ji s i p : . r c c t r r d a n c r ' r r ' i t h this standrrd. F o r t h i s p u r p o s r .t l t e p u r c h a s e ro r h i s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e nliiy, by prior
J r r i l r - : { r ' p t L . 1att,r L ' 1 c tl o i n s p e c t t h e m a t e r i ; . r 1t o, s r ' l e c tu n d i r J e n t i i y t h e t e s t s u n p l e s f o r t e s t i n g a r t d t o w i t l t e s st h e
t r ' s ts L r .i t t g t l r l t d . ' .

4 . 2 f r ' i i n i m u mr e q u i r e m e n t sa p p l i c a b l et o a l l c a s t s
ircquency
A rc-i.ri:ir oI anrlysisandmechanical
testing to obtainanadequate
essentiel
is considered levelof
providing
conrroiin a founclry
recluri,..ri to The
castings thisstandard. be
shall
requirements
follorving fulfilled.

4.2.1 Frequenc)'ofanall'sis.When the melt is wholly preparedfrom ingotsfor which an analysisis already
l va i i :rlc . t oqc t her wit h p rtrp e rl ys e g re g a teadn d i d e n ti fi edfoundryreturns,the frequencyof checkson chemi cal
t
sampl es
is ar t he d i s c re ti o no f th e s u p p l i e r.[n a n y otherci rcumstances
co rn :r r ) s it lon shal lbe takenand anal l ' sed
l'ronrir leastone cast in rlve fureachalloy suppliedto this standard.Elementsshallbe determinedin accordance
si ti : Tr bic s5- 7 inc lud rn gth e n o te sth e re o n .

.l .l .l R et es tpr oc edure\\h . e n re g u l a ra n a l y s i iss re q u i redby 4.2.1,a sampl efor anal ysishal s lbe taken from each
ca sru ;ic s sot her wis esp e c i t-i ebdy th e p u rc h a s e r.
Sa mpl estaken but not anal shal
ysed be
l kept unti -lthe next
l n a trsrsr c . c luir cfdor t h a t l l l c l y h a sb e e nm a d ea n d fo u nd sati sfactory.
!i mi ts,a furtherporti on of the sal nesrnrpi emay be
Ii ;i r c nt ic alanaiy s i s h o w sre s u l tso u ts i d eth e s p e c i fi cati on
sub;:r:rcdfor checkanaiy'sis. lf this conflrmsthe originalresults,the castshallbc deemednot to comply with
tSissr:irderci.in aclclitionsamplesfrom the castsin this alloy immediatelybeforeand alter shallbe analyscdfor
r5 e s.- ' t ir - nr c ot S h h a v ep re v i o u s l yfa i l e dto me e tthe speci fi cati on.
whic If thesearesati sfactory, no furtheractton
ls ri.Jasslry.
i :-: ir hc ror bor h of th e a d d i ti o n a sl a mp l e fa composi ti on,thosesampl esrepresenti ng
s i l to meetthe speci fi ed
tIt --:, : rpr a n a l y s ishal
s odLr c csdin c eth e l a s ts a ti s fa c to ry s be
l checked
and acti ontakenaccordi ngl yi n
co.L,t;rariort*'irh thc purchaser.Subsequent castsin the samealloy shzrlibe checkeduntil threeconsecutive casts
s h ( ' , i , l t t i s f l c t o r ve s u l t s .

with the
tests.The numberof mechanicaltestscarriedout shallbe in accordance
4.7.3 Frequencyof rnechanical
fu l i - r,inc
, .

Maximum mass of
l U a t e r i a la n d d e s i g n a t i o n fettled castings per
test for.each alloyt

S a n dc a s t e l u m l n i u m b r o n z e s A B 1 ,A B 2 1 0 0 0k g
CIf A allovs CMA1, CMAZ
IIigh tcnsilcb ' rasscs HTBI,HTB3
Chiil cast CMAl

Gunmct;.rls G I , G 3 ,G 3 - T F ,L G I , L G z , L G 4 5000kg
P h r - , s p [ o t[ . r o n z - e s P I ] I ,P B 2 ,P B 4 ,L P B i
C c . r p p c ri-rtt e . l l o y CTI
l-ea.Jcd [l I rrI',zcs LBI, LB2, LIl.4,LBs
Chili cast;rlurnittium
brc-,nz-cs AI]I, AB2

Iirl'r,.r::, , CI4. SC86

S C I ] I , S C I J 3S N o t e n s i l et e s t s
IX,I]I, INb3,I'C131 r c qu i r c d
Coppcr IICCI
Copp,er-t'lrr'()mium CCI-TF

t oi, thc product of

o r r c c a s tu , h i c h c v e ry i e l d s t h c l e s sf r e q u e n t r a t e o f t e s t i n g .

12
I BS 140O:1973

h
I

I
4.2.4 Hardness testingof copper-chromium CCI-TF and gunmetalG3-TF.Castings
a r t cgi u i : r ' : t l l G 3 - ' 1 ' sFh d l b e h a r d n e stsc s t e d : i l - t ehre a t t r c a t m e nitn a c c o r c i a nw
or c ac hiieat t rc a tme n tb a tc h rv h i c hvee r i s th e snral l er.
ce
in copter-chrt.rrrium CCl-'IF
i t h 1 . 6 . 3t t t r r . i r : c s , Jei l te l rj ; . i " i

I 4.2.5 }{icroscopicexaminationof HTBI. Test piecesin alloy HTB I shallbe polishedand etchedrptl shall
subjcctedto microscopicexamination.The proportion of alphaphasederivedfrom the average
be
ot' lt leastfive
c ount ss hallb e n o t l e s sth e n i 5 % o f th e to ta l area.A t l eastone testshal lbe madeto represent
erc6 cast.

I
4.3 Additional inspectionrequirementsto be chosenwhere applicable
N O - | E . T h e o b j e c t o f t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o no u t l i n e d i n t h i s s e c t i o n i s t o e n a b l e c a s t i n g st o b e s p e c i f i e da c c . r d i n g
to their particular
i n s p e c t i o ; rr e q u i r e m e n t s . A s y s t e m o f i n s p e c t i o n c o d i n g i s d e s c r i b e dw h i c h e n a b l i s t h e a d d i t i o n a l i n s p e c t i o n
r e q u i r e m e n t st o b e
\ s p ec i l - i e dr e a d i l y a t t h e d e s i g n s t a s e ,f o r q u o t a t i o n p u r p o s e s a n d f o r o r d e r .

I It must be emphasized that over-inspection will lead to unnecessariJyhigh costs and longer delivery times w i t h
compensating advantages.For these reasonsit is essential to select only those inspection requirements which are
no
necessary for the

d
d e s i g nc o n c e r n e d .

4. 3- l G ener a lC
. a s ti n gto
s b e i n s p e c te b d y a n y of the fol l ow i ngmethodsshal bel subj ectrocodi ng i 1 rhe manner
I des c r ibed.
I ns p e c ti o na n d te s ti n g c o v e rebdy thi s codi ngshal lbe carri edout i n accordance w i th -1.3.2-1.3.8
as
I approonate.

II (I)
( 2)
( 3)
( 4)
( 5)
A naly si so f e a c hc a s t(1 0 0 % )-C o d eA (see4.3.2).
\ lec ha n i c ate l s ti n go f te s tb a rsfro m e achcast(100 % )-C odeT (see4.3.3).
P r ooim a c h i n i n go r fi n i s hma c h i n i n g - C odeM (see4.3.4).
P r es s u rete s ti n g -C o d eP (s e e4 .3 .5 ).
P enet ra nflt a rvd e te c ti o n -C o d eF (s e e4 .3.6).
( 6) Rediog ra p l i lecx a mi n a ti o n -C o d e
I
I
( 7)
R 1 o r R 2 (see4.3.7).
E lec t r i c acl o n d u c ti v i tyte s ti n g -C o d eC (see4.3.8).
I
II s u g g e s r e de x a m p l c s o f i n s p c c t i o n a n d c o d i n g f o r t y p i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n s :
I c : r s t i n g sr c q u i r i n g m a c h i n i n e f o l l o w c d b y p r e s s u r et e s t i n g - c c d e M p .
I P r c s s u r c - t i g l tgt u n m e t a l c a s t i n g sw h e r c c o r r o s i o n r e s i s t a n c ei s c r i t i c a l - l 0 O % a n a l y s i s ,p r o o f m a c i r : n i n ga n d

I
p r c \ s u r et e s t- C o d c A i r l P .
( . r s t i n g si n a l u n r i n i u n rb r o n z e s u b j e c tt o s e v e r e l yc o r r o s i v econditions-
100% analysis,100% tesrbars,
p r c o t -m a c h i n i n ga n d f l a r v d e t e c t i o n - C o d e A T l r I I r .
C c p p c r - c h r o n r i u m c a s t i r t g sr e q u i r i n g h i g h s t r e n g t h a n d h i g h c o n d u c t i r i t y - C o d e A C .
i C a s t i n g si n g u n m e t a l s u b j c c t t o s t r e s sa n d a s i g n i { i c a n t l y c o r r o s i v ee n r i r o n m e n t - 1 0 0 % a n a l l . s i s .p r o o f m a c h i n t n g .

w'
f l l w d e t c c t i o n , s o m e r a d i o g r a p h y- 'C o d e A M F R 2 .
[ { i g h l y ' s l r e s s e ad l u m i n i t r m b r o n z e c a s l i n q sf o r a c o r r o s i v ea p p l i c a t i o n1 0 0 % a n a l y s i s L , 00% testbars,
proof machining, flew detecrion and full radiography-Code ATI\IFRl.

I Appendi-rC givesguidanceof a generalnature on the codesfor add.itional

recomlnended for variousclasses
inspectionwhich nray be
of rvork.Sliould more than one requirementapply,the co.,Jes

I
are aclditive.
A purchaser's testscheduleshallbe providedat the enquirystageto give,in adciitionto rhe co<irng.full details
of any s pc c ir lte s tc o n d i ti o n sr' h i c h ma y a p p l y(seeA ppendi xD ).

I 4.3.2 CodeA (anal1'sis).

When CodeA is specifiedall castsshallbe anal1,5sd.

II i
4.3.3 CodeT (nrechanical
r e p r e s e neia c hc a s t .
tests).\\4renCodeT is specifiedat lerst one mechanicaltest shallbe carricdout to

4 . 3 . 4 C o d e I I ( n r l c h i n i n g ) . T l i c q u a l i t y o f c l s t i n g s s u b j e c t t o m l c h i r r i i r g c r n n o t f r e q u e p t l ) , b c .s s s c s r c t a l dequarelv
I i n t h c 3 s ' ; 3 ) l s t l l t c .P r t l v i s i o ni s n t a d c ' i nt h i s c a t c g o r ) , f o r n r l c h i n i n gb , r ' t i r es u p p l i e r ,e i t S c r p r r t i l l l y o r f t r l l y ,

II b c - l i r r ci ; t s p c c t i o n .
T i t c r . ' i i o i l o r r c q i ( ) l t st o b c i t t l c h i l t r ' d b c t ' o r c i n s p t ' c t i o l rs l t r l l b t ' t i r e s u b j c c t o f l g r c c n r r . . nbt c 1 \ \ ' c e np u r c l r a s e r
I t t d s t t I f i . t r rs l l d s l t l l l b c d c t l i l r d o r t t h c d r l r v i n g a n d n o t c d i n t h t - ' p u r c h r s e r 'tsc s t s c I c d u l c .W h t ' r c l l r c p r o p o r t i r ) 1

J- o l ' c e s t i i l i s s r r b j c c tt t l t l t i s r c q t l i t L ' t l t c l t its r t t t t s t r t c d o n t h c p u r c f i l s c ' r ' sI e s t s c h c d l l c : r l l t l t c c . r s t i t t r :: . l r l l l b e

rnlclrinc,.i.
V i s i r . i li t t s i t t . c t i o tot f t l t c r r t l i i r i l t c d s r r r l u c c ' r v i lbl c .s u t ' f i c j c . pt t t i d c l r i l l ' g r o s s d c l i . c t s ,t r u t p l o r ' ' l ' r ; ; r c h i n i i r igs
ltlstl1.'111l.;lrl.rrl-rt.ltltrlllllcittctlitjttltctrorrrrithp|csst1|t'tcs1irlg(Ctldcl\lP}orp(.llcl

13
ts$i&CC: i973

.tr.i .5Coc le[ ' lpr es s r rrctt' s ti n q ).\\' h c .rr. c l s ti n rl sfr,rrrrpurt rrl ' r pl si l rct (c.g.vl rl vc)ri ' hi cl ti s t]rc sul rj cctol ' l B ri ti sh
Sr::ir l. r r t l, t lr c irt ir c r erl rri rc rrrc notsf th i sc l u rs cs h rl l rrotl pp[1,l rtd the tcst prcssttrcshl tl lbe thl t spcci i i r' di n thc
r r . i : t- i n t I i ri t i s l rS t l r r t i - t: it .
fiic t 1' pc st ) t pr c s :,rJ rr' . e c o n d i ti onsof tr' stal i di rtstructi orlott
rc s tsrc c l u i rc dth s tht' prodttcti ttrt stts,cat * ' hi ci t
i h .'r' : s uit ss ir iil bc lp l .i i ..-ds h a l lb c s 1 ^ -c i t' i eodrt tl rr.purchl sr' r'tt-' s stschedul e.
\\her c v c rc t r ndit i o n sp en n i t, th e tc s ts h a l lb e c a r ri edout l i tc' r nracl dni ng, or, w l l c' rcthi s i s not prl cti cl bi e.
.i li r'I pt t ) r - 'ttt-t l. ' lt ini rr g.
\\lt en r he pr opor ti ,;no f c a s ti n g sto b e te s tc di s n ot statedon the purchaser'test s schedul eal l casti ngs shrl ibe
t c ' Si i ' d .

Cr s t ingsr nr l' c it lr e r b e te s te dh y ' d ra u l i c a l li yn a ccordance u' i th (l ) bel ow ,or be subj ectedto ahydrostati ctest
i n i rr r llyand
' t ir . ' nbe te s te dp n e u ma ti c a l liyn a c c o rd ance * ' i th (3).
\ O T E . I l i s r e c t r n t m c n c l r dt h a t n o p n e u n t a t i ct e s t b e c a r r i e do u t u n l e s sp r e c e d e db y a h y d r a u l i c t e s t t o a t l e a s tt w i c e t h e p r o p o s e d
. i l I : : c \ s ur e .

( i ) Ilvdrostrtic tests.The castingsshallbe suitablyblankedoff and hydrostaticeliytestedto tlie specified

Drr-'SSUr0. The restpressureshallbe held for a sufficientlengthof time to permit adequateinspectionand for not
iessthan 5 minutes.Any castingfrom rvhichleakageoccursshdl be deemedto havefailed the test.Wateris the
p rr.i - 3r r ct dc s t m ediu rn .b u t o th e rsm a y b e s p e c i fi e don the purchaser'test
s schedul esubj ectto the agreementof
thr'supplier.
( I ) Pneumarictests.The castingsshallbe suitablyblankedoff, immersedirt water and pneumaticallytestedto
th: spccificdpressure.The water shallbe cleanand the castings d not more than 150 mm. The
shailbe submerge
resrpressureshallbe held for a sufficientlengthof time to permitadequateinspectionand for not lessthan 5
nrnurcs.hn-v-castingirom which leakageoccursshallbe deemedtohave failed the test. Air is the prcferredtest
nr ot her s u i ra b l eg a s e sm a y b e s p e c i fi e don the purchaser'test
rn r.i ir Lrbut of the
s schedul esubj ectto the agrcement
su:pircr.

{.i .6 CodeF ( pene tra nflt a w d e te c ti o n ).S u rfa c ed efectsmay be detectedw i th the ai d of penetrants. S houl dthi s
i c,::: .i ' r fins pc c t ionb e re q u i re d th
, e c o n d i ti o n so f testshal lbe sti pul atedi n the purchaser'test \\here
s schedul e.
th r.n unr bc roi t es t si s n o t s ta te da l l th e c a s ti n gs h ai lbe tested.
Thc castingshailbe thorougl"rly cleanedby shot blastingor other comparablemethod before testing.No
rcs:iueirom the nrould Lr the form of sand,dressings or otherdepositsshallbe visible.

-1.3.7CodesRl and Rl (radiographicexamination).Whenradiographyof castingsisrequiredtest regionsfor

racrorrapiricexaminarionshallbe markedclearlyon the drawing.
Thc follou'inggradesshallapply.

R1 Radiographyof test regionson all castingssupplied.

Rl RadiographyoI-test regionsof the first castingsto be producedto any particularorder. This is to be
iollcw'edb),checkradiographson a proportionof the remainder.The number of castingsto be radiographed
s hallb c -s ta te do n th e p u rc h a s e r'te
a t b o t h s t 3qes s s tschedul e.
In all casesradiogr:iphictechniquesand standardsof acceptance shallbe subjectto agreementbetweensupplier
a n clpur c has er .
\\hen castingssuppliedto thesecodesare repairedthey shallbe subjectedto radiographicexaminationof the
areain accordencewith the aboverequirements.
repz.ired
The test schedulcshdl statewhetherthe purchaserrequiresto approvethe radiographicprocedureand alsothe
s!'stemoi inspectionrind approvalof radiographs
required.
and approvalmay include:
The systcmof insl'''.'61ion
(1 ) ac c c pt ancoI e ti re d e c i s i o no f th e s u p p l i e rs u bj ectto peri odi cassessment by a representati ve of the
p urchasre.
(1 ) v ic r i' ingof c lc l r b a tc h o f ra d i o g ra p hast th e suppl i er'w s orksby a represcntati ve of the purchaser before
d el :'.: r v , t ) r
' r . ) t i t ' i i i t r i ' o f ' r : t r i i , - g r a prhv si t hc a , : hb r t c l rr r f c a : , t i n gIsn. t h i sc a s et h e r r d i o g r a p hssh a l lb e r c c o m p i , r r r ib: !, , - i
ske tc hes r ur d/ orr > t ltc rd e s c ri p ti v e ma tte rto i d c n ti fy eachradi ograph w i th i ts rel atcdcasti ng.

4 .3 .8CodeC ( elec t ri c rlc o n d u c ti v i tyte s ti n g ).If C o deC i s speci fi ecl

at l eastone conducti vi tytestshal lbe carri ed
o u t per c as tor heat t rc ' a tme nbt a tc h ,w h i c h e v eirs the ri nul l .t,i n accordance w i th 3.8.

14
 BS 14OC:i973

4.4 ldentification and record keeping

W i r e nc a s l l n gasr em a d ct o t h e r e q u i r c m c n tost '4 . 3 , , , i . , .r.;;h a ibl e i n d i v i d u a i l n

y r r r l : c d o. r b a t c l r c rel r i r -t .l r l l l c d,.,
s oonasposs i b l e a fte rc a s ti n g a, n d th e i d e n ti fi cati onshal lb e m a i n t a i n e idn s u c ha m a n n c r S t o c l i 1 [ i * r r r rc l : r i : r : s
t o be c or r e i a te w d i th th e i r re l e v a n itn s p e cti onrecorcrs at the ti me of despatchfrom the fountl ry,.Thc i rl spe cr ior ,
recordsshallbe kept in sucha mannerasto enablethem to be madeavai l abi e to the purchascror l i i i
r epr es ent a tiov n e re q u e s t.

15
 'i
ES l'ilC : 1973

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o .r) eq ie
\
V,- lo | | rj oo lo
\t .-4- -
\a_ - a.)

r.r \ : L
=
v v
I -d
.{r.:1 5
cR r+ + | I rrir i\

c{ .,q
(n
u, A
I
s-
\;i N

tn +v.- 9L
€ vl c\
l+, tt .=': d
C)
.^!cJ\a
O rr)d a.l ;>:i co
OO O:O <c)
j
n tse
6)!.*)s
-r dO(\l OO O
I
z d - l L FJ,

>= 31 9=; 9^
c N a ) - - 4

^ t . t c)'-- =
(J -::
=
?-= ;:

o
l+r
EEV .: 1 a
e c , 6

k
vl ? 2 l t, r = i^ . =-
ll L
c aj
c
c'r
.2.
: I - - -a oi.=

g
L
-t-
3.N c?..a ? >
tlt
v! t!=ae)
-,
- J a
v - L
\o .e=;
i' .i. = *z. i 7c Ez z
-i - a€
= l,a
t : - a

-A I tl l-:
v.a
e.!'= i
; 4a
c i
= t! t-
.i ..
=.-- 2.*
==u='i:
u 6

,= *=--'=
-.*--^v
.. =7, i1 J'J
= ' = ; . = ' J - -

f.i -
= 1. :l-:,
() .= e -

4F ?-2:, i
I
LO 2
o EY ..Y
-Cq =-c.) ,
lz 5,FE
#)l
H!: T
q) c l i R' r.r /'r iQ

H.o eEtr =E$ Ei."E 8 . 2

e i H F H . , r , F

bol l-i^ O tr\r.=

0) Y/l
=cc R=.2 o=.a- c;O€ o bC';.oeF
F
q ) i fia

dFiA JE.z t<2'{(5+ U)A F ZZ * +-+g' I

I
I
I
16
 BS 1400: 1973
: .=-
?
a
En . ia
.= o c i:o
-=?
e.- , E 3
.) = ./
=
.== 9.j-=
ao 3 -FT 7 7 - r . z2-2r +- =. =- Z = 7 F = l -
ts u P.?.t
t22
==-
2="1 =!z- 'li=. iZ, ' ! ' o S ?
- : FF.?:
.t,=1
'-:-N -sz.Z :<=. <.4.i- i,=2 U

';. t). i o c '4L

i1r (\(^to (\tco ol
- t =
| t,! r ^..i
'T I e. r v O l_: | | i i I I I i
_i- -:- fl "';.o+
i- d
E

.4'
€

'=
|
! .
- | v

\o
nq
Hx
' = a : ei .l " lll I iiltll

I;. I o
*
: 7 1.,. 9; t.) o c'.)c (^l
= iU'. I J2, o l-: .jc.i-i ;rr r
f\ t.)
c45

tzi
+* *
ra)
l= OV) !3- ooo ca
i
I
F i :v
z ,..: i --+ +o..r; -:tt I
t\ c J - !
r- co'= t .
vi q.,?q
f- - i = I - a.aOO-
I L \ tl
,
I t
,

', '/. l a O,.J

**
v)t/)r.)
*
i O14O i/) C
i = I ^ JJo qq+ .rcd-; -Ca
i=ia_</-
! F l l \ < a
I
9 9 -irr tA
I . ' l

' t M

t=l
l -
,,? q"?q
- Fll---
-rc\ , ,
II tl

* *
lF;7i * tlt
.*\n 3 ? e q" c7.)
=ii: c) l(r) rrrO- - l; I
.,!i :-,,!= i:-=
A , .

I I -t -fcd I r ;

E?4 -r.o O O (atao (-rq co

o A
ro I

'/
(n = I= .g ." J?vl o o 5 P 3=
\ .:: : /-f?)6 -o i..i id I i li dcj | |
6- o -- ll
>
; --EF d.
., ,.= oo
-; , > -E =
C r S i t? c.i r_ +rr rttttl
'/i ()=O

t j
9
.i
:Q ttt
;- l;r
O c-t
t\l | ^ -jGJ cf r\ *ll
l- lL< ?. r\lll lo
\ \ X 1.,;
l ' i
:* - ^

,r>i;
l l l '=i..!tr .

00
!
i L \ tl lllttt
I
t Y . r) V) tn 1..,
i { o c.] r (.l co
.-: ; -i; rlttll r-i
t v
k l
O . FJ-
I .
t !
.- l -
f i F
v -

rn
*
C.a c.r o
cat
F * A

drr ri

c0 ,"j

*^
a\=
CY
cll lo
(,
rn
J :li:trill

'; (\
'a *;

I
?. llrlill
f "

j
li , l

; ':
e

v-) :'
N J : L K c a ' < = . ; O
ct t
E ,, v s i J = =

.: s^' ;-- -: c -
c a - ! - f
<)
- j ) : -
l - - * Y
V / k J ;-\)-,- e.

(J
; t -
trcq
t^

T-
c .il &-
! .- i: L
c jir tr ;
ri ;:a
L, . _ ,* -i - ' -
_-
:
f*
^:'
c.,
l::;
= t-l;
t:
ci- ;
; A A
?=

jiE11
F . a.:.-s ::,"- :{;;: t, F'=

--.
I

i
 '
t

i
'fi

sS i4 CO: 1973

T a b l e7 . C h e r n i c acl o m p o s i t i o no f G r o u p C c a s t i n g s
{.
lct G3 G3.TF i scB+
._- -_*:
i6q0it5 8 s il 0 / 2 Nickel N i c k e lg u n n r e t a l j S a v a tb r a r sf o r
\ 1 et . , ' r i ' . r l It'rJe,lbronze gunmetrl gunnretal fully heat trelted i sandcasting

l
[ ' - l e mc nt s n]lll. nla\. rnln. II13.\.
i

(,'( .,.c
i,
i'/a
I l%
I

RE\I.
I
RE\I. RENl. RENl. 60.0 63.0
f't}J il r' I
i 1.0 1.5
Tin s,0 r0.0 l e . s 10.5 /.) 6.5 i.)

Zi n .' 1.0 il.i ) 2 ; 75 3.0 1.5 3.0 ENI.

I
L c:: 13.0 17.0 I 1.5 0.s0 0.10 j 0.s0 i - 0.5
i )l t'.,si r it or us 0.1 t-
t- 0.02 ,- io.oz l- l-
Nr,'l .cl 2.0 t_ 1.0 s7 s s.zs Is.7s i -

Iron 0.15*
Alu::rirtiurrr 0 . 0 1* 0.01*,_ 10.01*l_ | 0.01
\tarsanesc I
o . l o *: - l o . z o *i - l-

;
l

0.20* n 1ni
V . ! v 0.20*
;i |
Siii:..n 0.02 0.02* 0 . 0 1* ii 0 . 0 r .l -
iirs::,utIt 0 . 0 3* 0 0 2 *r - t-
i-
100?'f -
1002* __1
J o : " i r n r p r l r i tsi e
I 0.30 0.50
lo'o;- josoi- lozs
\Oll l . , \ n l l 1 ' s r ss h e l l b e c r n i e c l o u t f o r t h e e l e n r e n t si n h e a v y t y p e a n d f o r t h e e l c r n e n t si n l i g h t t 1 ' p em a r k e d w i t h a n a s t e r i s k .
-i
\OTI l . o t a l i r n p u r i t r c si n c l u d ea l l e l c m c n t si n l i g h t t 1 ' p e .

1B
 BS 14OO:i973

Tableg. Mechanical (in accordance

propertiesof testsamplesfor castings with the requirements
of 3.5)

0.2 % pro<;fstrcss Iilr,rngation'.,i-r5.h Sr ,\'

T e n s i l cs t r e n g t h

Centri- Sand ('on ti:r- Cen ti:-

Contin-
fugal$ uous fugal '
, ucrus |
trrin ::lln
min. lmin.
I

N/mm2i n/*-' N/mm2 N/mm2 iN/mm'iN/mm2

1=NlP3) i (=MP3) (=lv{P3) i ( = M P u ) t ( = \ { P " ) l(=MPo)
I
GroupA alloys I I
I 1 .'l
PB4 ,190 \270 330 280 I 00* I40* I 1 6 0 * 140* J l'+
I ^J 1 )+
LPBI reo \zzo 270 230 80* 130* I 1 3 0 *
I
I 30*
LB2 i 190 lzzo 280 230 80* 140* i 160* 140* 5 3 A\
U

i
I I '7
LB4 I160 200 230 220 60* 80* Ir : o * 80* 596
200 2'/0 220 I 00* 1 1 0 * I loo. 110* 13 6 li s
LG2 200
,250 250 300 250 I30* I 30* I 1 3 0 * 130* 16 5 13 6
LG4
I
GroupB alloys II
cc l-TFi I
PBI 220 310 360 330 I30* I70* Itzo* I70* 3 1

')
ot

PB2 220 210 3r0 280 I30* I70* i l70r 170* 5 \ 1

i
CTI 230
' 160
270 310 280 I30* I40* i too. I40*
80*
6
5
9
e :
LB5 170 190 190 60* 80*
80*
llo0.
i_ lt 1
LGl 'tSO 180
; l0
A BI r500 540 560 170* 200* 200* t8 l8
AB] I640 650 670 250 2s0 250 l3 l3 IJ

CirlAI io s o 670 280 310 l8 2'l

CNlA2 380 9
H T BI 500 s00 170 210 210 l8 l8
" ', 74 4
70
HTB3 \ tq o 740 400 400 ll
I
GroupC alloys
4 o
LBI rI 1 7 0 230 220 80* I 30r I30* I30*
GI 11270 300 2s0 I30* I 30* 140* I30* l3 9
1zso I70* l6 ld
G3 340 I 40*
I

i .)
G3-TFi i430 430 280* 280* J

* F o r i n f o r m r t i o no n l i .
t T h e m i n i m u m h a r d n c . sosf C C l - T F e f t e r h e a t t r e a t n t e n ts h a l l b e 1 0 0 H B .
t T h e m i n i n t u m h a r d n c s s o fG 3 - T F a f t e r h c a t t r e a t n t e n ts h a l lb e 1 6 0 t t B . o f c e : r t r i f u S : l c a s t i r t g s: : : r d c
g V a l u . s e p p l l ' t o s e m p l e s c u t f r o m c e n t r i f u g a l c : e s t i n g sm a d e i n m e t a l l i c m o u l d s - N { i n i m u m p r o p e r t i e s
in sand moulds a r e t h e s a n t ea s f o r o t h e r s a n d c a s t i n g s .

19
BS 1400: 1973
ft-$,
A p p e n d i xA
C o l o u rc o d ef o r i n g o t s
-f11.'
1 ' . r l l r r u ' i ncgi rj o t r r c o c i c s l r t i u l d b c u s r ' . 1 .

'
Gr,,tttp.4
PB-l Black,'red
tPB I B lr c k
LB: Whitc'

L B+ W lr ir r _s ,i
re e n
LCI Illue
L G-l B lue/ b ro w ' n

SCB
I Cr een.bil u e
SCB-] G r c en
SCB6 G r ec n,/b ro rv n

DCBI Y eliou ' /b l u e

DCBJ Yellorr,/bro*'n
PCt]1 W hit e/ b l u e

Griutl:B

PBI Y c llow
PB] Y c llow /re d
CTl lllac k / a l u mi n i u m

L B.i \ \ ' hit c l b ro w n

I l-1
L\J I Bluc/rcd
Atsi A lunr in i u m

l r) 1
,r\D- Alurninium/green
C\IAI Nunr in i u m/re d
C\1A] Num ini u m/y e l l o w

I]Tts1 B r own
i{TB3 Brorvn/red

GroupC

LBl White/black
UJ Illuc/black
SCB4 G r e' c n /y e l l o w
UI I{cd i
I

identifyingingotsshoulcibe thosestandardized
in B S 381C as fol l ow s.
,\r,,.
. r 09
.s37

166
I8
.n4

20
 BS 14OO:1973

AppendixB
Shayxof standard
te s t b a rs

T hc t es tbar s h o w ' ni n Fig. I shallbe used for

whenr equir cdfo r th e follorvingalloys: PB4,

I
65

A l l d i m e n s i o n si n m i l l i m c t r c s
'cast
F i g .1 . B . N . F . M . R . A . t o s h a p e 't e s t b a r p a t t e r nd i m e n s i o n s(n o t t o

21
BS 14"C0: 1973
@dff
u{

l - h c : l s t i . , . 1511 1 i r 1 ,u, t' 1l ir i g . J : ; l r l l l b c u s , . . dl o r t h c t ' r i i l v i n g ; i l l o v s : i \ l l l . A l l 2 , C l \ l A 1 , C N l A l , l l T t l l , l l T I l 3 .

.( / i l0
------ --_)'i
II

t00

20

+-25
2 5 di a .

l,-- L I
t
Th" l*gth r ray be varied to
s u r tt h e t e s t i n g m a c h i n e
. - \ l ld r n rc ' n s i . -sr ni n n r i l I m e t r e s

F i g . 2 .S a n dc a s tt e s t b a r

\12.5 rad
The bngih L may be varied to
surt the testing machine

A i l c l r m e n s i c irnl sI n r l l i m c t r e s

F i g .3 . R e c o m n r e n d ecdh i l l c a s tt e s tb a r

22
 BS 14OC:1973

A p p e n d i xC
G u i d et o i n s p e c t i o ng r a d i n g
Thefoiiowinglistgrves
guidancc
of a gene
ralnatureon the codesf .;r addi ti onali nspecti on* ' l ri ch ni ay bc
recommended for various
classes
of work.Shouldmorethan onerequi rement appl y the cotl csarel cl di ti ve.

[{ow I Consequence C o r r o s i o n Pres.sure S trength ('onducrivity

Wear
critical ; of failure r e s i s t a nc e tightness level resistance
It(-cI CCI.TF

s light

i
s light iI severe

m oder at e I slight

moderate I severe j r'rrnz

I
severe

s e v er e lvlPFR2 j arunnr
N o r E . F o r c e s t i n sisn a l u m i n i u mb r o n z e sA B l , A B 2 , C i \ t Aa l l o l ' sc I { A l a n d C l l 4 2 , a n d h i g h t e n s i l e
b r r s s c sl l T B I a n d I I T B I . r :
rsrecommendcd that testbar propertiesalwaysbe calledfor in additiont o f u l l a n a l y s i s i, . e . G r a d c A T i s s p c c r r l e dr n p i a c c
oi.\ i:
t h ea b o v et a b l e .

.) .\
l'J
ffiS14-0il: 1973
,.a,.4 n
eBv
Appndix D
l r r f o r r n a t i o nt o b e i n c l u d e di n t h e p u r c h a s e r 'tse s t s c h e d u l e
l i i s : i r i i l r r c . l i , ' , - 1 . { t l r : r tI t c ' s ts c l r c c l r r l t ' s l l rllrl c p : r r v i t i r ' dL r 1t i t c ' p u r c l t a s . g' ri v r l r gd c t t i l e d i t t s t r u c t i o t t tsr i t l l l
5 i \ t . l l - , i, r' t s l t cI;r {r r :r L ' ( l u i r c n l c n t s .
I t i s r c c t r r n l r u l t i c d t l i l t ! r r o v i s i o n s l r t r u l db c r t t l i c l ' o r t h c f o l l o r v i n gi n i t r r t t t ; . t t i o nt o b c i n c l u d r ' d .

I
( ie'rtr'r.li
( ' q r 11 r . l l r n t 'r t t d ' - ' s cr t I I i t l t t . i
[ ) r . r *i n c n t t n t b c r s .
. \ i i t ' l s i r c c fi i c aI i o n . i
I n s r " , ' : t i o nc o d i n g .
i ' i t I . 'r n r t t t l t t b cr s . I
I
I
.^1laii'sis
\ \ h c i l i c r C o d e A ( : n a l ) , s i so f e a c h c a s t ) i s a p p l i c a b l e .
I
G{b
1l,:r'i i.tt ;i t'al t t'sr trtg I
\ \ h c l l i r ' r ( ' o d c T ( r r r c c l i a r i l c etle s t s o f e a c h c a s t ) i s a p p i c a b l e .
I
I
I
. l l , t ti i i r t i n c
\ \ - i r c l i r c (r ' , r c i c\ 1 ( n r a c h i n i n g )i s a p p l i c a b l e .
\ \ ' i 1 , . ' i i r cl ur l l l r r a ; h r n i n go r p r o o f m a c h i n i n gi s r e q u i r e d .
I i c r ' t r r - r r c teo t l i c c r a w i n g s t o c a l l a t t e n t i o n t o a l l n e c e s s a r ym a c h i n i n gi n f o r m a t i o n . II
1 ) p r . r p . r p 1ol lo' cr ia s t i n s st o b c m a c h i n e d i f l e s st h a n I 0 0 % .

I
I

II
Prcss:irt'tt'stittg
\ \ l c r i r . : r ( - r r d cI ' ( f r c s s u r e t e s t i n g )i s a p p l i c a b l e .
Tr p.' ol tcst.
T e s t p r c s s ' ; r ca l t d * ' o r k i n g p r e s s u r e .
S p e : i a lt c s t r c q u i r c n t c l t t s . I
I ' r o p o r t i o n o i c r s t i n g s t o b e t e s t e d i f l e s st h a n I O 0 % .
6&
Pctte: rarrt .llan' d t't cc t ir trt I
\\ireiher Code F (penetrantflaw detection) is applicable. I
Ti'pe oi test. I
A r e a st o b e s u b j c c t t o t e s t i n g w i t h r e f e r e n c et o t h e c a s t i n g .
\\tether testinq is to be carried out before or after machining or proof machining.
P r o p c r t i o n o l ' c a s t i n g st o b e t e s t e d i f l e s st h a n I O 0 % .
I
4
!
xI
Radiogyap/t,t,
\\hether Codc Itl or it2 (radiography)is applicabie. {
,{
:J

P r o p o r t i o n o 1 - c l s t i n g . tso b e r a d i o g r a p h e dw h e n R 2 i s s p e c i f i e d . Ii

A r e a st o b c s r r b . l c ctto t c s t i n g r v i t h r c f e r e n c et o t h e d r a w i n g . I
'fhe I
s ' , , s 1 g ron1 -; r q r c e r n c n o t n technique. I
T h c s y s t e r r < r l 'r ; r t j j o q r u p l ar r r f i r o v e l . I
t
I
t

Ii Icc't ric'al co t tt I tr<:t iv i t

f
I
\ \ h e t h e r C o d c ( ' ( c l e c t r i c a lc o n d u c t i v i t y ) i s a p p l i c a b l e .
db
I { e t h o d so f t c s t : r c c c p t a b l e . ,
II
I
24
I
:
 BS 1400 '
.
rl
lL
lL'
r\
-7'r
lr)

Certilicttiort
W h c t h re t i r c l i - l l l t - r w rcnegr t i t i c a t casr c r c ( i u i r . d :

( l ) c e r t i f i c a toef a n a l y s i s
( 2\ c er t if ic a teo f m e c h a n i c atel s tre s u l ts
( 3) c er t if ica teo f c o mp l i a n c e
(a) rvith the standard
( D) wlth th e te s ts c h e d u l e

A rrartgentent s for fnspec t io n

beforedcl i r,enoi the casti ngs.
Det ulsof an y o u ts i d ei n s p e c ti o nre q u i re db y the purchaser

Representatives of the purclwser

(i t' pi r::' r r .
and purchasi ng
to i n c l u d eth e n a m e so f th e representati ve
T he s c hedu l e of the desi gndep:rttrri ent
wr t h whom c o n ta c ts h o u l db e ma d e .

Q
I

I
I
I
I

I
I
I
I

25
BS 1/J,il0:1973
w-p
s el e c t i o n
llpilr(rprilltc.iiir.)] .lll'1
I t . i : b c c l t p r c l t . r r e t l t r r p ' t r v i t l t ' t 1 l \ l j i l j c t r t l [ r . t ! t ' 1 : 1 1c l r r : i n c c r i t t s c l c c t i n g t h c l ] l o S t
i \ i ! . : u t l ' r ) n l l t t i t ) l l . r t i i I l r t J s i i . ' t t l t l t t o t t l e t t s e d l s t l t r - 'brsis t)l .tgIcfllluill
t i c s i r , r tct : r t t b r . 'b l r s c d . ' l ' i r c d : r t . r
i 1 n ( jl l l c P i t r c l t t s c r .

J ' l t c i. i i i f , i i n ; . l t i r - rgl ti i ' c t t i S q u r ) t c d i n t h c t . l l l o r i ' i r t gi o r n t .

E.1 General
E . l . l C L ) r r o s i tr)cns i s t : l n c e
E.l .l \ \ ' c ' r rr es is t lnc e -b c a ri n gasn d g e l rs
E.l.3 l-ir.r'ltcd t c n r p c r a t t l rscc r v i c e
E.l .-+I ' r . . s s urtcigir t n e s s
Te b l eE . l S uit r biiit l,t' o rc a s ti n gp re s s u re -ti g shst n dcasti ngs
T a b l eE . l t r l r c h i r r i npgr o p e r t i e s
T e b l cE . 3 J o i n i n gp r o p e r t i e s

E . 2 C a s t i n gm e t h o d s

Ta b l eE . - l S uit r bilir l'fo r c a s ti n gp ro c e s s e s

E . 3 M e c h a n i c a la n d p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t l e s

Ta b l r-E . 5 T y pic alt c n s i l ep ro p e rti e sa n d h a rd n e svsa lues

' f y ' pic al
Tl b l e E . o ieti g u ep ro p e rti e s
Te b l t E 7 T 1' pic alir n p a c tp ro p e rti c s /
Trb l e E . S T 1' plc elintp a c tp ro p e rti e sa t v a ri o u ste mperatures
Ta b l cE . 9 T 1' pic elc r c c pp ro p c rti e sa t e l e v a te d te mp eratures
Table E . l 0 T i p i c a l c l c c t r i c da n d t h e r m a p
l r o p erties
Trb l e E . l I Dc ns it v artd c o e ffi c i e n o
t f th e rma e
l x p a n si on

8.1 General

E.1 .1Congs iopr es ista n c eT.h e s en o te sa rei n te n d e dt o gi vegeneral gui danceon the sel ecti onof an al l oy.It must
rnoststronglythat it is impossibleto do morethan givegeneralguidanceaslocai conditionscan
bc enririt:rsiz-cd
irratelaiiy'alter the bchaviourof an alloy so that full detailsof the serviceconditionsmust aiwaysbe taken into
d c o n s ul thi s suppl i erunl esshe hasprevi ousexperi ence
a cco uni.T le us eris s tro n g l yre c o m m e n d e to of the
concerned.
bcha'riourof lrpp..r alloysin the particularcircumstances

iltntr-tsltlrcric c'ctrrosign. All the castcopperalloyshavegoodresistance to atmosphericcorrosion,althoughmost

unciersosuperficill tarnishing generally resulting in the development of the well known greenishpatina.Corrosion
raresof copperbascalloysare higiter in sulphur-bearing atmospheres, and are not, therefore,so suitablewherethe
concentratignof sglphurclioxidein the atmospherereaches a high level, with the exceptionof alioy G3 \e'hichis
suitablefor this application.Nloy AB2 can be usedat moderatelevels of contamination.
I
Ilatttralu,'atcrs. Ct.,rrosion ratcsin natur;rlwatersaregenerallynegiigfbleand the castbrasses are traditionallyused
fo r p l u m binganr is ir n i l a rfi tti n g s .Pi p efi tti n g sma d ef rom dupl exbrasses suchasD C B 1,D C 83, P C B 1,S C 83and
IJTBI may suffcr ricz-incification in supplywatersin someareas.Terminalfittings suchas taps,radiatclrvalvesand
fi tti n g sin c los c rcl ir c u i tc e n tra l| c a ti n g s y s te ms a ren ot affected. S omemi ne w atersni ay be appreci ablaci y di n
:h a ra c t eranr it lr c s curc m o re i tg g rc s s i vees, p e c i a l lw y h erethe.vcontai ni ron sal ts,parti cul arl yferri cci rl ori de:the

-r
i rl tr,: . pli' ; 1- l. r r onz .' :r u l n l tro n z e(A Il 2 ) ' :r C l ,l Aal l oysarethe m.rstsui tabl eal l oysfcl rsuchappl i cati ons.
; : i ,r:r:ri

Sca-water.fhe plrrrsphorbronzesurd gunmetais havenotablygood resistance to corrosionby sea-waterandarc

u scd _f 91
s t ic hpur l) os c as sp i p e fi tti n g s ,c o c k sa n dp u mp bodi es.
The hi gh zi nc brasses,D C B I, D C B 3,P C B 1,S C B l
a n d S CB 3,t end t o ur .rc l e mo s l o w < j e z i n c i fi c a ti o n . r

26
$ BS 14OO.1g7J
d
'i

I I i g ht c n s i l cb r e : : , ctsl t ' s u i t a b l ce o r n p < . r s i tai ur n

c w i c l e l yu s c di c . ,m
r a r i n cp r , r p c l l c r sA.l u r r r i r r i u :b: i , , r , r c, - \ l J l. i , , i
t he c lv lA al l ry sh a v eo u ts ta n d i n gre s i s ta n ce to sea-w ater uncJer mr.,,st condi ti cnsof servi ccurrdar.-u;cti c.r t e. Sr , / ur y
f or s uc hit e m sa sp u m p i m p e l l e rsm , a ri n epropel l crs, val vesanduncl er-w ater fi tti ngs.W hi l stA IJI .rl sc.r crhibir s
goodgener acl o rro s i o nre s i s ta n c ei t, s u ffe r sdeal umi ni fi cati on unr1er soni eci rcurrrstances, l gtabi ' i ' crcvicesa't l
unders t agn a n t, n o n -a e ra te d c o n d i ti o n s .

B o i l e r f e e d v v a t e rTsh. e p h o s p h o r b r o n z e s , c o p p e r - t i n C T l , g u n m e t a l s , a l u m h i u m b r o n z cas1AdB, \l l l 2 a ' i j

CM A alloy sa rea l l u s e dfo r h a n d l i n gb o i l e rfeedw aters.The brasses tend to suffcrdezi nci tl crti onrnd arc not
gener ally s u i ta b l ed; e a l u mi n i fi c a ti oonf a l umi ni umbronzeA B 1 maysometi mes occuruncl cracl verse condit ions.

A c ids - m ine ra l -C o p p e ra l l o y sa re n o t c o m pl etel yresi stantto attackby aci ds,but ratesof attack 01 nt.i nyacids
wher ec ond i ti o n sa ren o n -o i d i z i n g a rev e ryl ow , rangi ngfrom about0.05-2.0mm per year accordi ngro the
c onc ent r ati oann d d e g re eo f a e ra ti o n T . h e bestresi stance to attacki saffordedby al umi ni unrbronz-c.\82.The
phos phorbr o n z e sa n d C T i a rea l s ov e ry s ui tabl efor hanci l i ng di l ureaci ds.kacl ed bronzesare soq1el l nl e s
r ec om m en d efo d r d i l u te s u l p h u ri ca c i d .B ra ssesarenot general l sati y sfactory. C orrosi onratesare5i i -nc'irn
hy dr oc hlor i ca c i d th a n i n s u l p h u ri ca c i d ,b ut the phosphorbronzes, C Tl , al umi ni umbronzcsA tsI ard ,\Bl ur d
t he CI lA all o y sa re fre q u e n tl yu s e d .T h e a lumhi um bronzesA B I and A B 2 and the C i vl Aal l ol ' si l ntj ;onsider abie
applic at ion i n b o th h y c l ro c h l o ri ca n d u " . aci dsteelpi ckJi ng and metal treatrnentprocesses. Ti i e l l umiliLr r ir
/tp t
br onz esals os h o wu s e fu lre s i s ta n cto e ' h y d rofl uori caci d.
S t r ongae ra ti o no r th e p re s e n c eo f o x i d izi ngsal tsoften i ncrease the rate of attackon coppera.i l 9,..s ,,,i 1 6t hc
e. r c ept ion
of th e a i u mi n i u mb ro n z e sw h o s ecorrosi oncan be si gni fi cantireduced y underrnrnv o-rj tj i zi rq
c ondit ions,n o ta b l yi n p i c k l i n ga c i d s o l u ti o nscontai ni ng' ferri c' i ronsal ts.

A c ids - or ga rti c .T tec o p p e rE rl l o yhsa v eg o o dresi star,ce to organi caci dsand sal tsand the gunrnetri s.:i rer spir . r
br onz esCT . l , a l u m i n i u mb ro n z e sa n d s o m espcci alal l oy composi ri ons are usedi n many food prtr;.rri ng^
applic at ionisn v o l v i n gd i l u te a c i d ss u c i ra saceti c,forrni c,etc.Theal umi ni umbronzes,notabi yA B I i i sg
fi n d sor nc
appiic at ioni n th e p ro c e s s i nogf a c e ti ca c i d .

. he re s i s ta n coef th e c o p p e ra l l o y sto al kal i nesol uti ons.

t llk nlis T al thoughnot so hi gh asto aci ds.r-;.:bi est 5er n r .
bc us edf or h a n d l i n gm a n y a l k a l i sa n d s a l tsol uti ons.A l l thc al l ol ' ssufferconsi ci erablattack
e i n sol ui j ol s o l-
am m oniaor a mmo n i u ms a l tsa n d th e y a reunsati sfactory for theseappl i cati ons.

f:ood products.Coppcralloys arc widely usedfor handlingfood prociucts,though in many caseslirc'..aregive' .]

heav yc oat in go f ti n . T h i s i s n o t s o n ru c hto protectthe al l oysagai nst
attack.but ratherto avoi d1:i . oi i re cesLr 1
c opperaf f ec ti n gth e fo o d . Ve ry s m a l la n to untsof coppercancausedi scol orati on or an el terati trrr
i n :i i e tl avourt i
c er t ainf ood s .k a d e d a i l o y ss h o u l dn o t b e used.

S t r c s sc or r os i o rr.
T h e rei s a d a n g e ro f s tre s scorrosi onrvi th stressed comporl entscasti n betabrl ss I{Tts-1. Faiiur c'
t ak est ht -f-c ' rrnorf c ra c k ss p re a d i n gra p i d l yrvi thl i ttl c' or no general
corrosi on.Trvo condi ti opsar€rne* -3ssarfy: ir sl
t he pr es ence o f te n s i l es tre s s easn d , s e c o n d l r'exposure
, to a corrosi ve
medi gnrrv[i ch may i ncl u,Jei r:c..i srr iai
or
m l r i n ea t n r o s o h e r e .

I I i g h v e l o c i l i c ' s .F o r h l n d l i n g i r i g i r v e l o c i t y n r t u r a l r v a t e r o r s e a - \ \ ' r t r - rt h
. e merimumresistance to iri1:ingernelt
a t t r c k i s o i l e r e d b \ ' a l t r r n i n i u n tb r o n z e A B l . C l \ I A a l l o v s ,g u n n l e r 3 G l 1 , o r c o p p e r - t i nC T l .

E'l.l I \ ' e : r rr e s i s t a t t c eB. e a r i n g sa r t d g e a r s .f r o u r t d L i c s p c c i l J i z i n qi n r h i s c l l s s o i r v o r k r v i - l l ,i n n l . u t \ ' - - : S i S . ' o cl b l c

ttlqi1'gr'lltl.tl)lt]]SSiStiltlceittthcsc1cctiortoi:tsttitllrl..'lllltl1,,Tircilritrnrllttitlttittlrttll!lyrctirrirtd\:i::;
cln bc tlkcn is:
( i ' ) * o r x r : r gi t l . r . . i :
( l ) l i : r r d n r ' Sr S n d l t l r t c r i u l o f s l u f t o r r n : i r i n gg c l l r .
( - 3 ) s r r r l i c cs l ) r . r . l(tl t h c b c l r i n g f u c c :
( ' l ) l r r b r i c l l i t r tl tr t t c t l t t l do f l u b r i c l t i o r t .l i r b r i c i u t tr.n d p o s s i L r i i l io-fr i p t c r r u p t i p po f s r r p J r l . l ' ) :
( . S ) \ \ ( ) I k i t l gt r ' t t t p c p 3 t g r rcr , i t l rc g r t s i d c . r l t r pO l t l ' p r ' . r kt i . p t p c r : r i l r i c , '
( ( , ) i t t t p , l , .l' t1t u i 1 1 1 * . !
( 7 ) l b r r i s i v rc' r \ n \ i i l i ( ) n;s
(Sl blckilli lirr t .';ttillr:.s.

?7
r3S14CO: 1973
W
t l k c ' i t t t c la c c o t t l l tt h c l b i l i t l ' o f t i r c
t , ) I r i , r - l i . , :h: t t r . l . i ' l r c u ' o r k i n g l o l c l l - o rb c : . r r i n gl sn d b u : i : r e ss i t o u l d
l u s s r ' : : t ' i rt i.). ,i ; : . r \ , i r i , :s i t l ' ' p r ) r t t, [ c s i z e g i tlrc tlc]rin!..and t ] i e l t o 1 t - ' c t c d r c l t t a k i r t g t h c ' l o a d . T h c r t t a t c r i l i lt t t t i s tb e
l
q . ' l i l r r l r i r r i : s J ( ) r r i p r c s s i vl or .l.t l i i n r i t s ; , r 1 ttlh c .f a t i g u es t r c n g - : - iltt.l r d r t c s sr t t d b e e r i l l gp r o p c r t i c sl l l t l s t b c s u i t l ; i c r t t
l . r l J S t i t S ' . l lt . : , J , e' l ; . , i . r : l g .

\ \ l i t l s tt I r : ' . r s rf : g r r s i d c r . i t iiospc l c p c l d c n o l ] cgl r r i n gt.l i c

t n t h e d c s i g n- ' 1 ' t l t c ' s t r t t c t t t r c ' s L l p p ot hr tei b
cL\nti.rr.SS r L
s :i v: jrn. i , i l r . i i r c l . s i s t t n t
c o
e c r l c k i n ga r e t o s o r l t e: ' x t r ' t l t
r e l a t c d
t o e l c l t o t l t r ' r T
. h e 0 . l t , i ' p c r r r r : r l l ts' lti' tt
StrtSS i ,. ir t Iir : , . 11. , jqi1 : r i tdc o n rp re s s i olnre a p p ro x i n tatc' ltht: y srnteand r]reperfortttl tnce may therc' fore be
c.sti ::rit c1' - dr . ' : :Tt ablc E.5 .
Si i :rilarc o: , s ic lc r ar i oprrs a n d rv o rn rn ' hc'desi
rc v a i li n g c :,rr cl rgn:the w l E el must be desi gned so that the tooth
g r'[. i i rcior 6i' : s . c t r or r sa rec rp l b l e o f u ' i th s tmd i n gth e axi ai ,nd turffrti al l oadsput upon them. B S 721 provi des
rcj tl l l tc lc jl: : . , ns in r y o rn tl ' h e edl e s i g nA . s tfi e a l u n ri li umb,:onzesand hi ghtensi l ebrasses do not possess i derl
i r:ri :i 1 qqualr : : - ' sr ,hc hr rc l e rp h o s p h o rb ro n z e so f th e P I)2 ty' pe arecommonl ypreferredfor thesecondi ti ons.

r)l IIrtrtlr.,sS 0t'tdniatcrialof shaft or tnatinggear. Htrde:redsteelor case-hardened steelshaftsrequirea hlrd

w
l u b ri c a ti o nto re:si st
b cl i -^ 1int lt c ii1. pr r lr . i d e dth e rei s a c l e q u a te earand to ensurefreedom from pi ck-upof the
Lr.'.rnirs nratL'r-ilby, the shaft.The converseappliesfor soft shafts,however,which are liable to scoringby the
l i rri :r pr et en: isand r ls o p i c k -u po f th e s h a ftm a te ri alby ha;d beari ngbronzes. For the softershafts,the l eaded
-,liors rrrcrrr):: acconrmodating, ivirilstthe harderphosphorbronzesaregenerallyusedfor the hardershafts.

(-t) Srrril':: spectlat the ntbbingfoce. Surfacespeeds,by ilremselves, arenot the operativefactor in alloy
Sr-l'-..-il-r1 ircc:-rsc tireir ef'fect depends on lubrication and wc':king load, surfacefinishartdrunningclearanceto
d r.r...:i: r ipt of
t ir : degr ee c o n ti n u i ty o f th e o i l fi l m a n d the su;face temperature of the mati ngparts.H ow ever,
c\ri :.i .r r s: r r, *r.,.r:t '.:. r nidand l a rg ec h a n g e so f s p e e da c c e n t uatethe efi ectsof the other factors.

( -l Lubr i: r t iot i. Un l e s so p e ra ti l gu n d e rn e g l i g i b l load e condi ti ons,beari ngmateri al w s i l l not w i thstanda

c : r c e oiiub ri c a ti o n .H o rv e v e r,
c,,i r:p i. - .rtbs b e a ri n gd e si gnmusl necessari al
l y l ow for temporary absence of
i i :b 1 :.r r iLri;r r, ic n' nlen ya p p l i c a ti o n sp,a rti c u l a rl yu n d erstarri ngcondi ti ons.The l eaded al l oys, parti cul arl ythe
i c:rc:cb r r r n; r : >ar . c \ , ! . r yu' s e fu lu n d e rs u c hc o n d i ti o n sa sthe i ow er dry coeffi ci entof fri cti on reducesthe chance
o i r.::i :- t r no: s : iz . ' liein th e e v e n to f a te m p o ra ryb re akdow nof l ubri cati on.[t must be emphasi zed,how ever, that
l'r)r:lv lcng:i,,'period of running,the leadedalloysrequireas much lubricationas the harderbearingmaterialsin
r ) I S\ \:, 1' : r(r\.\ ' l rc reth e b e a ri -nsgu rfa c ei s a d e quatei n rel ati onto the l oad,phosphorbronzebeari ng
o ro :-.i' r f. CS
'le
S.ir-,i-.r.S nr;.ir trr'rt)\'cdand fillcd $'ith a suitablegraphite\,\'axcompoundto providea dry lubricant.)

r -i i l\'rtrl';,'nt{-t?tp(,raturc x,ith cctttsidcrationof peak temperamre.Table E.l0 givesthermal conductivity

yrl ::-. s i c ol: er ellol' c a s ti n g sIn areerroneouslquoted
oi l temperatures
. m a n y c a s e s ,l u b ri cati ng y as the
g p tr.riingt e; lDer ar ureosf b e a ri n g so r g e a rsS . u rfa c etemperatures areusual l yconsi derabliyn excessof the oi l
t.rn r:rat ur e: r d it is t h e s u rfa c ete mp e ra tu re w h i c hi s the operati vefactor.

( o t IrrtTtc: lttu,littg.Aithough true impact loadingis not a conditionnormallyassociated with bearingsor

c.Jrre rr l)des
' : : nc d qea rs .
b e a ri n g a
snd mo re o fte n g e a rsare occasi onal l y
subj to
ected shockl oadi ng.N { ore
i s w
, . : : ic t loadi n g a s s o c i a te d
g :n :ra ll1'ir i th re s i s ta n t
ce o poundi ng.

( 1 ) A b r o : : ' ; e n : , t t c i aTl .h e p r e s e n c e o f a b r a s i v e m a t e r i a l i s , o f c o u r s e , t o b e a v o i d e d w h e r e v e r p o s s i b l e . W h e r e
* ,o ;ki ngc olic lt ionsr na k ei t n e c e s s a ryth, e p re s e n c oe f abrasi ve mattermust be takeni nto consi derati on i n the
crperrlioiioi:elrirrgs. The leadedalloys LB2, LB4 and LB5 areusedin certainfield conditionsbecause their of
a b i i :t; t o ab: , r b r br as i v ep a rti c l e srv h i c hb e c o mee m b eddedi n the surfaceof the beari ng.

(81 Bat:l;tiig Jt\t'bcarings.N{ostbearingsare securedinto a rigid housingof eithercastiron, steelor aluminium

a l l o v.P hos pr . lrt ' , r t x t 7 .egsu, n me ta l sth . e l e a d e dg u n metaland s the l ow -l eadl eadedbronzeshavegeneral l y
su ffl ;i c nts t i: ngr irr o r e n d e rth e b a c k i l rgfo r th e b e a ri ngrel ati vci yuni mportantso l ong as the structurei s ri gi d
c:i r,rdt t o c a: : v t lr c loa d .T h e h i g h -l c a dl c a d e db ro n z e sof the LB I and LB 5 types,how ever, because of thei r
' ! ; t i ' . ' : ri r i l s i : - . i r .' r i r t li o r v er o p er i l l i v es t r c r l g t hr e q u i r eg r e a t ear t t c n t i o ttto b e p a i dt c l t h e i rs u p p o r t .
f-''-r r nlr t i.jn\ ... i oi tcn uscciasbacki ngmatcri ai sfr-rrw hi te metalbeari ngs.
ir lr r -r:,p hboro r n u -cl :, rc , th c m s c l v c s.

Re co n t nt ut r J at ionsi.lstre c o m m e n d eth
for rvcarresi:ting:rpplications.
l l centri fugalcasti ngbe sel ected
conti nuous,.chior
d a t, w h e rea ppropri ate,
Thesecastingmethodsgerprallyprovidehigherlevelsof soundness and a more
b
#:
I
t
I
28 I
'lI
3
":{
{
BS 14OO:1973

4j s uit ables t r u c tu reto g i v ec o n s i s tc npt e rfo rm ancc.In the fol l ow i ngnotcsthe l l l uvs rrregi veni r.r9r-..l ,.r,tf'
preferr:.:r.

Bearinss
F or har ds ha ftsw i th a n y c o mb i n a ti o no f h i g h w orki ngl oad,hi gh speed,i nrpactl oadi ngor pountl i pg;w hen t hcr e
is adequatlu e b ri c a ti o na n d g o o d a rl i g ru n e nt: P B I ,P B 4,P B 2.
F or har dor m o d e ra te l yh a rd s h a ftsw i th l o a dsand speeds moderateor l ow w i th ratherl essacl equ.rte l ubri cat iol
and aliglm e n t.L B 2 , l -B 4 , L P BI.
F or s oit ( nul d s te e l )s h a ftsw i th l o w w o rk i ng temperatures, l ow i mpactl oadi ngor pouncl i ng,
i n col j uncti o n r vir h
doubt f ullubri c a ti o nfo r s h o rt p e ri o d so r mi sal i gnment (adequate backi ngfor the beari ngmustbc provi cl ed)LB5, :
LBI, LB4.
F or non< r it i c a a
l p p l i c a ti o n w
s i th l o w l o a d s ,adequate l ubri cati on. LG2, LG4, LB 4.

Gears
Heavyduty gearsand wormwheelswith high workingloadsor high speedsand with adequatelubricationa1d
goodaljs nm e n t.S o m es h o c k l o a d i n ga n d p resence of abrasi vemateri alcan be tol erated:P B l , P B i .
V . r y heav ylo a d sa n d s l o w s p e e d sw i th g o o d l ubri cati onandal i gnment:P B 2,A B 2.
lv{ediumduty gearswith adequatelubricationand alignment:PB-4.
V er y light du ty g e a rsw h e n l o a d i n gi s n e g l i gi bl e:LG2, D C B 3,A B l .

E . 1. 3S er v ic e
a t e l e v a te dte mp e ra tu re(i
s n c l u di ngsuperheated
steam).\l hen consi deri ng servi ce:rr el evate d
t ent per at urethse i mp o rta n tfa c to rsa re l o a d carryi ngcapaci ty.structuralstabi l i tyand rcsi stancc'
to r-i .ri dl t ir t r r .

Rc s is t ut cteo o x i d a ti o n .S o m eo f th e c o p p e rbaseal l oyscontai naddi ti onsof al umi ni umand rhcschavc

ex c ept ional re s i s ta n ctoe o x i d a ti o n .T h e a i u mi ni umbronzes,
C I{A dl oys and certai nof the hi gl i tensi l cbrlsscs
r em ainpr ac t i c a l l yu n a ffe c te db y o x d a ti o n al mostup to the mel ti ngpoi nt.The casti ngal l oysconrai ni ngno
alunt iniumar el e s sre s i s ta nto t o x i d a ti o nb u t sufferno morethan superfi ci altarni shi ngat tcnrpertrurcs up t o
320' C. Copp e ra n d c o p p e rc h ro mi u mo x i d i zemore read.i lthan y the other al l oysi n thi s speci l i crti on.

Lrtad cctrttttgcapacitv.Despitethe relativelygood room temperaturemechanicalproperriesof sttmeof thc

alioys.noneof the castcopper basealloys is suitablefor sustaining high loadsat high temperatures. Tire.irhigir
temperatureappiicationsare mainly in caseswhereresistance to corrosionand oxidation areimportrnt and stcei
isunsuitable.
In connectionwith load carryingcapacityat elevatedtemp#tures, it must be emphasizedthat the ntechanic:.i
pr oper t ies of a n a l l o y a t ro o m te mp e ra tu rea re not a rel i abl e gui deto i ts performanceat ei evatedrcnrperat ur es
nor is it srfe to basedesignstresses on the resultsof shorttime tensiletestscarriedout at the operaring
tempe13ture. Safeworking stresses can really only be determinedfrom the resultsof creeptestsoi several
t hous r ndhou rs 'd u ra ti o ni n w h i c h th e d e fo r mati onof the speci nren underl oad i s recordedas tLne proceeds.
Unders us t a i n esdtre s sa t h i g l r te mp e ra tu rcs ntetal sundergosl oi vpermanentdeformati on(pi l sti c str;.r.u' r)r tnd ir e
m os t us ef ulin fo rma ti o nto th e d e s i g n eirs the l oadw hi chrvi l lcl usenot more than a certai namr)untof pi asir c
s t r a i ni n r g i v e nt i m e -F o r l o n g t e r r na p p l i r : r t i o ntsh e l o : r dt o p r o d r r . -Oe | % p l e s t i cs t r a i n( e n e r t r n r i t r nr ) r
c ont pr e: - s ioonf 0 .0 0 1n rm/mrn )i n l 0 0 0 0 h i s often detenni ned. U nl ortunatel l ' onl ya l i nri tednumb.' rtl f a llor s
hav ebeenev a l u a te d i n th i s w a y .
A lt ilouehth c -1 ' h a vgeo o d ro o m te n rJ ,.-r ature propcrti es. o.l the
l brrssesbegi nto fal l i n strencti at t tenl pe r r t Lr r t - . S
abov e'i- < 0" C l n d th e y a re n o t s u i ta b l efo ' r l ol d cl rrf i ng l ppl i cl ti r.nsar l i l gl tr.rternperaturr.'but s, tl rcrcarenr ir n\
applic . iii, ' ' nus' l te reth e l o a d si n v c l l v c da rc v c ry l orv artdtl t.' rcsi strutce of tht-' brasscs to oxi d.rti orr:ri r(icorfosir ) r 'r
nr r k eslir c ' lira c o o d c h c l i c e .

S upt ' r it r ^; r .' d .s fu \l ' ca;n y y c a rso f s e rv i c r:

n r. r' \pcri r-ncc hl i ' c' provc-d ri resui trbi l i tl ' of gl l rl rl rc' r.rl corntr()rtcl ttlrs) r
oC .
hlr ndlings u1 ," * rh r' l te d a l na t te l n p t:r:l tu rcs
s tc up to J(10 A l ui rri l ti unr trronzr.'havc s al soLrr' c'us,:Il rt i r)f si ti tilur
: . r p p l i c . i i i , rbnust. u n d c rs c r v i c cc o n d i t i o n sn , l l c r rtrh c s t e . r ncro n t : r i i icsh c n r j c a l l l ' a c t i vi rcr r p u r i t si er , , : 1 , : c t a
i t t' e
t:rci,
ot t t lt c *- t llr : 1 ' sl trs L rr' e e rtx p c ri r-n c c dT.l r.' l rlttrrti ni unr bron/.,.'Jrr. s noI rr.conl l t]cndcd t-orh:i rttl l tt:::' .i ' :l lllrt l i Ilillr
tcttt1rr.iiilIt.Sil.tiiestc'ltlttiscrlttt:ttttittlttt..ltr'itltsrtli
t t o t s i r r : r i . i i i r ': r ! - t i ' i t . ' d ; r n d a r c s u i t l b i c tbr this applic;lti\)n.

tv
BS i4C0 : 1973
\
,'t

E.l .J I' r es s t r rrcight ni:rsIIl . ,d ra u l i co r q a sp rc s Su rc i s'r prrti cul url yseurchi rtg tcst of the qtrdi ty tl f :' rcl tsti rtg'
r
1fl

j
ri ,r.i ,rl ir ls r l. . tf . . r sr r ir ielr ' ri g h t l u v e c l u i tei n s i g n i fi c r.nt cfi ' ccts tl n ti re strr' ngtl t the casti l l g'A l l y di sccttl ti tl tti ti c' s
of
t h c r v a l lu i , l ' , * c r t s t i n qi r.o * ' c v c sr n r l l l . l r c p o t ! ' l t t i ds o u r c ctsl t ' l c l t k l g t "
r i i r . , i r ! i trh c n r . : t . ill. r ; ; ; i i i r S
Ti re
ti i ri n i. lr e: t s r r l. r : r l.l d ci s; i g n i.t i s p o s s i b l eto n ' n k c ' p r cS S l .rrr.' -ti cl stighrngsl ' rontatl y of thc coppcrb:tscl l l tl 1' s'
but i t i s possi bl ttt
c
:i i u ;:l i :r iu'br , - , r , , 2.lr, rs. g hrc rrs i l e b ra s s c u s rc lC i \l A l l l o l ' s rcqui recl rcfr.rll ' otrtl dryteci rni qtres'
-ri g h tc a s ti n g sfro n r th es c rl - l o l ' s antibr' cl trseof the grc' l ti yi ncrersed nl ecl i l rti cal
r.j rl j sr . . r . llc r i pr c s s rrre
.\c
crsti ngs u' hi cl ishoul dntore ti tm conrpt' l l si tefor the
p rr.l r,rt ic sit r sp. r s s ib i ,r to n rrk e rv e i g h tre d u c ti o n isn the
d i p ro d u c i rtgtl te n l '
c'\tr.iar - is titst r ' . r lv c ir
substanti rlatnoul ttsof
casl i ngsarc thosecontai ni rtg
Tl tc bc s t r ili. , ) . S " i i to r tl i e p ro d u c ti o no f p rc ' s s u re-ti ght
of
crstingsaremadc from leadedgunmetds.These leaded allol'sare alsoYcry
l.,ri.l:iirdt5c 'r:rtority,of pressure-tigiit
suchcasti ngs asval ves
rrrr..i ,r ( ) r cc ls iir r r ia:h i 1 ..dth a n o i h e r c o p p e rb a s ea -l l oys:rni mportantconsi derati on$' i th
: r I 'ir' p ' . l l l l p b t l , . l i c ' S .
i n thi ckness i n adj acentsecti ons shoul dbe rvoi dc' d
i . .i c . s ic ' i' rc : is t ir r l +i osr th e s ea p p l i c a ti o nssu d d e nchanges
be rounded or filleted. The greatest nffier oi
:rsiii rs 'rssil.,lt. \\herc tiris cannot be done the anglesshould
sudden changes of wall thickness' ltlachining
r:rilurtsin prcssurcti':hrnessoccur round areasu,herethere are
metal near the skin'
tlltr\\..i'CCs sir,..,uld bc llept to a minimum to avoidtaking awaytoo much of the close-grain
and similar castillgs is that in which air'is
.\ rc.st.f pr.,ssurcrightnessfrequentlyappliedto smallvalvebodies
used. Thi s testi s appl i edto casti ngssuchas
rp :l r:. i r o t 5. . J : r s r i. . si u b m e rg c idn rv a te r.A i r a t 7 0 0 kP ai s general l y
For l arger casti ngs i t i s more usual to test
nr as s ebse tw e e n0 .1 k g a n d l 0 k g a p proxi matel y.
Yl i r..,b. . r iiicrs, , . r lir
p
u ni r : h l d r . r u i i . ' r c s s u r e .
S;i r . ibilir l ot - r 1io 1 'fo s r c a s ti n gp re s s u re -ti g shat n dcasti ngsi s gi veni n Tabl eE ' l '

30
 BS 1400: igTS
g c,a)

,f=
^.=
it

ct)

(n3
ca (\t r.l

=
3=
O^^
O,J =EO
'.' N.- -

)5* r
-X;!
Y - - ) .4.1 rf rf, ca .a cn ci < (\lao(-l
alf\t c1 .a.n ca.it r 7 - ? + a - l

ar,
:X b o ? )
.9 = = L

= =
>l
/' ! .99'!
c) ,v ^) v 6 > - : /
.i'J \f !+ 'f .f ri cO _ o.) .q c.) ca.a rt V V rf .f.f
o
0
$ rf, re cn
t.?-?v.a
bo
c=
-C^
:".!
;=:
()3E

- < 5.= ca !f, .f, ri aa .n cn Ca c\l cn ,f, ca .Y) ca c-l ar) (,-t rf, ca _ x -t -, .a .a
{ i
ca

Ll.J
Y

= bi 3 a.- F
:1
1: i=rt
'i---.i r r - , . - rgFUFg F kFeF ; ox:<- (\t-r.)
iw*? c-, 6 6,n .\r \ Y- 9 c eei-3r
L, q- C. (, _.,i ;<<

an
.9

E-
L

(\'l r at ca c-t c\ c-l (\ _ _ a?.t (f) a-) ra (Yl

'= - l^l ^l -l al

'=

E
ry
l! .!p
a.) \'
c,)
\;$ S.* F b
=
C 5-rilor
r-i^
-f,^tt
;-r,i ;!3 E! Eg+* ..r<r/) *-(\ i!a : \
A t-

F 4\ iv i : - ' : - : - - vj _ .
J
?eu, 18 6YU*-f53 3?? 33= E i e - - - , c 4. - -
: \ . . r , r
+

V
v l v g v ' L

I
-:(
tt) 5

't |- c.) c.t a.t c{ (\ *

*
C\| al Ca ca Ca ca Crl < a
L t ea(-.l*--

o3|
c

v,
>(\] I
.t'J (J

I*
-- -' c..lc-l ^,r - .r - : - - (\l c"] ai C{ a.l
.l)

t'r oq
th -'l
Ol(\l--*
,:
:J +J I
v) -c
CD
(!t

0)
n
l { } ;
,.: :)
ll r
qlf
\4 '. , r
-ft (4 ^ - t ' v
It, rl)
r.. it .r'
,i;;-" n,:..\i -=r S !o !ii* F: ur *- :-*)
i ,'i:Lr r,Fc: OTI ;1;; - i;-."-:"1.* rl 'i
cr*3- i--* ;{( -J= = Cf,_-.jgi,

.:, i
\.r I
 : 1973
tsS1/J"00

8 . 2 C a s t i n gn r e t h o d s
J sti ngsoi urtl 'cttrttpl cri ty.sui t.rbl efor c:i sti i tgs tl f l rtl ri i i rl g
g.r r r r jc ls ti p q n l a y b c c h o s c ni o r s h rp .' rcl
s,l r;.jr, . ; s t ir r S
gcrtcrl lsurfacc t' i i l i si obtri
r nl l ' ' l r' i stt' l tl dr' rJte
l 'rt,::r0. 1 k g t o s r . \ , c rrito l rl c s , p a rti c rrl u rl yi o r s rn :rlql urnti ti r.' The
s.
tl tett$' i th oti ter casti ng rnctl i ods'
rrrc i i r e c *r alit 1, lc v c l is n to rev u l n e rl b l cto rrc c a s i trnvrri ai :.i ti ons

trtttriltli,g.SSellnroultlingis a s1x'cial
.!/r,.i:, rriet-rodof sendcastirigrvhichenlbles nroderlte or llr[" quatrtitiesof
tol erances
cl s:i 'gs r o bc pr , duc c c l* ' i th a g e n e rdl e v e lo f ti i rn e nsi on:r.l and surfacefi ni shsupcri orto otl tersrnd
onl l ' to srnal land medi um si zervork'
cu sl i * gsT. lis is ' m c c h a n i c asi y s te mrv h i c hi s :rp p l i crbi e

g. c as t i n g sn ra yb e p ro c i u c e da sp re s s ure
Di ;.t., t s r ir r ,Die i n brass,or gravi tydi e casti ngsi n brass'hi gh
di e casti ngs
thur 1000 oi tl for gravi tl ' di e
rc..si i.br. . as sor alunr i n i u nbr rs n z e .S u i tl b l e fo r i l rg r' quanti typroducti on(greater
(greaterthrn 10000 ofi ) for
c:.rsi ings of r nas sr o ab o u t l 0 k g a n d s u i ta b l efo r l a rg equanti typroducti on
tol erancesmay be kept
p rc,ss urceliec r s t ingso f ma s sto a b o u t ? k g . T h e s u rf acefi ni shi s good,and
co ;rsis t ent iy c los ert lia n i s ti o rn ta lfo r s r' n dc a s ti n g s'

rods'al thoughspeci al
C(1 !;: r t ui) Ltc sos t ir t gC.o n ri n u o u sc a s ti n gi s l i mi te d to l engthsof sol i dor hol l ow secti oned
l eaded bronz-es and gunnretal S urfacefl ni sh
s'
sl i r:., sr r e eis olv aillb l e . o b ta i n a b l em a i n l yi n p h o sphoi bror,r.r,
3 n i r!' nr ' r aiquliit l' s ta n d a rdc o n s i s te n tl yg o o d .

[ . e n tri fu g acl a s ti n gi s c o n fi n e dto shapesbroadlbased

t . as t ir t g. y on a cyl i nderor ri rtg,l l thoug]rshrpes
Ctt:t r if it gul
I ugs .b6s s eset
r,,,r:ii . c., o n th e o u ts i d efa c ec a n b e p ro duced. C yl i ndcrsfrom 100 mnr to 2 m i I di l metcr ma1' be
that of conti nuouscasti ngs-l t{ ostal l oyscanbe castby' thi s
.trr:r r ned. T he gc ner a ql u a l i ty l e v e lc l o s e l ya p p ro a ches
pItrJ:'SS.

castingsin nretal
c-i:ii! castirrg. clrili castingis a form of die castingfor the productionof short bars and shaped
to l
bronzes,
phosphor eadcd and
bronzcs gunnretal s'
nra y b e c o re d .Ma i n l ya p p l i c a b l e
( - lr ilic as r ings
c-1 :r.

32
 BS 1400: ig7:j

Table E.4. Suitability for castingprocesses

,\uoy Sand Graviry Continuous Centritugal C'hili
designation I

I
casting die casting casting casting c;r^s
ting

Grr.nrpA
PB4 2 -
J t
LP B 1
L
1
2 a

LB2
J
2 i
2 4
i 2 I
t.B4 2 4 I

LG2
I
2 I
I 3 I 1
LC4 I
2
3 1
t
I
2
SCB1 I

SCBs 3
I
; 3
SCB6 I
I
2 3
DCtsi
2
DCB3 a
J
2
PCBI
2
l-*_------
Group B
I J CCI 2 1
..' 3 2
CCI - T F 2 ,)
PBI
J J 2
2 a
J I I

PB2 3
gfl ,1
I I I
3 I I I
LB5 :
4 3 2
LCI I
I
3 ,1 1 ,a
ABI I I , '

2
AB] ; 2 t')
J 2
CIIAI .\
/- 2 :3 2
C} I A 2 1
2 '. 1t
2
L

T{TBI ')
2 2
t{TIl3

Group(
LBI 4 2 2
GI a
J
2 1
J
G3 3 2 3
G3-TF' a
J
? a
3
SCB.I a
J

I = I'-ricllcnt.
I = S.itisflctort'.
3 = I ) t r s s i t r l r i. i l h s i r . c i l r lt c c h n i r l r r r ' s .
J = tJrrsrritll,.lt.
. ' \ l r r ' | 1 1 . ' 1r l1r - ' ' t r t c sr h . r t t l r c .
I ) r o c c s si s r ) o t a r ) p l i c l l r r ct t l l h i s .

#b
?' r
t$ 140C: i973
'g
- m !
* fr1 \O
N + n s m ! ; - C{ * ra)
-f
l \
V'r
a r
.J \r V
lr rr u
i
.I 11

:-)'":
J J-i ,J)U)A = JL
i

r/)
iIO Ov')v,
-*c". caC\C,
v r v J \ _ v v . 9

3\ JC JC .c) Oa Cc ' ctt CO,\n

r.-c c)ovr
_-5 cCC\O.
(r)l/):) Otr)C
:5 JO aC \.t r- cc

u v v
O\.)\^ \a) rn a-r o c \.c
$*C
--0r COO\O\ c- c- c- < d d [ \ 0 C -

,^.^^ (/) OOO r/)O

\oc'
3\ JO :O \O CO CC , O\ CO\rr)
tt -

vtCr) v1 \,1t CV)C

:\3\:C r-F-aC \C\O\.o
-3r^ '4r^c v')\r)\n
c- \c \9 ln \o r- v r{. .<r

c
c.oc t\l .f, v1 r.} .a
-.rc -Ct*
a\(\l- -cac.} C.l C
\f,.f,|r) \OCO\C t c'\Or- 't
tll
v q 1 \

(/) \r1 t/) \O

c.l -C!<
-tc,4 or4o tr
.a*- Glanc-, \o tt, o\ co
,. -/ - i.
C- t4 \C O\ ca cn

r/) a.l C
oc.l
--t-
o\nt.)
<d-
ia) ff, .f
T \Ti TT
('l
co c.: (n (.-l ca r) ln ca
c\t (\.l aa 14 \o !^l (^.1 - a.|
rl
J

- a'r c.l (/) al (n ra)

CC
lf..@
|/)OO
-:(-.r-
trto
T'T
l r l .

-,= 'a,-
- ( t l d
Y "?Y c-;3Cc.) |io\or.r) act

i.:-
.- cn ca (.,
r l
c- ca \c CO:6 r'{ <

-$9 .a CCr\d r-
C.{ c\l-< (^.J
l J 9 v v

3.4.c @*ca r- r-@@ 3

I l< -H lr!

r-c^l r- .f, \o co ra) c'l \o

-] a\l 6l (-.l a-l C'l *
g

aa C (-, , r- t--\.oo I
I I i - - I

u 9 v v
^l ol a.l .a OO\- ca r-
c.l c!di d (^'l

a- r--.i. oO
' d 4 c'l
l -

{-\O r-\OO .aO

d r 4 - a {
t . . . t -

ic'-6 ca 3d'c a a
aC f-
ai ca \O
-i

U -
rf t
O-r- (-.l C-
ra
l--
ca
t--
ca ca aa + C'l \t
I AAA A
C.l C.l .a , ca cO@O\ €
a.l crl (\l I co c] C'.1 < I vi

' a d
r,\oc\ <tr- o cao\r-
<. c-, .a ca ca d) tr) tl.cOC.l
l l

-/
c-, t-- cO , \o :*o\
tl
.-, ..1 C.l C.l (..l ca ! co a.)cQ< |
v '

UUVV
r- a- lO l-- co'f r-va- O\ 9$ca t\-l
- =^'' .-, (--l a! C.l atl (-) f-r a') aa co .a .a
l l
c.l -.r €
-^
.I .T.A AAA
a E .?> v V v

r- c] a.l o c v) rc@ < a- r-- c- cc n+

z!- C.l (.'.1 (.l Cl r-r C.l lc.) a.lc'l- -v')
i 'J ..r c! a.l
^-^
t\ v^; (-s O\ a- a-l 6,vco
at a! a-l * (-.l (-, a-i C! - -caa{
q. <)
,,a,c5
-: ,". -OO\ \.c)Or) It- O\ a- €r-a{
F l'a 7. :_ d - a H c . l c t - C.l (-l
-- -t, --
>"

) 9,. :-l
i r^tt
'. -" lue ; . -.t J -l C) (r) A r..r,(n a '^rn)
i
=--
trl .=
.'ao =
=.+€Gl
)- ^). r
\ ; ! H * V V
d
$c'l?
m f'l'_,
=:: zr,;
.cc ??c
i--

: ' t ,
'-t =
i<
cl*h
,9Fcc
ic.-.j-.l J*:J cncnv) ;)tu v d
Y:' lr.zJ
u i <

34
 BS 14OC:'l973
,.\
'* A f I

t q

, 3- €
F:. {!C-r, F
" t.
.--.-.--- v - v J g ' / ,

:. ;, =, \.4
C.
T Tqt o\ A

tQ=. !IT
co j i
, r Ctrt i f- r--
I
i_
I

(l*x
tl
U
r-- o\ o\ @
I

;
eV)
r-€,
rtl

9 g
CC - \.) 1., .a I
O t/-) t/) CC q.)
Tqiql -c.l C-OrO\ Fa\
c=c ii AAA ..].-r
\t'CC Cr, lr)
9 !
--(.l a* a- \O r-r

€)-
cac.l
.

(\l- vt/)

Ov1 \n
l-
1 C! c\l r-
,:v o, o, co
b! .A

TY
.a
c-€
t-- aa a.)
-.{ I

+--
Ct4O r co Otrrtn
ol .aal

:*- *n
cn-

*
- a.l C.l
!(r aa \o
?Y
U) aa€

i - ^ c cc
l'E# coc: \o F-
f ^o ; r'r v-)
= ^
Fbb
S?
z- {
3
c.t i |
=E
6t?,
a a L

o\ o\ o\
ca
Ca
, : v
</- ca rt- r-
z!. €
crl

n_ n =R
= ^6 cnin
oo \o t--
/ t
c{ a'-
ts- I
Str
.- L
x=
atc., I c\
' ci cn
I ttl
- E
Es {-- b 3 gs5 co r\
c..l
*\C\o
v 9

-,- r I C7) d
iA-:. -ll
t\
(n ;f;
L:-
;;;
C1c{cn
c\
.t
.;; ;x
c'r . L ( J
x-- 9
-j
cc

L C J 't
a)
^ r 4 Q
- L
.'..**'?1 i6 5; Qrf,
oCIc)
- L
: H

!f ,E3.' r; \oc:.\ ca ca xE !cr

:'J= 9
5$ sz = ei X.:: :: & ' -i : _y,
oE zL G r r 3X C\1
tt.l
l/)
.'l I
n:;E
a r ? < i

:/E
)s.
- O

,lt-^
r!3 - r-- r-- c
t5aq
-.-L - :93, ^ -:-
=q
:: s:
=4. ca cn ca V-) -= -,()
, v . \ v

o-:o i: i-'rq q ,J: 'J

! -
aSiziL c^r c.f
al c.ci
ca
.f I
E
- - : 5
c ^ ) -
.\ L
a
:'\:;
c.i: c
v : i <
E - ' - 6
_ {
Q.= :r o ;J)
a "t *LI
:' -c o !] )J
tl C.t = =.i .:: -'.LZ
v t _ I
v 3 != : L . -

a c,
a.)
YT
.{'.E:ox
- i e > - ^

!f, c.] - == " = :4-

c.l
i*i-*
(-, =..
--f , . - t
-
: .

: !
A
i'"11,.
u-.
(^\ \ i"l
? y)t'
i^
l J
5 . -
C > . H . -
- - q
-:
'?
.--

o :c- I r tr t43
, , L -

I
I
,l c <.:
tn v) La, ct u)
L - i
c -
' :'
ro. =:3;=
v
=3
- q : f G '.)
r :a .-
trl :;;," ?,_='

#)
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U . - . - v -
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c o nt i n u o u s 110
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s rnd /c l i i l l 80t
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LLN c o nt i n u o u s e0i
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sand 210 L

I I T I J] sand 140
IITS-: sand 170

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