Indigenous knowledge is defined as the knowledge that is unique to a given

culture or society. It is relayed through:

1. People Media - are the persons involved in the use, analysis, evaluation, and
production of media and information.
2. Community Media - it pertains to geographic community of community of
identity or interest.
3. Indigenous Media - are media owned, controlled and managed by indigenous
peoples in order for them to develop and produce culturally appropriate information in
the languages understood by the community by utilizing indigenous materials and
resources.
Charecteristics of Indigenous Media:
A. Oral tradition communication
Indigenous people do not rely on mainstream media, they exchange
information face-to-face.
B. Information is stored in memories of the people
The danger of losing the information is greater. Also there are less document
and writings about their knowledge.
C. Information is contained within the border of the community
The transfer of information is limited within the indigenous community.

Library is a building or room that contains a large collection of books and

reference materials that are kept for use.

Types of Library
1. Academic Library is the library which is attached to academic institution and it
serves more specifically the students, research scholars, teachers, and staff of
academic institution
A. school library
B. College library
C. University library
2. Special Library is one which serves a particular group of people, such as the
employees of a firm or government department, or the staff and members of a
professional or research organization.
3. Public Library also called circulating library is a library which is accessible by the
public, funded from public sources and may be operated by civil servants.
4. National Library is a library specifically established by the government of a
country to serve as the preeminent repository of information for that country.
 Indigenous knowledge is unique to a given culture and society. This
knowledge is relayed through people media and community media. Information
exchange is characterized by face-to-face interaction. Library contains a large
collection of books and reference materials that are kept for use. Modern libraries are
connected to the internet to provide library users of a myriad of sources and
databases from various places in the worlds. The main role of the library is to
organize and provide you access to information. It is a global network of computers
that allows user to access and share information. It is accessible and convenient to
use that one can obtain a vast amount of information in a second. But it is difficult to
check the accuracy of some information on the internet.

Media Languages are codes, conventions, formats, symbols and narrative structures
that indicate the meaning of media messages to an audience.
Codes are systems of signs that when put together create meaning
Semiotics study of signs.

Types of Codes
1. Symbolic codes - show what is beneath the surface of what we see or iconic
symbols that are easily understood.
2. Written codes - are use of language style and textual layout
3. Technical codes - are ways in which equipment is used to tell the story- This
includes sound, camera angles, types of shots and lighting as well as camera
techniques, framing, depth of field, lighting, exposure and juxtaposition.

Types of Camera Shots

Extreme Long Shot is also called extreme wide shots such as a large crowd scene or
a view of scenery as far as the horizon.
Long Shot is a view of a situation or setting from a distance.
Medium Long Shot shows a group of people in interaction with each other,.
Full Shot is a view of figure’s entire body in order to show action and/or a
constellation group of characters.
Medium Close Shot shows a subject down to his/her chest/waist.
Close up Shot is a full screen shot of a subject’s face showing the finest nuances of
expression.
Extreme Close up Shot is a shot of a hand, eye, mouth, or any object in detail.

Point of View
Establishing shot - often used at the beginning of a scene to indicate the location or
setting, it is usually a long shot taken from a neutral position.
Point-of-View Shot - Shows a scene from the perspective of a character or one
person. Most newsreel footages are shown from the perspective of the newscaster.
Over-the-Shoulder Shot - Often used in dialogue scenes, a frontal view of a dialogue
partner from the perspective of someone standing behind and slightly to the side of
the other partner, so that parts of both can be seen.
Reaction Shot - Short shot of a character’s response in an action.
Insert Shot - A detail shot which quickly gives visual information necessary to
understand the meaning of a scene.
Reverse-Angle Shot - a shot from the opposite perspective.
Hand-held Camera Shot - The camera is not mounted on a tripod and instead is
held by the cameraperson, resulting in less stable shots.

Camera Angles
Aerial Shot - Overhead shot - also called Bird’s eye shot - Long or extreme long shot
of the ground from the air.
High-Angle Shot - Shows people or objects from above higher than eye level
Low-Angle Shot - Below shot - Shows people or objects from below, lower than eye
level.
Eye-level Shot - Straight-on Angle - Views a subject from the level of a person’s eye.

Camera Movements
Pan Shot - The camera pans (moves horizontally) from left to right or vice versa
across the picture.
Tilt Shot - The camera tilts up or tilts down around a vertical line.
Tracking SHot - The camera follow along next to or behind a moving object or
person.
Zoom - The stationary camera approaches a subject by “zooming in” or moves farther
away by “zooming out”

Conventions are accepted ways of using media codes. Conventions are closely
connected to the audience expectations of a media product. (form, story, and genre)
Audience pertains to a group of spectators in a public event.
Stakeholders is a group of people or organization that has the same interest or
concern with a particular group.
Producers are the people engaged in the process of creating and putting together
media content to make a finished media product.

Intellectual Property pertains to the output of a persons’ intellectual pursuit, such as

his literary and artistic works, inventions, logos, symbols, and signs, as well as names
and images used for commercial or advertisements.
Copyright. A copyright material is protected by law and cannot just be used and
reproduced without permission. Otherwise violation of such can merit legal sanctions.
Patent pertains to an exclusive right granted to an invention. Just like copyright law, a
patent protects the owner from other people who unintentionally or deliberately copy
his invention.