University Institute of Legal Studies

Panjab University, Chandigarh

“courts which may execute

decree”
A Project Report Submitted as a part of curriculum of B.Com.
LL.B. (Hons.) in the subject of

“Code of Civil Procedure”

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Dr. Karan Jawanda Shubham
234/18
BCOM LLB
Section-C
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Table of Contents

Acknowledgement................................................................................3

Table Of Cases......................................................................................4

Meaning of Execution...........................................................................5

What is a Decree?.................................................................................6

Courts Which May Execute The Decree...............................................7

Court Passing a Decree: Section 37......................................................7

Courts By Which Decrees May Be Executed: Section 38......................9

Transfer Of Decree For Execution......................................................11

Execution Of Foreign Decrees In India: Section 43-44-44a................13

Execution of Indian Decrees in Foreign Territories............................14

Execution of Decree At More Than One Place...................................14

Procedure in Execution.......................................................................15

Powers of Transferor Court................................................................16

Powers of Transferee Court................................................................16

Powers of Executing Court.................................................................17

General Principles...............................................................................18

Bibliography........................................................................................20
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Acknowledgement

I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude towards our CPC

Professor, Ms. Karan Jawanda for providing us an insight in the
subject and making us acquainted with the principles of Code of
Civil Procedure. I am grateful towards our Department Director
for providing us with such encouraging facilities. I thank our
library and the library staff made it all possible. I am grateful to
have access to these facilities. Last but not the least, I thank my
family and friends for their encouragement throughout the making
of this project.

SHUBHAM
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Table Of Cases

Bedaml V/S. Anand Bhavan Bank 1954 Paj. L W 571

Bhawan Waja V/S. Hanuji Keodaji AIR 1972 Sc 1374
Changal Vareya V/S. Jagannath 1994 (1) SCC 2
Citibank.N.A.V/S.Indo American Electrical Ltd.AIR1981 Delhi 27
Darsana Bai (Died) Vs Nepc India Limited, January, 2014
Dularey V/S. Third Addl., Dist.Judge 1084,3 Scc 99
Gangaram V/S. Mahesh Agrawal Air 1984 Delhi 233
Kiran Singh V/S. Chaman Air 1954 Sc 840
Kuber Bank Ltd, V/S. State Of West Bengal 63 C.W.N. At Pg-21
Mahesh Fabrics (P) Ltd. And Anr. Vs Nirma Corporation And Anr., 9 Oct, 1995
Mathai V/S. Varkey AIR 1964 Sc 907.

Merla Ramanma V/S. Nallpa Raju AIR 1956 Sc 87

Overseas Aviation Engineering, In re, (1962) 3 All ER 12: 1963
Parbatidevi V/S. Mahadev Prasad. AIR 1979 Sc 1915
Ram Rao V/S. Venkatrao AIR 1963 A P 154.

Ramakutty V/S. Avara1994 2 Scc 642

Ramnarayan V/S. Anandilal AIR 1970 M P 110
State Bank Of India V/S. Indexport Regd.(1992)3 Scc
State Of Rajasthan V/S. Savaksha AIR 1972 Gujarat 1719
Sudhir V/S. Baldev 1969 (3) Scc 611
Sukhdev Rai Kaushal Vs Gokal Chand Mittal, 26 August, 2013
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Meaning of Execution

The term “execution” has not been defined in the code. The expression “execution”
means enforcement or implementation or giving an effect to the order or judgement
passed by the court of justice.1 Simply “execution” means the process for enforcing or
giving effect to the judgement of the court. 2 Execution is the enforcement of decrees
and orders by the process of court, so as to enable the decree-holder to realise the
fruits of the decree. The execution is complete when the judgement-creditor or decree-
holder gets money or other thing awarded to him by the judgement, decree or order. 3

An adjudication of a dispute in favour of a litigant in itself does not mean complete

discharge of satisfaction of state's duties under administration of justice. The benefits
provided under the adjudication have to actually reach the litigant.

Illustration:

A files a suit against B for Rs 10,000 and obtains a decree against him. Here A is the
decree-holder. B is the judgement-debtor, and the amount of Rs 10,000 is the
judgement- debt or the decretal amount. Since the decree is passed against B, he is
bound to pay Rs 10,000 to A. Suppose in spite of the decree, B refuses to pay the
decretal amount to A, and A can recover the said amount from B by executing the
decree through judicial process. The principle governing execution of decree and
orders are dealt with in Sections 36 to 74( substantive law) and order 21 of the
code( procedural law).

1
Halsbury’s Laws of England (4thedn.)Vol. 17 at p.232; Concise Oxford English Dictionary (2002) at p.497.
2
Overseas Aviation Engineering, In re, (1962) 3 All ER 12: 1963 Ch D 24 (per Lord Dening)
3
Ibid.
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What is a Decree?

Section 2(2) of the code defines term “decree” in following words;

“Decree means the formal expression of an adjudication which, so far as regards

the court expressing it, conclusively determines the rights of the parties with
regard to all or any of the matter in controversy in the suit and may be either
preliminary or final. It shall be deemed to include the rejection of a plaint and the
determination of any question within section 144, but shall not include;

(a) any adjudication from which an appeal lies as an appeal from an order, or
(b) any order of dismissal for default.

The essential elements by which a decision of court can be termed as decree are:-

1. There must be an adjudication.

2. Such adjudication must have been given in a suit.
3. It must have determined the rights of the parties with regard to all or any of the
matters in dispute in the suit.
4. Such determination must be of conclusive nature and
5. There must be a formal expression of such adjudication.

Order passed by officer who is not a court is not by decree 4 The Decree should be in a
suit. It is a civil proceeding initiated by presentation of a plaint, decision of a Tribunal
even though described as ‘decree’ under the Act is a decree passed by Tribunal and
not Court.5 The words ‘formal expression’ means it must be deliberate and given in
the manner provided by law. Decree follows the judgment and must be drawn up
separately.6 An ‘order’ on the other hand is formal expression of decision of civil
court, which is not a decree..

4
Deep Chand v. Land Acqui, Officer, (1994) 4 SCC 99 (102).
5
Diwan Brus. v. Central Bank Of India. AIR 1976 SC. 1518
6
Shakuntaladevi v. Kuntalkumari, AIR 1969 SC 575
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Courts Which May Execute The Decree

Section 38 of the Code of Civil Procedure enacts that a decree may be executed either
by the court which passed it or by the court to which it is sent for execution. Section
37 defines the “court which passed a decree.” Section 39 to 45 provide for the transfer
for execution of a decree by the court which passed the decree to another court, lay
down conditions for such transfer and also deal with powers of execution court. All
these sections, therefore, need to be read together.7

Court Passing a Decree: Section 37

The words ‘Court which passed the decree’ needs further elaboration and the
expression includes the following courts

1. The Court which actually passed the decree (Court of first instance)
2. Court of first instance in appellate decree.
3. Where the court of first instance ceases to exist, the court which would have
jurisdiction to try the suit at the time of execution.
4. Where the court of first instance has ceased to have jurisdiction to execute the
decree, the court which at the time of execution would have had the jurisdiction
to try the suit.8

A reading of Section 37 C.P.C. makes it clear that the Court of first instance means
the Court which passes the decree and it will not mean the Court in which the suit was
filed.9

It may be noticed that the provisions of Section 37 CPC defining the words "the
Court which passed a decree" are inclusive in nature and do not restrict the right of
7
Takwani, C.K., “Civil Procedure with Limitation Act, 1963.”7 th Edition.Eatern Book Company.Pg. 643.
8
Ramakutty v. Avara1994 2 SCC 642
9
Darsana Bai (Died) vs Nepc India Limited on 23 January, 2014
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execution by a Court under whose jurisdiction the property is situated and who alone
can execute the decree. The explanation to Section 37 CPC contemplates two courts,
i.e. the Court which passed the decree and the Court which has territorial jurisdiction
over the subject matter of the suit, and the execution petition can be filed in either of
these two Courts. In fact, if the jurisdiction of any Court has been transferred to
another Court, then both the courts will have concurrent jurisdiction to execute the
decree and will be the Court of first instance for the purposes of Section 38 CPC in
view of the explanation added to Section 37 CPC.10

As a general rule territorial jurisdiction is a condition precedent for a court to execute

decree. Neither the court which passed the decree nor the court to which it is sent for
execution can execute it in respect of property lying outside territorial jurisdiction.
Another important point is that a decree passed by court without jurisdiction is nullity
and its invalidity can be set up whenever and wherever it is sought to be enforced even
at the stage of execution.

A defect of jurisdiction whether pecuniary or territorial strikes at the very authority of

the court to pass a decree and such a defect cannot be cured even by consent of
parties.11 Generally an executing court is not required to go behind the decree and it
has to execute the decree as it is. It can however examine the issue whether the decree
was passed by a court without jurisdiction and may not execute the decree if it finds
so.12.

10
Sukhdev Rai Kaushal vs Gokal Chand Mittal on 26 August, 2013
11
Kiran Singh v. Chaman AIR 1954 SC 840
12
Kuber Bank Ltd v. State Of West Bengal 63 C.W.N. AT PG-21
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Courts By Which Decrees May Be Executed:

Section 38

Decree may be executed either by the court which passed it, or by the court to which it
is sent for execution.13 A court which has neither passed a decree, nor a decree is
transferred for execution, cannot execute it.14

Where the court of first instance has ceased to exist or ceased to have jurisdiction to
execute the decree, the decree can be executed by the court which at the time of
making the execution application would have jurisdiction in the matter. Sometimes a
peculiar situation arises. Suppose court A passed a decree, and thereafter a part of the
area within the jurisdiction of court A is transferred to court B.
In such a situation the following two questions arise:

(a) whether court A continues to have jurisdiction to entertain an

application for execution? and
(b) whether court B (to which the area is transferred) can also entertain an application
for execution without a formal transmission of the decree from court A to court B?

The first question must now be answered in the affirmative after the pronouncement
of the Supreme Court in the case of Merla Ramanna v, Nallaparaju15, wherein the
court held:

13
Ghantesher v. Madan Mohan, (1996) 11 SCC 446
14
Merla Ramanna v. Nallaparaju, AIR 1956 SC 87
15
Ibid.
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“It is settled law that the court which actually passed the decree does not lose its
jurisdiction to execute it, by reason of the subject-matter thereof being
transferred subsequently to the jurisdiction of another court.”

But with regard to the second question, there were conflicting decisions. The High
Court of Calcutta, on the one hand, had taken the view that in this situation both the
courts (A and B) would be competent to entertain an application for execution; the
High Court of Madras. On the other hand, had taken a contrary view by holding that in
the absence of an order of transfer by the court which passed the decree (court A), that
court alone can entertain an application for execution and not the court to whose
jurisdiction the subject matter has been transferred (court B).

The Explanation added to Section 37 by the Amendment Act of 1976 gives effect to
the Calcutta view and makes it clear that both the courts would be competent to
entertain an application for execution of a decree.
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Transfer Of Decree For Execution

As stated above, a decree may be executed either by the court which passed it or by
the court to which it is sent for execution. Section 39 provides for the transfer of a
decree by the court which has passed it and lays down the conditions therefor.

As a general rule, the court which passed the decree is primarily the court to execute
it, but such court may send the decree for execution to another court either suo motu
(of its own motion)16 or on the application of the decree-holder if any of the following
grounds exists.

(i) The judgment-debtor actually and voluntarily resides or carries on business, or

personally works for gain, within the local limits of the jurisdiction of such
court; or
(ii) The judgment-debtor does not have property sufficient to satisfy the decree
within the local limits of the jurisdiction of the court which passed the decree
but has property within the local limits of the jurisdiction of such other court;
or
(iii) The decree directs the sale or delivery of immovable property situate
outside the local limits of the jurisdiction of such other court; or
(iv) The court which passed the decree considers it necessary for any other
reason to be recorded in writing that the decree should be executed by such
other court.

The provisions of Section 39 are, however, not mandatory and the court has discretion
in the matter which will be judicially exercised by it. The decree- holder has no vested

16
S. 39(2)
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or substantive right to get the decree transferred to another court. The right of the
decree-holder is to make an application for transfer which is merely a procedural right.

By the Amendment Act of 1976, sub-section (3) has been added to Section 39. It
clarifies that the transferee court must have pecuniary jurisdiction to deal with the suit
in which the decree was passed. Likewise, sub-section (4) of Section 39, as added by
the Code of Civil Procedure (Amendment) Act, 2002 further clarifies that the court
passing the decree has no power to execute such decree against a person or property
outside the local limits of its territorial jurisdiction.
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Execution Of Foreign Decrees In India: Section

43-44-44A

A combined reading of section 43, 44and 44 A shows that Indian courts have power to
execute the decrees passed by:

1. Indian courts to which provisions of this code do not apply.

2. The courts situated out of India which are established by authority of

Central government

3. Revenue courts in India to which provisions of this code do not apply

4. Superior court of any reciprocating territory.

Once a decree of a foreign superior court is sought to be executed under Section 44A
CPC, as if it were a decree of an Indian court, "no further question would survive
regarding competence of such executing court.17

17
Messer Griesheim Gmbh vs Goyal Mg Gases Pvt. Ltd. on 29 November, 2013
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Execution of Indian Decrees in Foreign

Territories

Section 45 provides for execution in foreign territory of the decrees passed by Indian
courts in certain circumstances.18

“Section 45: Execution of decrees outside India.-So much of the foregoing section of
this Part as empowers a Court to sent a decree for execution to another Court shall be
construed as empowering a Court in any State to send a decree for execution to any
Court established by the authority of the Central Government [outside India] to which
the State Government19 has by notification in the Official Gazette declared this section
to apply.]”

Execution of Decree At More Than One Place

The Code does not prevent a decree-holder from executing a decree simultaneously at
more than one place against the property of the judgment-debtor. Such power,
however, should be exercised sparingly and in exceptional cases after issuing notice to
the judgment-debtor.

18
Civil Procedure Code ,7th Edition By C.K.Takwani ,Eastern Law Book Company .
19
Section 45 of CIVIL PROCEDURE CODE , 1963
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Procedure in Execution

Where a decree is sent for execution to another court, the court which passed the
decree shall send a decree to such court with (i) a copy of the decree; (ii) a certificate
of non-satisfaction or part-satisfaction of the decree; and (iii) a copy of an order for
the execution of the decree, or if no such order is passed, a certificate to that effect. 20

The court executing the decree, on receiving the copies of the decree and other
certificates, shall cause the same to be filed without further proof. 21 Such court shall
have the same powers in executing the decree as if it had been passed by itself 22. Such
court shall certify to the court whic ure to execute it. 23 Where the court to which the
decree is sent for execution is a h passed the decree the fact of such execution or the
circumstances attending its fail district court, it may be executed by itself or
transferred by it to any subordinate court of competent jurisdiction 24. Where such
court is a High Court, the decree shall be executed as if it had been passed by that
court (High Court) in the exercise of its original jurisdiction. 25 Where a decree is sent
for execution in another State, it shall be executed by such court and in such manner
as may be prescribed by rules in force in that State. 26 Where immovable property
forms one estate or tenure and is situate within the territorial jurisdiction of two or
more courts, any of such courts has jurisdiction to attach and sell the whole of such
estate or tenure.27

20
R. 6.
21
R. 7.
22
S. 42.
23
S. 41
24
R.8.
25
R.9.
26
S.40.
27
R. 3, 5.
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Powers of Transferor Court

Once a court which has passed a decree transfers it to another competent court, it
would cease to have jurisdiction and cannot execute the decree. It is only a transferee
court to which an application for execution would lie. The limitation, however, is to
the extent of the transfer and not in respect of other matters.28

Powers of Transferee Court

Once a decree is transferred for execution to another court, the transferee court shall
have all powers to execute the decree as if it had been passed by the transferee court
itself.29 After the transfer of a decree, it is the transferee court which will decide all
questions arising in execution proceedings. Its jurisdiction remains till it certifies to
the transferor court of the execution of the decree.30

28
Maharaja of Bobbili v. Narasaraju Peda Srinhulu, AIR 1916 PC 16.
29
Ss. 41-42.
30
Ibid.
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Powers of Executing Court

Section 42 of the Code expressly confers upon the court executing a decree sent to it
the same powers as if it had been passed by itself. It is thus power and duty of the
executing court to ensure that the defendant gives the plaintiff the very thing the
decree directs and nothing more or nothing less.31

At the same time, the Code requires that the court executing the decree does not
exercise power in respect of the matters which could be determined only by the court
which passed the decree.32

To put it differently, the powers to be exercised by the executing court relate to

Procedure to be followed in execution of a decree and do not extend to substantive
rights of parties. The executing court cannot convert itself into the court passing the
decree.33

31
Infra note 29.
32
S. 42(4)
33
Jai narayan v. Kedar Nath, AIR 1956 SC 359.
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General Principles

From various decided cases on execution of decrees the following principles can be
worked out:-

1. Territorial Jurisdiction: It is a condition precedent for executing a decree

and therefore court cannot execute a decree in respect of property which is
situated outside its territorial jurisdiction.34

2. Legality of Decree: The executing court has to take the decree as it stands
and has no power to vary or modify its terms or de novo examine its
correctness.35

3. Inherent lack of jurisdiction: 36Decree passed is a nullity if there is Inherent

lack of jurisdiction and there is no question on going behind it.

4. Effect of Death: if a decree is otherwise executable death of judgment

debtor does not affect its validity.37

5. Operation of Law: If by operation of law a decree becomes inexecutable,

by subsequent amendment it can again become executable.38

6. Subsequent Development: The executing court can look into question of

executability or otherwise of the decree and examine whether the decree has
become inexecutable by subsequent developments of fact or law. 39

7. Vague and ambiguous terms in decree : In such case the executing court can
construe the decree to ascertain its precise meaning and for that purpose can
refer to judgment and pleadings.40

34
Mathai v. Varkey AIR 1964 SC 907.
35
State Bank Of India v. Indexport Regd.(1992)3 SCC-169
36
Changal Vareya v. Jagannath -1994,1 SCC - 2
37
Parbatidevi v. Mahadev Prasad. AIR 1979 SC 1915
38
Dularey v. Third Addl., Dist.Judge 1084,3 SCC 99
39
Sudhir v. Baldev 1969 3 SCC 611
40
Bhawan Waja v. Hanuji Keodaji AIR 1972 SC 1374
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8. Amendment of Decree in Appeal: Where a decree is transferred for

execution and it is modified in appeal court can execute modified decree
after amendment of execution application.

9. Change in relief granted: Even if there is change in circumstances the

executing court has no power to mould relief granted to plaintiff.

10. Powers of Transferee court: The court to which decree is transferred for
execution has the same powers as if it had passed the decree itself. 41

11. Properties at Different places: If immovable property forms one estate and
is situate within jurisdiction of two or more courts anyone of such courts
can attach and sell the whole estate.

12. Transfer to other state: If the decree is sent for execution to other state it
will be executed by such courts in such manner as may be in force in that
state (and not in as per the rules of state where decree was originally
passed.) 42

41
Law Relating To Execution By M. S. Pai, Revised By Dr. N.Mehra Swamy, 2nd Edition Page 68
42
Section 40 Of Civil Procedure Code
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Bibliography

BOOKS REFERRED:

 Takwani, C.K., “Civil Procedure with Limitation Act, 1963.”7th Edition.

Eastern Book Company

 Sukumar Ray, “Code of Civil Procedure” 2008 Ed., Universal Law Publishing
Co. Pvt. Ltd.

 Dr. N. Mehra Swamy, Law Relating To Execution By M. S. Pai, Revised, 2nd

Edition

 M.P. Jain; The Code of Civil Procedure (2007), Wadhawa Publications,

Nagpur

INTERNET SOURCES:

 www.manupatra.co.in

 http://www.legalservicesindia.com

 www.scconline.com