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    3.4 Fundamentals of Spatial Filtering: Filter

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    PYC
    This document discusses the fundamentals of spatial filtering. It covers topics like linear vs nonlinear filtering, filtering at image edges using techniques like zero padding and mirror padding, and the differences between spatial correlation and convolution. It also discusses separable filter kernels and examples of smoothing filters like box filters and Gaussian filters.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    3.4 Fundamentals of Spatial Filtering: Filter

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    PYC
    29 views18 pages
    This document discusses the fundamentals of spatial filtering. It covers topics like linear vs nonlinear filtering, filtering at image edges using techniques like zero padding and mirror padding, and the differences between spatial correlation and convolution. It also discusses separable filter kernels and examples of smoothing filters like box filters and Gaussian filters.

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    This document discusses the fundamentals of spatial filtering. It covers topics like linear vs nonlinear filtering, filtering at image edges using techniques like zero padding and mirror padding, and the differences between spatial correlation and convolution. It also discusses separable filter kernels and examples of smoothing filters like box filters and Gaussian filters.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    29 views18 pages

    3.4 Fundamentals of Spatial Filtering: Filter

    Uploaded by

    PYC
    This document discusses the fundamentals of spatial filtering. It covers topics like linear vs nonlinear filtering, filtering at image edges using techniques like zero padding and mirror padding, and the differences between spatial correlation and convolution. It also discusses separable filter kernels and examples of smoothing filters like box filters and Gaussian filters.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 18

    3.

    4 Fundamentals of Spatial Filtering

    • Filter, Mask, Kernel,


    Template, Window

    • Coef cients

    • Linear Filtering vs
    Nonlinear Filtering
    (e.g., median ltering)
    fi

    fi

    3.4 Fundamentals of Spatial Filtering


    • Filter, Mask, Kernel,
    Template, Window

    • Coef cients

    • Linear Filtering vs
    Nonlinear Filtering
    (e.g., median ltering)
    fi

    fi

    3.4 Fundamentals of Spatial Filtering


    - Linear Spatial Filtering
    a b
    g ( x, y ) = å å w(s, t ) f ( x + s, y + t )
    s = - at = - b

    • The center coef cient of the kernel, w(0, 0), aligns


    with the pixel at location (x, y).

    • For a kernel of size m x n, we assume that m = 2a +


    1 and n = 2b + 1, where a and b are nonnegative
    integers.
    fi

    3.4 Fundamentals of Spatial Filtering


    - Linear Spatial Filtering
    One of the simplest spatial filtering for smoothing
    operation - Averaging Filter

    Box Filter Weighted Average


    3.4 Fundamentals of Spatial Filtering
    - Linear Spatial Filtering
    One of the simplest spatial filtering for smoothing
    operation - Averaging Filter

    • original image of size


    500*500 pixels
    • ltering with an averaging
    lter of increasing sizes
    – 3, 5, 9, 15 and 35

    Zero padding for edges


    fi
    fi

    

    

    3.4 Fundamentals of Spatial Filtering
    - Spatial Filtering at the Edges
    At the edges of an image we are missing pixels to
    form a neighbourhood

    credit of this slide: C. Nikou


    3.4 Fundamentals of Spatial Filtering
    - Spatial Filtering at the Edges
    Zero Padding

    Replicate Padding

    Mirror Padding

    credit of this slide: C. Nikou


    3.4 Fundamentals of Spatial Filtering
    - Spatial Filtering at the Edges

    Zero Padding Mirror Padding Replicate Padding

    more applicable when


    useful when the areas
    the areas near the
    near the border of the
    border contain image
    image are constant
    details
    3.4 Fundamentals of Spatial Filtering
    - Spatial Correlation and Convolution
    • The ltering we have been talking about so far is
    referred to as correlation with the lter itself referred to
    as the correlation kernel

    • The mechanics of spatial convolution are the same,


    except that the correlation kernel is rotated by 180°.

    • For symmetric lters it makes no difference.

    credit of this slide: C. Nikou


    fi
    fi
    fi
    3.4 Fundamentals of Spatial Filtering
    - Spatial Correlation and Convolution
    Correlation

    Convolution
    3.4 Fundamentals of Spatial Filtering
    - Spatial Correlation and Convolution

    discrete unit impulse


    - A function that contains a
    single 1 with the rest being 0’s

    discrete impulse of
    strength (amplitude) A
    3.4 Fundamentals of Spatial Filtering
    - Spatial Correlation and Convolution

    Correlation Convolution
    rotated version exactly copy
    of the kernel at of the kernel at
    the location of the location of
    the impulse the impulse
    3.4 Fundamentals of Spatial Filtering
    - Spatial Correlation and Convolution

    δ(x − 2, y − 2)

    Correlation Convolution
    rotated version exactly copy
    of the kernel at of the kernel at
    the location of the location of
    the impulse the impulse
    3.4 Fundamentals of Spatial Filtering
    - Spatial Correlation and Convolution
    Correlation Convolution
    rotated version exactly copy
    of the kernel at of the kernel at
    the location of the location of
    the impulse the impulse

    That’s why convolution is more widely used.


    - When talking about ltering and kernels, you are likely to encounter the terms convolution
    lter, convolution mask, or convolution kernel to denote lter kernels.
    - In this book, when we use the term linear spatial ltering, we mean convolving a kernel with
    an image. Not to imply necessarily that the kernel is used for convolution.
    fi
    fi

    fi
    fi

    3.4 Fundamentals of Spatial Filtering


    - Separable Filter Kernels

    m x n kernel 1 x n vector
    m x 1 vector

    Image size M x N (including padding)

    Directly calculate: O(MNmn)


    If separable kernel: O(MN(m+n)) (MNm + MNn)

    3.5 Smoothing (Lowpass) Spatial Filters


    - Box Filter Kernels

    3x3

    11x11 21x21

    Box Filter Weighted Average


    3.5 Smoothing (Lowpass) Spatial Filters
    - Box Filter Kernels

    Box Filter Weighted Average

    • Limitation of box lters:


    - poor choices in many applications, ex. defocused
    lens
    - box lters favor blurring along perpendicular
    directions

    fi
    fi

    3.5 Smoothing (Lowpass) Spatial Filters


    - Box Filter Kernels

    Box kernel Gaussian kernel


    71x71 151x151,
    with K = 1, σ = 25

    hard transitions at the signi cantly smoother


    onset and end of the results around the edge
    ramp transitions
    fi
    


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